Journal articles: 'Carnivorous plants Morphology'

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Poppinga, Simon, Kerstin Koch, Holger Florian Bohn, and Wilhelm Barthlott. "Comparative and functional morphology of hierarchically structured anti-adhesive surfaces in carnivorous plants and kettle trap flowers." Functional Plant Biology 37, no. 10 (2010): 952. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp10061.

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Plant surfaces that are slippery for insects have evolved independently several times in the plant kingdom, mainly in the groups of carnivorous plants and kettle trap flowers. The surface morphologies of 53 species from both groups were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the surfaces possess highly diverse topographical structures. We present a classification of 12 types of anti-adhesive surfaces, in regard to the assembly and hierarchy of their structural elements. The observed structural elements are different combinations of epidermal cell curvatures with cuticular folds or 3D epicuticular wax crystals and idioblastic elements.

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Deban, Stephen M., Roi Holzman, and Ulrike K. Müller. "Suction Feeding by Small Organisms: Performance Limits in Larval Vertebrates and Carnivorous Plants." Integrative and Comparative Biology 60, no. 4 (July 13, 2020): 852–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icaa105.

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Abstract Suction feeding has evolved independently in two highly disparate animal and plant systems, aquatic vertebrates and carnivorous bladderworts. We review the suction performance of animal and plant suction feeders to explore biomechanical performance limits for aquatic feeders based on morphology and kinematics, in the context of current knowledge of suction feeding. While vertebrates have the greatest diversity and size range of suction feeders, bladderworts are the smallest and fastest known suction feeders. Body size has profound effects on aquatic organismal function, including suction feeding, particularly in the intermediate flow regime that tiny organisms can experience. A minority of tiny organisms suction feed, consistent with model predictions that generating effective suction flow is less energetically efficient and also requires more flow-rate specific power at small size. Although the speed of suction flows generally increases with body and gape size, some specialized tiny plant and animal predators generate suction flows greater than those of suction feeders 100 times larger. Bladderworts generate rapid flow via high-energy and high-power elastic recoil and suction feed for nutrients (relying on photosynthesis for energy). Small animals may be limited by available muscle energy and power, although mouth protrusion can offset the performance cost of not generating high suction pressure. We hypothesize that both the high energetic costs and high power requirements of generating rapid suction flow shape the biomechanics of small suction feeders, and that plants and animals have arrived at different solutions due in part to their different energy budgets.

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Fadeeva, Elena, and Boris Chichkov. "Biomimetic Liquid-Repellent Surfaces by Ultrafast Laser Processing." Applied Sciences 8, no. 9 (August 21, 2018): 1424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8091424.

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This review is focused on the realization of liquid-repellent surfaces, inspired by two biological models: “dry” superhydrophobic leaves and “slippery” liquid-repellent carnivorous plants using ultrafast laser processing. After a short introduction to a biomimetic development process, an overview of the laser-fabricated structures, which were intensively used for the realization of biomimetic “dry” and “slippery” liquid-repellent surfaces, is given. The influence of process parameters on the structure morphology is discussed. A summary of superhydrophobic and liquid-repellent modifications of different materials (metals, semiconductors, and polymers), including wettability characteristics and processing details, is provided. The technological applications of laser-structured liquid-repellent surfaces are discussed.

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Lenihan, William, and Rachel Schultz. "Carnivorous pitcher plant species (Sarracenia purpurea) increases root growth in response to nitrogen addition." Botany 92, no. 12 (December 2014): 917–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2014-0172.

