Journal articles: 'Carriage'

1

Meiner, Carsten Henrik. "Romanhistorie og topik: Kvinde-vogn-mand." K&K - Kultur og Klasse 35, no. 103 (June 2, 2007): 138–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kok.v35i103.22301.

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History of the novel and topica: Woman-carriage-manThe aim of the article is to analyse the function of the carriage in the European novel in the 17th and 18th centuries. The article is divided into three parts: the first one describes the historical, material, juridical and sociological conditions determining the carriage in the 17th century as a bourgeois object. The second part analyses the specific literary function of the carriage. Whereas »normal« carriages have the function of transferring people between two geographically fixed points, the function of the literary carriage is that of making this very transfer break down accidentally. In a very homogenous way passages from Furetière, Marivaux, Defoe, Diderot and Goethe all demonstrate the functioning of such a chance principle. As these passages also have the conventional function of bringing a couple together in the carriage, a new idea of love as a fundamentally contingent category is in fact the cultural offspring of these chance encounters in carriages.

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Huang, Zong Jing. "Study on the Production and Uses of Self Discharging Carriage." Applied Mechanics and Materials 727-728 (January 2015): 601–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.727-728.601.

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Through an overview to understand the basic situation of tilting back self dumping truck. Design and manufacture of the overall carriage, chassis, carriage structure, sub frame respectively to complete the overall design and manufacture of self discharging carriage. The self discharging carriage has a variety of series, according to the different characteristics and performances of each series the carriages are used in different areas.

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Varch, Thomas, Gernot Erber, Rien Visser, Raffaele Spinelli, Hunter Harrill, and Karl Stampfer. "Advances in Cable Yarding: A Review of Recent Developments in Skyline Carriage Technology." Current Forestry Reports 7, no. 4 (November 20, 2021): 181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40725-021-00150-x.

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Abstract Purpose of Review Carriages are an integral component of cable yarding systems that are used to harvest timber on steep terrain. They provide the mobility component by allowing a payload to be pulled along a skyline that spans a harvest setting, as opposed to a brute force pulling a load along a slope. While yarder machinery and cable yarding systems are extensively studied and reported, this paper provides a first detailed review of recent developments in carriage technology. Recent Findings There has been significant development in carriage technology in the last decade. In addition to step changes in functionality, they are now also used as technology platforms. This includes integration of geospatial and camera technology to provide for higher levels of automation. There are clear regional drivers that have differentiated carriage development. The need for low mass, versatility, and energy efficiency has generated a demand for electric carriages in the central European market. A focus on safety has driven New Zealand designers to work almost exclusively grapple carriages that no longer need choker setters on the ground being exposed to danger. North American developments include carriages capable of larger payloads to increase productivity and off-set high operation cost. Summary Carriages have developed over time to become complex systems and provide additional capabilities instead of just providing a mobility and transfer mechanism within the yarding systems. By integrating new technologies that provide for greater efficiency and/or automation, carriage developments will help cable yarding systems remain cost-competitive, with high safety standard and environmentally sound.

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SZCZUCKA-LASOTA, Bożena, Tomasz WĘGRZYN, Bogusław ŁAZARZ, Adam JUREK, and Krzysztof I. WILCZYŃSKI. "WELDING OF S355J+N LOW ALLOY STEEL ELEMENTS IN RAILWAY CARRIAGES STRUCTURES." Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport 112 (September 1, 2021): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2021.112.7.15.

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Various types of structures and materials play an important role in the creation modern means of transport, including various grades of steel with different mechanical properties. For the rolling stock, proper operation and meeting the operational conditions is very important. Welded structures play an important role in the construction of various means of transport. Correct welding of carriages is important both in production and when carrying out various types of repairs. Each repair a carriage depends on its advancement and condition and the time of its operation. Each inspection for a refurbished carriage is defined either by the service life or the big distance traveled by the carriage. Important factor that may lead to damage is the effect of the load transported in the carriage. Therefore, the causes of the wear of the rolling stock are investigated and measures are taken to prevent any damage. The appropriate technical condition of the carriage also ensures safety on railroads for users and owners of the rolling stock. In the case of welded structures in carriages, it is influenced by poorly materials choice, incorrectly selected production processes and wrong selection of parameters. The goal of this paper is the mechanical properties analyse of weld low alloy steel structure of carriages after MAG welding using the parameters of the process. Thick-walled steel structures are used to build carriages, which is often a serious welding problem. The main role of welding conditions is connected with filer materials, welding technology, state of stress and temperature. In this paper, the properties of low alloy steel S3555J+N structures after MAG welding are presented. Furthermore, metallographic structure, tensile strength, bending test and impact toughness welded joints were analysed regarding welding parameters. The amount of acicular ferrite in WMD oxygen after welding was tested. Gas mixtures of argon and carbon dioxide with various percentage was used for shielding gas.

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Cao, Ying Yu, Hui Qi Gong, Jia Yi Jin, Wang De Wu, and Ji Zong Wang. "The Study of Wide-Format Digital Inkjet Printers’ Carriage Control Method with Double-Carriage." Applied Mechanics and Materials 741 (March 2015): 749–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.741.749.

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Aiming to shorten the inkjet printing mechanism single printing time based on the existing digital printing machine,the plan of wide-format digital inkjet printer with double-carriage was proposed to improve the printing speed.Referencing these ordinary printing machine products, the double-carriage reasonable motion parameters were given and the equations of the motion were established.After simulating the real printing process,the phenomenon of collision and printing deficiency was avoided by the way“carriage will give the way".PID control algorithm was adopted to control the carriages’ displacement and solve the coupling problem of mechanical systems.The ADAMS/Simulink combined simulation control systems ensures the displacement fluctuations within the permissible range.

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Li, Xiao Huo, Jiang Wei Cao, Shu Ming Liu, and Chao Wang. "Study on Modal Analysis and Dynamic Performance of Electric Wheel Self-Dumping Truck Carriage." Applied Mechanics and Materials 127 (October 2011): 395–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.127.395.

