Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Carottes de glace – Antarctique'
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Crotti, Ilaria. "Datation et étude de la variabilité climatique à partir de la carotte de glace antarctique de TALDICE." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASJ003.
Full textIce cores are long cylinders extracted from ice sheets containing information about past environmental and climatic conditions. The TALDICE ice core is a 1620 m depth core drilled at Talos Dome, in East Antarctica. Several previous studies focused on dating this core and an age scale has been defined only until 1438 m depth at an age of about 150,000 years ago, limiting the past climate reconstructions to the last climatic cycle. This thesis focuses on the poorly explored deep portion of the core below 1438 m depth. In the first part of the thesis, the new TALDICE isotopic measurements in both ice and gas matrixes below 1438 m are used to build the final TALDICE deep1 ice/gas age-depth relationship with the application of the IceChrono1 model. The chronology for the deeper part of the core is here defined until 1548 m depth and extends the climatic record back to 343,0000 years ago. The second part of this thesis is centred on the interpretation of the unique TALDICE isotopic signal during past interglacial periods. The proposed interpretation indicates that the interglacial anomalies in the isotopic record have been produced by the lowering of the Talos Dome site elevation due to ice loss and inland retreat of the Wilkes Subglacial Basin grounding line. The third and last part of this work focuses on the development of the argon dating technique called “copper method”, with the aim of reducing the amount of ice employed. The novel methodology has been tested on 11 TALDICE samples. The “copper method” results are validated by comparing them with the published TALDICE chronologies (AICC2012 and TALDICE deep1) and with 8 neighbouring samples dated with the well-established argon dating “getter method”
Servettaz, Aymeric. "Deux mille ans d’évolution de la température sur le plateau Est-Antarctique reconstruits à partir des isotopes stables de l’eau et des gaz inertes de la carotte de glace d’Aurora Basin North." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASJ005.
Full textAntarctica is a major component in Earth’s climate system, as the equator to pole temperature gradient controls the characteristics of the general circulation of the atmosphere. Antarctica is also very useful to understand climate variability, as past climate information preserved in the ice may help extend the short observational records. However, the ice core drilling locations are unevenly spread across the glaciated continent, and the temperature reconstructions from the high elevation East Antarctic plateau suffer from poor temporal resolution, because low snow accumulation hampers our interpretation of water isotopes. Here, we present new temperature reconstructions from the Aurora Basin North (ABN, 77°S, 111°E, 2700 masl) ice core. First, we use the regional atmospheric model MAR to characterize the recent climate at ABN, and show that precipitation events are intermittent, and occur under temperature 2°C warmer than average. The large precipitation events are marked in the snow isotopes with δ18O values on par with summer levels, even during the winter, as attested by snow measurements and the isotope-enabled atmospheric model ECHAM5-wiso. Precipitations are consistently associated with a blocking on the Wilkes Land coast, North-East of ABN, and the blockings are more likely to occur during negative phases of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), the main mode of variability in the southern hemisphere climate. Consequently, SAM positive phases are marked by cold temperatures at ABN, but not necessarily low δ18O, as precipitations may be weakened. The temperature reconstructed from the δ18O in the 300-m-deep, 2000-year ice core drilled at ABN supports stable conditions, with a temperature remaining within a ± 1°C range. We present a second temperature reconstruction from the same core, based on the inversion of borehole temperature and past firn temperature gradients, estimated with the stable isotope composition of Ar and N2 gases trapped in bubbles. This second temperature reconstruction, representative of changes in the snow, suggests that temperature at ABN was about 3°C colder during two periods of the last 2000 years: from 300 to 550 CE, and from 1000 to 1400 CE. This medieval cold anomaly is concurrent with a positive SAM phase, and could not be identified from the δ18O alone. This work highlights the importance of using multiple proxies to determine past temperature variability in Antarctica, as δ18O may be biased towards warm precipitation events
Lemieux-Dudon, Bénédicte. "Conjonction de données et de modèles pour la datation des forages profonds d'Antarctique et du Groenland." Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10067.
Full textWe are hereby presenting a new dating method based on inverse techniques, which aims at calculating consistent gas and ice chronologies for several ice cores. The proposed method yields new dating scenarios simultaneously for several cores by making a compromise between the chronological information brought by glaciological modeling (i. E. , ice flow model, firn densification model, accumulation rate model), and by gas and ice stratigraphic constraints. This method enables us to gather widespread chronological information and to use regional or global markers (i. E. , methane, volcanic sulfate, Beryllium- 10, tephra layers, etc. ) to link the core chronologies stratigraphically. Confidence intervals of the new dating scenarios can be calculated thanks to the probabilistic formulation of the new method, which takes into account both modeling and data uncertainties. We apply this method simultaneously to one Greenland (NGRIP) and three Antarctic (EPICA Dome C, EPICA Dronning Maud Land, and Vostok) ices cores, and refine existent chronologies. Our results show that consistent ice and gas chronologies can be derived for depth intervals that are well-constrained by relevant glaciological data. In particular, we propose new and consistent dating of the last deglaciation for Greenland and Antarctic ice and gas records
Durand, Gaël. "Microstructure, recristallisation et déformation des glaces polaires de la carotte EPICA, Dôme Concordia, Antarctique." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00701364.
Full textBasile, Isabelle. "Origine des aérosols volcaniques et continentaux de la carotte de glace de Vostok (Antarctique)." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1997. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00756041.
Full textBasile, Isabelle. "Origine des aérosols volcaniques et continentaux de la carotte de glace de Vostok (Antarctique)." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10170.
Full textGrisart, Antoine. "Étude à haute résolution des cycles hydrologiques et climatiques à partir d'une carotte de glace d'Antarctique avec un focus sur les déglaciations." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASJ003.
Full textIce cores from the polar ice caps are valuable climate archives that have allowed us to document the past climate and environment. The EPICA Dome C (EDC) core in Antarctica was drilled to a depth of 3,189 m, which corresponds to an age of 800,000 years. This core located on the Antarctic Plateau is currently the longest continuous glacial archive providing high resolution stable isotope records of water and gas trapped in the ice to document past climate.This thesis focuses on the study of high frequency variability from high resolution sample measurements on the EDC core. In particular, we focus on the variability of the atmospheric hydrological cycle and climate during deglaciation.This thesis has consisted of extensive analytical work. First, from high resolution (11 cm) measurements of water isotopic composition on the EDC core, we concluded that the multi-centennial variability is lower during warm periods, called interglacials, than during cold periods, called glaciations. In addition, this data set allowed us to quantify the evolution of the diffusion length along the EDC core and to study how the diffusion in the ice attenuates the climate signal for the deepest part of the core.In a second step, I made measurements of δ15N of N2, δ18O of O2, δO2/N2 in the air trapped in the ice at a time resolution of 200-300 years over the different deglaciations. These data allow us to better date the ice core and study the evolution of the low-latitude hydrological cycle (δ18O of O2). I combined these data with other 17O - exess measurements that I made every 55 cm (50-300 year resolution) and d-excess data over the same time periods. The d-excess and the 17O - exess are tracers of the climatic conditions of the evaporation sources. By synthesizing these deglaciation data, we have described the sequences of events during orbital forcing-driven warming. In particular, we have highlighted a millennial variability that occurs during deglaciations at temperate latitudes but does not affect the Antarctic climate. There is thus a decoupling between the evolution of the Antarctic climate and the climate of the lowest latitudes during deglaciations.Finally, our analytical results on deglaciations have been compared to general circulation model outputs (PMIP project)
Erbland, Joseph. "Contraintes isotopiques sur l'interprétation de l'enregistrement en nitrate dans la carotte de glace de Vostok." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00638761.