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Nitrogen (N) deposition from anthropogenic sources can facilitate the encroachment of plant species with high-N demands into nutrient-poor ecosystems such as sphagnum bogs. Prior research has demonstrated that altered leaf morphology of the carnivorous pitcher plant Sarracenia purpurea L. can serve as a biological indicator of increased bog nitrification. Our objective was to assess the effect of N addition on the root morphology of S. purpurea. To make this assessment, nine S. purpurea plants were grown in microcosms with their roots positioned on transparent acrylic tubes so that root growth could be monitored. Three replicate microcosms received either a high-N treatment (1.0 mg NH4-N·L−1), low-N treatment (0.1 mg NH4-N·L−1), or no additional N. After 7 weeks, we scanned the roots with WinRhizo Pro software, recorded leaf dimensions, and measured the dry mass of the roots and leaves. The high-N treatment had significantly greater root length, surface area, and dry biomass than the controls. In contrast, we found no difference in leaf dimensions or aboveground biomass among treatments. The results of this study support our hypothesis that S. purpurea increases root growth to uptake nutrients from the soil under conditions of increased N deposition.

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Ristiawan, Hani, and Agus Hikmat. "The PREY COMPOSITION OF Nepenthes gymnamphora Reinw. Ex Nees AT MOUNT BISMO, DERODUWUR HIKING TRAIL, WONOSOBO, CENTRAL JAVA." Media Konservasi 27, no. 3 (December 21, 2022): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/medkon.27.3.116-120.

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Nepenthes gymnamphora (kantong semar, palaeotropic pitcher plant) is a carnivorous plant that spreads across the mountains of Java, one of which is on Mount Bismo, Dieng Mountains, Central Java. The prey composition N. gymnamphora here has not been studied before. The purpose of this study was to identify the composition of prey of N. gymnamphora in the Deroduwur Hiking Trail, Mount Bismo, Wonosobo, Central Java. The method used is the identification of prey in the pitcher that has been opened, both the upper and lower pitcher types. The main prey of N. gymnamphora are invertebrates from the ordo of Hymenoptera, Blattodea, Diptera, Araneae, and Diplura. Based on the prey composition analysis, there was a tendency of pitcher dimorphism, namely the upper pitcher of N. gymnamphora tended to contain flying invertebrates, while the lower pitcher tended to contain terrestrial invertebrates. This is influenced by the morphology of the pitcher, the upper pitcher tends to be lighter in color than the lower pitcher so that it is more attractive to fly invertebrates. In addition, the pitcher of N. gymnamphora provides a microhabitat for the larvae of Culicidae and Syrphidae. Keywords: carnivorous plants, Mount Bismo, Nepenthes gymnamphora, prey composition.

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Hartmeyer, Siegfried R. H., Irmgard Hartmeyer, Tom Masselter, Robin Seidel, Thomas Speck, and Simon Poppinga. "Catapults into a deadly trap: The unique prey capture mechanism of Drosera glanduligera." Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 42, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 4–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.55360/cpn421.sh574.

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Active trapping mechanisms constitute some of the most spectacular examples for how carnivorous plants catch their prey. Recently, we showed that the Pimpernel Sundew (Drosera glanduligera Lehm.) possesses active combined catapult-flypaper- traps which work with a sophisticated two-step mechanism: after mechanical stimulation, elongated marginal snap-tentacles at the trap periphery rapidly fling the prey, often with its dorsal side first, onto sticky glue-tentacles on the leaf blade within less than 1/10 second. Subsequently, stimulated mechanically by the impact, slower glue-tentacles lift the prey into a deeply concave leaf-center where digestion takes place. The snap-tentacles have been analyzed in respect to their kinematics, functional morphology and anatomy, and our observations confirm a complex adaptation to carnivory.

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Shrestha, Rajani, and Sheetal Vaidya. "Brain Morphology and Feeding Habits of Some Fresh Water Teleosts of Nepal." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 4, no. 1 (March 31, 2016): 79–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v4i1.14586.

