Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Carrières (sites d'extraction) – Antiquité'
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Gaillard, Jacques. "L'exploitation antique de la pierre de taille dans le bassin de la Charente." La Rochelle, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LAROF015.
Full textThe ancient exploitation of hewn stone in the Charente basin provided a beautiful white stone from the limestone outcrops which was used in architecture and for sculpturing. This study explores the process of manipulating the stone: extraction, hewing, turning, boarding and transport. The archaeological approach consists in precision srutiny of all traces left by early quarrymen, on the bottom surface and all worked faces of the quarry. It then proposes grids for reading and analyses which are applicable to the whole area. Being closely linked to construction sites, the quarry is of major interest to archaeological research dealing with built structures. Apart from examining the different techniques, this research also explores the quarry as a space for living. Taking into account the excavations of the Île Sèche quarry at Thénac (Charente-Maritime), it proposes a study of the population who lived in quarries, either temporarily or permanently: living quarters, the every day life of quarrymen, the rôle of the blacksmith, etc. Alongside the historical and archaeological aspect of study, a research was carried out from the geological point of view in order to specify Saintonge limestones according to its origin and to compare it with samples taken on the antique monuments. Stone of Thénac and Crazannes quarries has been used as the basis for an identification code which could be extended to other Saintonge quarries. These references can now be considered as a means to determine the dispersion of Saintonge limestone and to have a better knowledge of the romanization
Polinski, Alexandre. "Provenance et utilisation de la pierre dans la basse vallée de la Loire (Ier siècle av. J. -C-VIIIe siècle ap. J. -C. )." Nantes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NANT3028.
Full textDridi, Hédi. "Recherches sur le marbre et ses usages dans l'Occident phénicien et le monde punique : des premières fondations phéniciennes à la chute de Carthage." Paris 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA010649.
Full textde, Vals Marilou. "Emploi de la pierre en Grèce antique autour du Golfe de Corinthe." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS493.
Full textThis work focuses on limestone construction-stones used in archaeological context, in monumental construction from the 7th to the 1st century B.C., in continental Greece, more precisely on sites in the eastern Gulf of Corinth. Unlike marbles, limestones and their associated quarries have rarely been the subject of archaeometric and systematic study, and confusions about the geological nature of the rocks are common. The main questions addressed here are therefore: (1) what types of stone are used? (2) where do these stones come from? (3) why were these stones chosen? This thesis is based on extensive fieldworks, which provide an inventory of construction-stones and ancient quarries. It is combined with the study of geological contexts and an important historiographical study, as work on archaeological site is limited (working on remains, without sampling). The Gulf of Corinth is an active quaternary graben: on the southern margin, syn-rift deposits are outcropping because of the uplift of the Peloponnese. These formations were exploited by Greek builders and provided the majority of the pôros, a generic term used since Antiquity to speak about recent unconsolidated rocks of various types (sandstone, travertine, tuff, shell limestone). Some of these facies were imported, but the majority of the sites exploited local resources (hard limestone, conglomerate or sandstone, depending on the geology): a low diversity of stones is observed in each site (<5 facies), and more than 80% of the volume of stone is represented by one single local facies. Finally, to understand the choice of stones by the Greek builders, a study of the petrophysical properties of different materials was carried out. It seems that the density was the only important physical property. One site shows exceptional characteristics: the sanctuary of Delphi, where more than twenty facies have been identified: the local facies (limestone, breccia and travertine) represent a relatively small volume. Half of the facies are allochthonous and represent more than 50% of the volume of stone used: the oolitic dune of Corinth, the limestone of Megara, black stones, Cycladic and Attic marbles, but also various sandstones whose origin remains to be defined. These new data inform us about the exchange of stones at the scale of the Gulf in Antiquity, and suggest areas for future research on the study of limestone used in construction
Galazzo, Daniela. "Recherches sur la statuaire et les monuments en quartzite en Égypte au Nouvel Empire (XVIIIe - XIXe dynasties)." Thesis, Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040142.
