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Cheng, Zhang. "Use of food waste feeds for culturing low trophic level fish (grass carp, bighead carp and mud carp): persistent toxic substances." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2014. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/76.
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This study aimed at using different types of food wastes as major sources of protein to replace the fish meal used in fish feeds to produce quality fish. The major objectives were to (1) investigate the variations of metalloid/metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the fish ponds (pond mud and water), and food wastes used as fish feeds; (2) analyze bioaccumulation and biomagnification of pollutants in the food chains; and (3) evaluate the potential health risks of exposure (to these pollutants) via dietary intake of fish fed with food waste feeds. The traditional fish farming model was used to culture low trophic level fish: a filter feeder (bighead, Aristichthys nobilis), a herbivore (grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus) and a bottom feeder (mud carp, Cirrhina molitorella), which are more environmental friendly as they can utilize more solar energy. Furthermore, low-trophic level fish are less susceptible to the accumulation of toxic chemicals. Two types of food wastes (mainly containing cereal (Food Waste A) and meat waste meal (Food Waste B)) were used as the major source of protein to replace the fish meal in fish feed to culture fish. The concentrations of metalloid (arsenic (As)), metals (mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni)) in water, suspended particulate matter and sediment of the 3 experimental fish ponds located in Sha Tau Kok Organic Farm were monitored (bi-monthly during the first half year and tri-monthly during the second half year) and the results were similar to or lower than those in the commercial fish ponds around the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. Results of the health risk assessments indicated that human consumption of grass carp (a herbivore) which fed food waste feed pellets would be safer than other fish species (mud carp, bighead carp and largemouth bass). There were no or lower magnifications, and low concentrations of metalloid/metals contained in the ponds indicated that the practice of traditional pond management by draining pond water regularly can provide a better fish pond habitat for birds and other wildlife. Furthermore, the use of food waste instead of fish meal (mainly consisted of contaminated trash fish) further reduced Hg accumulation in the cultured fish. During October 2011 - December 2012, the concentrations of PAHs and OCPs in three experimental fish ponds were monitored (bi-monthly during the first half year and tri-monthly during the second half year). The results were similar to or lower than those obtained in commercial fish ponds around the PRD region. The mean concentrations of .PAHs and .OCPs in sediment and fish collected from the experimental fish ponds during the 2nd half year (May 2012 to December 2012) were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those in the 1st half year (October 2011 to April, 2012). .PAHs and .DDTs in the two species of fish (grass carp and bighead carp) were significantly increased (p<0.05) with time, and PAHs and DDTs in grass carp and bighead carp fed with commercial fish feed pellets (control group) were significantly higher (p<0.05) than the fish fed with food waste pellets (Food Waste A and Food Waste B). Fruit, vegetables, bone meal and meat products were the major sources of PAHs and OCPs contamination for producing Food Waste A and Food Waste B. No significant increases in PAHs and DDTs concentrations with trophic levels were observed in the experimental ponds, showing that PAHs were not biomagnifed in the omnivorous food chains (plankton, grass carp, bighead carp and mud carp). DDTs were lower magnifications than those predatory food chains (plankton, trash fish, and largemouth bass) in farmed ponds. There was a very low cancer risk for PAHs and DDTs exerted on humans via consumption of bighead carp, grass carp and mud carp (fed with food waste and commercial pellets). Furthermore, the use of food waste instead of fish meal (mainly consisted of contaminated trash fish) further reduced accumulation of PAHs and DDTs in the cultured fish.PAHs and DDTs exerted on humans via consumption of bighead carp, grass carp and mud carp (fed with food waste and commercial pellets). Furthermore, the use of food waste instead of fish meal (mainly consisted of contaminated trash fish) further reduced accumulation of PAHs and DDTs in the cultured fish. The present results revealed that recycling of food waste for cultivating low trophic level fish (mainly bighead carp and grass carp) is feasible, which will also ease the disposal pressure of the large volume of food waste, a common problem encountered in densely populated cites such as Hong Kong.
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Hung, Ching Yee. "Survival strategies of common carp, cyprinus carpio, during prolonged starvation and hypoxia /." access full-text access abstract and table of contents, 2005. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/ezdb/thesis.pl?phd-bch-b19887346a.pdf.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--City University of Hong Kong, 2005."Submitted to Department of Biology and Chemistry in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 233-269).
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DeGrandchamp, Kelly Lynn. "Habitat selection and movement of bighead carp and silver carp in the lower Illinois River /." Available to subscribers only, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1240695561&sid=9&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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McLean, Victoria Lynne. "Carp Impacts on Diked Wetland Communities." The Ohio State University, 1996. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1392915387.
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Copeland, Donald Lee. "Production of Recombinant Carp Leptin and its Effects on Lipid Metabolism in the Common Carp (Cyprinus Carpio)." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1342135953.
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Laure, Lydie. "Etude du complexe CARP-Titine-Calpaïne 3 : de la fonction vers la thérapeutique." Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EVRY0004/document.
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Cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence que la protéine CARP est un substrat de la calpaïne 3 (C3), protéase déficiente dans les dystrophies des ceintures de type 2A (LGMD2A). Nos résultats suggèrent que C3, en renforçant l’interaction de CARP avec la titine, pourrait moduler sa fonction de régulateur de la transcription génique. De plus, CARP pourrait intervenir dans la plasticité du muscle notamment en régulant l’activité de facteurs de transcription impliqués dans le contrôle de la masse musculaire ainsi que l’expression de protéines impliquées dans le remodelage. Nous proposons que la perte de ce mécanisme de régulation de CARP par C3 puisse participer à la physiopathologie de la LGMD2A. D’autre part, nous avons montré que l’expression de CARP augmente dans tous les modèles dystrophiques étudiés, suggérant que CARP serait un marqueur essentiel de ces maladies. Le contrôle de sa surexpression pourrait donc permettre d’envisager des solutions thérapeutiques pour ces maladiesCalpain 3, a protease of the skeletal muscle is defective in Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophies type 2A (LGMD2A). During our study, we demonstrated that CARP (Cardiac Ankyrin Repeat Protein), is a calpain 3 substrate. Our hypothesis is that calpain 3 enhances CARP interaction with sarcomere thus preventing its passage and its nuclear activities. Our experiments showed that CARP acts on the function of several transcription factors amongst which some are involved in the regulation of muscle mass and that CARP regulates the expression of proteins involved in remodelling. Together, our results suggest that CARP could intervene in the remodelling of sarcomere. The loss of such a mechanism could participate in the pathophysiology of LGMD2A. On the other hand, we showed that the expression of CARP increases in all dystrophic models studied, suggesting that CARP is a key marker of these diseases. The control of its overexpression may constitute a therapeutic option for these diseases
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Williams, Paul Edwin. "Evaluation of a Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) Exclusion and Trapping Device for Use in Aquatic Plant Founder Colony Establishment." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2008. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc6038/.
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The focus of this study was to design and evaluate a trapping system that would reduce populations of common carp within water bodies in conjunction with establishment of native aquatic macrophytes founder colonies. A pond study and field study were conducted. A pond study was performed at the Lewisville Aquatic Ecosystem Research Facility, located in Lewisville, Texas, followed by a field study within a constructed wetland located in southern Dallas, Texas. For the pond study, twelve funnel traps were constructed (four reps of each type: control, dual-walled and ring cage). Two anti-escape devices were tested with funnels including steel fingers and hinged flaps. Ring cage and dual-walled treatments were planted using native pondweeds, while controls were left unplanted (additional bait and a drift fence scenarios were also tested). Common carp were introduced into the study pond. Chi-square statistical analyses were utilized and showed ring cage treatments using fingers as well as the use of a drift fence to be most effective. Following completion of the pond study, the two most effective treatments (controls and ring cages) were tested within the Dallas, Texas wetland; no carp were caught during the field test.
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Juell, Rosemary Alice. "The Physiological Stress Response of Bighead Carp Hypophthalmichthys Nobilis, and the Efficacy of Three Chemical Anaesthetics in Bighead Carp Fingerlings." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for biologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-23677.