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External morphology of teleost brain is organized in such a way that it reflects the correlation between sensory adaptation and principal modes of activity very clearly. Channa gachua, Garra annandelei and Heteropneustes fossilis are among the 168 fresh water fishes recorded in Nepal. While examining the gut contents of these fishes, it was found that C. gachua fed primarily on insects, G. annandelei fed mainly on filamentous algae whereas H. fossilis fed both on plants and animals. Their brain morphology revealed that olfaction in C. gachua was stronger than in G. annandelei and H. fossilis. Similarly, optic sense was also more powerful in C. gachua than in G. annandelei and in H. fossilis. On the contrary, cerebellum of H. fossilis was more developed than that of G. annandelei and C. gachua. These morphological differences of brain could be undoubtedly correlated with the carnivorous, herbivorous and omnivorous feeding behaviour of C. gachua, G. annandelei and H. fossilis respectively. Moreover, in all three fishes, around 20% of the total gut content was made of mud and sand, and they all had inferior mouths, indicating that they were bottom feeders.Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 4(1): 79-81

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Poppinga, Simon, Noah Knorr, Sebastian Ruppert, and Thomas Speck. "Chemonastic Stalked Glands in the Carnivorous Rainbow Plant Byblis gigantea LINDL. (Byblidaceae, Lamiales)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 19 (September 29, 2022): 11514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911514.

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Carnivorous rainbow plants (Byblis, Byblidaceae, Lamiales) possess sticky flypaper traps for the capture, retention, and digestion of prey (mainly small insects). The trapping system is based on a multitude of millimeter-sized glandular trichomes (also termed stalked glands), which produce adhesive glue drops. For over a century, the trapping system of Byblis was considered passive, meaning that no plant movement is involved. Recently, a remarkable discovery was made: the stalked glands of Byblis are indeed capable of reacting to chemical (protein) stimuli with slow movement responses. This prompted us to investigate this phenomenon further with a series of experiments on the stimulation, kinematics, actuation, and functional morphology of the stalked glands of cultivated Byblis gigantea plants. Measured stalked gland lengths and densities on the trap leaves are similar to the data from the literature. Motion reactions could only be triggered with chemical stimuli, corroborating the prior study on the stalked gland sensitivity. Reaction time (i.e., time from stimulation until the onset of motion) and movement duration are temperature-dependent, which hints towards a tight physiological control of the involved processes. The stalked gland movement, which consist of a sequence of twisting and kinking motions, is rendered possible by the components of the stalk cell wall and is furthermore anatomically and mechanically predetermined by the orientation of cellulose microfibrils in the cell wall. Successive water displacement processes from the stalk cell into the basal cells actuate the movement. The same kinematics could be observed in stalked glands drying in air or submersed in a saturated salt solution. Stimulated and dried stalked glands as well as those from the hypertonic medium were capable of regaining their initial shape by rehydration in water. However, no glue production could be observed afterwards. The long-time overlooked chemonastic movements of stalked glands may help Byblis to retain and digest its prey; however, further research is needed to shed light on the ecological characteristics of the rainbow plant’s trapping system.

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Poppinga, Simon, Carmen Weisskopf, Anna Sophia Westermeier, Tom Masselter, and Thomas Speck. "Fastest predators in the plant kingdom: functional morphology and biomechanics of suction traps found in the largest genus of carnivorous plants." AoB Plants 8 (November 24, 2015): plv140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plv140.

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Płachno, Bartosz J., Lubomír Adamec, Piotr Świątek, Małgorzata Kapusta, and Vitor F. O. Miranda. "Life in the Current: Anatomy and Morphology of Utricularia neottioides." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 12 (June 23, 2020): 4474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21124474.