Full textMarteel, Alexandrine. "Evolution naturelle des éléments présents à l'état de traces (métaux lourds, métalloides, terres rares (REE) et isotopes du plomb) dans la carotte de glace EPICA/Dome C (Antarctique de l'Est) de 263,000 à 671,000 ans avant nos jours." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00223892.
Full textL'analyse d'éléments crustaux, métaux, métalloïdes, terres rares, mercure ont été réalisées grâce à un spectromètre de masse à secteur magnétique couplé à un plasma induit. La caractérisation des isotopes du plomb et l'analyses de methylmercure et mercure inorganique ont quant à elles étaient rendues possible par l'utilisation d'un spectromètre de masse à ionisation thermique et d'un spectromètre de masse à temps de vol couplé à un plasma induit. Ces analyses ont toutes été effectuées en salle blanche.
L'étude des éléments crustaux (V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Rb, Ba et U) a permis de quantifier les variations naturelles des flux de ces éléments dans les glaces de l'Antarctique de l'Est de 263 000 à 671 000 ans avant nos jours. On a remarqué de fortes variations naturelles de concentration et de flux au cours de ces 6 cycles climatiques, avec des flux de retombées plus faibles pendant les périodes chaudes (interglaciaires) et des flux plus fort pendant les périodes froides (maxima glaciaires). De plus, ces apports augmentent brutalement en Antarctique de l'Est quand δD ≤ - 430‰.
Pour la première fois, les terres rares ont pu être analysées dans une carotte de glace profonde. Les variations temporelles et la provenance des terres rares, d'origine crustale, dans l'Antarctique de l'Est ont été étudiées de 263 000 à 671 000 ans avant nos jours. Ainsi, l'origine géographique des éléments crustaux pendant les périodes glaciaires et interglaciaires a été précisée grâce à la comparaison de données de terres rares obtenues dans la carotte EPICA/Dome C et celles provenant de régions potentielles d'origine des aérosols de l'hémisphère austral. L'Australie et la province de Córdoba apparaissent comme étant les sources dominantes à part égales sur le plateau de l'Antarctique de l'Est au cours des maxima glaciaires peu prononcés (MIS 12.2, 12.4 et 14.2). Différemment, les maxima glaciaires plus prononcés (MIS 8.2, MIS 10.2, 10.4 et16.2) montrent des ratios différents : ces éléments crustaux proviennent à 80-90% de la région de Cordoba et à 20-10% de l'Australie. Pendant les périodes interglaciaires, l'Amerique du Sud (Argentine du Sud, Argentine Centrale, et peut-être la Patagonie), les montagnes Transantarctiques (glacier Koettkitz) et l'Australie apparaissent comme étant les sources dominantes au Dome C.
Les concentrations des métaux et des métalloïdes ont été mesurées de 263 à 671 ka BP afin d'examiner la variabilité à long-terme de ces éléments, d'évaluer les contributions de sources naturelles et les modes de transport. De fortes variations naturelles de concentration et de flux au cours de ces 6 cycles climatiques ont été observées, avec des flux de retombées plus faibles pendant les périodes chaudes (interglaciaires) et des flux plus fort pendant les périodes froides (maxima glaciaires). Cependant, certains métaux varient plus que d'autres. En particulier, l'approche isotopique du plomb apporte une contribution importante dans l'interprétation des variations de compositions de poussières d'origine crustale en Antarctique.
Finalement, pour la première fois, le mercure total, le methylmercure et le mercure inorganique ont été mesurés dans une carotte de glace profonde. Cette analyse montre des concentrations qui varient considérablement au cours des derniers 671 000 ans, avec de faibles valeurs pendant les interglaciaires et de fortes valeurs pendant les périodes les plus froides. L'analyse de ces éléments a permis de déterminer les variations en paleoproductivité océanique et de mieux comprendre les procédés de dépôts de mercure au cours des derniers 671 000 ans.
Cauquoin, Alexandre. "Flux de 10Be en Antarctique durant les 800 000 dernières années et interprétation." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00954293.
Full textDenux, Francis. "Diffusion du signal isotopique dans le névé et dans la glace : Implication pour l'échantillonnage." Grenoble 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10254.
Full textKrinner, Gerhard. "Simulations du climat des calottes de glace." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1997. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00716408.
Full textPivot, Sébastien. "Utilisation du chlore-36 dans les glaces d'Antarctique : applications aux essais nucléaires marins et reconstructions de l'activité solaire et du champ géomagnétique passés." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0118.
Full textThe production of cosmogenic isotopes such as 10Be and 36Cl in the atmosphere is modulated by the variability of the magnetic fields of the Sun and the Earth. After their production, both are transported and deposited into polar caps. The measurement of their concentrations in the ice makes it possible to provide information on past solar and geomagnetic activity. In this study, 445 samples of 36Cl were prepared from 3 Antarctic sites, i.e. Vostok, Dome C and Talos Dome, over different time periods and compared to 10Be data on the same samples. The measurements from Vostok cover the recent period of marine nuclear tests and highlight the post-deposition mobility of 36Cl in its gaseous form, as well as the presence of an immobile phase preserved in the snowpack. This is also observed at Dome C with the loss of more than 75% of the 36Cl signal for the last millennium. This mobility is not observed at Talos Dome because the snow accumulation is higher, allowing to keep the 36Cl signal. Measurements of 36Cl at Talos Dome allowed to detect the last three minima of Sun activity for the last 700 years, i.e. the Dalton, Maunder, and Spörer minima, but also to detect the Laschamp geomagnetic excursion 41 000 years ago, a period during which the intensity of the Earth's magnetic field was very low, favouring the production of cosmogenic isotopes. These measurements, carried out for the first time in Antarctica, confirm the importance of using 36Cl for reconstructions of past solar and geomagnetic activity in addition to the 10Be measurements
Bazin, Lucie. "Analyse de l’air piégé dans les carottes de glace de Dôme C et Talos Dôme pour mieux contraindre le rôle du forçage orbital et des gaz à effet de serre dans les variations glaciaire-interglaciaire." Thesis, Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015VERS013V/document.
Full textIn order to study the climate variations recorded by ice cores, it is necessary to have precise chronologies for the ice and gas phases. The aim of this work has been to improve ice cores chronologies, covering the last 800 000 years, through new measurements of the isotopic composition of the air δ15N, δ18Oatm et δO2/N2) trapped in EPICA Dome C (EDC) ice core and the use of the Datice dating tool.The first important result of this PhD has been the production of the Antarctic Ice Core Chronology (AICC2012), common for EDC, Vostok, EPICA Droning Maud Land (EDML), TALos Dome ICE core (TALDICE) and NorthGRIP ice cores. The bipolar see-saw theory is still valid on the new chronology. The AICC2012 chronology gives an age for Termination II in good agreement with other climate archives. Moreover, the duration of interglacial periods is unchanged compared to EDC3. While building the AICC2012 chronology, we have pointed out several limitations. Since then, we have improved Datice in order to correctly integrate constraints deduced from layer counting and their associated uncertainties. These improvements permit to build coherent chronologies respecting the underlying hypotheses of Datice. Moreover, we propose a new parameterization of the uncertainty associated with the background thinning function based on ice mechanical properties of EDC ice core. Finally, we were able to deduce new age constraints thanks to the new measurements of δO2/N2 and δ18Oatm performed on well-conserved ice from EDC. A multi-proxy comparison of Vostok, EDC and Dome F ice cores over MIS 5 has highlighted a possible influence of local climatic parameters on δO2/N2. The analysis of the delay between δ18Oatm and precession shows some variability over the last 800 ka. We propose that the delay between δ18Oatm and precession is increased during periods associated with Heinrich events. The results obtained during this PhD should be used for the next ice core coherent chronology
Bazin, Lucie. "Analyse de l’air piégé dans les carottes de glace de Dôme C et Talos Dôme pour mieux contraindre le rôle du forçage orbital et des gaz à effet de serre dans les variations glaciaire-interglaciaire." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015VERS013V.