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In view of the reality that the transport efficiency affected directly by fatigue failures on a carriage of a electric wheel self-dumping truck in running process, in order to inquiry the failure reason and study the relationship between the dynamic performance of the carriage and the natural frequency of the carriage, ANSYS finite software was used to analysis the dump truck carriage model created by PRO/E in the paper, the low-level frequency and the vibration of the dump truck carriage were obtained, and the carriage’s dynamic performance was studied with the verification principle of reducing the amplitude of frequency response function in resonance. The results show that the road surface excitation greatly affects the dynamic performance on the compartment floor, and the road surface excitation, which should be avoided, is the main reason of fatigue failure on the carriage.

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Baniari, Vladislav, Marián Handrik, Milan Vaško, Ján Kortiš, and L’uboš Daniel. "Determination the maximum load capacity of the welded structure of the transport carriage in operation." MATEC Web of Conferences 157 (2018): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815702002.

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The article presents a calculation procedure for determining the maximum permissible load on the welded structure of the transport carriage. During the transport carriages operation inside the production hall there was no breakage of the welding joints. The use of carriages outside the hall and with an uneven surface began to create cracks and fractures in the weld joints. The values of vertical accelerations that were generated by running on uneven surfaces were determined by experimental measurement. To avoid cracks in welded joints, the maximum permissible load value of the transport carriage was subsequently determined by calculation using FEM.

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Subarmono, Muhammad Arif Wibisono, and Tengku Iqbal Pujawira. "Light Monorail Body Carriage Design." Applied Mechanics and Materials 842 (June 2016): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.842.259.

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One of many solutions that can be applied to solve the transportation problems in Yogyakarta is by adding another mass transportation system which is eco friendly, ergonomic, and does not cause congestion and accident in the highway. There are several kinds of mass transportation that can be developed in Yogyakarta, such as monorail, tram, even commmuter line. But considered from the various advantages and disadvantages, the monorail is an additional mode of transport that is most suitable for Yogyakarta, because its railways are not become one with the road like a tram that may caused another negative impact. The main orientation of this design is to make a monorail body carriage. In designing this monorail body carriage, the conditions of design follows the model and carriage capacity that applied by urbanout with the operating condition data including the size of the carriages, passenger capacity, speed of the train, and the wheel base distance. Aluminum alloy 6061 material is used in the design of the carriage frame. And then the forces working on the carriage is calculated. The magnitude of the forces working on the carriage must be able to be endured by the frame. Data from the design then simulated with static load simulation using Autodesk Inventor 2012 software. From the analysis results will be seen whether the design of the carriage frame structure has been made safe. The size of the carriage is 8800mm x 2350mm x 3100mm for the front and rear car and 6700mm x 2350mm x 3100mm for the middle car. The results showed that the structure of the carriage from urbanout model with frame made of aluminum alloy 6061 is strong enough and suitable for use in light monorail vehicle. With the smallest safety factor by 4.56.

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Antonicelli, Aldo. "The Compression Carriage or Hardy Carriage." Mariner's Mirror 99, no. 3 (August 2013): 323–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00253359.2013.815994.

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10

Zhang, Kun, Jiabao Zeng, Qianxi Zhang, and Tonglin Pu. "Multiobjective Lightweight Optimization Design Method for a Dump Truck Carriage under Multiple Working Conditions." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (December 12, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2870005.

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To reduce the transportation cost and improve the fuel economy of a dump truck in road transport, vehicle lightweight optimization with the objectives such as the mass, stiffness, and sixth-order frequency of the carriage is adopted in this study. First, the carriage is divided into finite element meshes, and the working conditions of the carriage are analyzed under the conditions of full-load and uniform transportation, 0° lift, and 30° lift. Then, a comprehensive model consisting of full-load uniform transport and 0° lifting dual conditions is established, and 18 plate thicknesses are defined as design variables. The samples derived from the design variables of the carriages via the optimal Latin hypercube method are employed to analyze, in which the design variable that critically impacts the optimization objective is screened out from the sample for research. In addition, the dual-case approximation model constructed by a variety of methods is executed for accuracy comparison. And a moving least squares method combining linear and specific numerical values with the highest accuracy is selected to build a dual-case approximation model for the carriage. Ultimately, on the basis of the constructed double-condition approximation model, a multiobjective genetic algorithm is utilized to optimize the mass, bending stiffness, and sixth-order frequency. Compared with other methods, the multiobjective genetic algorithm can maintain the optimal solution, and the stored optimal solution can also be introduced into other groups to obtain another optimal solution. The simulation results, obtained from the scenarios of the carriage under the conditions of full-load uniform transportation, 0° lift and 30° lift, reveal that, on the basis of keeping the shape and structure of the original carriage unchanged, the mass is reduced by 1.215 t, the overall bending stiffness of the carriage is increased by 16300 N·mm−1, and the sixth-order modal frequency is optimized.

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Woodward, Huw, Shiwei Fan, Rajesh K. Bhagat, Maksim Dadonau, Megan Davies Wykes, Elizabeth Martin, Sarkawt Hama, et al. "Air Flow Experiments on a Train Carriage—Towards Understanding the Risk of Airborne Transmission." Atmosphere 12, no. 10 (September 29, 2021): 1267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12101267.

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A series of experiments was undertaken on an intercity train carriage aimed at providing a “proof of concept” for three methods in improving our understanding of airflow behaviour and the accompanied dispersion of exhaled droplets. The methods used included the following: measuring CO2 concentrations as a proxy for exhaled breath, measuring the concentrations of different size fractions of aerosol particles released from a nebuliser, and visualising the flow patterns at cross-sections of the carriage by using a fog machine and lasers. Each experiment succeeded in providing practical insights into the risk of airborne transmission. For example, it was shown that the carriage is not well mixed over its length, however, it is likely to be well mixed along its height and width. A discussion of the suitability of the fresh air supply rates on UK train carriages is also provided, drawing on the CO2 concentrations measured during these experiments.