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Rheophytism is extremely rare in the Utricularia genus (there are four strictly rheophytic species out of a total of about 260). Utricularia neottioides is an aquatic rheophytic species exclusively growing attached to bedrocks in the South American streams. Utricularia neottioides was considered to be trap-free by some authors, suggesting that it had given up carnivory due to its specific habitat. Our aim was to compare the anatomy of rheophytic U. neottioides with an aquatic Utricularia species with a typical linear monomorphic shoot from the section Utricularia, U. reflexa, which grows in standing or very slowly streaming African waters. Additionally, we compared the immunodetection of cell wall components of both species. Light microscopy, histochemistry, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy were used to address our aims. In U. neottioides, two organ systems can be distinguished: organs (stolons, inflorescence stalk) which possess sclerenchyma and are thus resistant to water currents, and organs without sclerenchyma (leaf-like shoots), which are submissive to the water streaming/movement. Due to life in the turbulent habitat, U. neottioides evolved specific characters including an anchor system with stolons, which have asymmetric structures, sclerenchyma and they form adhesive trichomes on the ventral side. This anchor stolon system performs additional multiple functions including photosynthesis, nutrient storage, vegetative reproduction. In contrast with typical aquatic Utricularia species from the section Utricularia growing in standing waters, U. neottioides stems have a well-developed sclerenchyma system lacking large gas spaces. Plants produce numerous traps, so they should still be treated as a fully carnivorous plant.

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Reut, Markus S., and Bartosz J. Płachno. "Unusual developmental morphology and anatomy of vegetative organs in Utricularia dichotoma—leaf, shoot and root dynamics." Protoplasma 257, no. 2 (October 28, 2019): 371–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00709-019-01443-6.

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Abstract The terrestrial carnivorous species Utricularia dichotoma is known for a great phenotypic plasticity and unusual vegetative organs. Our investigation on 22 sources/populations revealed that after initiation of a leaf and two bladders on a stolon, a bud was formed in the proximal axil of the leaf, developing into a rosette with up to seven organs. The first two primordia of the bud grew into almost every possible combination of organs, but often into two anchor stolons. The patterns were generally not population specific. The interchangeability of organs increased with increasing rank in the succession of organs on stolon nodes. A high potential of switching developmental programs may be successful in a fluctuating environment. In this respect, we were able to show that bladders developed from anchor stolons experimentally when raising the water table. Anatomical structures were simple, lacunate and largely homogenous throughout all organs. They showed similarities with many hydrophytes, reflecting the plant’s adaptation to (temporarily) submerged conditions. The principal component analysis was used in the context of dynamic morphology to illustrate correlations between organ types in the morphospace of U. dichotoma, revealing an organ specific patchwork of developmental processes for typical leaves and shoots, and less pronounced for a typical root. The concept and methods we applied may prove beneficial for future studies on the evolution of Lentibulariaceae, and on developmental morphology and genetics of unusual structures in plants.

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Murza, Gillian L., and Arthur R. Davis. "Comparative flower structure of three species of sundew (Drosera anglica, Drosera linearis, and Drosera rotundifolia) in relation to breeding system." Canadian Journal of Botany 81, no. 11 (November 1, 2003): 1129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b03-104.

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Whereas much attention has been given to the fascinating prey-trapping leaves of carnivorous plants, less research has been conducted on their flower structure and breeding systems. Accordingly, a comparative study of the floral morphology and anatomy of the three species of sundews (Droseraceae: Drosera anglica Huds., Drosera linearis Goldie, and Drosera rotundifolia L.) in Saskatchewan was performed to ascertain the presence of floral rewards for potential pollinators and to obtain pollen to ovule ratios, an indicator of breeding system. Utilizing light and scanning electron microscopy, differences between the three species were apparent in length of styles, number of placentas, anther and pollen colour, and structure of glandular trichomes on sepals. The occurrence of features unique to each species does not support the concept of D. anglica as a hybrid of the other two species. Flowers of all three species lack nectaries, although clusters of papillate cells that were reminiscent of secretory tissue were observed at the apices of anthers and at the summits of ovaries. Pollen to ovule ratios were low for all species, ranging from 9.0 to 18.7 in D. rotundifolia and D. linearis, respectively, suggesting an autogamous breeding system for each species.Key words: Drosera anglica, Drosera linearis, Drosera rotundifolia, Droseraceae, comparative flower structure, pollen to ovule ratios, breeding system.