Full textBased on a large corpus of works made of quartzite, centred on statuary but also taking into account other types of monuments, the present study is a review of this hard stone use by the ancient Egyptians during New Kingdom, mainly 18th and 19th dynasties. Quartzite or silicified sandstone was extracted from Gebel el-Ahmar quarries in the North and from Aswan quarries in the South. Having mentioned the geologic characteristics of quartzite and its name in the ancient Egyptian texts, the study deals with the work in the quarries (organization and technical aspects like extraction technologies, tools, rough or unfinished pieces found in situ) and the transport of the stone from the quarry to the workshop. The second part of the research, introduced by a chapter on quartzite use before New Kingdom, is dedicated to the monuments of the catalogue put in their context : their examination reveals the significant development of this material during the 18th dynasty, with a peak under the reigns of Amenhotep III and Akhenaton, heavily influenced by solar beliefs, and a revival under Seti Ist (especially in Heliopolis) and Ramesses II, who wanted to emulate his predecessor Amenhotep III. The use of quartzite in royal and divine monuments might be explained by its solar symbolism, due to the red colour of the stone and the mythical origin of the Gebel el-Ahmar : it is the reason why this high-value stone is almost exclusively reserved for the Egyptian elite. An appendix containing the results from scientific analysis conducted on some quartzite objects kept in the Louvre Museum completes the study
Lamy, Pierre-Antoine. "De la carrière à l'abandon : la sculpture sur pierre chez les Éduens : Ier-IVe siècles ap. J.-C." Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOL014/document.
Full textAchieving an inventory of 2361 non-architectural stone sculptures discovered in the civitas Aeduorum, a distribution map shows that most of these can be found in the northern part of the civitas. There, the sandstone is of the utmost quality, thus explaining this specific concentration. The same area has clearly received influences from the northern civitates. We now know more about the operational chain of stone, from the quarry to the abandon of the sculpted artifact. Stone supply was mostly local, but some long distance transports have been seen. Sculptors have elaborated a craft where the material was no longer a constraint. Some specificities have been put to light, such as a peculiar iconography, especially when it comes to tombstones, and a neglect for portraits. Henceforth, we can discuss stone-craft in this civitas from a macroscopic perspective. This allows an analysis of the spatial distribution as well as new data regarding ancient techniques, iconography and style. Combining those points has led to the identification of 33 workshops and 50 isolated sculptors, active from the Ist century CE to the IVth century. Stone sculpture has mostly developed during the Flavian dynasty, reached its peak during the second half of the IInd century CE before a downfall in the IIIrd century. In the Aedui civitas, stone-carving is not an urban phenomenon, and some high-skilled workshops were active in several pagi, sanctuaries and small settlements. In the end, links between the workshops have been found : they reveal local traditions, competition between sculptors, influences and affiliations
Morleghem, Daniel. "Production et diffusion des sarcophages de pierre de l'Antiquité tardive et du haut Moyen Age dans le Sud du Bassin parisien." Thesis, Tours, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUR2017.
Full textThe sarcophagi production is, between the end of the fifth century to the ninth century, an artisanal and economic activity of major importance, witness of economic networks and local and regional cultural area. The inventory and study of sarcophagi in funerary context allowed us to establish a detailed typology founded on morphological, decorative and technological criteria. On some 2500 sarcophagi studied, only a few are well dated. A relative typo-chronology has been established, based on best datations and on the evolution of shapes and decorative models. From the study of production sites, including four quarrying center were studied, we can observe an important expertise and a very rational organization of production. The confrontation of study data from sarcophagi and quarries has allowed us to restitute several diffusion areas: micro-local (Civaux or Chauvigny), local (Panzoult, valley of the Manse or red sandstone of Loir valley) or regional (Bourbonnais or Nivernais productions, outside our study area)
Auvray, Christophe. "Vieillissement et comportement rhéologique du gypse." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2003. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_2003_AUVRAY_C.pdf.
Full textThe underground gypsum mines could show multiple types of instabilities which have major consequences in the surface and in depth. The demonstrations of these disorders are expansions of pillars, ascents of walls, the forming of subsidence. Generally, the old exploited districts are more degraded than the recent ones. To determine the identity, the source and the intensity of gypsum aging, scanning electron microscope observations were conducted on samples located in zones mined during different time periods. Dissolution traces were described on bath crystals faces and extremities. Their origin is probably due to water vapor present in the mining atmosphere. Their intensity decreases with distance from the wall towards the middle of the pillar. The short ti me behaviour of the gypsum was described. Measurements of rooms convergence, pillars expansion and creep tests with controlled hygrometry made it possible to study (in situ and in laboratory) the long term behaviour of gypsum. A coupling hydro-chimico-mechanics was supposed to control the differed deformations. Two mechanisms of differed deformations were proposed : dissolution/migration of water and dislocation. To describe the differed behaviour, a law of long-term behaviour was proposed. The short time behaviour was not taken into account : no instability was noted. The law was based on the unification of the Lemaitre law and Norton law. The good agreement between experimental curves and the simulations showed the capacity of the coupled model to predict the long-term behaviour of the gypsum
Dujardin, Laurent. "Carrières de pierre en Normandie : Contribution à l'étude historique et archéologique des carrières de pierre à bâtir à Caen (calvados) et en Normandie aux époques médiévale et moderne." Caen, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998CAEN1253.