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Berezin, Igor Ivanovich, Yuriy Yurievich Eliseev, Leonid Aleksandrovich Strizhakov, Denis Vladimirovich Vinnikov, Dmitriy Yurievich Eliseev, and Sergey Anatolievich Babanov. "Hygienic assessment of the production processes safety in railway transport." Sanitarnyj vrač (Sanitary Doctor), no. 6 (May 26, 2022): 405–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-08-2206-03.

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The article is devoted to the assessment of the conditions and nature of work of workers of locomotive crews and carriage facilities, and to substantiate the need to improve the provision of safe working conditions in railway transport. A hygienic assessment of production and professional factors at the workplaces of locomotive drivers and car inspectors and repairmen in 2015–2019 was carried out. The working conditions and nature of work of 822 workers and 93 trainees, who underwent full-time practice in the profession of an assistant driver of a diesel locomotive, were studied. The indicators of the severity and intensity of the labor process for workers of locomotive crews (machinists and driver assistants) have been determined. The leading unfavorable production factors among the workers of the carriage economy have been established: the severity of labor, the noise factor. The most traumatic professions of the carriage economy were the inspector-repairman of the carriages and the mechanic for the repair of the rolling stock.

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Craig, Matthew, and Taimoor Asim. "Numerical Investigations on the Propagation of Fire in a Railway Carriage." Energies 13, no. 19 (September 23, 2020): 4999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13194999.

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In this study, advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)-based numerical simulations have been performed in order to analyse fire propagation in a standard railway compartment. A Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) has been employed to mimic real world scenarios associated with fire propagation within railway carriages in order to develop safety guidelines for railway passengers. Comprehensive parametric investigations on the effects of ignition location, intensity and cabin upholstery have been carried out. It has been observed that a fire occurring near the exits of the carriage results in a lower smoke layer height, due to the local carriage geometry, than an identical fire igniting at the center of the carriage. This in turn causes the smoke density along the aisleway to vary by around 30%. Reducing the ignition energy by half has been found to restrict combustion, thus reducing smoke density and carbon exhaust gases, reducing the average temperature from 170 °C to 110 °C. Changing the material lining of the seating has been found to cause the most significant change in output parameters, despite its relative insignificance in bulk mass. A polyester sample produces a peak carbon monoxide concentration of 7500 ppm, which is 27× greater compared with nylon. This difference has been found to be due to the fire spread and propagation between fuels, signifying the polyester’s unsuitability for use in railway carriages.

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Fagurel, Julia E. "More on the Existence of Masquerade Racing Sledges in Russiain the 18-th Century (according to the materials from the collection of carriages of the State Historical Museum)." Observatory of Culture, no. 4 (October 28, 2015): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/2072-3156-2015-0-4-122-127.

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The article is devoted to the existence of masquerade racing sledges - special carriages for court festivities - in Russia. Basing on the study of archival materials and monuments of the art of carriage-making from the State Historical Museum (SHM), the author identifies and analyzes some features of the masquerade racing sledges manufacturing and using and also determines chronological framework of the existence of this type of carriages in Russia.

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Zhang, Bang Cheng, Xiao Jing Yin, Yan Qing Jiang, and Yan Juan Hu. "Research on LED Lighting Control Method for Railway Vehicle Carriage." Advanced Materials Research 753-755 (August 2013): 2461–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.753-755.2461.

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Because of the communication distance, the more nodes, the requirements of high real-time, LED lighting control system for railway vehicle carriage chooses Controller Area Network (CAN) as the communication mode to achieve centralized control in all carriages. Illuminance gathered from multi-sensors which were installed on the surface of the carriages was feed back to the Industrial Personal Computer (IPC). And then, through the incremental PID control algorithm, the IPC achieve the brightness of the lighting system intelligent control for vehicle consulting brightness intensity which according to the external environment. Experiment shows that this method is practical and effective.

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Chen, Zheng, Chun Guo, Wei Zhao, and Ke Zhang. "Fire Characteristics of High-speed Intercity Train with Different Door Opening in Tunnel." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2202, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2202/1/012038.

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Abstract In order to explore the fire characteristics of high-speed intercity train running with fire under different door opening conditions in the tunnel, this paper studied the fire of intercity train running with fire based on the fire simulation software, calculated and designed 10 different door opening conditions, and obtained: when the side door behind the fire source is opened and the door in front of the car is also opened, the distribution range of high temperature and smoke in the fire carriage is reduced by about half, and the visibility less than 5m only exists behind the fire source. When all the front and rear doors of the train are opened, the maximum temperature at the monitoring point is the lowest. It is suggested that after passengers of the burning intercity train are evacuated to other carriages, close the corridor door of the external carriage, and open all side doors at the front and rear sides of the on-fire train carriage for ventilation and cooling.

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Wang, Xiao Nan, Lin Xiu Du, and Hong Shuang Di. "Finite Element Analysis and Structural Optimization of Heavy-Duty Truck's Carriage." Advanced Materials Research 148-149 (October 2010): 601–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.148-149.601.

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The purpose of this paper was the optimization design of heavy strength carriage for 50t heavy-duty truck. Two optimization schemes B and C were provided based on original scheme A, which have different thickness of sole/side plate and main longitudinal girder and different number of strengthening ribs. ANSYS was used to do the finite element analysis of equivalent stress and elastic displacement of truck carriages. The equivalent stress of main longitudinal girder, soleplate and transverse bars of soleplate will increase when the soleplate’s thickness was reduced. The maximum of equivalent stress will increase 13%~15% with 1mm reduction. When the thickness of side plate or the number of side plate’s strengthening ribs was reduced, the elastic displacement of side plate would increase. Scheme C fulfilled the requirement of structure strength, in which the elastic displacement increases in the allowable range and the lightening ratio was 12.6%. Scheme B didn’t fulfill the requirement of structure strength. The numerical results provided theoretical foundations for optimization design of carriage in actual production and the solutions of expansion of carriage.