Full textIn order to study the climate variations recorded by ice cores, it is necessary to have precise chronologies for the ice and gas phases. The aim of this work has been to improve ice cores chronologies, covering the last 800 000 years, through new measurements of the isotopic composition of the air δ15N, δ18Oatm et δO2/N2) trapped in EPICA Dome C (EDC) ice core and the use of the Datice dating tool.The first important result of this PhD has been the production of the Antarctic Ice Core Chronology (AICC2012), common for EDC, Vostok, EPICA Droning Maud Land (EDML), TALos Dome ICE core (TALDICE) and NorthGRIP ice cores. The bipolar see-saw theory is still valid on the new chronology. The AICC2012 chronology gives an age for Termination II in good agreement with other climate archives. Moreover, the duration of interglacial periods is unchanged compared to EDC3. While building the AICC2012 chronology, we have pointed out several limitations. Since then, we have improved Datice in order to correctly integrate constraints deduced from layer counting and their associated uncertainties. These improvements permit to build coherent chronologies respecting the underlying hypotheses of Datice. Moreover, we propose a new parameterization of the uncertainty associated with the background thinning function based on ice mechanical properties of EDC ice core. Finally, we were able to deduce new age constraints thanks to the new measurements of δO2/N2 and δ18Oatm performed on well-conserved ice from EDC. A multi-proxy comparison of Vostok, EDC and Dome F ice cores over MIS 5 has highlighted a possible influence of local climatic parameters on δO2/N2. The analysis of the delay between δ18Oatm and precession shows some variability over the last 800 ka. We propose that the delay between δ18Oatm and precession is increased during periods associated with Heinrich events. The results obtained during this PhD should be used for the next ice core coherent chronology
Capron, Emilie. "L'air piégé dans les glaces polaires : contraintes chronologiques et caractérisation de la variabilité climatique rapide." Phd thesis, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00579600.
Full textMounier, Lionnel. "Etude des microparticules insolubles déposées dans la glace antarctique au cours du dernier cycle climatique." Grenoble 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988GRE10109.
Full textJourdain, Nicolas. "Simulations climatiques régionales couplées atmosphère - océan - glace de mer en Antarctique." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00266564.
Full textLe climat de l'Antarctique implique la glace de mer, dont l'extension modifie par exemple l'humidité diponible pour l'atmosphère. Mais l'ensemble de l'océan joue également un rôle, car la formation d'eau dense près des côtes engendre des échanges relativement rapides entre la surface et l'océan profond. C'est pourquoi nous avons choisi de créer un modèle régional couplé atmosphère - glace de mer - océan. Le but de cette thèse est uniquement de développer et d'évaluer un tel modèle.
Pour l'atmosphère, nous utilisons le Modèle Atmosphérique Régional (MAR, Gallee et al. 2005). Ce modèle a été spécialement développé pour les régions polaires. Il se distingue des autres modèles climatiques régionaux par sa représentation élaborée de la neige, et par une représentation interactive de la neige soufflée par le vent. Pour l'océan et la glace de mer, nous utilisons NEMO (Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean), constitué de OPA-9 (Océan PArallélisé, Madec 2007) et de LIM-2 (Louvain Ice Model, Fichefet 1997). Le modèle d'océan utilise une paramétrisation élaborée de la diffusion turbulente le long des isopycnes et de la diffusion verticale. Le modèle de glace de mer utilise un modèle thermodynamique à trois couches, des équations dynamiques basées sur la rhéologie visco-plastique. Enfin, MAR et NEMO sont couplés grâce au logiciel OASIS-3 (Valcke et al. 2003). Le modèle résultant est appelé TANGO, pour Triade Atmosphère-Neige, Glace de mer, Océan.
Avant d'analyser des simulations de TANGO, il convient de connaître précisément le comportement de chacun des modèles lorsqu'ils sont forcés par des données. Dans un premier temps, nous testons la sensibilité de MAR à la représentation de la rugosité orographique. En simulant un cas de la littérature, nous montrons que MAR est capable de simuler des cyclones de méso-échelle ; nous montrons ensuite que le rôle des vents catabatiques côtiers dans la cyclogenèse est faible devant le rôle de l'écoulement synoptique, contrairement à ce que conjecturaient les travaux précédents. Comme les vents catabatiques côtiers dépendent fortement de la rugosité orographique des Montagnes Transantarctiques, les polynies de TANGO pourraient en dépendre ; c'est pourquoi nous avons réglé ce paramètre de façon à avoir des vents côtiers en accord avec les relevés des stations météorologiques. Enfin, nous montrons que la fraction de glace de mer a peu d'influence sur la circulation atmosphérique, probablement parce que notre méthode ne modifie pas la position des fronts de glace.
Estimer l'apport du couplage s'avère compliqué, car une partie du comportement de TANGO vient effectivement des rétroactions physiques permises par le couplage, mais une autre partie vient du changement de "forçages". En effet, MAR voit habituellement la glace de mer se SSM/I, et NEMO voit habituellement des champs atmosphériques issus des réanalyses ERA-40 ; dans TANGO, MAR voit donc les défauts de NEMO, et inversement. Pour évaluer la capacité de TANGO à représenter des rétroactions physiques, nous avons donc réalisé un jeu de simulations dans lequel MAR est forcé par les champs de surface de NEMO, et NEMO est forcé par les champs de surface de MAR. Les comparaisons entre ces simulations et les simulations couplées montrent que la couverture de glace de mer de TANGO diffère de celle de NEMO forcé par MAR, ce qui prouve que des rétroactions sont représentées. Dans le détail, nous identifions également une rétroaction impliquant la glace produite dans une polynie à l'automne, et une rétroaction impliquant les précipitations et la température de surface de l'océan.
Finalement, l'ensemble des évaluations de MAR sur l'océan ont permis des améliorations très récentes de MAR : H. Gallée a ainsi amélioré la prise en compte des nuages aux frontières, et les flocons de neige ont été introduits dans le schéma radiatif de façon à mieux simuler les températures de la couche limite sur la calotte. Ceci améliore également le comportement de TANGO. Cette étude souligne également l'importance du couplage, puisque la solution couplée diffère de la solution forcée, toutes paramétrisations étant égales. Nous concluons donc qu'il est nécessaire de poursuivre l'utilisation de TANGO.
