Academic literature on the topic 'Caroli Disease CHF'

Abstract Objectives We studied clinicopathologic features of congenital hepatic fibrosis (CHF) that could aid the diagnosis of this relatively rare condition during adulthood. Methods Five consecutive adult CHF cases were identified in a single institution. Results Clinical manifestations of CHF varied from asymptomatic to requiring liver transplantation. Three of five cases had other disease associations, including Joubert syndrome, Caroli disease, polycystic kidney disease, and congenital anomaly of hepatic vasculature. No unique common radiologic findings were found. Histologically, all cases showed characteristic abnormal interlobular bile ducts embedded in fibrotic portal stroma, with varying degrees of liver fibrosis. Conclusions While other disease associations and characteristic liver histomorphology are helpful clues to suspect the diagnosis of CHF in adult patients, other differential diagnoses should be excluded clinically and radiologically. This study highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary diagnostic approach by pathologists, radiologists, and hepatologists for the accurate diagnosis of CHF during adulthood.

Rare liver diseases caused by ductal plate malformation, such as congenital hepatic fibrosis (CHF), Caroli syndrome, and polycystic liver disease, can have clinical manifestations such as recurrent cholangitis—frequently involving multidrug-resistant microorganisms—leading to difficulties in selecting the optimal antimicrobial treatment. Without prompt recognition, these infections severely hamper the patient’s quality of life and can develop into life-threatening complications. We report here the case of a 50-year-old woman with a history of recurring cholangitis with occasional systemic involvement leading to bloodstream infection, who ultimately received a diagnosis of CHF and was put on chronic suppressive antibiotic therapy while on the waiting list for a liver transplant. We also reviewed the literature collecting cases of recurrent infections occurring in patients with ductal plate malformation.

Congenital hepatic fibrosis is a rare developmental illness caused by a ductal plate malformation, often known as ciliopathy or fibrocystic liver disease. Hepatosplenomegaly and portal hypertension are two symptoms. The disease affects 1/10000–20000 people. frequently associated with a variety of illnesses caused by genetic abnormalities, such as autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) and Caroli syndrome. There hasn't been a way to stop or reverse the progression of congenital hepatic fibrosis until now. Clinical trials of anti-fibrotic medicines such as colchicine, interferon gamma, angiotensin II receptor blockers, pirfenidone, and ursodeoxycholic acid found no significant benefit. The only known cure for CHF is liver transplantation, which is recommended when the condition has progressed to the point when symptoms of liver failure have appeared. In this article we will be making overview of the disease. It’s symptoms and diagnosis, different treatment method, and we will compare some of the articles published about the disease.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Congenital Hepatic Fibrosis (CHF) is caused by mutations in PKHD1, a gene encoding for fibrocystin, a protein of unknown function, expressed in cholangiocyte cilia and centromers. In CHF, biliary dysgenesis is accompanied by severe progressive portal fibrosis and portal hypertension. The mechanisms responsible for portal fibrosis in CHF are unclear. The αvβ6 integrin mediates local activation of TGFβ1 and is expressed by reactive cholangiocytes during cholestasis. To understand the mechanisms of fibrosis in CHF we studied the expression of αvβ6 integrin and its regulation in Pkhd1del4/del4 mice. METHODS: In Pkhd1del4/del4 mice we studied, at different ages (1-12 months): a) portal fibrosis (Sirius Red) and portal hypertension (spleen weight/body weight); b) αvβ6 mRNA and protein expression (RT-PCR, IHC); c) α-SMA and TGFβ1 mRNA expression (RT-PCR); d) portal inflammatory infiltrate (IHC for CD45 and FACS analysis of whole liver infiltrate); f) cytokines secretion from cultured monolayers of primary cholangiocytes (Luminex assay); g) cytokine effects on monocyte/macrophage proliferation (MTS assay) and migration (Boyden chamber); h) TGFβ1 and TNFα effects on β6 integrin mRNA expression by cultured cholangiocytes before and after inhibition of the TGFβ receptor type II (TGFβRII); i) TGFβ1 effects on collagen type I (COLL1) mRNA expression by cultured cholangiocytes. RESULTS: Pkhd1del4/del4 mice showed a progressive increase in αvβ6 integrin expression on biliary cyst epithelia. Expression of αvβ6 correlated with portal fibrosis (r=0.94, p<0.02) and with enrichment of a CD45+ve cell infiltrate in the portal space (r=0.97, p<0.01). Gene expression of TGFβ1 showed a similar age-dependent increase. FACS analysis showed that 50-75% of the CD45+ve cells were macrophages (CD45/CD11b/F4/80+ve). Cultured polarized Pkhd1del4/del4 cholangiocytes secreted from the basolateral side significantly increased amounts of CXCL1 and CXCL10 (p<0.05). Both cytokines were able to stimulate macrophage migration (p<0.05). Basal expression of β6 mRNA by cultured Pkhd1del4/del4 cholangiocytes (0.015±0.002 2^-dCt) was potently stimulated by the macrophage-derived cytokines TGFβ1 (0.017±0.002 2^-dCt, p<0.05) and TNFα (0.018±0.003 2^-dCt, p<0.05). Inhibition of TGFβRII completely blunted TGFβ1 (0.014±0.003 2^-dCt, p<0.05) but not TNFα effects (0.017±0.001 2^-dCt, p=ns) on β6 mRNA. COLL1 mRNA expression by cultured Pkhd1del4/del4 cholangiocytes (0.0009±0.0003 2^-dCt) was further and significantly increased after TGFβ1 stimulation (0.002±0.0005 2^-dCt, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Pkhd1del4/del4 cholangiocytes possess increased basolateral secretory functions of chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL10) able to orchestrate macrophage homing to the peribiliary microenvironment. In turn, by releasing TGFβ1 and TNFα, macrophages up-regulate αvβ6 integrin in Pkhd1del4/del4 cholangiocytes. αvβ6 integrin activates latent TGFβ1, further increasing the fibrogenic properties of cholangiocytes.