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Nishida, Sachiko, Akiyo Naiki, and Takayoshi Nishida. "Morphological variation in leaf domatia enables coexistence of antagonistic mites in Cinnamomum camphora." Canadian Journal of Botany 83, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b04-152.

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We examined variation in Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl (Lauraceae) leaf domatium morphology with respect to domatium inhabitants in the tree's natural habitats. Canonical discriminant analysis revealed that domatium morphology could be classified into four different types: pouch type, domatia with a narrow (about 0.06 mm) pubescent opening; pubescent pit type, domatia with a wider (about 0.21 mm) pubescent opening; glabrous pit type, domatia similar to the pubescent pit type but with a glabrous opening; and dish type, domatia with a wide (about 0.26 mm) glabrous opening. These four domatium types were found in different positions on a leaf, and domatia with narrower openings tended to occur in or near the position between the midrib and basal secondary veins. The four domatium types were associated, respectively, with herbivorous Eriophyidae mites and herbivorous or fungivorous Tarsonemidae mites; with carnivorous Stigmaeidae mites; with Stigmaeidae mites and egg shells or excuviae of carnivorous Phytoseiidae mites; and with egg shells or excuviae of Phytoseiidae mites. These results suggest that different mites use different domatia, even on the same C. camphora leaf. This conclusion may explain the different results in previous reports about domatium fauna. It suggests that ecological interactions within the plantherbivorecarnivore system are complicated.Key words: carnivorous mite, Cinnamomum camphora, domatia, herbivorous mite, inhabitant, morphology.

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Shoar-Ghafari, Almas, and Colette Vintéjoux. "Morphologie des organes de capture des plantes carnivores." Acta Botanica Gallica 147, no. 1 (January 2000): 37–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12538078.2000.10515834.

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Tiffney, Bruce H. "Plant Life in the Age of Dinosaurs." Short Courses in Paleontology 2 (1989): 34–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475263000000830.

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Why plants? – Why include plants in a course on dinosaurs? They don't move, lack large teeth and sharp claws, and are non-sentient. The average student (who can spell Deinonychus correctly) hasn't a clue to the genera of even the most common plants. However, without plants, dinosaurs (or any other heterotroph) would not exist. Plants are the basis for global life, trapping the sun's energy in a form useful to consumers. Thus, the photosynthetic efficiency, palatability, and digestibility of plants define the total energy in the system available for use by consumers – and therefore the total biomass of consumers. Additionally, the morphology of individual plants determines the “packages” of food available to herbivores, and in the aggregate, the three-dimensional environment in which the herbivores and their carnivores live.

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Adamec, Lubomír. "A comparison of photosynthetic and respiration rates in six aquatic carnivorous Utricularia species differing in morphology." Aquatic Botany 111 (November 2013): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2013.06.004.

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Westermeier, Anna S., Natalie Hiss, Thomas Speck, and Simon Poppinga. "Functional–morphological analyses of the delicate snap-traps of the aquatic carnivorous waterwheel plant (Aldrovanda vesiculosa) with 2D and 3D imaging techniques." Annals of Botany 126, no. 6 (August 11, 2020): 1099–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaa135.