Full textMoiriat, Denis. "Evolution des désordres dans les carrières souterraines abandonnées." Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA112344.
Full textIn urban zones, accidents frequently occur above undermined surfaces. During the previous centuries, in most of the european countries, it became necessary to open many underground workings with the expansion of great urban centers. These quarries are currently abandoned and are deteriorating in course of time. The process of deterioration in these underground cavities are not well known yet, particularly the mechanisms that lead to delayed failures. The failure approach remains a problematic issue. The methods that are currently used (measures of stress and strain determinations, microseismic,. . . ) only provide partial information. The main purpose of our research is to analyze the disorders occurring in various abandoned underground quarries, so as to get a better understanding of their long-term behavior. This study places emphasis on the geological factors of sites (lithology, natural fractures, close to hillside), and also on the geometry of working. Different approaches are developed and compared : Geological observations in different workings of chalk, gypsum and massive limestone; Analysis of instrumental data; Experimental studies of observed rocks : characteristic features and long-term behavior in saturated conditions (test of creep); 2D numerical modeling, applied to observed cases. This work leads to propose the typology of principal failure mechanisms which may happen, and therefore, to offer better tools to foresee the risks. It comes within the framework of a theme of research Abandoned Underground Quarries proposed by the Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées in 1998
Martaud, Thomas. "Evaluation environnementale de la production de granulats naturels en exploitation de carrière : indicateurs, modèles et outils." Orléans, 2008. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00412080.
Full textBaudon-Juvet, Anne. "Evolution de la qualité chimique des eaux acides de carrières au contact des terres humides." Poitiers, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001POIT2266.
Full textPédini, Cécilia. "Les carrières antiques, médiévales et modernes de la Couronne (Martigues, Bouches-du-Rhône)." Aix-Marseille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX10123.
Full textFlavenot, Théo. "Évaluation de l'effet des carrières de granulats sur la connectivité du paysage." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MNHN0001.
Full textGuini, Ania Skliar. "La pierre à bâtir dans l'architecture parisienne (XVI ème-XVIIIème siècles)." Tours, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998TOUR2027.
Full textThis thesis concerns (is concerning) a new domain of art history rarely studied : extraction and use of lutetian limestone in the parisian architecture from xvi to xviii centuries. Our object was to lay the fondations of the history of ile-de-france's quarries to the modem period for a contribution of a better knowledge of parisian architecture. A far back as the antiquity to the french revolution, limestone quarried in paris and in his district is the most important building material. We followed the difficult and dangerous path of stone from the quarrie to the monument. This subject, part of history of art, is also an excellent example of collaboration between geologists, archeologits and historians. The first part studies the quarrymen and legislation. After a geographical, geological and historical presentation, the second part studies extraction, carriage, measuring and price of stone. Then we describe different qualities for the construction and extraction's technics. The third part describes the limestone's utilization. Architectural treatises and a lot of statements expose different qualities of parisian stone and its use, professional competences and esthetical choice of building materials. Study of building materials is necessary for a better comprehension of architectural history of paris and helps to save our patrimony : restoration of our monuments and recognition of historic and archaeological importance of the parisian quarries
Ramadan, Ghanem. "La stabilité et l’évolution des cavités souterraines : sur l’exemple des carrières souterraines de la Métropole lilloise." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10067.
Full textThe presence of underground cavities creates a potential hazard for population and has a direct impact on land values. Combining observations and analyses of materials in laboratory, the present research work focuses on the phenomena of underground cavity degradation on site and in laboratory, on the example of the Lille Metropole chalk underground quarries. Many disorders (collapse by roof rupture, breakdown of pillars, collapse of the rock blocks) were observed during 10 site visits. The structural analysis of the chalk shows the presence of many fractures, especially joints which sometimes concentrate along corridors. The steady state of quarries observed in the field has been confirmed by treatment of convergence canes data between the roof and floor of several underground quarries. Results show that deformation rate is generally very low. Identifying significant data on incidents over a twenty-year period shows a correlation between main rainfall patterns and surface disorders. On-site alteration processes of chalk and interactions with water show the formation of different patinas on chalk surface. In laboratory, microscopic observations reveal modifications in characteristics of the surface of chalk, mainly calcite precipitation, deposition of iron oxides and hydroxides and porosity modifications
Kheder, Khaled. "Méthodologie d'études de la stabilité des carrières souterraines complexes exploitées par chambres et piliers abandonnés." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPL069N.