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By increasing the knowledge of physiological responses in different fish species and improving handling protocols by making them more species specific, one can potentially increase production in aquaculture. Bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis is central in Asian aquaculture, but knowledge regarding physiology, and lack of species specific protocol for anaesthetics are limited. Hence the choice of this species as study species.The present study examined the stress response in bighead carp by measuring plasma cortisol and glucose in fish after temporary water level reduction. High plasma cortisol (226 nmol-1) and glucose (3.4 mmol-1) levels in control fish, and lack of significant changes in in cortisol and glucose levels after exposure to a stressor indicate that control fish were stressed. This may be due to the fish not being fully acclimatized after the change in environment, thus, more than 24 hours of acclimatization is recommended for bighead carp. There is also a possibility that the anaesthetic MS-222 may have induced the stress response. Further studies must be conducted to determine the stress profile of bighead carp.One way to avoid handling related stress is to subject fish to temporary anaesthesia. Accordingly, efficacy of three anaesthetics, MS-222, Benzoak and Aqui-S, were evaluated for for bighead carp fingerlings. Induction time, recovery time, and tolerance to prolonged exposure were tested for each of the sedatives. The observations in this study show that of the tested anesthetic agents and concentrations, 75 mgL-1 MS-222 gave the most satisfactory results for bighead carp. Induction and recovery times were short, and there was a good safety margin. In rural areas of developing countries piscicidal plants are used for traditional ethnical fishing. Such plants may be of interest for aquaculture and fish management since they have known biological effects which can potentially have qualities for the development of future commercial use. A pilot study was conducted to observe piscicidal effects from the plant mauwa Engelhardia spicata, when applied in rivers (by local fishermen) and under controlled exposure in aquariums. The plant extract proved to be toxic to fish. The extract caused bleeding from the gills, which is most likely a non-reversible damage. Based upon this it is believed that the use of mauwa plant extracts for fishing in river systems may have detrimental ecological consequences.
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Vilizzi, Lorenzo. "Age, growth and early life history of Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in the River Murray, South Australia /." Title page, table of contents and synopsis only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phv711.pdf.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Zoology, 1998?Addendum and erratum pasted onto back fly leaf. Copy of author's previously published work inserted. Includes bibliographical references (p. 169-215).
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Brown, Gerald Francis. "Novel aspects of grass carp GHR gene regulation." Thesis, Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B41897080.
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Fisher, Kevin J. "Novel aspects of bighead carp sperm storage and larval/juvenile rearing to address control of invasive Asian carp in the USA." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1593608879176277.
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Calkins, Heather Ann. "Linking Silver Carp Habitat Selection to Phytoplankton Consumption in the Mississippi River." OpenSIUC, 2010. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/345.
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Since their introduction to the United States in the 1970s, the invasive silver carp (Hypothalmichthys molitrix) has migrated into the native waters of 16 states with populations in the Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio and Illinois River systems expanding at exponential rates in the past decade. As this species advances towards Lake Michigan, the threat of their invasion into the Laurentian Great Lakes is becoming very real. Silver carp are opportunistic, capable of rapid and extensive dispersal. They have the potential to compete with native species for critical habitat and food, which are very important limiting resources in all freshwater systems. Understanding their diet and habitat selection could be helpful for predicting their expansion and impacts in systems they invade. In order to fully understand habitat selection, 77 silver carp were implanted with ultrasonic transmitters during Spring 2008 and Spring 2009 in Pools 26 (N=24) and 27 (N=53) of the Mississippi River. Fish were located monthly to assess macrohabitat use. To determine if phytoplankton availability was influencing habitat selection, environmental chlorophyll a (used as a surrogate for phytoplankton abundance) was quantified monthly at silver carp detection sites and at randomly generated points from all macrohabitats. 240 silver carp were sacrificed to analyze foregut chlorophyll a concentrations (Pool 26 N=141; Pool 27 N=99); chlorophyll a concentrations in the river at fish locations were measured. This allows us to determine utilization of available phytoplankton resources. Silver carp were detected mostly in channel border wing dike areas with island side channel also being a popular macrohabitat. Chlorophyll a concentrations in the river were higher in areas where carp were detected compared to random sites across all macrohabitat types (Ksa=1.28 p=0.080). There was no significant relationship between foregut chlorophyll a concentrations and what was available in the environment, suggesting silver carp are using resources similarly across all habitats. Given that this species accumulated high concentrations of phytoplankton in their guts even in areas of low phytoplankton concentrations, they may be able to successfully invade areas with scarce phytoplankton resources.
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Salehi, Hassan. "A strategic analysis of carp culture development in Iran." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2643.
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The thesis is concerned with the strategic analysis of carp culture development in Iran, based on an assessment of the supply potential from various forms of carp farming, and on the potential demand, market features and price determinants for carp and carp products. Based on a sample of 188 farms from the three main carp farming provinces plus two case studies, all farmers in all locations and categories made a profit, with feed and fertiliser dominating variable costs. Considerable variation in production costs and profitability was observed. Where some degree of investment and support services have been provided, major increases in output have occurred. The culture of carp is technically possible in a variety of conditions within the country, though, expanding large scale farming mainly depends on reducing the cost of feed and fertiliser. Future targets could be to integrate with other agricultural activities, intensify smaller farms in the Caspian area, and consider developing larger scale commercial production in Khuzestan. A market and consumer survey was conducted, including a sample of 357 consumers in Tehran and Karaj, and 96 sellers in 11 main cities from 6 provinces. Younger consumers had the strongest preferences for ready meals product, while to increase consumption, a rise in income and decline in price will have a greater effect on older groups, larger sized families and educated people. The growing willingness to buy new product forms, particularly by younger consumers, educated groups, inland urban dwellers and high-middle income groups might be expected to increase demand. A range of supply/demand scenarios has been presented, offering projections for the year 2010, suggested target levels of 284,000-348,000t. In broad terms a policy for carp production was described to meet these targets. As in developing markets elsewhere, the traditional wholesale sector may lose its position as multiple retailers and supermarket chains become increasingly important outlets for carp and its products, and opportunities may arise for adding value in a range of ways. Within rural areas, and smaller cities, consumers may also increase their ability to buy fresh fish at the farm gate or at local outlets.
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Petruv, Renata. "Spatial and chromatic organization of the H1 horizontal cell network in the fish retina : involvement of nitric oxide." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321762.
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Haamedi, Sakineh. "Biophysical studies of the vertebrate (fish) outer retina : light adaptive cellular and synaptic plasticity." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367953.
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Szynkowski, Brittany Christine. "An examination of Asian carp spawning in pool 26 of the Mississippi River." OpenSIUC, 2013. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1344.
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More knowledge about the spawning habits of the invasive silver (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead (H. nobilis) carps in the United States could lead to a better understanding of how and where these fish are able to successfully reproduce and continue to expand their range. This study explored the possibility of combining multiple strategies (mobile tracking, catch-per-unit-effort [CPUE] of females, reproductive staging of females, and CPUE of larvae) to determine whether Asian carp were more likely to spawn in specific habitats. Additionally, I explored whether the timing of spawning was size-dependent for female Asian carp, and whether Asian carp larvae overlapped with those of native species in space and time. Adult females and larvae were collected weekly and transmittered adults were tracked generally monthly in Pool 26 of the Mississippi River during optimal spawning temperatures in 2011. Mixed model repeated-measures analyses indicated no effect of habitat on adult female or larvae CPUE. There were significant increases in Asian carp larvae CPUE on June 6 (t77 = 5.65, P < 0.001) and June 20 (t77 = 7.33, P < 0.001), indicating recent spawning bouts. Regression tree analysis found that the highest Asian carp larvae CPUE occurred at temperatures ¡Ý 22.5¡ãC and turbidities ¡Ý 163.5 NTU (0.50 larvae m-3). A multinomial baseline-category logit model suggested that there was a 0.83 probability of relocating a tagged fish in a backwater. Logistic regressions determined that 50% of silver carp females were mature at 688 mm total length and larger silver carp females had a higher probability of being spent earlier in the spawning season than smaller females. Asian carp represented 10% of all collected larvae and made up over half of the total larval catch on June 6, 2011. This study found little evidence suggesting that Asian carp are spawning in specific habitats. However, it is possible that the temporal collection pattern was too coarse to catch their potentially rapid response to spawning cues. Larger females may be contributing disproportionately to the population through early spawning, suggesting that population reduction could be increased by targeting these females.