Ces travaux ouvrent d'abord des perspectives à court terme, puisqu'il faudra analyser le détail des rétroactions mises en \oe uvre de façon à tenter de mieux comprendre le climat de l'Antarctique. Ensuite, TANGO pourra être utilisé à petite échelle et haute résolution pour l'analyse des polynies et des formations des masses d'eau dense impliquées dans les circulations océaniques profondes. Une autre possibilité sera d'utiliser TANGO à l'échelle de la calotte, de façon à travailler sur la régionalisation du changement climatique en Antarctique. Enfin, à plus long terme, il sera nécessaire de travailler sur le représentation des cavités sous les plate-formes glaciaires dans TANGO.
Lourantou, Anna. "Contraindre l'augmentation en dioxyde de carbone (CO2) lors des déglaciations basés sur son rapport isotopique stable du carbone (δ13CO2)." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00370658.
Full textCette étude documente à haute résolution temporelle l'évolution du CO2 et du δ13CO2 pendant les deux dernières déglaciations. La dernière déglaciation est caractérisée par une augmentation en CO2 de 80 ppmv, accompagnée par une diminution en δ13CO2 de 0.6 ‰. Des amplitudes plus importantes sont observées durant la pénultième déglaciation (+110 ppmv CO2, accompagnés pas une diminution en δ13CO2 de 0.9 ‰).
Les mesures, interprétées avec deux modèles du cycle du carbone (BOXKIT et BICYCLE) sont cohérentes avec le scénario suivant. Dans un premier temps, un réchauffement de l'hémisphère sud initie une augmentation du CO2 atmosphérique. Ceci entraîne une réorganisation biologique et physique de l'océan austral qui diminue le δ13CO2. Enfin, cette réorganisation se propage vers le nord avec un impact retardé de la biosphère continentale, pendant le Bølling/Allerød (B/A).
Ces résultats obtenus pour la première fois dans la carotte EDC, ont permis de proposer un scénario sur les causes des déglaciations. Une série de tests, basée sur des glaces de différentes propriétés a fourni une validation de notre méthode d'extraction.
Lourantou, Anna. "Contraindre l'augmentation en dioxyde de carbone (CO2) lors des déglaciations basés sur son rapport isotopique stable du carbone (δ13CO2)." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008GRE10286.
Full textThe present work is based on the measurement of carbon dioxide (CO2) and its stable isotopic ratio δ13CO2 in air bubbles trapped in polar ice (EPICA core, Dome C, in Antartica, EDC). We focus on rapid transitions from glacial to interglacial periods. δ13CO2 allows the partitioning of the origin of CO2 between oceanic and terrestrial sources. This study documents with high temporal resolution the evolution of CO2 and δ13CO2 during the two last deglaciations. The last deglaciation is characterized by an increase of 80 ppmv CO2, coeval with a decrease of 0. 6 ‰ in δ13CO2. Larger amplitudes were observed during the penultimate deglaciation (+110 ppmv CO2 with a 0. 9 ‰ decrease in δ13CO2). The measurements, interpreted with two carbon cycle models (BOXKIT and BICYCLE) are consistent with the following scenario. First, a Southern Hemisphere warming triggers an increase in atmospheric CO2. This provokes a biological and physical reorganization of the Southern Ocean which reduces δ13CO2. Last, this reorganization propagates to the north with a delayed impact of terrestrial biosphere during the Bølling/Allerød (B/A). These results obtained for the first time from the EDC core allowed to propose a scenario on the causes of deglaciations. A series of tests, based on ice of different properties, provided a validation of our extraction method
Martinerie, Patricia. "Teneur en gaz des glaces polaires : variations géographiques actuelles, variations au cours du dernier cycle climatique dans la région de Vostok." Grenoble 1, 1990. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01576069.
Full textBatifol, Françoise. "Les métaux Cd, Cu, Pb et Zn dans les neige et glace antarctiques : une contribution à la connaissance de leur cycle géochimique." Grenoble 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987GRE10015.
Full textMounier, Lionnel. "Etude des microparticules insolubles déposées dans la glace antarctique au cours du dernier cycle climatique." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37616760t.
Full textSleewaegen, Suzanne. "Les interactions entre glaciers et lacs dans les Dry Valleys, Antarctique: approche par l'analyse multiparamétrique de la composition de la glace." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210926.
Full textSauser, Christophe. "Les oiseaux marins polaires, sentinelles de la glace de mer : Réponses démographiques et traits d’histoire de vie." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LAROS027.
Full textThe impact of climate change on sea ice and polar ecosystems has been well recognized. However, these environments are generally difficult to study because of their extreme climate, isolation and the associated logistical difficulties. The lack of knowledge regarding the mechanisms linking the life history traits of polar organisms and sea ice variation limit our understanding of the consequences of climate change on long-lived species such as polar seabirds and sea ice ecosystems. Seabirds, generally located at the top of food webs, could however constitute sentinel species of ecosystems linked to sea ice. The objective of this thesis is to improve knowledge on the processes involved in the responses of polar marine predators to environmental variations, and mainly the mechanisms linked to sea ice. For this purpose we have based our analyses on the long-term monitoring of two polar seabirds, the snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea) and the Cape petrel (Daption capense). Both species breed in polar environments of the Southern Ocean. One is particularly dependent on sea ice for foraging (snow petrel) while the other prefers ice-free habitats (Cape petrel). During this PhD, we estimated the influence of extrinsic factors (top-down, bottom-up, local weather) and intrinsic factors (age, breeding experience, sex and colony) on the demographic responses of these two species using multi-states capture-recapture models. We also tested the influence of environmental factors on phenotypic traits (body condition and breeding phenology) of snow petrels. For the Cape petrel, we show a decrease in breeding success as well as an influence of several extrinsic parameters (sea surface temperature, predation, local weather) on this demographic parameter. We also show an increase in adult survival linked to variations of a large scale climate index, the southern annular mode. Modelling of the population dynamics using a matrix population model indicated a positive population growth rate and suggest that this species probably beneficiates from current climate changes. In snow petrels, we demonstrate the influence of sea ice and other extrinsic factors (predation, southern annular mode, local weather) as well as intrinsic factors (sex, colony, breeding experience) on multiple demographic traits (probabilities of survival, breeding, hatching, and fledging). We also show a shift (delay) in the breeding phenology of snow petrels in response to environmental changes (sea ice concentration, winds), and found that delayed reproduction negatively impacted the probability of fledging. Finally, we show that the sea ice concentration and the southern annular mode have a negative influence on the survival and body condition of juvenile snow petrels. This thesis provides new knowledge on the links between sea ice and the life history traits of two Antarctic polar seabirds characterized by specific dependence to sea ice. This knowledge helps to better understand the consequences of climate change on polar seabirds and polar ecosystems in general, and contributes to the understanding of population dynamics concerning intra-specific demographic variations at a fine spatial scale
Lacarra, Maïté. "Etude de la formation d'eau dense sur le plateau est-Antarctique à partir d'observations hydrologiques dans la polynie du Mertz." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066265.