Full textBeaufrère, Christian. "Influence des facteurs géologiques et mécaniques sur l'évolution de la stabilité de quatre carrières souterraines exploitant le calcaire oligocène en Gironde." Bordeaux 3, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986BOR30200.
Full textBeyrie, Argitxu. "Mines et métallurgies antiques au Pays Basque, un vecteur de romanisation : un vecteur de romanisation ?" Toulouse 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU20111.
Full textTraditionally regarded as an area little marked by the conquest and the Roman domination, the western of the Pyrenees delivered a lot of vestiges of ancient metalliferous exploitations (gold, copper, plumb, silver and iron). In such an archaeological context, the question was to evaluate the importance of the ancient mining and metallurgical activity in the Basque Country, but also to measure the effects of the romanisation on this industrial economic branch. Overall, it was necessary to define the role of mining industry in the process of integration and romanisation of the south-Aquitanian territories. This analysis was carried out by the means of a diachronic approach of the Basque Country mining history. Within a pluri-millenium mining and metallurgical hearth, the ancient iron production, obviously important and paradoxically ignored, was in need of a particular lighting. A significant part of the research is thus devoted to the original study of three ancient iron production districts discovered in the Nive and Aldudes valleys
Khater, Carla. "Dynamiques végétales post-perturbations sur les carrières calcaires au Liban : Stratégies pour l'écologie de la restauration en régions méditerranéennes." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00413773.
Full textLabarta, Charlie. "L'utilisation du granite dans les temples de Karnak." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON30077.
Full textFrom the beginning of their history, the Egyptians have acquired an expert knowledge of granite quarrying and cutting in Aswan region. This stone, whose hardness made it famous, has been particularly used during the New Kingdom, when it got an unprecedented importance. The Karnak temples, as major cult spots at that time, have been a privileged site for the erection of monuments made from granite, as reflected by the fifteen obelisks which stood in the Amon enclosure for centuries. Its usage has not been limited to these large monolith pieces ; it has also been shaped in a tremendous amount of architectural elements, statues and objects for worship.Following an interdisciplinary approach combining an egyptological, a geological and a technical study, this work presents an investigation of granite monuments through the prism of the Karnak temples, whose history spreads far enough to be representative, in some way, of the general use of granite in ancient Egypt temples
Rafeh, Faten. "Three dimensional modelling for the long term stability analysis of underground cavities." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10156/document.
Full textThe presence of unexploited underground cavities in the region of North France regarding their close proximity to urbanized areas, poses serious problems in terms of security of both people and constructions on one hand, and induces a strong constraint against the planning and urban development on the other hand. In this framework, this thesis presents a numerical study of the mechanical behaviour and the long term stability of underground cavities excavated in the chalk substratum of North France. It aims to provide a complementary understanding to geological investigations and observations carried out. This latter shows that stratified joints are present in the chalk layers as well as fractures developing due to the degradation of chalk with time. Hence, the first target is to account for the anisotropic behaviour induced due to the presence of these joints. An oriented yield criterion is developed where several mechanisms of plasticity are considered to generate this effect. A three dimensional numerical model of the excavation is executed. An approach for reducing shear strength properties of the joints is proposed to study the joints influence on the strain and failure mechanisms and on the stability state of the cavity. Degradation mechanisms induced upon time in the presence of different aggravating factors create also a critical effect. A non-homogeneous time-dependent-degradation model is developed to analyse the time-dependent deformation and failure mechanisms and to assess the long term stability of these cavities. At the end, empirical formulae and abacuses are developed for a preliminary estimation of the stability of underground cavities of North France
Carteron, Michel. "Contribution à l'étude des ballastières de l'est de la France (région Franche-Comté) : influence de quelques paramètres sur les peuplements d'invertébrés benthiques." Lyon 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985LYO11671.