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Ninh, Nguyen Huu. "Communal or separate rearing of families in selective breeding of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/1638.
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This study reports on investigation of ways of improving the breeding programme for growth-related traits in common carp in Vietnam. The base population was synthesized following a single pair mating scheme from six carp stocks: (1) 2nd generation of family selection; (2) Hungarian 6th generation of mass selection; (3) Hungarian scaled carp; (4) Indonesian yellow 6th generation of mass selection; (5) Indonesian yellow carp; and (6) Vietnamese 6th generation of mass selection. The next two selected generations were produced using a partial factorial mating scheme, with each family being split and reared using communal early rearing (CER) or separate early rearing (SER) methods. The second generation (G2) was produced from selected fish from the CER G1 group. The total number of selection, control and reference families was 135 in the G1 and 101 in the G2 respectively. The control and reference (Hungarian P33 line) families were produced by single pair mating (reference families with the G2 only). Seven microsatellite loci were used for parentage assignment in the CER groups: 96.8% of the offspring (1284 individuals) and 96.2% offspring (1341 individuals) were unambiguously assigned to 113 families (selection, control) in the G1 and 99 families (selection, control and reference) in the G2 generations, respectively. Restricted maximum likelihood in the individual model was used to estimate phenotypic and genetic parameters. In CER, the estimated heritability values of common carp were from 0.20 ± 0.04 to 0.29 ± 0.05 for both weight and length at final harvest, indicating substantial additive genetic variation for selection on growth-related traits. The overall obtained maternal and common environmental effects were consistently close to zero. The average of direct response to selection for body weight was 15.0% per generation. In SER, the number of families in the G1 and G2 were 135 (selection and control) and 101 (selection, control and reference), respectively. The heritability estimates were from 0.20 ± 0.07 to 0.31 ± 0.08 at final measurement. Common environmental (full-sib family) effect were all lower at tagging and slightly higher at last measurement, ranging from 0.05 to 0.22. The response in each generation of selection as the difference between the selection and control lines was 8.1% on average for weight at final harvest, lower than under CER. The high genetic correlations of growth-related traits between the third (one year old, mature) and second (7 months old) measurements could allow selection to be based on the earlier assessment, reducing handling stress close to spawning. The benefits of using microsatellite markers to ascertain parentage, achieve greater growth rate (close to farming systems), shorten time to maturity and selection, and the overall relative merits of using CER v’s SER in this genetic improvement programme are discussed.
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Xavier, João Antônio Amaral. "Crescimento de Carpa Capim Ctenopharyngodon idella alimentada com diferentes gramíneas." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FURG, 2008. http://repositorio.furg.br/handle/1/2680.
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Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Aqüicultura, Instituto de Oceanografia, 2008.Submitted by Cristiane Silva (cristiane_gomides@hotmail.com) on 2012-07-11T23:03:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao joo xavier.pdf: 1487730 bytes, checksum: 9f6f514ac325ecefb839402bca0f89a4 (MD5)
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A carpa capim Ctenopharyngodon idella é uma das espécies de maior importância na aqüicultura mundial. Por ser herbívora, pode ser produzida com abaixo custo, uma vez que se alimenta de vegetação aquática, de gramíneasterrestres ou de outros vegetais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a possível utilização de gramíneas nativas da região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil na alimentação da carpa capim. O experimento foi conduzido alimentando alevinos de carpa capim com peso inicial de 2,69 ± 0,47 g, com 4 gramíneas: Pennissetum purpureum, Cynodon dactylum, Paspalum urvillei e Spartina alterniflora. Foram utilizadas 12 caixas de polietileno com volume útil de 200 litros, com fluxo constante de água (600% ao dia). Foram colocados dez alevinos em cada caixa, os quais foram alimentados diariamente com as respectivas gramíneas acrescidas, a cada dois dias, de ração comercial (1% da biomassa). O experimento teve duração de 45 dias, realizando-se biometria quinzenalmente. Os resultados de Ganho de Peso (GP) e Taxa de Crescimento Especifica (TCE) mostraram que as carpas alimentadas com C.dactylum e P.urvillei obtiveram um maior GP (respectivamente 1,45 e 1,32g) e uma melhor TCE (respectivamente 0,95 e 0,88%), quando comparadas com carpas alimentadas com P. purpurem e S. alterniflora. Cynodon dactylum e P.urvillei são, portanto, gramíneas indicadas para alimentação da carpa capim.
The grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella is one of the species of great importance in the world-wide aquaculture. As herbivore it can be produced by low cost, as soon as it is fed with aquatic vegetation, with grasses or other vegetables. The objective of this work was to analyze the possible use of natives grasses from south of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil as food of the grass carp. The experiment was accomplished feeding grass carp fingerlings with initial weight of 2.69 ± 0.47 g, with 4 grasses type: Pennissetum purpureum,Cynodon dactylum, Paspalum urvillei and Spartina alterniflora. They were used 12 boxes of polyethylene with useful volume of 200 liters, with constant water flow (600 % by day). Ten fingerlings were placed in each box, which were fed daily with the respective grass, being added, each two days, commercial ration (1 % of the biomass). The experiment had duration of 45 days, happening biometry fortnightly. The results of Weight Gain (WG) and Specific Growth Rate (SGR) showed that the carps fed with C. dactylum and P. urvillei had a bigger WG (respectively 1.45 and 1.32g) and a better SGR (respectively 0,95 and 0,88%), when compared with carps fed with P. purpureum and S. alterniflora. Cynodon dactylum and P. urvillei are, so, grass indicated as food of the grass carp.
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Silva, Roberto de Souza Gomes da. "Obtenção de gelatina utilizando cabeças de carpa comum (Cyprinus carpio): avaliação das etapas de pré-tratamento e extração." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FURG, 2010. http://repositorio.furg.br/handle/1/2574.
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Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia e Ciência de Alimentos, Escola de Química e Alimentos, 2010.Submitted by Caroline Silva (krol_bilhar@hotmail.com) on 2012-08-19T20:28:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao final - roberto.pdf: 715516 bytes, checksum: d89b1ff4b6ead9c473bb17918962a715 (MD5)
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A carpa comum (Cyprinus carpio) é conhecida por ser geradora de quantidade considerável de rejeitos mal aproveitados por indústrias pesqueiras. Estes rejeitos são constituídos por vísceras, peles, ossos e cabeças. Diversos fatores têm contribuído para a utilização de cabeças de carpa provenientes da industrialização, dentre estes a quantidade de cabeças desperdiçadas, que pode atingir 22% do volume da matériaprima, e é uma fonte de nutrientes de baixo custo e rica em colágeno. A maioria das gelatinas comerciais é derivada de mamíferos, sendo peles e ossos de bovinos e suínos as principais matérias-primas do produto. A gelatina é de uma proteína pura, digestível, que se obtém a partir da hidrólise à quente do colágeno, e por este motivo, o pescado torna-se uma potencial fonte de matéria-prima. A aplicação da gelatina é diversificada, podendo ser utilizada na indústria cosmética, farmacêutica,fotográfica e alimentícia. O presente estudo foi dividido em dois objetivos. Primeiramente foram avaliados os efeitos da concentração alcalina, tempo de pré-tratamento e prétratamentos com ou sem troca de solução alcalina do material para a obtenção de gelatina das peles das cabeças de carpa. Foi utilizado um planejamento fatorial 23 completo, e os fatores de estudo foram concentração de NaOH (3-4 M), tempo de prétratamento(45-105 min), e troca de solução de NaOH no pré-tratamento, tendo como respostas rendimento em gelatina, força do gel e ponto de fusão. Na segunda etapa, os ossos remanescentes deste processo foram utilizados para o estudo da influência da granulometria (1-2 mm) nas respostas consideradas das gelatinas extraídas da fração óssea, através da comparação das médias pela aplicação do teste de Tukey, com intervalo de 95% de confiança. Foram realizadas quatro extrações com pH e temperaturas de cada extração de 5,3-60°C, 4,4-70°C, 3,8-80°C e 3,6-85°C. Para as gelatinas extraídas das peles, o maior rendimento (2,27%) foi obtido com solução de NaOH 3 M, 45 min e sem troca de solução no pré-tratamento. Os maiores valores de força do gel (298,7 g) e ponto de fusão (29°C) foram obtidos a concentração de solução NaOH 3 M, 45 min e sem troca de solução alcalina. Para as gelatinas extraídas dos ossos, o maior rendimento (4,86%) foi obtido na granulometria de 1 mm. Os maiores valores de força do gel (128,2 e 131,5 g) não apresentaram diferença significativa (p≤0,05) e foram encontrados na primeira extração das granulometrias de 1 e 2 mm, respectivamente. Na fração óssea a 2 mm, se obteve o maior ponto de fusão, sendo 28,5°C na a primeira extração. O rendimento total da gelatina obtida a partir das cabeças de carpa foi de 7,13%.
