Journal articles on the topic 'Carl Troll'
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Holtmeier, Friedrich-Karl. "Carl Troll." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 39, no. 4 (August 2015): 554–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133315595573.
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Carl Troll published numerous articles in various fields of geography. The present article is focused on some remarkable publications that have essentially contributed to progress in physical geography. Articles on the relationships between vegetation and climates at the global and at the regional and local scales in a three-dimensional view play a major role in this respect. Among them is the map of the seasonal climates of the earth (1964). His detailed vegetation map (1: 50,000) of the Nanga Parbat regions must also be mentioned in this context. Troll’s extensive and profound article ‘Patterned ground and solifluction’ (1944) and a few related publications, however, have been at least as important and inspired younger generations of physical geographers. Troll was also a pioneer in modern high-mountain geography. It was mainly Troll’s comparative approach to the world’s high mountains that made his studies so valuable and unique.
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Kwa, Chunglin. "The Visual Grasp of the Fragmented Landscape." Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 48, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 180–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2018.48.2.180.
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Between 1925 and 1980, landscape ecology underwent important changes through the gradual imposition of the view from above, through the uses of aerial photography. A new concept emerged, “the smallest unit of landscape,” also called ecotope and land unit, expressing a direct visual grasp of the landscape. This article compares the view from above as introduced and promoted by geographers Carl Troll and Isaak Zonneveld, with its (problematic) history vis-à-vis a school of ecology, i.e., plant sociology, led by Josias Braun-Blanquet and Reinhold Tüxen. This school’s internal struggles with balancing the physiognomic gaze (at the ground) and numerical methods are discussed. In comparison, the geographers based themselves on the mechanical objectivity of standardized aerial surveys, whereas the plant sociologists relied on their subjective expert judgment of plant recognition together with the structural objectivity of their numerical methods. An important communality of both schools was their inductive building of a landscape from its constituent landscape fragments. Landscape fragments were identified through abstraction and categorization, emanating from a taxonomical style of science.
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Ribeiro, Reuvia De Oliveira, and Fernando De Morais. "A paisagem na viagem ao interior do Brasil de Johann Emanuel Pohl." Revista Ibero-Americana de Ciências Ambientais 10, no. 6 (November 5, 2019): 316–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.6008/cbpc2179-6858.2019.006.0027.
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O Brasil no século XIX foi destino de vários expedicionários chamados de naturalistas. Por interesse no conhecimento ou em busca de novidades para a sociedade europeia, tais homens adentraram o Brasil e deixaram registros valiosos do período. O estudo tem por objetivo buscar as concepções de paisagem e em especial a paisagem do Tocantins em tal período descrita no diário de Johann Emanuel Pohl, posteriormente publicado em forma de livro. A partir da seleção metodológica com palavras-chave e frases, foi possível identificar traços e referências significativas a conceitos e formulações sobre a paisagem que seriam desenvolvidos nos séculos posteriores. Constatou-se uma visão plural da paisagem marcada pela formação cultural e científica do viajante que estabelece comparações e diferenças com o seu local de origem. Os escritos permitem identificar paralelos com as concepções de paisagem desenvolvidas por Alexander Von Humboldt, Siegfried Passarge, Richard Hartshorne, Carl Troll e Georges Bertrand. A pesquisa explora além da literatura de viagem do século XIX, as bases de formação do pensamento geográfico e contribui para o crescimento dos estudos sobre paisagem mediante o estudo dos escritos históricos acerca de viagens. Este estudo pode ser de grande contribuição para as ciências ambientais ao ter como objetos de estudos a paisagem e a descrição regional.
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BARNEY, RACHEL. "[Aristotle], On Trolling." Journal of the American Philosophical Association 2, no. 2 (2016): 193–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/apa.2016.9.
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That trolling is a shameful thing, and that no one of sense would accept to be called ‘troll’, all are agreed; but what trolling is, and how many its species are, and whether there is an excellence of the troll, is unclear. And indeed trolling is said in many ways; for some call ‘troll’ anyone who is abusive on the internet, but this is only the disagreeable person, or in newspaper comments the angry old man. And the one who disagrees loudly on the blog on each occasion is a lover of controversy, or an attention-seeker. And none of these is the troll, or perhaps some are of a mixed type; for there is no art in what they do. (Whether it is possible to troll one's own blog is unclear; for the one who poses divisive questions seems only to seek controversy, and to do so openly; and this is not trolling but rather a kind of clickbait.)