Full textAnderson, Timothy J. "Les carrières de meules du sud de la péninsule ibérique, de la protohistoire à l'époque moderne." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00985009.
Full textLafrance, Noémie. "Étude des effets de l’eau sur les phénomènes de rupture et de déformation affectant les carrières souterraines de craie." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0059/document.
Full textThe risk of instability of underground structures (natural or anthropogenic) involves over 10 000 towns in France. The accidents due to the sudden collapse of underground quarries are among the most destructive, both humanly and materially. The evolution of possible instabilities, since the issues are significant, implies to enrich current knowledge to predict their extent and their impact on the surface. Previous work has demonstrated the importance of the hydro-mechanical coupling in the diagnosis of stability. The complexity of the chalk-water interaction phenomenon is due to many environmental factors and sensitivity to each factor depends entirely on the chalk considered. The main objective of this thesis is to study the influence of water and water-rock interaction on the mechanical behaviour of three chalks as part of a multi-scale and multi-physics approach. The study of physical and mechanical characteristics of chalks from three underground quarries situated in the Parisian Basin, and their interaction with water was carried out. The results obtained through short-term hydro-mechanical tests remain consistent with the literature. The "ageing" of chalk from the underground quarries subjected to fluctuations in the water table has been proven and characterized. It is expressed, based on the chalk considered, by a change in the shape and size of crystals in the microstructure involving improved mechanical properties at the edge of the pillar to the detriment of the heart, or by the presence of traces of dissolution whose frequency increases as one moves from the heart, or by increasing the number of microcracks in the heart causing a decrease in the properties of the chalk. The study of the long-term behaviour of each chalk was developed through uniaxial creep tests with controlled humidity and waterlogging. It was established among other things that creep depends on the mineralogy / microstructure and the deviatoric stress-humidity couple but not on the loading history. The mechanisms believed to be the origin of creep deformations are of a physico-mechanical nature and involve the breaking and the restoring of electrostatic bonds between grains. The interpretation of all the tests carried out allowed to quantify the importance of the relative contributions of various parameters on the long-term behaviour. The long-term goal remains to power both the expertise and the model calculations so that one can predict the impact of a particular variation of the groundwater level on the long-term stability of chalk underground quarries. A rheological model has been developed in this direction within the INERIS (Souley et al. 2016)
Mantenant, Julien. "Montagnes métallifères de Gaule méditérranéenne : approche archéologique et historique de la production des métaux en Languedoc occidental du début du second âge du Fer à la fin de la période romaine (IVe s. av. n. è. - Ve s. de n. è.)." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOU20011.
Full textThis Ph-D thesis is focuses on the study of the production of metal (extraction and processing of ores). Its aim is to specify the evolution of the metal production (copper, lead, silver, iron) between the 4th century BC and the 5th century AC in Languedoc occidental (Aude, Hérault, south of Aveyron). We want to wonder more particularly on the situation of mining economy during the second Iron Age and the technical and economical impact of the Roman conquest on this activity from the end of the 2nd century BC. This thesis includes three parts. At first, an analysis of the bibliography (1960-2000) give a new perspective about the documentation and its problems. It shows the necessity to engage a new archaeological study in two of most importants mining region of Languedoc occidental : the south hillside of the Montagne Noire and the Corbières (Aude). Introduced in the second part of the Ph-D thesis, this study combine an extensive approach, based on a large scale survey, and an archaeological and archaeometrical analysis of some production sites. This study specify the chronology and the organisation of mining and metallurgical activities, the technical methods of miners and metallurgists and the metals produced. In a third part, the confrontation of the results with the economical and political evolution of the Languedoc occidental between the 4th century BC and 5th century AC allows to propose a global scenario of the history of the metal production in the considered area
Chapel, Guérin Anaïs. "La durabilité des sablières : approche méthodologique dans sa perspective territoriale, les sablières Lafarge Granulats Ouest (LGO) en Bretagne." Rennes 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009REN20056.