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is known to produce large amount of byproduct does not made use for fisheries industries. These byproduct can be viscera, skin, bone and head, all riches in collagen. Several factors have been contributing to the use of the carp head coming from industrialization, among which the amount of carp head wasted, with which it can reach around 22% of the volume of the raw material, and it is a source of low costs nutrients. Most of commercial gelatin is derived from mammalian, being skins and bones of bovine and porcine the main raw material of this foodstuff. Gelatin is a pure and digestible protein, which is obtained from hydrolysis of the collagen, and for this reason, the fish become a potential source from raw material. Its application is branched out, being able to used in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, photographic and food industries. The present study was divided into two parts. At first, it was valued the effect of alkaline concentration, pre-treatment time of the raw material, and treatment with and without change of alkaline solution, in the process of extraction of skin/muscles fraction gelatin of carp head coming from manufacturing processing of this fish. It was used 23 complete experimental design. Pre-treatment time (45-105 min), concentration of alkaline solution (3-4 M) and pre-treatment with change of alkaline solution were chosen as independent variable. Gelatin yield, gel strength and melting point were the response variable. At the second part, was valued of the influence of the bones granulometry (1-2 mm), remaining of the skin extraction of common carp head, in the gelatin yield, gel strength and melting point through the average results comparison by the Tukey test, where differences were considered significant at p≤0.05. It was used four extraction with pH and temperature of each extraction 5.3-60°C, 4.4-70°C, 3.8-80°C and 3.6-85°C. To the skin gelatin the higher gelatin yield (2.27%) was obtained with NaOH solution 3 M, 45 min and pre-treatment without change of alkaline solution. The higher gel strength (298.7 g) was achieved using NaOH solution 3 M, 105 min and pre-treatment without change of the alkaline solution. As for the melting point, the higher value (29.1°C) was obtained with NaOH solution 4 M, 45 min, and pre-treatment with change of NaOH solution. To the bones extraction, the higher gelatin yield was reached with size 1 mm (4.86%). The higher gel strength (128.2 and 131.5 g) were not significantly difference, and they were found in the first extraction with bones size 1 and 2 mm, respectively. Using 2 mm of granulometry, it was possible to obtain the higher melting point values, being 28.5°C to the first extraction.
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Gilmore, Joseph M., Jared J. Sweetser, and Keith B. Klemm. "Analysis of aircraft carrier excess material offloaded to carp facilities." Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/10768.
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MBA Professional ReportThe Consumable Asset Reutilization Program (CARP) is an organization established under Naval Supply Systems Command to provide a specific warehousing service for excess material generated by commands operating under the Navy Working Capital Fund. This warehousing service would receive excess consumable material that had possible future demand, and hold that material until demand on that item was realized. Annually, CARP processes approximately 70,000 excess offload transactions from aircraft carriers, amphibious assault ships, and naval air stations. Of the three, aircraft carriers are the largest customer of this service. This MBA project employs exploratory research to empirically analyze material that is offloaded from aircraft carriers to CARP, and to identify drivers of the high volume of excess consumable material that is generated on-board aircraft carrier inventories. This project proposes policy-level changes to both the allowancing and offload processes for aircraft carriers, and, through statistical modeling and analysis, estimates the outcomes of these changes on inventories and costs.
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Fung, Sai-kit, and 馮世傑. "Functional studies of pituitary activin/follistatin system in grass carp." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/192776.
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Hu, Guangfu, and 呼光富. "Novel pituitary actions of TAC3 gene products in grass carp." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/208050.
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Zou, Jun. "Cloning and expression of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) growth hormone." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245196.
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A cDNA fragment encoding grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) growth hormone (gcGH) was identified by reverse transcription PCR, and the recombinant GH produced in E. coli JM 109 cells. Sequencing analysis confirmed that the nucleotide sequence of the PCR fragment was similar to a previously reported gcGH except two nucleotides which were mismatched with the coding region of the gcGH genomic gene (Zhu et al., 1992). This resulted in two changes in the deduced amino acid sequence: codon 107, GAG, coding for glutamine acid was changed to GTG; coding for valine, codon 138, CTG, coding for leucine was changed to CCG, coding for proline. Using recombinant gcGH, a polyclonal antibody was generated in rabbit for application in the study of GH production. Western blot analysis revealed that the polyclonal gcGH antibody specifically immunoreacted with recombinant gcGH, and with native GH from the pituitary extracts of grass carp, common carp, goldfish and zebrafish but not salmon, trout or tilapia, indicating general application of the antibody for GH studies in cyprinids. Immuno microscopic studies demonstrated that the gcGH antibody specifically reacted with somatotrophs in the pituitaries of grass carp and goldfish. Intraperitoneal injection of recombinant gcGH enhanced the growth rate of juvenile common carp demonstrating its biological activity. In vivo studies on GH production indicated that oestradiol administration increased pituitary GH levels in female goldfish. This was not associated with changes in steady-state pituitary GM mRNA levels, suggesting that oestradiol may enhance GH synthesis by post-transcriptional or post-translational mechanism. In vitro studies on GH gene regulation demonstrated that introns did not affect the gcGH expression efficiency in cultured fish non-pituitary cells.
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Alam, Mohammad Ashraful. "Effects of Environmental Factors on Bighead Carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) Juveniles." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1515042773505047.
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El-Feki, Mostafa A. E. "Studies of the host-parasite interaction between carp and saprolegnia." Thesis, Aston University, 1987. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/14524/.
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The thesis compares the effects of temperature and substrate on the growth of fish pathogen Saprolegnia diclina and the saprophyte Saprolegnia ferax. Studies revealed optimal growth of both species occurs at 20-25'C depending upon the substrates used. Growth is restricted at higher and lower temperatures. For both species optimum growth was recorded on medium containing 1% casein and 1% glucose, but high levels of lipid and glucose inhibited growth. However, S. _diclina exhibits a higher growth rate than S. ferax at high lipid concentrations. S. diclina produces more proteolytic activity per unit weight at 100C than S. ferax, regardless of substrate. S. diclina also demonstrated greatest lipase activity at 10°C, particularly in the presence of casein or lipid. These factors may facilitate colonisation of fish tissues by S. diclina at low temperatures. Carp maintained at 10° C showed greater infection by S. diclina, than carp kept at 20°C. Evidence is presented for a lack of antibody production in infected carp maintained at 10°C. Fish kept at 20°C only produced antibody to Saprolegnia antigens when they were coupled to erythrocyte carriers. During infection phagocytic, macrophages and neutrophils increased; there was a decrease in the numbers of mucous secreting goblet cells in the skin, and lymphoid organs showed increased pigment deposition. Infected fish showed evidence of physiological stress including decreased levels of erythrocytes, haemoglobin, liver glycogen and protein, and an increase in liver lipid. Ascorbic acid levels decreased in interrenal tissue. Histological and scanning E. M. studies of skin lesions provide new information about changes in the surface during UDN disease. Key words: Saprolggnia infection and UDN Temperature, substrates
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Eid, Abd E. M. S. "The assessment of protein quality of carp (Cyprinus carpio) diets." Thesis, Aston University, 1987. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/14526/.