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Uhen, Mark D. "The Rise of Marine Mammals: 50 Million Years of Evolution. By Annalisa Berta; Graphics Editor: James L. Sumich; illustrated by Carl Buell, Robert Boessenecker, William Stout, and Ray Troll. Baltimore (Maryland): Johns Hopkins University Press. $75.00. xiii + 198 p.; ill.; index. ISBN: 9781421423258 (hc); 9781421423265 (eb). 2017." Quarterly Review of Biology 93, no. 4 (December 2018): 377–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/700806.
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Petykó, Márton. "The motives attributed to trolls in metapragmatic comments on three Hungarian left-wing political blogs." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 28, no. 3 (August 27, 2018): 391–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.17007.pet.
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Abstract This paper investigates the linguistically marked motives that participants attribute to those they call trolls in 178 comment threads of three Hungarian left-wing political blogs. It is also concerned with how frequently these motives are mentioned and how they contribute to the discursive construction of trolling and trolls. Another goal of the paper is to examine whether the mainly emotional motives ascribed to trolls in the academic literature correspond with those that the participants attribute to the alleged trolls in the threads. The paper identifies five motives for trolling: emotional reasons, financial gain, political beliefs, being employed by Fidesz or the Hungarian government, and unspecified political affiliation. Depending on these motives, trolling and trolls are constructed in various ways. Furthermore, by suggesting that Fidesz or the Hungarian government employs trolls, the posters discursively construct Fidesz as an autocratic and corrupt state party that tries to manipulate the public.
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Maulana, Fenza, Siswoko Siswoko, and Ratna Ika Putri. "Pengaturan Posisi Troli Terhadap Objek Pada Prototype Robot Troli Pengikut Manusia." Jurnal Elektronika dan Otomasi Industri 3, no. 1 (November 23, 2020): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/elkolind.v3i1.71.
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Troli merupakan alat yang dapat membantu pekerjaan manusia untuk membawa barang. Akan tetapi, dengan troli yang umum digunakan, pengguna harus mendorong troli tersebut untuk berpindah tempat sehingga mengurangi aktifitas tangan untuk melakukan kegiatan lainnya. Cara tersebut tidak efektif, oleh karena itu dibutuhkan robot troli pengikut manusia. Robot troli akan mempertahankan jarak dengan objek manusia yg diikutinya, agar jarak Troli tidak terlalu jauh dengan objek manusia. Oleh karena itu, pada penelitian ini digunakan kontroler untuk menjaga kestabilan jarak robot terhadap objek yang diikutinya. Metode kontrol yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode PID yang ditanamkan dalam board Arduino Uno untuk mengontrol aktuator berupa motor DC, yang mendapatkan umpan balik dari sensor jarak infrared yang terletak pada sisi depan Troli. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian, sensor dan actuator memiliki nilai rata-rata error dibawah 5%. Setelah dilakukan tunning PID dan perhitungan melalui metode Ziegler Nichols serta dibandingkan dengan Trial and Error, didapat nilai-nilai parameter PID yang baik, yaitu Kp= 6, Ki=0.1 dan Kd=0.05, menghasilkan Delay Time (Td) = 0.9s, Rise Time (Tr) = 1.1s, Peak Time (Tp) = 1s, Settling Time (Ts)= 1.3s, Overshoot=6.9%, ess= 1 Cm.
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Parapaga, Lukas, Tryadi Wilhelmus Tumewu, and Ronald Rachmadi. "USULAN DESAIN TROLI BARANG MENGGUNAKAN PENDEKATAN ANTROPOMETRI (Studi Kasus: RSU. Gunung Maria Tomohon)." Jurnal Ilmiah Realtech 14, no. 1 (April 30, 2018): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.52159/realtech.v14i1.111.