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Svoykin, F. V., V. A. Sokolova, N. S. Korolko, and A. O. Shoshin. "Constructive solutions to improve cable haulers for development of hard-to-reach cutting areas." E3S Web of Conferences 193 (2020): 01048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019301048.

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The article proposes a constructive solution for improving the technological process of logging wood with rope skidders under conditions of an extended distance of the primary haulage of wood and a considerable length of a hauling-carrying rope for hilly-ridge and waterlogged production conditions, including for selective felling (especially relevant in the Northwestern Federal District of the Russian Federation , especially in the Leningrad region, where timber harvesting in the forests of the first category predominates). The proposed solution is a double-structure carriage, obtained by connecting the mounting of the travel wheels with two articulated joints, without changing the standard designs of the existing carriages. This design allows the carriage to provide the passage of turns with a bundle of skidded timber on the curved track of the carrying rope. When introducing rope skidders with articulated carriage (SHSK), the possibility of turning the track will expand the area of the available logging fund. The use of cable scudding systems with SHSK will allow organizing skidding routes, without significant wear of the ropes, with turning angles up to 45 degrees.

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Newnham, David. "Acne carriage." Nursing Standard 27, no. 1 (September 5, 2012): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.27.1.25.s32.

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Kostyukova, N. N., and V. A. Bechalo. "Diphtheria Carriage." Epidemiology and Vaccine Prevention 17, no. 5 (October 23, 2018): 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2018-17-5-60-70.

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The diphtheria carriage is a asympthomatic colonization of oro- and nasopharynx by toxigenic and nontoxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae. The carriage of toxigenic strains prevents a complete eradication of diphtheria infection in spite of mass toxoid immunization. The contamination by toxigenic diphtheria bacteria leads to the carriage if the person has a protective level of diphtheria antitoxin. Contamination with the toxigenic and nontoxigenic leads to the carriage if the person has no protection to the bacterial colonization factors. Some of them are surface protein structures and may serve as components of the future vaccines against diphtheria bacteria colonization.

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Smyth, Sarah. "MRSA carriage." British Journal of General Practice 58, no. 547 (February 1, 2008): 125.1–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp08x277041.

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Roche, John. "Dignity’s Carriage." International Studies in Philosophy 35, no. 1 (2003): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/intstudphil2003351222.

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Han, Ki-Hoon, Everett Harman, Peter Frykman, Michael Johnson, Franklin Russell, and Michael Rosenstein. "LOAD CARRIAGE." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 24, Supplement (May 1992): S129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199205001-00774.

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Douglas, Mick. "CARRIAGE notes." Performance Research 19, no. 6 (November 2, 2014): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13528165.2014.985091.

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Orr, Robin M., and Rodney R. Pope. "Load Carriage." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 29 (November 2015): S119—S128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000001029.

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Korppi, Matti. "Carriage and carriage acquisition: Different roles in respiratory infections." Pediatrics International 51, no. 5 (October 2009): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-200x.2009.02922.x.

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Kostyukova, N. N., and V. A. Bekhalo. "Meningococcal Carriage: Epidemiology, Causative Agent, Inducing of Immune Protection." Epidemiology and Vaccine Prevention 16, no. 5 (October 20, 2017): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2017-16-5-87-97.

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A review of the actual problems concerning the meningococcal carriage is presented. The review includes: the epidemiological features of meningococcal carriage, the phenotyping and genotyping characteristics of the carriage strains, the modern models of the carriage, the general and local (mucosal) immune protection induced by the carriage. The significance of genetic and virulence heterogenicity of carriage meningococcal population is underlined.

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Bolshakov, Roman Sergeevich, Andrey Pavlovich Khomenko, and Sergey Victorovich Eliseev. "New approaches of condition estimation of freight railway carriages at motion on sorting devices on base system analysis and mathematical modeling." Transport of the Urals, no. 4 (2021): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20291/1815-9400-2021-4-24-32.

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The paper develops methods of system analysis and technologies for control dynamic conditions of technical means of railway transport. Methods of structural mathematical modeling are used, within the framework of which the design scheme of the object, considered as a mechanical oscillatory system with several degrees of freedom, is interpreted as a dynamically equivalent automatic control system. The problems of the dynamics of the coupling of two freight railway carriages with two variants of its rigidity (conventional and rigid hinge-type fastening) are considered. It is shown that with a certain choice of the values of the moments of inertia of the railway carriages and the parameters of the location of the center of mass, it is possible to solve the problems of motion stabilization. Concepts are proposed for the experimental determination of the moment of inertia and coordinates of the center of mass of the railway carriage when rolling the cars off the marshalling hump and passing a special measuring station. Algorithms for determining the values of the parameters of the center of mass of the railway carriage and the values of the moment of inertia are proposed.

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Park, Jin-Hyeong, and Hyeong-Soon Moon. "Advanced Automatic Welding System for Offshore Pipeline System with Seam Tracking Function." Applied Sciences 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10010324.

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Automatic welding technology is a solution to increase welding productivity and improve welding quality in offshore pipe welding. To increase welding productivity, it is necessary to save time during the assembly/disassembly of the guide track from the welding carriage and pipe to move the next station. The guide track consists of a pneumatic system that does not separate the welding carriage, and two welding carriages operate on a half-pipe joint to increase productivity. These welding carriages automatically operate under the controller command. An automatic welding system consists of a DC motor module, a step motor module, a welding control module, a welding monitoring module, and a central control module. The control systems incorporate control modules and transmit commands to each module for an automatic welding system. In order to minimize the inevitable misalignment between the centerline of the welding seam and the welding torch for each welding pass, a moving average algorithm for seam tracking is proposed, which was proven to be suitable for the root pass, filling pass, and cap pass. Welding experiments were also carried out to verify the validity of the weld seam tracking system.