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Protein quality of carp diets was assessed by five methods: 1. True digestibility, true NPU, BV (as percentage) and PER were determined for approximately iso-energetic diets containing ca.38% protein from 4 different sources. Fish meal gave values of 94.0, 72.5, 77.0, and 1.21 respectively; egg 93.0, 65.4, 70.3, 1.26; Pruteen 68.4, 63.6, 68.40, 1.36; and Casein 91.0, 56.90, 62.5, 1.33. 2. Blood urea were determined and found to be significantly increased with increasing protein concentration in the diet. 3. Ammonia excretion rate was determined; it increased with a decline in protein quality, being greater on groundnut, rapeseed meal, and sunflower diets than on fishmeal, cottonseed meal, and pruteen. 4. Protein sources were incubated in vitro with digestive fluids of fish. Protein digestibilities for fishmeal diets containing 14 and 27% protein were 90.2 and 93.0% respectively; casein (18 and 36%), 91.5 and 93.2%; soybean (10 and 20%), 84.2 and 85.3% ; sunflower (8 and 16%), 64.2 and 66.1%; and fish meal plus soybean meal (ca. 18.2%) 86.5. 5. Plasma free amino acids were individually determined at 0, 6, 24 and 48 h after force-feeding diets containing 15 and 30% protein from six different sources. Total free AA were highest at 24 h for casein and fishmeal, and at 48 h for egg, soybean, rapeseed and sunflower. The 24 h essential amino acid indices (EAAI) for the six diets at 15% protein were, in the same order, 93.0, 100, 100, 86.4, 62.4, and 97.2. At 30% protein, the 24 h EAAI were 78.5, 84.3, 100, and 83.8 for casein, fishmeal, egg, and rapeseed respectively.
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周楚穎 and Chor-wing Vivian Ng. "Characterization and sequencing of sex hormone-binding globulin in common carp (cyprinus carpio)." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31224982.
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Williams, Paul Edwin Hudak Paul F. "Evaluation of a common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) exclusion and trapping device for use in aquatic plant founder colony establishment." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2008. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-6038.
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Mo, Wing Yin. "Food wastes as feeds incorporated with Chinese herbs and prebiotic fibers on growth and non-specific immunity of grass carp, bighead, mud carp and Nile tilapia." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2014. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/91.
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Food waste accounts for about 1/3 of the municipal waste generated in Hong Kong. Using food waste as major ingredients to produce fish feed pellets could ease part of the disposal pressure on the existing landfill sites. The present study focused on the use of food wastes and feed supplements (prebiotic fibres and Chinese herbs) for rearing freshwater fish (grass carp, bighead, mud carp and Nile tilapia) in Hong Kong. Two isonitrogenous formulations, Food Waste Diet A (FWA), consisted of 53% cereal, 10% fruit and vegetables, 8% bone meal, 4% other food waste, 10% fishmeal, 15% corn meal and Food Waste Diet B (FWB), consisted of 25% meat, 28% cereal, 10% fruit and vegetables, 8% bone meal, 4% other food waste, 10% fishmeal, 15% corn meal were manufactured by Kowloon Biotechnology Ltd, were used as feeds for rearing grass carp, bighead, mud carp and Nile tilapia. The essential amino acid profiles and proximate compositions (crude protein, crude lipid and total phosphorous) of the two food waste based feed pellets were compared with other common feed items, including Napier grass, rice bran, breads, noodles, soybean dreg (remains of soybean after juicing for soybean milk) and the commercial feed pellets (Jiefeng® 613). Jiefeng® 613, FWA and FWB possessed 5.83%, 5.76% 5.79% (% protein) of lysine, which could satisfy the dietary requirements of both grass carp and Nile tilapia. Results indicated all the fish feed pellets possessed sufficient essential amino acids and suitable proximate compositions (crude lipid, crude protein, crude fibre and non-fibrous carbohydrate) for both grass carp and Nile tilapia. A field trial was conducted using the three feed pellets (Jiefeng® 613, FWA and FWB) to study their effects on fish growth (grass carp, bighead and mud carp) as well as water quality. FWA that possessing a higher P content (2770 μg/g feed, while control= 967 μg/g feed and FWB= 1942 μg/g feed) favoured the growth of plankton and led to better growth of bighead carp (in terms of length gain, wet weight gain and productivity), while grass carp fed with FWB showed significant better growth (in terms of length gain, wet weight gain, productivity, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio), probably due to the relatively lower amount of carbohydrate (24.2%) and CHO:L ratio (1.83) than Control and FWA. Mud carp grew equally well in ponds fed with the three diets. FWB was subsequentially selected for further feeding experiments. A laboratory feeding trial was conducted to study the effects of feeding grass carp and Nile tilapia with FWB on their growth performance in terms of relative weight gain (RWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER), and protein digestibility. Both fish fed with FWB showed similar growth performances to groups fed with control diet (Jiefeng® 613), while grass carp showed impaired protein digestibility when compared to group fed with control diet. FWB supplemented with 0.3% of vitamin-mineral premix (VMP) significantly improved the growth performance of both fish species and protein digestibility for grass carp. Results suggested that FWB incorporation with VMP would be necessary as it significantly enhanced growth of the fish. Four dietary supplements (inulin, mannan-oligosacharride, huangqi and goji, at the rates of 0.2% or 2%, w/w) were incorporated into FWB for further enhancing fish growth as well as non-specific immunity of grass carp and Nile tilapia. Grass carp fed with 0.2% and 2% inulin, 2% MOS and 0.2% goji, and Nile tilapia fed with 0.2% goji had significantly enhanced growth (RWG, FCR, SGR and PER). Both prebiotic fibres and Chinese herbs boosted the tested non-specific immune parameters (total serum immunoglobin, serum bactericidal activity and anti-protease activity) of both species. Among all the dietary supplements, 0.2% goji appeared to be the best supplement for both grass carp and Nile tilapia as it significantly enhanced the growth among all experimental diets. Grass carp and Nile tilapia fed with 0.2% showed about 10% and 30% higher RWG, 10% and 30% lower FCR value, respectively, than groups fed with other experimental diets. Moreover, all the tested non-specific immune parameters (total serum immunoglobin, serum bactericidal activity and anti-protease activity) were significantly enhanced when compared with the groups fed with control diets (Control and FWB without supplementation) . The present study demonstrated the feasibilities of using food wastes incorporated with feed supplements (prebiotic fibres and Chinese herbs) to enhance fish growth and immunity, for the sustainable development of Hong Kong inland aquaculture.
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MacCarthy, Eugene. "Pentraxins and the acute phase response in common carp Cyprinus carpio." Thesis, Keele University, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.436139.
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Rimbawan. "Digestibility and availability of amino acids from carp (Cyprinus carpio) muscle." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306701.
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Barnard, Philip. "Gustatory and olfactory feeding responces in Japanese koi carp (Cyprinus carpio)." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1787.
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Thesis (MPhil (Animal Sciences. Aquaculture))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.Chemo-attraction and –stimulation facilitate the initial location (olfactory response) and final consumption (gustatory response) of food in the feeding process of fish. Chemo-attractants or chemo-stimulants is therefore generally included in feeds for especially slow-feeding species to help reduce water fouling and to promote feed efficiency and growth rate through improved feed intake. Considering this, a study was performed to evaluate the attraction and stimulation potential of selected cereals and free amino acids in diets for Japanese koi carp (Cyprinus carpio). Results are presented on the comparative evaluation of five cereals (maize, sorghum, wheat, rye and triticale), raw and cooked forms of maize and concentrations of betaine and selected free amino acids (alanine, arginine, lysine and methionine), as well as their additive effect.
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Huang, Yun-Cheih, and 黃韻潔. "Studies on Distribution of the 43 kDa Zn-Binding Protein in Common Carp, Grass Carp, Silver Carp and Tilapia by Using Immunoassay." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/14620432929980057945.
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碩士國立臺灣海洋大學
食品科學系
94
Abstract Common carp always has high concentration of zinc in its digestive tract tissue which mainly comes from a 43 kDa zinc-binding protein. Detergent (lubrol) was used to extract this 43 kDa zinc-binding protein from living organism. Lubrol only could extract 5% of the zinc-binding protein from nuclei/cell debris fraction of digestive tract tissue of common carp. Adding 4 M guanidine hydrochloride to the lubrol increased the extraction ratio to 85%. Zn2+-IMAC and SDS-PAGE analysis indicated that the major protein in the guanidine/lubrol extract was the 43 kDa zinc-binding protein. In immunoassay, the guanidine/lubrol extracts reacted with the antibody against 43 kDa zinc-binding protein dose dependently. A standard calibration curve of the guanidine hydrochloride/lubrol extract against the immuno-response was obtained. The standard calibration curve was used to examine whether the 43 kDa zinc-binding protein exist in the guanidine hydrochloride/lubrol extract of other fishes. It was found that the 43 kDa Zinc-binding protein both exist in common carp’s kidney and spleen. The 43 kDa zinc-binding protein also existed in the digestive tract tissue and spleen of grass carp and silver carp which are the same families of Cyprinidae. However, the protein does not exist in the muscle of common carp, grass carp and silver carp. In tilapia, the species and genus are far from common carp, in all tissue tilapia no immuno-response against the antibody of 43 kDa zinc-binding protein was found. Existence of the 43 kDa zinc-binding protein in animal tissue seems to be related to organisms’ species and genus.