Full textSandpits possess specific features that deserve study. As an activity extracting non-renewable raw materials forming the basis of our construction and land-development system (chapter 1), they have a territorial footprint. That footprint raises the question of what methodology to adopt for studying the sustainability of a sandpit (chapter 2). However, since we are dealing with a space transcending merely the extraction zone and its access routes, we can assume that, around the sandpit proper, there are a number of neighbouring areas of influence on which it has an impact and which constitute the territorial system of this activity (chapter 3). This being the case, the sustainability of sandpits can be gauged only within their territorial setting. We therefore viewed a sandpit as the interlocking of four spatial scales (grain, deposit, site and territory). Chapter 4 examines sandpits in the environments they influence. Prerequisites to their sustainability are a new approach to landscaping and a rethinking of land-use patterns. Sandpits are also economic entities that are part and parcel of the economic cycle of construction and land development. From this perspective, their sustainability is ineluctably bound up with societal acceptance of the sandpit with all its implications (chapter 5). This doctorate features a model (chapter 6) evaluating the sustainability of sandpits viewed in their territorial perspective
Sosson, Christelle. "Les dynamiques géomorphologiques de l'est des bas-plateaux tertiaires du Bassin de Paris : apports de l'approche souterraine." Thesis, Reims, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REIML013.
Full textThis work tackles the geomorphological dynamics of calcareous low-plateaus, in the Paris basin. These dynamics are usually studied from observations of surface, the study of shapes and superficial formations and geomorphological mapping. However, with the disappearance of sites and quarries, outcrops are scarce, which does not facilitate the interpretation of morphologies and associated processes. Researchers are forced to resort to methods of reconnaissance heavy and expensive, as instrumental geophysical or benefit of archaeological surveys. The value of this work is to show the contribution of the study of underground quarries in the understanding of geomorphological, hydrogeological and hydrological tertiary lowlands of the basin of Paris. The literature often refers to the process of hidden under cover as the crypto-corrosion, racking or hydrocompaction, easily observable on the surface or often leaving too much room for interpretation of fault outcrops. The area of Reims, Laon, Soissons and Villers-Cotterets is particularly interesting because it includes more than 400 underground quarries in the lutetian limestone. Historical legacies are important monuments with very dense built through geomaterials local limestone quarries provided by underground quarries
Ikezouhene, Yaghkob. "Analyse numérique discrète de l'aléa fontis et du foisonnement associés aux cavités souterraines." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1109/document.
Full textOver time, the underground cavities are subjected to aging and several types of degradation can occur. The old underground cavities have probably not been designed to be stable over the long term. They have sometimes been totally or partially backfilled, but not in a systematic way. The collapse of a mine causes deconsolidation of the upper levels of the overburden. These mechanisms can cause two types of disorders on the surface: subsidence or sinkhole. Subsidence and sinkhole can cause severe damage to structures and infrastructures in surface, but also jeopardize the safety of the population.The work of this thesis revolves around the study of rock's bulking, sinkhole and its spread in the overburden. The aims of this thesis are twofold: firstly, to study the bulking of rock during the roofs mine collapse; Secondly, modeling the spread of the sinkhole in the overburden and thus to prioritize the parameters associated with this phenomenon.The first part of this thesis is a bibliographical study which summarizes the methods of exploitation, methods of analysis of stability of underground quarries, methods of prediction of the height of collapse and estimation of the bulking factor. At the end of this bibliographic synthesis, the study focused on shallow underground quarries operated by rooms and pillars. Thus, numerical modeling using the discrete element method (MED) was chosen to analyze the instability of roofs of underground quarries.The second part focuses on the development of a numerical model with the following objectives: on the one hand, the development of a Rock Mass Discretization Program (RMDP) which constitutes the preprocessor of the STTAR3D software and the development of a Code allowing calculation of the bulking factor of the rubble of collapse. On the other hand, implementation of the behavior laws on STTAR3D.The third part consists of determining, on the one hand, the physicals and mechanicals characteristics of samples taken from the quarry of the Brasserie (Paris-France), which was chosen to test the model developed. On the other hand, determining of parameters of the behavior law used for modeling the contacts, namely “” and “μ”.Finally, the last part of this work is made of numerical simulations for which the parameters of the behavior law measured experimentally have been introduced in STTAR3D. In the first numerical study, we investigate the effect of fall height, the radius of the initial opening of the sinkhole and the fracturing degree on the bulking of the rubble, as well as the effect of variation of the bulking on the collapse height and on the subsidence. In a second step, a model of the Brasserie’s mine is realized, the behavior of which is studied by numerical simulation in order to obtain the subsidence on the surface and the collapse height, which are compared with the in-situ observations
Flament, Cédric. "Valorisation des fines de lavage de granulats : application à la construction en terre crue." Thesis, Artois, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ARTO0202/document.