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Martynov, Igor, Alyona Trufanova, and Maksim Sergienko. "ANALYSIS OF PECULIARITIES OF PASSENGER CAR BODY WEAR." Collected scientific works of Ukrainian State University of Railway Transport, no. 196 (October 12, 2021): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18664/1994-7852.196.2021.242250.

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The article considers the issues of analysis of the patterns of operation of the loadbearingelements of the body of carriage. A comparative analysis of the size and nature of theoperation of structural elements of carriages of different types and years of their construction.In recent years, there has been a significant aging of the operational fleet of carriage. Atnowadays, carriages of various models and their modifications with an extended service life, whichis approaching the limit, are in operation on the railway network of Ukraine.The technical, economic and ecological indicators of transport, the degree of reliability andtraffic safety depend on the age of the carriages. At nowadays, the level of development of technicalmeans and technology of repair and restoration of rolling stock is increasing fast.To increase the competitiveness of rail passenger transport, it is necessary to overcome thehigh degree of wear of the carriages fleet of JSC «Ukrzaliznytsia». Because of the lack of domesticand the complete absence of foreign investment in the railways, the tendency to increase physicaldepreciation and obsolescence of fixed assets is progressing. According to the data of the branch of«Passenger Company» JSC «Ukrzaliznytsia» in 2020 the inventory includes is almost 5 thousandcarriages, most of which have served their intended service life. As a result, the current wear of thecarriages fleet is approaching 92 %.Most of the carriages fleet was built in the 70s and 90s of the last century at car plants inGermany and Russia. Due to the constant lack of funding, the fleet of carriages of JSC«Ukrzaliznytsia»was renewed at a slow pace. Every year the carriages fleet wears out and ages. Thisreduces the competitiveness of railways, which negatively effects on quantity of passenger traffic.Naturally, carriages should not only create the necessary level of comfort, but also ensure trafficsafety and high reliability in operation. The results of the study made it possible to consider the issueof further use of carriages, which are most affected by corrosion.

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Curry, Scott R., Michelle Hecker, Justin O’Hagan, Preeta K. Kutty, Heba Alhmidi, Y. Karen Ng Wong, Jennifer Cadnum, et al. "2371. A Multicenter Cohort Study of the Natural History of Clostridioides difficile Colonization and Infection." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.2049.

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Abstract Background Asymptomatic carriage of toxigenic Clostridioides difficile strains is common in healthcare settings. However, the natural history of C. difficile colonization and infection is not well understood, particularly for patients with new acquisition of carriage. Methods In 3 tertiary care hospitals and affiliated long-term care facilities (LTCFs), we conducted a 6-month cohort study to identify patients with new acquisition of rectal carriage of toxigenic C. difficile and determined the duration and burden of carriage. Asymptomatic carriage was defined as transient if only 1 culture was positive with negative cultures before and after or persistent if 2 or more cultures were positive; clearance was defined as 2 consecutive negative rectal cultures. Results Of 4180 patients with negative initial cultures, 144 (3%) acquired asymptomatic carriage of toxigenic C. difficile, and 19 (13%) of these carriers subsequently were diagnosed with CDI. Of 50 asymptomatic carriers analyzed for duration of carriage, 33 (66%) had transient carriage of toxigenic C. difficile and 17 (34%) had persistent carriage. For persistent carriers, the estimated median time to clearance of colonization was 76 days (range, 41 to 95 days from acquisition). Ten of 17 (59%) persistent carriers had a high burden of carriage (defined as > 25 colonies recovered from 1 or more swabs) vs. only 1 of 33 (3%) transient carriers (P < 0.001). Conclusion Acquisition of asymptomatic carriage of toxigenic C. difficile carriage was common among patients in healthcare facilities, but most carriers had transient low-level carriage. Additional studies are needed to determine whether a higher burden of carriage predicts subsequent risk of transmission. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Hegge, Marge. "The Empty Carriage." Nursing Science Quarterly 24, no. 1 (January 2011): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894318410389068.

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Zarin, Cynthia. "Rocking the Carriage." Yale Review 89, no. 4 (June 28, 2008): 96–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0044-0124.00555.

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Rose, F. D. "Sea Carriage Rights." Cambridge Law Journal 50, no. 3 (November 1991): 394–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197300016068.

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Hedges, Jerris R. "Weapon Carriage Article." Academic Emergency Medicine 3, no. 8 (August 1996): 735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.1996.tb03505.x.

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El-Latif, Zakaria Moseilhy Abd. "Liability of the Carrier in Courtesy Carriage and Gratuitous Carriage." Arab Law Quarterly 2, no. 2 (1987): 105–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157302587x00174.

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AbstractIn fact, this new trend in judicial thinking does not mean that the liability of the unpaid carrier is being based on fault in the custodianship of inanimate objects; its import and aim is to alleviate the burden of proof falling upon the non-paying passenger by seeking evidence of the fault of the carrier merely from the circumstances of the case. Proof of such circumstances must be provided: proof that the accident was caused by faulty driving, i.e., loss of command of the vehicle; or that the accident cannot be explained by other than the carrier's losing command of the vehicle while driving it.

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Fomin, O. "ASSESSMENT CARTS STRENGTH INDICATORS WAGONS WITH EXPIRED SERVICE LIFE." Collection of scientific works of the State University of Infrastructure and Technologies series "Transport Systems and Technologies" 1, no. 37 (June 29, 2021): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.32703/2617-9040-2021-37-8.