Full textThe objective of this PhD thesis was to study the variability of the properties of the dense shelf water formed in the Mertz Polynya on the Antarctic shelf off Adélie Land. This water mass is a precursor to a major source of Antarctic Bottom Water, the ALBW (Adélie Land Bottom Water). Our analysis is based on hydrographyical observations collected from 2007 to 2012 as part of the ALBION project during summer cruises, and through all year long moorings, combined with estimates of sea-ice production and interpreted in the idealized framework of a mixed layer model. Several hydrographycal regimes, mainly linked with topography, were identified. The interannual variability of the summer salinity of the dense water was shown to relate to the previous winter convective activity. Before the Mertz glacier calving in February 2010, the convection efficiency is modulated by the vertical stratification. After, the calving, the sharp decline of the sea-ice production leads to a shutdown of the deep convection and a bottom layer which was not dense enough to possibly contribute to the renewal of the Antarctic Bottom Water in the Australian-Antarctic Basin. A rough estimate of the fresh water budget of the Adelie Depression taking into account summer sea-ice melt suggests that the Mertz calving did not affect much the fresh water input to the depression. At last, a mixed layer model coupled to a simplified model of sea-ice production shows that the ocean heat flux can reduce the ice production by 17% over the year
Shin, Jinhwa. "Millennial-scale atmospheric CO2 variations during the Marine Isotope Stage 6." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAU006/document.
Full textThe main objective of this thesis is to understand the millennial variability of atmospheric CO2 during the Marine Isotope Stage 6 (MIS 6), the penultimate glacial, period (185─135 kyr BP). During the early MIS 6 period (185-160 kyr BP), 6 millennial-scale climate oscillations can be observed in proxy records of Antarctic temperature, the bipolar see-saw phenomenon in the North Atlantic region, and Monsoon intensity in low latitudes. An intensified hydrological cycle and iceberg calving in the North Atlantic may have impacted on the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation during MIS 6 (Margari et al., 2010). Atmospheric CO2 reconstructions from Antarctic ice cores can provide key information on how atmospheric CO2 concentrations are linked to millennial-scale climate changes. However, existing CO2 records from the Vostok ice core do not show the millennial variability due to the lack of suitable temporal resolution and precision. To understand atmospheric CO2 variability during MIS 6, a precision of less than 2 ppm is mandatory, because there is a possibility that we could observe small CO2 variability of less than 5 ppm during the smaller Antarctic isotope maxima events as observed during the last glacial period (Ahn and Brook, 2014; Bereiter et al., 2012).To investigate how atmospheric CO2 is related with climate change on millennial time scales during MIS 6, we reconstructed 150 samples of atmospheric CO2 data from the EPICA Dome C (EDC) ice core during the MIS 6 period (189.4─135.4 kyr BP). One minor and five major variabilities of atmospheric CO2 during the early MIS 6 period (189─160 kyr BP) were found. These variabilities are highly matched with Antarctic temperature. During the short stadials in the North Atlantic, atmospheric CO2 variations are negligible and decoupled with temperature variations in Dome C. During this period, the strength of upwelling in the southern ocean might not be sufficient to impact on atmospheric CO2. In addition, 2 modes of CO2 variations are present in the MIS 6 period. Carbon dioxide maxima (CDM) 6 lags abrupt warming in the Northern Hemisphere by only 100±360 yrs, while the lags for CDM 3 and 4 are much longer, 1,100±280 yrs on average. Theses 2 modes of CO2 variations might be related with a mode change of AMOC from the earliest MIS 6 to MIS 6.5. These two phenomena also are observed during the last glacial period. However, the limited available proxy data permit only an exploratory discussion of the mechanisms responsible for CO2 variability during MIS6. Because the boundary conditions of the last glacial period cannot be applied to MIS 6, additional proxy data and multiple modelling studies conducted during MIS 6 period are needed
Delmotte, Marc. "Enregistrements climatiques à Law Dome : variabilité pour les périodes récentes et pour la déglaciation." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1997. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00759854.
Full textHaan, Denis. "Teneurs en monoxyde de carbone de l'air contenu dans la glace de l'Antarctique et du Groenland." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00754243.
Full textNavas, Giuliat. "Amélioration de la modélisation de la calotte de glace Antarctique à partir de la topographie de la surface." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00648409.
Full textVerbeke, Véronique. "Concentrations en gaz dans la glace de mer: développements techniques et implications environnementales." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210942.
Full textCe travail a pour objectif d’étudier les relations complexes qui existent entre les processus chimiques, physiques et biologiques qui se déroulent au sein de la glace de mer. La détermination des propriétés physiques et de la composition chimique des glaces de mer correspond en effet à un pré-requis indispensable à l’étude des cycles géochimiques qui existent dans la banquise.
Différentes glaces de mer, naturelles ou artificielles, ont été analysées. Pour ce faire, les caractéristiques spécifiques à ce type de glace font que des méthodes d’analyse de la composition en gaz particulières ont été nécessaires.
Nous avons ainsi pu montrer que le contenu et la composition en gaz des différentes glaces analysées dépendent de facteurs physico-chimiques et de facteurs biologiques. L’impact des facteurs physico-chimiques se marque lors de l’incorporation initiale des impuretés dans la glace de mer et via une diffusion "post-génétique" tant que la glace est plus chaude que –5°C. En outre, les organismes photosynthétiques sont à l’origine d’une production d’oxygène et d’une consommation de dioxyde de carbone. La composition en gaz résultante peut donc être sensiblement différente de la composition atmosphérique ou de celle des gaz dissous dans l’eau de mer sous-jacente, en été comme en hiver. Il s’agit par conséquent de sérieusement envisager l’impact potentiel de la glace de mer et des microorganismes qu’elle contient, lors du réchauffement et de la débâcle, sur les échanges entre atmosphère et océan comme sur leurs compositions respectives.
Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation géographie
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Lannuzel, Delphine. "Iron biogeochemistry in the Antartic sea ice environment." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210775.
Full textLescarmontier, Lydie. "Étude des processus de fracturation et vêlage d'iceberg en Antarctique : une histoire du glacier Mertz." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1653/.
Full textThis thesis presents a study of the rifting processes of an outflow glacier leading to cal- ving. In the context of the CRAC-ICE program we worked on understanding the evolution of the Mertz Glacier, located in the King George V Land, East Antarctica. Before its cal- ving which occurred in February 2010, releasing an iceberg of about 80 km long and 35 km width, the Mertz Glacier was characterized by an ice tongue extending into the open ocean. This ice tongue, fractured by a large rift since the beginning of 1990, was 150 km long by 35 km in width. Using a range of in-situ GPS data, satellite images and an ocea- nic tide model (TUGO-Mertz), we followed the evolution of the glacier and the calving of its iceberg. The first part of this study consisted in developing a high precision GPS processing strategy allowing us to get the best accuracy possible for our measurements. These data were processed using the GINS software and a processing strategy named IPPP, based on absolute positioning. The accuracy of our results allowed us the ability to observe centimeter scale oscillations of the ice tongue. Then, we compared these observed signals with an Euler-Bernoulli beam based model, and found out that they matched with vibration modes of the ice tongue in three different configurations. The periods recorded varied from 5 minutes to a few hours. In this range of temporal values, the main oceanic forcing mechanisms are ocean swell and infra-gravity waves. We also demonstrated that the vibrations of the glacier tongue, lead to torsion movements and hence rifting. At larger spatial scale, tidal currents and ocean sea surface height impacts on the evolution of the ice tongue. Tidal currents mainly affect the rift opening, whereas the sea surface height tends to modulate the along flow current velocity. In addition to these mechanisms, we followed the evolution of the main rift, first opening on the eastern part of the ice tongue and then on the western part until the glacier calved. Finally, we focused on the different processes leading to calving. The action of the B09B iceberg through the modification of tidal currents, played an important role in this event even if the main rift was almost completely opened
Ramirez, Edson. "Interprétation de la varaibilité climatique. Enregistrée dans les carottes de glace à partir des isotopes stables de l'eau : cas des Andes tropicales." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066574.