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Abstract Background and Aims The endangered aquatic carnivorous waterwheel plant (Aldrovanda vesiculosa) catches prey with 3–5-mm-long underwater snap-traps. Trapping lasts 10–20 ms, which is 10-fold faster than in its famous sister, the terrestrial Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula). After successful capture, the trap narrows further and forms a ‘stomach’ for the digestion of prey, the so-called ‘sickle-shaped cavity’. To date, knowledge is very scarce regarding the deformation process during narrowing and consequent functional morphology of the trap. Methods We performed comparative analyses of virtual 3D histology using computed tomography (CT) and conventional 2D histology. For 3D histology we established a contrasting agent-based preparation protocol tailored for delicate underwater plant tissues. Key Results Our analyses reveal new structural insights into the adaptive architecture of the complex A. vesiculosa snap-trap. In particular, we discuss in detail the arrangement of sensitive trigger hairs inside the trap and present actual 3D representations of traps with prey. In addition, we provide trap volume calculations at different narrowing stages. Furthermore, the motile zone close to the trap midrib, which is thought to promote not only the fast trap closure by hydraulics but also the subsequent trap narrowing and trap reopening, is described and discussed for the first time in its entirety. Conclusions Our research contributes to the understanding of a complex, fast and reversible underwater plant movement and supplements preparation protocols for CT analyses of other non-lignified and sensitive plant structures.

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Bayssade-Dufour, Christiane, René Chermette, Danijela Šundić, and Branko M. Radujković. "PARAGONIMUS KERBERTI N.SP. (DIGENEA, PARAGONIMIDAE), PARASITE OF CARNIVORES IN CAMEROON." Ecologica Montenegrina 2, no. 3 (May 26, 2015): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2015.2.31.

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Paragonimus kerberti n.sp. (hitherto undescribed) is reported from the lungs of artificially infected cat (Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758) from Cameroon. Its description is based on the morphology of adult worms but also, on the dimension of fresh, living eggs released from experimentally infected cats (in the metraterm of mature worms, or laid by living worm), length of prepatent period and duration of eggs incubation.

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Bayssade-Dufour, Christiane, René Chermette, Danijela Šundić, and Branko M. Radujković. "PARAGONIMUS GONDWANENSIS N. SP. (DIGENEA, PARAGONIMIDAE), PARASITE OF MAMMALS (HUMANS AND CARNIVORES) IN CAMEROON." Ecologica Montenegrina 1, no. 4 (December 22, 2014): 256–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2014.1.34.

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Paragonimus gondwanensis n. sp. (hitherto undescribed) is reported from the lungs of naturally infected cat (Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758) and civet [Civettictis civetta (Schreber, 1776)] from Cameroon. Its description is based on the morphology of adult worms but also, on the dimension of fresh, living eggs released from naturally and experimentally infected cats and hospitalized patients (in the metraterm of worms, emitted in the beginning of prepatent period and laid by living worm), length of prepatent period and duration of eggs incubation. The presence of this species in human patients is confirmed

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Solijonov, Khayrulla, and Farrukh U. Umarov. "ECOLOGY OF LEECHES AND GASTROPODS OF THE LOWER AK-BUURA RIVER, FERGANA VALLEY, UZBEKISTAN." Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum 17, no. 2 (December 20, 2022): 229–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26842/binhm.7.2022.17.2.0229.

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This study was conducted on species composition, morphology, ecological characteristics, biotope distribution, ecological groups, biodiversity indicators and zoogeography of leeches and gastropods distributed in the lower Ak-Buura River. According to the results, it was found that 7 species of leeches belonging to 4 families and 6 genera and 10 species of fresh-water gastropods belonging to 3 families and 6 genera live in the lower Ak-Buura River. In the river, it was observed that leeches are mainly distributed in muddy biotopes, and gastropods are widespread in muddy, stony and sandy biotopes with a lot of plants. Biodiversity indices of leeches and gastropods in the Ak-Buura River were analyzed using the Shannon index. As a result, it was determined that the biodiversity index of the Ak-Buura river is lower than other rivers in the Fergana valley (H' = 0.81-1.17). This is mainly due to the eutrophication of some parts of the river and the instability of the water hydro-regime. Most of the leeches distributed in the river are carnivores, and gastropods are phytophages. According to the zoogeographical analysis, it was found that leeches are Holarctic, Palearctic, Western Palearctic, and gastropods are composed of European-Siberian, Palearctic and Central Asian species.