<em>Abstract.</em>—Some fisheries managers have reservations concerning marine stock enhancement programs as they believe that stock supplementation is not a proven management strategy. Further, they consider the perceived risks of disease introductions, genetic degradation, and other possible negative impacts unacceptable for an unproven technology. The red drum <em>Sciaenops ocellatus </em>is a highly popular sport fish throughout southern U.S. waters, but population abundance has been drastically reduced due to overharvesting. For more than a decade, South Carolina has been evaluating the impact of stocked red drum in the overall management plan to restore abundance of this species. Findings to date conclude that stocked fish behave similarly to wild fish, sex ratio and survival of stocked fish is similar to wild fish, stocking effects are additive and increase local population size, growth of wild cohorts is not impacted by presence of stocked fish, stocked fish enter into the adult population, and negative genetic impacts are not likely in a properly managed program. Over this same time period, experiments conducted in Texas and Florida have also addressed many of the critical uncertainties associated with red drum stocking. Data from these three states have demonstrated that responsibly managed stocking programs can increase local abundance while not displacing wild red drum or causing loss of genetic diversity. In spite of these encouraging findings, stocking should not be considered as a panacea or total solution to population restoration. Nursery and spawning habitats must be vigorously protected and regulations must be maintained to prevent overfishing if long-term sustainability is to be achieved. Similarly, based on data collected to date, stocking may not be the pariah that some managers perceive. Indeed, it will only be through additional controlled studies that the role of stocked red drum can be quantitatively assessed as a management tool.

There is currently a great deal of interest in the diagnosis and treatment of unstable angina and silent ischemia.Many feel that these syndromes are due, in part, to periodic accumulation of platelet thrombi which subsequently embolize.In addition, anti-piatelet therapy is also considered necessary for patients after coronary artery bypass grafts (CABG'S), balloon angioplasty, and thrombolysis. Currently the two antiplatelet agents most commonly prescribed for the patient conditions mentioned above are aspirin (ASA), alone or in combination with dipyridamole (Dip). ASA reduces cardiac events in patients with unstable angina, and prolongs CABG graft patency. The addition of Dip to ASA therapy is very confusing since most studies done compared ASA + Dip to placebo. In several studies however,when an ASA group was compared to an ASA + Dip group there was no significant difference.We have developed and will describe ananimal model of coronary artery stenosis in the dog and the pig, or carotid arterystenosis in the monkey and the rabbit, with intimal damage, that simulates some ofthe conditions that exist in patients with coronary or carotid artery disease. The artery to be studied is dissected outand blood flow is continuously measured with an electromagnetic flowmeter probe. As acute platelet thrombus formation (APTF) developes in the stenosed lumen, the blood flow declines to low levels, producing ischemia until the thrombus emobolizesdistally resulting in abrupt restoration of blood flow. These cyclical flow reductions (CFR's), when they occur in the coronaries, produce ECG changes identical to those observed in patients with silent ischemia and unstable angina. They also produce significant transient regional dyskinesis of the ventricular wall, which resolves when blood flow is restored. Histologic examination of myocardial tissue in the bed distal to the stenosis shows focal areas of ischemic change presumably caused by the embolized platelet emboli.We have examined factors which exacerbate the size and frequency of these CFR"ssuch as; IV infusion of epinephrine (E) 0.4 μg/kg/min for 15 min, ventilating the animals with cigarette smoke, infusing nicotine IV, or placing chewing tobacco under the tongue.We have examined four groups of agentswhich prevent APTF in our model.1. Antiplatelet agents including ASA, indomethacin, ibuprofen and several other NSAI agentsas well as several experimental thromboxane synthetase inhibitors. These agents all block the production of TXA2and inhibit APTF in our model. Unfortunately the IV infusion of E reinstates APTtemporarily (by another biochemical pathway) until the E is metabolized. High (2-4 mg/kg) doses of Dip, alone or with sub threshold dose of ASA does nothing to I APTF.However,0.6mg/kg of chi orpromaz i ne abolishes APTF in all four species and protects agents renewal of APTF by E.2. Dietary Substances In our model, caffeine 10 mg/kg, or the extract from two garlic cloves, or enough ethanol to achieve a blood alcohol level of 0.07 mg% all significantly inhibit or abolish APTF in our model.3. Metabolic Inhibitors POCA, an oral hypoglycemic agent, which inhibits mitochondrial beta oxidation of fatty acids also inhibits APTF in our model possibly by reducing ATP production in the platelet.4. We have studied a monoclonal antibody(developed by Dr. Barry Coller) to the platelet I Ib�I I la glycoprotein receptor where fibrinogen binds platelets into aggregates and ultimately leads to APTF. This antibody 0.3 mg/kg/completely inhibits APTF, and also strongly inhibits in vitro platelet aggregation in response to either ADP or collagen given alone or each combined with E. This antibody is the most potent inhibitor of APTF that we have studied.