Full textLoulergue, Laetitia. "Contraintes chronologiques et biogéochimiques grâce au méthane dans la glace naturelle : une application aux forages du projet EPICA." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00329799.
Full textL'air extrait des glaces polaires du Groenland et de l'Antarctique constitue un véritable témoin des évolutions passées de l'atmosphère de notre planète. L'exploitation des données issues des carottes de glace a mis en évidence une forte corrélation entre les teneurs atmosphériques en gaz à effet de serre (CO2, CH4, N2O) et la température depuis des centaines de milliers d'années. Ces études ont par ailleurs révélé que les concentrations élevées en gaz à effet de serre aujourd'hui n'ont pas d'équivalent sur les derniers 650'000 ans, dans la limite de résolution des analyses. Enfin, elles offrent l'opportunité de mieux comprendre le lien entre climat et cycles biogéochimiques, responsable des variations passées de ces gaz et susceptible de rétroagir sur le climat futur.
Ce travail de thèse a consisté dans un premier temps à analyser à haute résolution temporelle le méthane piégé dans les bulles d'air des récents forages antarctiques EPICA, à Dôme C et à Dronning Maud Land. Ces analyses nous ont permis ensuite (i) de conceptualiser les causes du lien méthane/climat au cours des derniers 800'000 ans et (ii) d'améliorer la chronologie des gaz piégés dans la glace, tout en discutant la séquence des événements climatiques entre les deux hémisphères.
Nous concluons que la modulation à basse fréquence des niveaux de méthane est probablement liée à la variabilité de la mousson asiatique et au déplacement de la zone de convergence intertropicale. A cette modulation se superpose l'apport des zones humides des hautes latitudes lors des transitions glaciaires-interglaciaires. A l'échelle millénaire, au cours des huit dernières périodes glaciaires, nous montrons l'omniprésence d'une variabilité climatique rapide et la persistance probable d'un mécanisme de bascule bipolaire, redistribuant l'énergie entre les deux pôles et au sein des forages antarctiques.
Le calcul de la différence d'âge entre les bulles d'air et la glace environnante (delta âge) est entaché de larges erreurs pour les conditions climatiques passées. Grâce à la synchronisation des signaux de méthane entre les carottes EPICA, et en utilisant l'anomalie de béryllium-10 associé à l'événement géomagnétique de Laschamp, nous avons pu ré-évaluer ce delta âge et montrer une forte surestimation par le modèle de densification du névé pendant la dernière période glaciaire. Ceci nous conduit à réviser à la baisse le retard du dioxyde de carbone sur la température antarctique en début de transition glaciaire-interglaciaire. Les causes exactes de cette surestimation du delta âge en conditions glaciaires restent indéterminées au terme de la thèse ; mais elles impliquent très probablement à la fois les incertitudes sur les paramètres climatiques d'entrée du modèle (température, accumulation) et la physique de la densification du névé en conditions glaciaires.
Gautier, Elsa. "Empreinte isotopique et histoire du volcanisme stratosphérique des 2600 dernières années enregistrées à Dôme C, Antarctique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAU028/document.
Full textPolar ice has proved to be a very valuable way to access Earth's volcanism history, and a large number of volcanic reconstructions are based on ice-core analysis. Reconstructions are fed into climate forcing models in order to estimate volcanic cooling effect, resulting from the interactions between volcanic sulfuric acid aerosols and incident solar radiations. In this type of reconstruction, determining the potential impact of an eruption is a key step. It usually relies on the identification of its signal in both polar caps (bipolar signal). This wide spatial distribution indeed reflects a significant residence time in the stratosphere, and thus a sizable impact on climate. However, ice cores offer an interesting alternative to this method: the analysis of volcanic sulfates reveals a mass independent fractionation of sulfur (S-MIF) in the aerosols formed in the stratosphere, allowing us to discriminate between low climatic impact (tropospheric) and high climatic impact eruptions (stratospheric). Studying the unusual isotopic signature of stratospheric aerosols simultaneously allows for constraining photochemical mechanisms responsible for this anomaly (Δ33S≠ 0), which are currently only partially identified. In 2010-2011, 5 100m-cores were drilled at Dome C, Antarctica in order to reconstruct a history of stratospheric volcanic over the past 2500 years, by the isotopic method. Drilling 5 replicate cores, 1 m apart, allowed us to study various aspects of the reconstruction.Firstly, we were able to assess the sulfate deposition variability on a local scale, and therefore the statistical representativeness of a single core in a volcanic reconstruction. Sulfate concentration analysis of the 5 cores reveals that local scale variability, essentially attributed to snow drift and surface roughness at Dome C, can lead to a non-exhaustive record of volcanic events if a single core is used; on average 30% of the volcanic events are missing per core, and the uncertainty on the volcanic flux (up to 60%) is substantial.Secondly, our detailed analysis (temporal resolution of each eruption) has allowed us to more accurately describe the stratospheric S-MIF signature. Implications on current atmospheric chemistry are evaluated through the set of trends obtained in our samples. We used a simple model implemented with fractionation factors available in the literature to account for the isotopic pattern observed on volcanic sulfate deposition. Through this tool, we evaluated the respective proportions of the different mechanisms assumed to take part in the oxidation process (mass dependent vs. mass independent processes, self-shielding vs. spectral isotopic effect) needed to reproduce natural data, in the current state of experimental knowledge.Finally, the systematic analysis of the isotopic composition (Δ33S) in volcanic events has allowed us to establish a history of the stratospheric volcanism recorded in Dome C in the last 2600 years. Through the isotopic method, in most cases we confirmed the tropical origin of volcanic events as reported in the literature. Discrepancies hinted at high latitude stratospheric events, but the synchronization between North and South Pole records recently established is not questioned. The results also validate the use of the isotopic method to identify stratospheric eruptions in a glacial record
Michelot, Candice. "Le manchot Adélie, sentinelle de la glace de mer : étude du comportement de recherche alimentaire en réponse aux variations environnementales en période de reproduction." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LAROS009.
Full textA central question in ecology is the understanding of the environmental change effects on organisms and on the ecosystem functioning. The Arctic and Antarctic warm faster than any other region on Earth, which has consequences on the sea-ice state and by extent on polar species which depend on it for their breeding and feeding activities. The main objective of my PhD was to determine the behavioural responses of a bio-indicator species, the Adélie penguin, during its foraging activity facing variable sea-ice conditions, at different species levels : individual, population, inter-population. We use a foraging activity dataset (GPS data, diet) on Adélie penguins obtained collected each year since 2010 in Terre Adélie (East Antarctica), at each breeding season in several colonies. We highlight foraging behavioural variations in that species related to sea-ice conditions and dynamics, but similar responses between individuals and between colonies facing comparable environmental conditions. Our results highlight the importance of specific habitats and sea-ice conditions for an optimal foraging activity. We discuss about intrinsic and extrinsic factors at the origin of the observed variations, and of the implication of such variations on the reproductive behaviour of Adélie penguins. Those PhD results are replaced in a context of ecosystem conservation for the implementation of efficient protection measures based on the ecology of sentinel species
Chappellaz, Jérôme. "Etude du méthane atmosphérique au cours du dernier cycle climatique à partir de l'analyse de l'air piégé dans la glace antarctique." Grenoble 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990GRE10035.