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Chang, Mau-Sun, and 張茂山. "Studies on Carp JAK1 Kinase." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/26496254488977163962.
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博士國立臺灣大學
動物學研究所
85
Using the PCR strategy, we cloned the carp JAK1 kinase that encoded 1,156 amino acid residues. The overall amino acid sequence identity between carp JAK1 and murine JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and human TYK2 is 57 %, 35.5 %, 31.3% and 42.4 %, respectively. In addition, carp JAK1 shows higher sequence homology to mammalian JAK1 in both the kinase-like (JH2) and kinase (JHI) domains (approximately 70 % identity). Therefore, carp JAK1 is a homologue of mammalian JAK1. In order to investigate the possible function of JH2 domain, full-length and various truncated forms of carp JAK1 were produced in the baculovirus system. Our results demonstrate that c-JH1 and c-JH2 associate with each other and c-JH2 can be tyrosine-phosphorylated by c-JAK1 and by c-JH(1+2).The JAK1 gene was also isolated from a carp genomic library and characterized. This gene is divided into 24 exons spanning at least 31 kb of genomic DNA. Exon I contains the 5''-untranslated region, and exon 2 contains the putative translation initiation site. The 2.5 kb DNA region upstream of the transcription initiation site contains numerous potential binding sites for transcription factors including NF-IL6, HNF-5, AP1, GHF-5, and E2A. When this DNA fragment was placed upstream of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene and transfected into a carp CF cell line, it could drive the synthesis of CAT enzyme 16 times more efficiently than the promoterless pCAT- Basic. Deletion analysis defined a positive regulatory region between -1023 and - 528. A smaller region (-181 to +59) without any typical TATA-box sequences, G+C-rich sequences, or other binding sequences for known transcription factors still had promoter activity. Constructs without this region did not have detectable promoter activity. This suggests that this region of DNA may play an important role in the expression of carp JAK1 gene. There are two AP1 binding motifs located in the promoter region of JAK1 gene, 1449 and 1221 bp upstream to the transcription start site. In order to investigate whether carp AP1 may regulate the expression of carp JAK1 gene, we cloned the carp c-fos and junB cDNA. The carp c-fos encoded 347 amino acid residues and carp junB encoded 308 amino acid residues. The amino acid sequence identity of carp and human c-fos is 55.2% , and that of carp and human junB is 59.6%. However, the basic region and leucine zipper region of carp/ human c-fos and carp/ human junB showed higher amino acid sequence identity, up to 80% amino acid identity. The carp c-fos and junB was constructed with transfection vector pREP4 and named as RSV-c-fos and RSV-junB, respectively. The pJP1-CAT was cotransfected with RSV-c-fos and RSV-junB into CF cells. Cell extracts were prepared and assayed for the CAT activity at various transfecting time intervals after transfection. The data showed that the CAT activity of cotransfection of pJPI-CAT with both RSV-c-fos and RSV-junB could increase 5-10 times greater than that of pJPI-CAT alone. In addition, cotransfection of both RSV-c-fos and RSV-junB with pJPI-CAT drives more CAT activity than that of either RSV-c-fos or RSV-junB with pJPI-CAT. However, the mechanism how carp API regulates the promoter activity of carp JAK1 gene is still not clear. Further investigations will be needed to shed light on this question.
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ZHANG, WANG-LONG, and 張王隆. "Annual survey of carp estrogen and the effect of gonadotropin on the steroid production by carp ovary." Thesis, 1986. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18655243037013838325.
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CAI, YUAN-ZHANG, and 蔡元彰. "Sequencing of the cDNA encoding carp cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450 SCC) of carp head kidney." Thesis, 1988. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38334321939959246976.
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JIANG, YUN-JIN, and 江運金. "Studies on crystallins of carp and bullfrog." Thesis, 1988. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/10199446072003478274.
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賴意繡. "Toxicological Study of Grass Carp Bile Juice." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/94085010697130767171.
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碩士國立海洋大學
水產食品科學研究所
83
Some Chinese people believe that eating the animal gallbladders, such as the bile of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), snake and chicken, may improve their visual acuity. However, poisonig cases have been occasionally occurred when people ingested animal biles, especially grass carp bile. Among those cases, the major symptom of victims was acute renal failure. Impairments of liver, gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system were also noted. But the major toxic material is not clear so far. On the other hand, the toxicity of snake and chicken bile juices is also not clear. So the experiments were aimed to investigate the toxicity of grass carp, snake and chicken bile juices in male rats (Long-Evans, 150-200g), and to elcidate the responsible toxic components of grass carp in its bile juice. Experiment I-A: Rats were separately administered with saline (0.6ml), 0.3ml grass carp bile juice and 0.3ml saline solution, grass carp bile juice (0.6ml), snake bile juice (0.6ml) and chicken bile juice (0.6ml) by gastric intubation. At 6 and 24 hr after administration, the plasma of rats were examined for physiological functions of liver and kidney. The activities of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine were the highest in the plasma of rats treated with grass carp bile juice, and were clearly observed to increase with increasing bile dose. But the toxicity of snake bile juice and chicken bile juice is weak. Experiment I-B: The rats were administered with saline (0.6ml), garss carp bile juice (0.03ml and 0.3ml), snake bile juice and chicken bile juice (0.03ml, 0.3ml and 0.6ml) for 3-day periodically. On 1st, 10th, 19th and 28th day, the plasma of rats were examined for physiological functions of liver and kidney. Among nine groups, the values of AST, ALT, BUN and reatinine in the plasma of rats treated with 0.6ml grass carp bile juice were the highest. THe grass carp bile juice is the most toxic than snake and chicken bile juices. The rats administered with grass carp bile juice could induce the acute renal failure and the impairment of liver, but the rats administered with the snake and chicken bile juices induced the impairment of liver only. Experiment II: Attempts were made to purify and identify the 5α-cyprinolfrom grass carp bile juice. The toxicity of bile salts was also discussed. By IR, 1H-, 13C-NMR and MS spectrometry analyses, a compound with molecular formula of C27H48O5 and molecular weight of 452 was obtained from grass carp bile juice and identified as 5α-cyprinol. Then, the rats were separately administered with saline (0.6ml), gras carp bile juice (97.44mg/0.6ml), sodium cholate (100mg/0.6ml) and sodium chenodeoxycholate (100mg/0.6ml). After 6 hr, the plasma of rats were examined for physiological functions. The activities of AST and ALT in plasma of rats theated with grass carp bile juice, sodium cholate and sodium chenodeoxycholate were siginificantly higher than that of saline group. The subacute toxicity of bile salts was also discussed. The rats were administered with saline (0.6ml), sodium cholate (100mg/0.6ml) and sodium chenodeoxycholate (100mg/0.6ml) for 3-day periodically. On 1st, 10th, 19th and 28th day, the plasma of rats were examined for physiological functions of liver and kidney. The values of AST, ALT, BUN and creatinine in the plasma of rats treated with sodium cholate and sodium chenodeoxycholate were significantly higher than that of saline group. Moreover, the rats were separately administered with saline (0.6ml), grass carp bile juice (97.44mg/0.6ml) and 5α-cyprinol(97.44mg/0.6ml). After 6 hr, the plasma of rats were examined. The values of BUN and creatinine in the plasma of rats treated with grass carp bile juice and 5α-cyprinol were siginificantly higher than that of saline group. In conclusion, the toxins of grass carp bile juice included 5α-cyprinoland bile salts such as (sodium cholate and sodium chenodeoxycholate). In the way of acute toxicity of grass carp bile juice the function of liver is mainly effected by bile salts and the function of kidney is mainly effected by 5a-cyprinol.