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Krueger, Thilo, Adam T. Cross, Jeremy Hübner, Jérôme Morinière, Axel Hausmann, and Andreas Fleischmann. "A novel approach for reliable qualitative and quantitative prey spectra identification of carnivorous plants combining DNA metabarcoding and macro photography." Scientific Reports 12, no. 1 (March 21, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-08580-8.

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AbstractPrey spectra (the number and composition of captured arthropods) represent a crucial aspect of carnivorous plant ecology, yet remain poorly studied. Traditional morphology-based approaches for prey identification are time-intensive, require specialists with considerable knowledge of arthropod taxonomy, and are hampered by high numbers of unidentifiable (i.e., heavily digested) prey items. We examined prey spectra of three species of closely-related annual Drosera (Droseraceae, sundews) from tropical northern Australia using a novel DNA metabarcoding approach with in-situ macro photography as a plausibility control and to facilitate prey quantity estimations. This new method facilitated accurate analyses of carnivorous plant prey spectra (even of heavily digested prey lacking characteristic morphological features) at a taxonomic resolution and level of completeness far exceeding morphology-based methods and approaching the 100% mark at arthropod order level. Although the three studied species exhibited significant differences in detected prey spectra, little prey specialisation was observed and habitat or plant population density variations were likely the main drivers of prey spectra dissimilarity.

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BALEEIRO, PAULO C., PAULO M. GONELLA, PAULO T. SANO, and RICHARD W. JOBSON. "Unveiling Utricularia amethystina’s true colours: a taxonomic revision of one of the largest species complexes (U. sect. Foliosa, Lentibulariaceae)." Phytotaxa 576, no. 1 (December 15, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.576.1.2.

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The genus Utricularia (Lentibulariaceae) is the most diverse and cosmopolitan among carnivorous plants. Utricularia sect. Foliosa sensu Taylor (1989) is composed of three South American species, U. amethystina, U. tricolor and U. tridentata, the first species being recognized as highly diverse. In his taxonomic revision of the genus Utricularia, Taylor (1989) circumscribed the polymorphic U. amethystina comprising 27 synonyms involving a wide variation in corolla size and colour, morphology of corolla parts, indumentum, and overall plant size. The original publications of the synonyms provide limited information disencouraging a revision study and therefore inflating U. amethystina as new variations were discovered. In order to shed light onto the problem, a taxonomic revision, a morphometric and a molecular study showed evidence of a larger complex than previously thought, and U. amethystina s.str. sister to U. tricolor. A previously published molecular phylogeny provided strong support for all sampled U. amethystina synonyms and potential new taxa found to be nested outside the U. amethystina s.str. and U. tricolor clade. Here, we incorporate these new relationships and describe and comment on the species that comprise U. sect. Foliosa, including the restablishment of six synonyms, the description of three new species and lectotypification of five names. The current study disentangles U. amethystina complex so that further studies can approach it in a more realistic way, especially studies using population genetics tools. Our study shows that more needs to be done and here U. hirtella is presented as a new complex.

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Agrawal, Arpita, Ashwani Pareek, and Jeremy Dkhar. "Genetic Basis of Carnivorous Leaf Development." Frontiers in Plant Science 12 (January 13, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.825289.

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Plant carnivory is often manifested as dramatic changes in the structure and morphology of the leaf. These changes appear to begin early in leaf development. For example, the development of the Sarracenia purpurea leaf primordium is associated with the formation of an adaxial ridge, whose growth along with that of the leaf margin resulted in a hollow structure that later developed into a pitcher. In Nepenthes khasiana, pitcher formation occurs during the initial stages of leaf development, although this has not been shown at the primordial stage. The formation of the Utricularia gibba trap resulted from the growth of the dome-shaped primordium in both the longitudinal and transverse directions. Recent research has begun to unfold the genetic basis of the development of the carnivorous leaf. We review these findings and discuss them in relation to the flat-shaped leaves of the model plant Arabidopsis.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Carnivorous plants Morphology'

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