Full textPhilippon, Gwenaëlle. "Rôle des calottes glaciaires dans le système climatique : Analyse des interactions entre un modèle de calotte de glace Antarctique et un modèle de climat." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00328184.
Full textMathiot, Pierre. "Influence du forçage atmosphérique sur la représentation de la glace de mer et des eaux de plateau en Antarctique dans une étude de modélisation numérique." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00375960.
Full textParouty, Soazig. "Interprétation des séries temporelles altimétriques sur la calotte polaire Antartique." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/900/.
Full textThis work aims at improving our understanding of the altimetric time series acquired over the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Dual frequency data (S Band - 3. 2GHz and Ku Band - 13. 6GHz) from thealtimeter onboard the ENVISAT satellite are used, during a five year time period from january2003 until december 2007. These data cover around 80% of the surface of the Antarctic continent,up to 82°S. Having data in two different frequencies is valuable when it comes to better estimatethe altimeter sensitivity regarding snow surface property changes. Over the Antarctic ice sheet, snow surface changes with respect to space and time, beingaffected by meteorological conditions close to the surface, and especially winds. The altimetricwave penetrates more or less deeply beneath the surface, depending on snow surface and subsurfaceproperties. As a result, when the wave comes back to the satellite, the recorded signal, namedwaveform, is more or less distorted. The accuracy of the ice sheet topographic changes computedthanks to satellite altimetric techniques depends on our knowledge of the processes inducing thisdistortion. The purpose of the present work is to better understand the effect of changing windconditions on altimetric data. Winds in Antarctica are indeed famous for their strength and theirimpact on the snow surface state. First, spatial and temporal variability of the altimetric data on the one hand, and of wind speedreanalysis fields (from ERA-Interim, NCEP/NCAR and NCEP/DOE projects) on the other handare studied. We estimate spatial and temporal typical length scales for all datasets. As a result, weare able to smooth the data, so that all datasets have the same spatial and temporal caractericticlength scales. Furthermore, we note that our time series are well described by an annual signal. This annual cycle shows that whereas wind speed would always be maximum in austral winter,altimetric seasonal cycles have very different behaviors depending on the location. .
Lescarmontier, Lydie. "Etude des processus de fracturation et vêlage d'iceberg en Antarctique : Une histoire du glacier Mertz." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00730943.
Full textHerreros, Julien. "Interprétations sur le dernier siècle du profil isotopique de l'eau dans deux carottes de glace andines (Coropuna, Pérou, 15°s et San Valentin, Chili, 46°s)." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20026/document.
Full textThis work is focused on the analyses of two new isotopic records (d18O and dD) from Andean ice cores in the subtropics and temperate latitudes. The first 42 m-long ice core was extracted in 2003 from the saddle of Coropuna glacier in Peru (72°39'W, 15°32'S, 6425 m), and the second 122 m-long core in 2007 from the San Valentin summit in Chile (46°35'S, 73°19'W, 4032 m). The isotopic signals were investigated for their suitability as climate archives over the last century, covering the 42 m-long ice core from Coropuna and the first 70 meters of the core from San Valentin, in two different climatic regions. We observed that the isotopic records are affected by post-depositional processes. At the saddle of Coropuna, isotopic homogenization occurs below 3 m as a result of meltwater percolation and isotopic diffusion, and thus the climatic interpretation is not possible. At the San Valentin summit, removal and/or re-deposition of snow by strong winds occurring throughout the year may create a lack of one or more annual snow layers or, on the other hand, may cause unexpected deposits of several meters. Due to these potential conditions, we cannot always identify the annual isotopic cycles and the isotopes histories show no significant correlation with the climatic parameters because of an uncertain dating
Loulergue, Laetitia. "Contraintes chronologiques et biogéochimiques grâce au méthane dans la glace naturelle : une application aux forages du projet EPICA." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE10299.
Full textDierckx, Marie. "Marine ice rheology from deformation experiments of ice shelf samples using a pneumatic compression device: implications for ice shelf stability." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209505.
Full textThe principal objective being to include realistic mechanical parameters for marine ice in ice shelf flow models, uniaxial compression experiments have been performed on various types of marine ice samples. Technical developments are an important component of this thesis has they were necessary to equip the laboratory with the appropriate tools (pneumatic rig, automatic ice fabric data handling).
Results from experimental compression on isotropic marine ice show that it represents the higher boundary for meteoric ice viscosity throughout the whole temperature range, thereby validating Cuffey and Paterson's relationship with an enhancement factor equals to 1.
Marine ice is however often quite anisotropic, showing elongated crystals and wide single maximum fabric, that should impact its mechanical properties. Experiments on pre-oriented marine ice samples have therefore been carried out combining the study of epsilon_{oct} vs. tau_{oct} with a thorough analysis of microstructural data 'before' and 'after' the experiment.
Depending on the orientation of the sample in the applied stress field and on the intensity of the latter, anisotropic marine ice can be harder or softer than its isotropic counterpart, with n=4 often observed in Glen's flow law. Associating the experimental geometrical settings to potential natural equivalent, results suggest that anisotropic marine ice would strengthen ice shelf flow in most areas (for a same given temperature), apart from suturing areas between individual ice streams as they merge to form the ice shelf, where it could become weaker than meteoric ice in certain circumstances.
Finally, preliminary sensitivity studies, using a simple ice shelf model with our experimental parameters of Glen's flow law have allowed us to discuss the potential impact of rift location, rift size and thermal regime in the ice shelf behavior.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Goursaud, Sentia. "Variabilité climatique récente de l'Antarctique : apports des enregistrements issus de carottes de névé." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAU037/document.
Full textDocumenting recent Antarctic climate variability is needed in order to understand the mechanisms at play, associated with the role of Antarctic mass balance for global sea level rise. Proxy records from Antarctic shallow firn cores are precious data, which complement instrumental and remote sensing observations to continuously cover the whole continent. Within these ice cores, water stable isotopes are commonly used to quantify past changes in local temperature.This PhD thesis was initiated within the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche “Improving the Accurancy of SUrface Mass balance of Antarctica” (ASUMA) project, which aims to reconstruct and to identify the processes controlling the spatio-temporal variability of the surface mass balance (SMB) in Adélie Land. I used water stable isotopes records from recently drilled shallow firn cores, as well as atmospheric simulations performed with the high resolution atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM5-wiso model, equipped with water stable isotopes, atmospheric reanalyses and back-trajectories, instrumental and remote sensing climate observations.In a first part, I assessed the skills of the ECHAM5-wiso with respect to Antarctic temperature, SMB, δ18O and deuterium excess (hereafter d-excess), as a prerequisite for the exploitation of the model to interpret isotope compositions. I developed Antarctic-wide diagnostics of the δ18O-temperature and d-excess- δ18O relationships, showing differences in the spatial, seasonal and interannual δ18O-temperature slopes. Within the international working group of PAGES (Past Global Changes) Antarctica 2k, I used the calibrations inferred from ECHAM5-wiso to reconstruct temperatures over 7 Antarctic regions from a synthesis of ice core δ18O records spanning the past 2,000 years.In a second part, new water stable isotope records from two firn core drilled in Adélie Land, the S1C1 and the TA192A, were investigated, covering the periods 1947-2007 and 1998-2014 respectively. The reconstructed SMB display a high spatial variability (74.1 ± 14.1 cm w.e. y-1 and 21.8 ± 6.9 cm w.e. y-1 for the TA192A and S1C1 respectively), consistent with Adélie Land stake data. Using an updated database of Antarctic water stable isotope datasets, I showed that the mean isotopic values (δ18O and d-excess) in Adélie Land are in line with the range of Antarctic coastal values. Statistical analyses show no relationship between our records and local surface air temperature, at the inter-annual scale, but significant relationships with atmospheric back-trajectories and isotopic simulations, suggesting that water stable isotopes in Adélie Land provide fingerprints of the variability of atmospheric dynamics and moisture transport, at the seasonal and inter-annual scales.The analyses performed during this PhD thesis have been limited by the few available Adélie Land water stable isotope records, and by the lack of understanding of deposition and post-deposition processes. Further work is thus needed to exploit the new firn cores drilled within the ASUMA project, and to monitor continuously Adélie Land water stable isotopes in precipitation, surface water vapour and surface snow, in combination with tools of atmospheric simulations such as back-trajectory simulations provided with moisture sources diagnostics, as well as water stable isotopes-enabled atmospheric general and regional circulation models
Mathiot, Pierre. "Influence du forçage atmosphérique sur la représentation de la glace de mer et des eaux de plateau en Antarctique dans une étude de modélisation numérique." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10013.