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Xu, Jia Zhang, and 徐佳璋. "Molecular cloning and expression of carp ZP2." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63765102101385504335.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
生化科學研究所
83
In this study, the nucleotide sequences of carp ZP2 cDNA were determined and their amino acid sequences were deduced. The deduced carp ZP2 contains 12 to 25 glutamine-rich tandem repeats of 12-13 residues in the N-terminal region followed by a sequence homologousto winter flounder and mammalian ZP2 in the C-terminal region. Northern blot analysis showed that ZP2 mRNA is only present in the ovary but not present in other tissues including liver、testis、head-kidney、kidney and brain. By Western blot analysis, ZP2 was only detected in the vitellogenic oocytes but not in the previtellogenic oocytes, nor in the plasma of estradiol-treated carp. All these results suggest that carp ZP2 is synthesized in the ovary. In addition, the carp ZP2 was found to play roles in the cross-linking of egg membrane components during egg maturation, ovulation and cortical reaction.
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"Proteolytic activation of grass carp alcohol dehydrogenase." 1997. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5889172.
Full textAbstract:
by Lau King-Kwan.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 119-142).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS --- p.I
ABSTRACT --- p.II
ABBREVIATIONS --- p.IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.V
Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1
Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- PURIFICATION OF ADH-I & ADH-C --- p.25
Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- "PURIFICATION & IDENTIFICATION OF ""ADH-ACTIVATING"" PROTEASE" --- p.60
Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- ACTIVATION OF ADH-I BY COMMERCIAL PROTEASE & BY ACETIMIDYLATION --- p.90
Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- CONCLUSION --- p.114
REFERENCES --- p.118
41
Wei, Liang-Tai, and 魏良泰. "Cloning and Characterization of Carp Intersex Gene." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/30826044067672384493.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
分子與細胞生物學研究所
94
Abstract The sex-determination of Drosophila melanogaster has been known clearly in previous studies. There is a gene called intersex (ix), which functions together with doublesex (dsx) at the bottom of the hierarchy in the sex deternination females. Drosophila ix is expressed in both sex, but only functions in female somatic cell. It has no effect on male. There is no recognizable DNA-binding domain on the amino acid sequence of ix for binding to DNA, but it contains a region like transcriptional activation domains to interact with other proteins, and ix might play a similar role as the C-terminal of DSXM when acts together with DSXF. Mediator complex was found in yeast, it is a protein complex composed over 20 subunits, and plays an essential role in the regulation of transcription. Brower et al. (2002) and Wang et al. (2004) also have cloned a navel gene of mammalian Mediator complex subunit, which is the homolog of Drosophila ix. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that ix is expressed in various tissues, and the protein is localized mainly to nucleus, supporting its function as a transcriptional regulator. Our laboratory also found a gene like Drosophila intersex in the testis of Cyprinus carpio (cIX). According to the significant function played by Drosophila ix in sex-determination, we are interested in the function of this gene in carp. To study the functions of cIX further, I cloned the full-length cDNA of cIX. The recombinant protein is produced and purified to serve as the antigen to induce antibody. The results of PCR and western blot analysis demonstrated that cIX is broadly existing in various tissue of carp, when the tissue specificity is not distinct. I also found that cIX has two mainly form, and the alignment of the homologs of other species indicates that IX proteins are conserved in C-terminal, and shows variation in N-terminal. The meaning of these information needs further study.
42
Lee, Kuan-Cheng, and 李冠徵. "Function and Regulation of Carp c-Mos." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/79085360317402725979.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
分子與細胞生物學研究所
93
Abstract In most vertebrate animals, the development of the immature oocyte into a fertilizable gamete, a process known as oocyte maturation, involves an arrest in the meiotic cell cycle while awaiting fertilization. Mos, a serine/threonine kinase, is specifically expressed during meiotic maturation of vertebrate oocytes. After germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD), Mos is involved in the regulation of meiotic spindle assembly and chromatin organization. The activation of this kinase is also essential for the maintenance of metaphase Ⅱ arrest. Ran GTPase, which belongs to the Ras superfamily of small GTPase, and the protein that regulate its GTP binding and hydrolysis has a well-defined role in nuclear transport. Recent studies indicate that Ran has a central role in spindle assembly and nuclear envelope reformation. It seems that Ran system and Mos pathway coordinate in some events in M phase. To understand the inter-relationship of them, I ectopically express Carp Mos gene in COS-1 cell and investigate Mos-interacting proteins. Heat Shock Protein-Hsp70 and Hsp90 are detected in Mos co-immunoprecipitation complex with or without kinase activity, but Ran dose not exist in the complex.
43
YIN, CHONG-JUN, and 尹重君. "Differential gene expression during oogenesis of carp." Thesis, 1991. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/01032794196286473805.
Full text
44
Jormay, Lim, and 林若梅. "Molecular Structure of Carp Visual Pigment Genes." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/21392460658395687634.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
漁業學系
84
To investigate the molecular structures of the visual pigment genes and the initial biochemical reactions involved in the visual signal transduction relevant to fish physiology, the sequence of the visual pigment gene has to be determined. A putative cDNA encoding carp type I rhodopsin (Tsai et al., 1994) and a partial cDNA encoding type II rhodopsin (Chong, 1994) had been cloned from a retinal cDNA library. In the present work, the completely sequenced and analyzed. The deduced amino acid sequence of type II rhodopsin reveals that there are only five amino acid residues differences between type I and type II, i.e., (i) the 19th residue in type I is Val, instead of the Ile in type II (Val-19-Ile), (ii) Ile-54- Val, (iii) Ile-108-Val, (iv) Val-169-Glu, and (v) His-315-Asn. Besides, there are 4 polyadenylation signals in type II instead of 1 in type I, and the 3' untranslated region of type II is 99 bases longer. Furthermore, a genomic library of the common carp was constructed and the genomic DNA of type II rhodopsin was isolated. The genomic DNA was sequenced and the primer extension assay was performed to determine the transcription start site. The results reveal that (1) the gene is not interrupted by any intron, (2) the initiation of the transcripts of rhodopsin II is similar to that of other vertebrates, and (3) there are conserved regions and retina- specific nuclear protein binding sites found in the upstream region. The Southern analysis of genomic DNA and the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction imply that the two types of rhodopsins are from different individuals of the same population. On the other hand, a clone (3aV1) which resembles the retinal epithelium-specific protein gene was screened from the genomic library using the partial cDNA of green opsin as a probe. The results indicate that a fragment of the deletion clones of 3aV1 is 66% identical to the human satellite
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Lin, Ruo Mei, and 林若梅. "Molecular structure of carp visual pigment genes." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/80970835878206794217.
Full text
46
HUANG, QUAN-ZHEN, and 黃銓珍. "Struoture and expression of carp gonadotropin genes." Thesis, 1992. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/30531558615901278450.