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Currently, a significant number of units of specialized cars of 1520 mm gauge in Ukraine has a service life that exceeds that assigned by the manufacturer. At the same time, many years of experience in diagnosing and analyzing the operation of carts of these cars by specialized organizations, shows that their technical condition after long operation shows that the specified service life specified in the technical conditions in most cases far from the limit. This is largely due to the significant margin of safety, which is laid down in the design, and the peculiarities of the operation of a particular type of car. The paper considers the issues of assessing the operation of such cars on the example of the carriage of the weighing car, bogie model 18-102, and the carriage of the passenger car model KVZ-TsNII used in the track economy for transportation of workers. The average daily mileage of such cars is 60-70 percent less than the average mileage that is laid down when calculating the service life assigned by the manufacturer. The evaluation and methods of determining the strength of the frames of carriages of special cars are performed. Conclusions are made based on the results of the analysis of the strength of the carriages of special cars.

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Bratcher, Holly B., Charlene M. C. Rodrigues, Adam Finn, Mandy Wootton, J. Claire Cameron, Andrew Smith, Paul Heath, et al. "UKMenCar4: A cross-sectional survey of asymptomatic meningococcal carriage amongst UK adolescents at a period of low invasive meningococcal disease incidence." Wellcome Open Research 4 (August 6, 2019): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15362.1.

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Carriage of Neisseria meningitidis, the meningococcus, is a prerequisite for invasive meningococcal disease (IMD), a potentially devastating infection that disproportionately afflicts infants and children. Humans are the sole known reservoir for the meningococcus, and it is carried asymptomatically in the nasopharynx of ~10% of the population. Rates of carriage are dependent on age of the host and social and behavioural factors. In the UK, meningococcal carriage has been studied through large, multi-centre carriage surveys of adolescents in 1999, 2000, and 2001, demonstrating carriage can be affected by immunisation with the capsular group C meningococcal conjugate vaccine, inducing population immunity against carriage. Fifteen years after these surveys were carried out, invasive meningococcal disease incidence had declined from a peak in 1999. The UKMenCar4 study was conducted in 2014/15 to investigate rates of carriage amongst the adolescent population during a period of low disease incidence. The protocols and methodology used to perform UKMenCar4, a large carriage survey, are described here.

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Bratcher, Holly B., Charlene M. C. Rodrigues, Adam Finn, Mandy Wootton, J. Claire Cameron, Andrew Smith, Paul Heath, et al. "UKMenCar4: A cross-sectional survey of asymptomatic meningococcal carriage amongst UK adolescents at a period of low invasive meningococcal disease incidence." Wellcome Open Research 4 (October 28, 2019): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15362.2.

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Carriage of Neisseria meningitidis, the meningococcus, is a prerequisite for invasive meningococcal disease (IMD), a potentially devastating infection that disproportionately afflicts infants and children. Humans are the sole known reservoir for the meningococcus, and it is carried asymptomatically in the nasopharynx of ~10% of the population. Rates of carriage are dependent on age of the host and social and behavioural factors. In the UK, meningococcal carriage has been studied through large, multi-centre carriage surveys of adolescents in 1999, 2000, and 2001, demonstrating carriage can be affected by immunisation with the capsular group C meningococcal conjugate vaccine, inducing population immunity against carriage. Fifteen years after these surveys were carried out, invasive meningococcal disease incidence had declined from a peak in 1999. The UKMenCar4 study was conducted in 2014/15 to investigate rates of carriage amongst the adolescent population during a period of low disease incidence. The protocols and methodology used to perform UKMenCar4, a large carriage survey, are described here.

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Aly, F. Z., C. C. Blackwell, D. A. C. Mackenzie, D. M. Weir, and B. F. Clarke. "Factors influencing oral carriage of yeasts among individuals with diabetes mellitus." Epidemiology and Infection 109, no. 3 (December 1992): 507–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800050500.

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SUMMARYA total of 439 individuals with diabetes mellitus were examined for carriage of yeasts by the oral rinse and palatal swab techniques. Eighteen genetic or environment variables were assessed for their contribution to carriage of yeasts. The factor contributing to palatal and oral carriage of yeasts among individuals with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) was age (P < 0·01). The factor contributing to palatal carriage of yeasts among individuals with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) was poor glycaemic control (glycosuria P < 0·01); carriage in the oral cavity as a whole was influenced additionally by non-secretion of ABH blood group antigens (P < 0·05). Introduction of a denture altered the above risk factors. For individuals with IDDM, oral carriage was associated with the presence of retinopathy (P < 0·05); palatal carriage was influenced by poor glycaemic control (HbA1P < 0·01, plasma glucose levels P < 0·05) and age (P < 0·05). For those with NIDDM, palatal carriage was associated with continuous presence of the denture in the mouth (P < 0·01); oral carriage was associated with plasma glucose levels (P < 0·05).

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King-Hele, D. "Erasmus Darwin's improved design for steering carriages––and cars." Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 56, no. 1 (January 22, 2002): 41–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2002.0166.

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Carriage journeys in England during the eighteenth century were notoriously dangerous. Rutted and pot–holed roads exacerbated the deficiencies in steering, springing and stability. In 1758 the young Dr Erasmus Darwin (1731–1802; F.R.S. 1761) was travelling about 10,000 miles a year in visits to patients from his house at Lichfield. To alleviate the danger and discomfort of his journey, he developed a design for improved carriage steering and stability, which he road-tested over 20,000 miles on two carriages. In 1765 Richard Lovell Edgeworth (1744–1817; F.R.S. 1781) heard about Darwin's design, urged the Society of Arts to enquire about it, and then visited Darwin himself. With the aid of manuscripts from the Archive of the Royal Society of Arts and elsewhere, I offer a reconstruction of Darwin's improved method of steering, which relies on four jointed rods, initially in the form of an isosceles trapezium. The mechanism was reinvented more than 50 years later, and came to be used widely in early modern cars.

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Zvirgzdiņš, Indulis. "Production of Horse-Drawn Carriages in Latvia in the 20th Century." History of Engineering Sciences and Institutions of Higher Education 4 (September 30, 2020): 9–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/hesihe.2020.002.