Full textThe representation in numerical models of dense shelf water formation and interaction between sea ice, ocean, and atmosphere are essential for realistic simulation of bottom water mass and thermohaline circulation. The purpose of this work is to improve the representation of basic processes controling the formation and modification of shelf dense water in Antarctic like sea ice, ice shelves and forcing fields in NEMO ocean/sea-ice model. Series of realistic simulations show that fine tuning for the sea ice model, ice shelf parametrization, and katabatic winds correction have a positive impact on simulated sea ice, polynya and shelf water properties. However, these improvements are not able to correct all initial flaws. Other simulations are carried out, to test the effect of adifferent atmospheric forcing obtained from a regional downscaling of global reanalysis ERA40 in Antarctic area, performed with a regional mesoscale atmospheric model. This work shows that turbulent atmospheric variables (temperature, humidity and wind) have a strong positive impacts on sea ice and shelf water properties. This impact is greater that the tuning, parametrization and correction performed previously. Nevertheless, great effort are yet necessary to produce the regional forcing fields that sea-ice and ice shelves require
Delmotte, Marc. "Enregistrements climatiques à Law Dome : variabilité pour les périodes récentes et pour la déglaciation." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10190.
Full textLacroix, Pascal. "Apport de l'altimétrie radar spatiale à l'étude de la neige de la calotte polaire Antarctique." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00216105.
Full textDepuis 2002 et le lancement de ENVISAT, on dispose d'un altimètre radar qui couvre 80 \% de la calotte polaire Antarctique, dont la particularité est d'acquérir des signaux à deux fréquences différentes (bande S à 3.2 GHz et bande Ku à 13.6 GHz). Ces deux ondes pénètrent dans le manteau neigeux sur plusieurs mètres et ont des sensibilités aux propriétés de la neige différentes. Ainsi, l'idée de cette thèse est d'utiliser cette double information pour retrouver les propriétés du manteau neigeux.
On se propose de résoudre cette problématique par une analyse et une modélisation des signaux altimétriques bi-fréquences sur la calotte polaire, puis par leur inversion. On se penche tout d'abord sur quelques études de cas pour estimer la sensibilité des signaux aux différentes propriétés de la neige: i/ On montre tout d'abord que le signal altimétrique est sensible à la rugosité de la surface à différentes échelles, puis ii/ que le signal altimétrique est sujet à des variations saisonnières causées par la densification de la neige en surface, et enfin iii/ que les ondes radars sont réfléchies par des strates en profondeur.
Un modèle de l'interaction de l'onde avec le manteau neigeux est réalisé simultanément aux deux fréquences, afin de permettre une comparaison de ces signaux entre eux. Les résultats du modèle sont utilisés pour expliquer les variations saisonnières précédemment observées. Finalement, les paramètres du manteau neigeux sont estimés à l'échelle de la calotte polaire antarctique. Les tailles de grains retrouvées présentent un grossissement vers l'intérieur du continent. La densité montre des variations saisonnières de plusieurs g.cm3 notamment sur les côtes antarctiques. Certaines régions présentent un état de surface de la neige particulièrement lisse (Dronning Maud Land, par exemple).
La donnée in situ de l'état de surface de la neige étant quasi inexistante sur les calottes polaires, on développe finalement un protocole de mesure de la rugosité de la neige, qui est testé sur un glacier du Spitzberg.
Leroy-Dos, Santos Christophe. "Variabilité du cycle hydrologique atmosphérique en régions polaires à partir de mesures des isotopes stables de l'eau dans la vapeur, les précipitations et les carottes de névé." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASJ006.
Full textIn a global warming context, understanding the evolution of sea level rise is a major challenge. It is key to estimate the evolution of the atmospheric hydrological cycle in the polar regions, which directly influences the surface mass balance of the Arctic and Antarctic ice caps (the two largest freshwater reservoirs on the planet). Records are available from satellite data for the last 50 years and a few rare weather data since the 50's in Antarctica, but these records are too short to study the patterns of interannual variability and the difference between anthropogenic and natural signals. One of the best ways to access longer records is to use climate proxies in snow cores. The water isotopic composition in these cores is widely used to reconstruct past temperature variations. However, the link between temperature and isotopic composition is not very well constrained because many other parameters influence the isotopic composition of snow at the time of its formation (i.e. temperature, altitude, humidity, origin of the air mass) or after snow deposition on the surface (i.e. atmosphere-snow exchange, signal scattering, sublimation of surface snow).The objective of this thesis is to better understand the atmospheric hydrological cycle and its influence on the isotopic composition of vapour and precipitation in polar regions with the idea of improving the interpretation of snow core records in these regions. This work is divided into 3 parts.Firstly, we developed a technical solution to meet the challenge of measuring the vapor isotopic composition all year round in polar regions. Indeed, winter being very dry in these regions (down to 10 ppmv at Dome C in winter), the use of a Picarro laser analyzer is limited because it is very sensitive to humidity variations below 2000 ppmv. Winter is a key season in the polar regions as it is associated with significant climate variability due to numerous synoptic events. During this thesis, the fabrication of 2 prototypes of low humidity level generator (LHLG) allowed the calibration of the Picarro analyzers over a range of 200 to 2500 ppmv.Then, I analyzed the longest series of vapor and precipitation isotopic composition measurements ever performed in a polar region: 4.5 years continuously at 78°N in Svalbard. I showed that the water isotopic composition at this measurement site was unsignificantly influenced by local processes. Thanks to this, I was able to attribute the observed winter variability to synoptic events and thus assign a different isotopic signature to the air masses according to their origin (North Atlantic or Arctic).Finally, I installed the new calibration instrument (LHLG) built at the beginning of my PhD at Dumont D'Urville (DDU), on the coast in Terre Adélie. Thanks to this, the first continuous measurement campaign of the vapor isotopic composition at DDU initiated in January 2019 is still ongoing. I present here the first 22 months of this new record. This unique series makes possible to document the isotopic signature of the atmospheric hydrological cycle in Terre Adélie all year round. I have studied the influence of katabatic winds, sea ice and atmospheric rivers on the signal recorded in the vapor. These preliminary results open perspectives for the interpretation of recently drilled cores from the ASUMA program