Full text
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Shiu, Jhe-Ruei, and 許哲睿. "Zinc-transferrin stimulates the proliferation of erythroid cell in the head kidney of grass carp, bighead carp, and tilapia." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/05800616921307132490.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣海洋大學
食品科學系
101
The common carp release zinc that stored in the fibroblast of digestive tract tissue when under stress. Free zinc combines with the transferrin in blood, and the zinc-transferrin complex is transported to head kidney by blood vessels. Zinc-transferrin complex interacts with the transferrin receptor on head kidney cells and were internalized to the cell, which stimulates the proliferation of erythroid cell to against stress in common carp. To understand whether zinc stimulates the proliferation of erythroid cell in the common carp head kidney is universal or not, grass carp and bighead carp which also are Cyprinidae, and tilapia which is classified to be Cichlidae, were used to study the effects of zinc on the proliferation of the erythroid cells in their head kidney. The grass carp, bighead carp, and tilapia head kidney cells were suspension-cultured with 4 different medium: medium only, medium + 10 % grass carp serum / bighead carp serum / tilapia serum, medium + 0.3 mM ZnCl2, medium + 10 % grass carp serum / bighead carp serum / tilapia serum + 0.3 mM ZnCl2 for 0, 1, 2, 4 days. The cell levels in total cell, and fractions 1 and 2 cell after Percoll separation were measured. The results show grass carp head kidney fraction 1 cell concentration that cultured with serum and ZnCl2 proliferated 6.22 times higher than the start after 4 days. Similar to grass carp, bighead carp head kidney fraction 1 cell level that cultured with serum and ZnCl2 were 3.02 times higher than the start after 4 days. But tilapia head kidney fraction 1 cells cultured with tilapia serum, regardless with or without ZnCl2, both proliferated to 2.89 and 2.82 times after 4 days. The results showed that adding ZnCl2 is no useful to tilapia head kidney fraction 1 cell growth. The grass carp, bighead carp, and tilapia head kidney cells were suspension-cultured with serum and ZnCl2 for 4 days, and then extracted with lubrol solution. The detergent extraction was subjected to Zn2+-IMAC (Immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography). The results show after 4 days, the Zn-binding proteins in head kidney of grass carp, bighead carp, and tilapia all increased 2-3 times higher than day 0. SDS-PAGE and nano-LC-MS/MS analysis indicated that all the Zn-binding protein were transferrin variants. These results indicated that the common carp, grass carp, bighead carp, and tilapia head kidney cells all have the same mechanism. In vitro, zinc combines with transferrin, and then the zinc-transferrin interacts with the transferrin receptor on head kidney cell. The zinc-transferrin complex is transported into the cell by endocytosis. In this case, zinc is the mitogen, and stimulates the proliferation of erythroid cells. After 4 days culture, zinc-transferrin induced common carp and grass carp head kidney cells proliferated 4.7 and 6.2 times, which were higher than bighead carp being proliferated only 3.6 times. The effect of zinc on tilapia head kidney cell growth is the least, only 2.8 times. However, in vivo, there are no enough zinc concentration in the grass carp and bighead carp head kidney cells, stimulation of the cell by zinc are limited. On the contrary , because the common carp has high zinc concentration in their digestive tracts, they can endure high stress. Common carp serum were used to replace grass carp / bighead carp serum in culturing grass carp / bighead carp head kidney cells. The results show that the fraction 1 cells also proliferation 5.28 and 3.97 times higher after 4 days. The results indicate that common carp serum has similar growth effect as their own serum. However, when common carp serum was used to replace tilapia serum, the tilapia head kidney fraction 1 cells only increased 1.9 times, which is lower than its own serum. The possible reason is Cyprinidae fish and tilapia transferrins have been diverged through evolution, so the common carp serum lost the ability to stimulates tilapia head kidney cell proliferation. In addition, the human-transferrin could not stimulate the proliferation of grass carp, bighead carp, and tilapia head kidney cells. This might be their homology between human-transferrin and grass carp, bighead carp and tilapia transferrins are too low to act on their head kidney cells. When the stressed grass carp and tilapia head kidney cells were cultured with serum and ZnCl2 for 4 days, the head kidney fraction 1 cells did not proliferate. The head kidney cell composition of the resting and stressed grass carp, and tilapia were compared. It was found that the fraction 1 cell concentrations of stressed fishs are higher than that of resting fishs. These results indicated that stressed grass carp and tilapia head kidney cells could not proliferate new erythroid cells when cultured with serum and ZnCl2 in vitro.
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Li, Shwu-Huey, and 李淑慧. "Comparative Biochemical Study on Zinc and Zinc Binding Substances in Tissues of Common Carp, Crucian Carp, Goldfish and Other Fishes." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/49103783291820136668.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立海洋大學
食品科學系
87
Abstract Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) has extraordinarily high zinc concentrations (300-500 g/g fresh tissue) in its digestive tract tissue, the fish also has high zinc concentration (usually＞100 g/g fresh tissue) in kidney, hepatopancreas and spleen. Zinc concentration of other aquatic organisms were in the level of 20 to 100 g/g fresh tissue. In order to understand whether the phenomenon also exist in its related species, e.g., crucian carp and goldfish, biochemical properties of zinc and zinc binding substances in the tissues of common carp, crucian carp and goldfish of Cyprinae of Cyprinidae, grass carp of Leuciscinae and silver carp of Hypophthalmichthyinae of the same family, and other fishes were examined. It was found that in Cyprinidae fishes, zinc concentrations of the digestive tract tissue of common carp, crucian carp and goldfish were about 20 times higher than those of other fishes; and kidney, spleen and hepatopancreas were about 2 times higher than those of other fishes. Zinc in subcellular fractions of tissues of common carp, crucian carp and goldfish mainly existed in the nuclei/cell debris fraction. Metallothionein-like substance were found in the cytosol of hepatopancreas of Cyprinidae fishes (crucian carp, goldfish, grass carp and silver carp), but the amount in common carp was very little. High correlation between the zinc concentrations of nuclei/cell debris fraction and total tissue of common carp, crucian carp and goldfish tissue was found. Besides, grass carp, silver carp and tilapia tissues also have the some kind of relationship. In result, zinc concentrations in the whole tissue and nuclei/cell debris fraction are related. The Debris Fraction of fish tissues was prepared by washing nuclei/cell debris fraction with 0.05 M Tris-HCl buffer pH 8.0. High correlation between the concentration of EDTA extractable-Zn and total tissue of common carp tissue, crucian carp and goldfish digestive tract tissues was found. The concentration of Total-SH and Free-SH in the Debris Fraction of digestive tract tissues of common carp, crucian carp and goldfish were measured. High correlation between the concentration of EDTA extractable-Zn and Bound-SH in the Debris Fraction of digestive tract tissues of common carp tissue, crucian carp and goldfish was found (r=0.94); this kind of correlation, however, was not found in grass carp, silver carp and tilapia. In digestive tract tissues of spotted chub mackerel, mackerel scad, kurma prawn and giant tiger prawn, high concentration of Total-SH was found, but there is little Bound-SH. The EDTA extractable-Zn are also very low, it is likely not correlation between Bound-SH and EDTA extractable-Zn concentration. Based on the experiments, high concentration of Zn in the digestive tract tissue seems to be a characteristics of Cyprinae fish, and the Zn might be bound in membrane protein of Debris Fraction. The Lubrol Extract of digestive tract tissues of common carp, crucian carp and goldfish were separated by IMAC. The IMAC-adsorbed proteins of digestive tract tissue of common carp, crucian carp and goldfish were compared on SDS-PAGE. It was found that crucian carp and goldfish also have ZnSBMP (zinc specific binding membrane proteins) same as common carp. Same three bands of ZnSBMP were also found in other tissues of common carp, but the concentration and composition percentage were different. In Marine fish, spotted chub mackerel, mackerel scad and scad also exist some of the bands of ZnSBMP.
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Vilizzi, Lorenzo. "Age, growth and early life history of Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in the River Murray, South Australia / Lorenzo Vilizzi." Thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/19083.
Full textAbstract:
Addendum and erratum pasted onto back fly leaf.Bibliography: p. 169-215.
xiv, 215 p. : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm.
Determines a reliable method of age determination, evaluates models of growth in wild populations, assesses growth patterns, describes the onset of the juvenile period, monitors the early life history of a wild population and reviews the literature on carp ecology.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Zoology, 1998?
50
Li, Zhao Chang, and 李肇昌. "Molecular cloning and expression of carp ovarian cystatin." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/23833939218947045001.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
生化科學研究所
83
Three clones containing the inserts of 0.55、0.6 and 1.3 kb respectively, were isolated from a carp ovarian cDNA library. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that they are all homologous to the members of cystatin family of other vertebrates although they differ from each other. The open reading frames of all these cDNAs encode a protein of 129 amino acids which include a putative signal peptide of 18-20 amino acid residues. In addition, they also contain four invariable cysteine residues and three highly conserved regions found in cystatin family. The above data suggest that all the three cDNAs encode a polypeptide which belongs to the cystatin family of cysteine proteinase inhibitor. In this paper, the three cDNAs were also used as probes to detect the mRNAs expressed in carp tissues. In addition, they were constructed to an expression vector and expresse in E.coli. The expressed proteins were used as antigens to induce antibodies in rabbits, with which the distribution of these proteins in carp tissues or body fluids were investigated.The results indicate that both cystatin mRNAs and proteins are tissue-specifically expressed only in the ovary. The physiologicalroles of these proteins in carp remain to be investigated.