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In the first half of the last century, wood craftsmen and blacksmiths collaborated in the manufacture of carriages, but in most cases, they worked individually. There were also larger companies operating mainly in cities. The author’s main focus is on the Madona area. The carriage and sled workshop of Augusts Mazurs (1885–1975), which was the most significant in the area, is used as an example. It was established in 1924 and continued its work during the Soviet era. Horse-drawn carriages were the main mode of local transport in the Republic of Latvia and its territory also in the decade after World War II. Later, the role of road transport gradually increased. Carriages and sleds were made on site, most cars were imported.

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Briles, David E., Eddie Ades, James C. Paton, Jacquelyn S. Sampson, George M. Carlone, Robert C. Huebner, Anni Virolainen, Edwin Swiatlo, and Susan K. Hollingshead. "Intranasal Immunization of Mice with a Mixture of the Pneumococcal Proteins PsaA and PspA Is Highly Protective against Nasopharyngeal Carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae." Infection and Immunity 68, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): 796–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.68.2.796-800.2000.

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ABSTRACT Acquisition of pneumococci is generally from carriers rather than from infected individuals. Therefore, to induce herd immunity againstStreptococcus pneumoniae it will be necessary to elicit protection against carriage. Capsular polysaccharide-protein conjugates, PspA, and PsaA are known to elicit some protection against nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococci but do not always completely eliminate carriage. In this study, we observed that PsaA elicited better protection than did PspA against carriage. Pneumolysin elicited no protection against carriage. Immunization with a mixture of PsaA and PspA elicited the best protection against carriage. These results indicate that PspA and PsaA may be useful for the elicitation of herd immunity in humans. As PspA and pneumolysin are known to elicit immunity to bacteremia and pneumonia, their inclusion in a mucosal vaccine may enable such a vaccine to prevent invasive disease as well as carriage.

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Neal, Eleanor Frances Georgina, Jocelyn Chan, Cattram Duong Nguyen, and Fiona Mary Russell. "Factors associated with pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage: A systematic review." PLOS Global Public Health 2, no. 4 (April 11, 2022): e0000327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000327.

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Pneumococcal disease is a major contributor to global childhood morbidity and mortality and is more common in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) than in high-income countries. Pneumococcal carriage is a prerequisite for pneumococcal disease. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine reduces vaccine-type carriage and disease. However, pneumococcal carriage and disease persist, and it is important to identify other potentially modifiable factors associated with pneumococcal carriage and determine if risk factors differ between low, middle, and high-income countries. This information may help inform pneumococcal disease prevention programs. This systematic literature review describes factors associated with pneumococcal carriage stratified by country income status and summarises pneumococcal carriage rates for included studies. We undertook a systematic search of English-language pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage studies up to 30th June 2021. Peer-reviewed studies reporting factors associated with overall pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage in healthy, community-based study populations were eligible for inclusion. Two researchers independently reviewed studies to determine eligibility. Results are presented as narrative summaries. This review is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42020186914. Eighty-two studies were included, and 46 (56%) were conducted in LMICs. There was heterogeneity in the factors assessed in each study. Factors positively associated with pneumococcal carriage in all income classification were young age, ethnicity, symptoms of respiratory tract infection, childcare attendance, living with young children, poverty, exposure to smoke, season, and co-colonisation with other pathogens. Breastfeeding and antibiotic use were protective against carriage in all income classifications. Median (interquartile range) pneumococcal carriage rates differed by income classification, ranging from 51% (19.3–70.2%), 38.5% (19.3–51.6%), 31.5% (19.0–51.0%), 28.5% (16.8–35.4%), (P = 0.005) in low-, lower-middle, upper-middle, and high-income classifications, respectively. Our findings suggest that where measured, factors associated with pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage are similar across income classifications, despite the highest pneumococcal carriage rates being in low-income classifications. Reducing viral transmission through vaccination and public health interventions to address social determinants of health would play an important role.

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Chang, Wenhao, Xiaopei Cai, and Qihao Wang. "Dynamic characteristic difference of steel-spring floating slab track between single-carriage and multi-carriage models." Noise & Vibration Worldwide 52, no. 6 (March 12, 2021): 156–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957456521999868.

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The steel-spring floating slab track (SSFST) is a low-stiffness structure, sensitive to the vehicle loads. Due to the coupling effect of the superposition of adjacent bogies, it is difficult for conventional single-carriage models to meet the simulation requirements. To find a balance between computation efficiency and authenticity of analytical model results, the influence of carriage number on SSFST should be studied. Based on the finite element method and multi-body dynamics, a refined three-dimensional coupled model of multi-carriage-SSFST-tunnel was established. The difference in the dynamic response of the SSFST between single-carriage and multi-carriage models was analyzed and compared with the measured data. The field test results show that structural displacements and accelerations under the two-carriage model are much closer to the measured data. The dynamic model analysis results show that the maximum displacement of the rail and SSFST in the midspan of the slab increase by 0.48 mm and 0.34 mm under the multi-carriage model, and the vibration reduction effectiveness increases by 1.4–2.0 dB. Dynamic responses of the rail and SSFST show minor differences under the two-carriage and three-carriage models. The article is expected to provide a reference for the theoretical research, design, and layout optimization of subway SSFST.

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Lemay, Julie-Anne, Leah J. Ricketson, and James D. Kellner. "Trends in Asymptomatic Nasopharyngeal Streptococcus pneumoniae Carriage with qPCR and Culture Analysis." Microorganisms 10, no. 10 (October 20, 2022): 2074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10102074.