Full textCurrently, few re-use ways are developed with clay fines from washing units in quarries. However, these clayey fines represent interesting materials for construction domain. This research work aims to develop non-load bearing precast products and to re-use these fines without thermal treatment as for unfired clay products. Two types of precast products are wished: a “heavy” product (compressed earth brick) and a “light” product (tile hemp-clay).For the CEB re-use way, the level of compaction has to be high. Proctor tests have been done to define the moisture content and dry density to obtain. Mechanical performances of bricks have been increased by overcompaction, granular reinforcement and lime treatment.For the tile re-use way, mixes with quarry fines and hemp have been studied. The behaviour of fresh material has been studied with VEBE consistometer. Flexural and compression strengths have been measured on hardened mixes. Lime and water-reducing agent have been necessary for a good mechanical behaviour.The two re-use ways have been validated by measuring mechanical and physical performances of products manufactured at industrial scale. The optimal mix for CEB includes almost 80% of quarry fines. The CEB is classed in BTC40 category according to experimental standard XP13-901 (brick with a low water absorption level and resistant to water spray). The optimal mix for tile includes 60% of quarry fines and satisfies mechanical requirements for gypsum blocks
Wey, Berti Mendes Renata. "Apropriação sistêmica de inovações tecnológicas para a prevenção : o caso do controle de poeira em mineradoras de granito." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO20031/document.
Full textBased on a research carried out in the Brazilian mining sector, the text argues for the necessity of a better integration in work systems of the proposals made in order to contribute to prevent health, safety and welfare for employees.Facing with deleterious effects on health in numerous situations, one tempting way of action is to reduce these effects through normative prescriptions. However, such an approach can be ineffective due to its difficulties to take into account the work activities and the issues of production. Prevention then can fail, due to its disconnection with the industrial strategies.The article examines the introduction of a technical solution ("humidification"), whose the purpose was to prevent the emergence and multiplication of pneumoconioses in the mining sector in Brazil. Most of the companies in the field gave up on humidification. However, the research showed that certain companies adopt successfully the humidification techniques.In these companies, a process named “systemic appropriation” appears as being at the core of the success. The central idea is that the introduction of a novelty generates a process during which an individual produces the resources for the effectuation of its own activity (“individual appropriation”), but there is the need of a propagation process within a network of interdependent actors: the other actors of the network must take this change into account at the level of their own activities. Based on this analysis, the text will make proposals to accompany and support such an efficient propagation process within work settings
Baseado numa pesquisa feita no setor de mineração brasileiro, o texto argumenta sobre a necessidade de uma melhor integração no sistema de trabalho cuja proposta visa contribuir com a prevenção de saúde, segurança e bem-estar para os empregados.Em face de inúmeras situações com efeitos deletérios à saúde, um caminhos de ação tentador é reduzir esses efeitos através de prescrições normativas. Entretanto, tal abordagem pode ser ineficiente devido às dificuldades de se considerar as atividades de trabalho e as questões de produção. A prevenção pode, então, falhar, devido à sua desconexão com a estratégia industrial.O artigo avalia a introdução de uma solução técnica (umidificação), cuja proposta era prevenir a emergência e multiplicação de pneumoconioses no setor de mineração no Brasil. A maioria das empresas neste campo, desistiram da umidificação. No entanto, a pesquisa mostrou que algumas empresas adotaram com sucesso as técnicas de umidificação.Nestas empresas, o processo chamado de apropriação sistêmica apareceu como sendo o núcleo do sucesso. A ideia central é que a introdução de uma novidade gera um processo durante o qual um indivíduo produz recursos para a efetuação de sua própria atividade (apropriação individual), mas existe a necessidade de um processo de propagação dentro de uma rede de atores interdependentes: outros atores da rede de trabalho devem considerar essas modificações no nível de suas próprias atividades. Baseado nessas análises, o texto fará propostas para acompanhar e dar suporte a tais processos de propagação dentro da configuração de trabalho
Foucher, Marion. "La pierre et les hommes en Bourgogne : archéologie et histoire d'une ressource en oeuvre du Moyen-Âge à l'époque moderne." Thesis, Dijon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DIJOL034/document.
Full textIn order to go further limits inherent to subject disjunction, or those imposed by sources, periods or sites, this thesis emphasises a multidisciplinary and diachronic approach of stone supply on medieval and modern building sites. Thanks to the confrontation of buildings with different origins and functions, this work tries to dissect process of choices and stone supply network. It finally considers connection between people and a natural ressource