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We previously reported trends in pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage in the post-PCV13 era as detected by conventional culture methods. Our current aim is to assess if there are fundamental differences in the clinical and demographic features of children who have pneumococcal carriage detected by qPCR compared with culture analysis. The CASPER team conducted point-prevalence surveys in 2016 in healthy children in Calgary to determine trends in overall and serotype-specific pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage. Being 18 months of age (p = 0.009), having at least one sibling under 2 years of age (p = 0.04), having only sibling(s) over 2 years of age (p = 0.001), and childcare attendance (p = 0.005) were associated with carriage by qPCR methods only. Having only sibling(s) older than 2 years of age was associated with carriage detected by both qPCR and culture methods (p = 0.001). No clinical factors were associated with carriage detected by both qPCR and culture compared to qPCR methods only. Both analyses are suitable methods to detect carriage; however, qPCR analysis is more sensitive and more cost-effective. As there are no fundamental differences in the children that have pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage detectable by qPCR methods compared to conventional culture methods, molecular analysis may be a preferable option for future carriage studies.

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Шмыленко, Влада, Vlada Shmylenko, Альбина Бондаренко, Albina Bondarenko, Ольга Троценко, Olga Trotsenko, Вячеслав Туркутюков, and Vyacheslav Turkutyukov. "FREQUENCY OF DETECTION OF MORAXELLA CATARRHALIS IN CHILDREN WITH A RECURRENT COURSE OF RESPIRATORY DISEASES IN KHABAROVSK CITY DURING 2016-2017." Bulletin physiology and pathology of respiration 1, no. 68 (June 7, 2018): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5b18b82fc43524.59761242.

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The aim of the study was to evaluate the Moraxella catarrhalis nasopharyngeal carriage prevalence in children of different age groups with a recurrent course of respiratory diseases and perform a comparative analysis of bacterial carriage levels as well as peculiarities of within-year distribution of nasopharyngeal carriage in 2016-2017 years. Bacteriological assessment was performed for 1769 children aged 0 to 14 years old including 1082 children examined in 2016 and 687 children examined in 2017. During the two years of observation the average level of M. catarrhalis carriage for the entire study group was equal to 11.5±0.76%. Nasopharyngeal carriage was detected in children of all age groups with the lowest index in children of 7-14 years (4.1±1.03%) and highest levels of bacterial carriage in children of 2-6 years old (13.8±0.98%). Similarities in distribution of M. catarrhalis nasopharyngeal carriage levels in susceptible age groups were detected during 2016 and 2017 years. The analysis of M. catarrhalis carriage levels dynamics revealed within-year undulation of the index – low levels were detected in February and July and high levels in October and November. The research revealed statistically significant and profound concordance of within-year distribution of M. catarrhalis carriage levels in children during 2016 and 2017 years.

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Bryukhov, R. B., and K. E. Kovalenko. "International legal regulation of road transportation (features of the legal consciousness of legislators)." MATEC Web of Conferences 239 (2018): 03008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823903008.

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The contract of international carriage is a special type of foreign economic transactions. The specificity of this agreement is due to the peculiarities of transport as a natural monopoly of the state. The contract of international carriage includes public law (determination of the status of the transport environment) and private law (direct organization of the carriage itself) aspects. International carriage is the carriage of goods and passengers between two or more states in accordance with the terms of an international agreement concluded between them.

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Zhang, Man, Xiaohua Qin, Baixing Ding, Zhen Shen, Zike Sheng, Shi Wu, Yang Yang, et al. "Antibiotic Exposure during the Preceding Six Months Is Related to Intestinal ESBL-Producing Enterobacteriaceae Carriage in the Elderly." Antibiotics 11, no. 7 (July 15, 2022): 953. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11070953.

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Intestinal carriage of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE carriage) poses a health risk to the elderly. It was aimed to study the prevalence and the risk factors of intestinal ESBL-PE carriage in the elderly. An observational study of a 921-elderly cohort was examined at health checkup for intestinal ESBL-PE carriage at a tertiary medical center in Shanghai. The prevalence and risk factors of intestinal ESBL-PE carriage, especially antimicrobial use in the preceding 9 months, were studied. The prevalence of intestinal ESBL-PE carriage was 53.3% (491/921) in community-dwelling elderly people. A total of 542 ESBL-producing isolates, including E. coli (n = 484) and K. pneumoniae (n = 58), were obtained. On genotyping, the CTX-M-9 ESBL was the most prevalent for 66.0% (358/542) of all isolates. Multivariate analysis showed that antibiotic exposure, age (61–70 years), and nursing home residence were independent risk factors of the ESBL-PE carriage. The analysis on the monthly use of antimicrobials showed that antibiotic exposure during the 6 months prior to sample collection contributed to the high prevalence of ESBL-PE carriage. A single exposure to an antimicrobial increased the risk of the carriage significantly, and the risk increased with the frequency of antimicrobial exposure (RR, 1.825 to 5.255). Prior use of second or third generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, and macrolides increased the risk of the carriage. The results of this study indicate the importance of using antimicrobials judiciously in clinical settings to reduce antimicrobial resistance. Further studies with multiple center surveillance and with comparison of ESBL-PE carriage in the elderly and in the general population simultaneously are needed.

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Kim, Young-Ju. "6A Review of Practical and Legal Issues in the Scope and Regulations of Maritime Carriage and Inland Waterways Transport under the Korean Commercial Code." Korean Academy Of International Commerce 37, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 137–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18104/kaic.2022.37.3.137.

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Purpose : This study analyzed the issues in the scope of carriage by sea and carriage by inland waterways under the Korean Commercial Code. Research design, data and methodology : Article 125 of the Korean Commercial Code says that the term carrier means a person who engages in the business of carrying goods or passengers by land or on lakes and rivers, and in ports and bays. This paper studied Article 125 and the Articles of the Code concerning the carriage of goods by sea. Results : Comparative analysis of some issues in the scope and application of carriage by sea or carriage by inland waterways suggests that maritime carriage provisions of the Korean Commercial Code should be applicable to inland waters. Conclusions : This paper reviewed and analyzed issues in the scope of maritime carriage and inland waterways transport under the Korean Commercial Code by examining the theories, regulations, and practical viewpoints. This paper, also, presented related practical and legal implications and further reforms in the Korean Commercial Code.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Carriage'

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