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Karyawan Rumah Sakit Umum Gunung Maria Tomohon (RSUGMT) melakukan pengambilan barang di ruangan Logistik menggunakan alat bantu troli dan keranjang barang. Troli tersebut tidak dapat difungsikan di tangga, sehingga untuk memindahkan barang seperti Galon Aqua untuk melewati tangga tanpa menggunakan alat bantu, cara kerja tersebut merupakan carakerja yang salah, begitu juga dengan menggunakan keranjang barang yang sudah terlalu berat, Sehingga mengakibatkan terjadinya rasa sakit pada bagian tubuh. Laporan Kerja Praktek inihanya sampai pada Usulan Desain Alat Bantu Troli Barang. Dengan menggunakan dua kuisioner, kuisioner Tingkat Keluhan untuk mengetahui Tingkat keluhan dari para karyawan dan Kuisioner Nordic Body Map (NBM) untuk mengetahui bagian tubuh yang merasa sakit (30 Karyawan/Keponden). 96.67% karyawan pernah merasa sakit saat melakukan pengambilan barang, 83.33% karyawan perempuan meminta bantuan kepada karyawan laki-laki untuk memindahkan barang dari ruangan Logistik, 70% karyawan memindahkan barang melewati tangga. Hasil kuisioner Nordic Body Map (NBM), 75.83% sakit pada bahu kanan dengan skalajawaban Sangat Sakit (SS), 77.50% sakit pada lengan atas kanan termasuk skala Sangat Sakit (SS), 78.33% sakit pada pergelangan tangan dengan skala Sangat Sakit (SS). Antropometri digunakanuntuk mengetahui dimensi tubuh karyawan RSUGMT yang melakukan pengambilan barang (30 Karyawan/Keponden), pengukuran dimensi Galon Aqua dan pengukuran dimensi keranjang barang serta dimensi tangga digunakan sebagai acuan untuk rancangan Alat Bantu Troli Barang. Dari hasil pengukuran yang telah diolah datanya (Persentil dan Allowence) didapat dimensirancangan atau Desain Alat Bantu Troli Barang, Tinggi Troli/Tinggi Pegangan Troli 110.1Cm, Lebar Troli 44.8Cm, Tinggi Roda Troli 42.5Cm.
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Maida, Sity, Paskal Sukandar, and Yossa Istiadi. "VARIASI STRUKTUR VOKALISASI OWA JAWA (Hylobates moloch Audebert, 1798) DI HUTAN LINDUNG PETUNGKRIYONO, PEKALONGAN, JAWA TENGAH." BIOMA 12, no. 1 (May 31, 2017): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/bioma12(1).5.
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Javan gibbon is one of an endemic species of Java with kind of unique vocalizations. Supported by a study which showed that every individual has the different anatomy vocal tract that will produce a different sound. Character vocalizations formed from the structure of vocalizations vary between individuals would be the identity of an individual so that there will be effective communication between the giver signal to the receiver. The objective of research is to find out the structure variation of Javan gibbon vocalizations.The research was accomplished in August-September 2015 at the Petungkriyono Protected Forest, Pekalongan, Central Java. The method used is the Focal Continuous sampling. Ratio coefficient of variation within and between female, indicates that the variable vocalizations vary between individuals, and the correct rate of individual identification yielded bydiscriminant function analysis using variable vocalizations was satisfactory (94,4%). Variable vocalization differentiatoris total great call duration (8,99-13,53 s), total great call duration excluding termination phase, duration pre-trill phase, duration introduction note (0,147-0,612 s), frequency range introduction note (408,54-1209,6 Hz), minimal frequency introduction note, maximal frequency introduction note, minimal frequency second trill note, minimal frequency at end of trill note, and minimal frequency range in trill. These vocalizations potentially allow individual recognition of animals.
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McCrow-Young, Ally, and Mette Mortensen. "Countering spectacles of fear: Anonymous’ meme ‘war’ against ISIS." European Journal of Cultural Studies 24, no. 4 (April 3, 2021): 832–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13675494211005060.
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In recent years, the terrorist network Islamic State of Iraq and Syria has generated what might be referred to as a ‘spectacle of fear’ through strategic dissemination of execution videos and other graphic material. In response, social media users, activists and others circulate ‘counter-spectacles’, attempting to circumvent Islamic State of Iraq and Syria’s spectacle of fear. An important case in point is the global hacking network Anonymous declaring ‘war’ against Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, including a global call for a ‘Troll ISIS Day’. This article develops a theoretical framework for understanding the spectacle of fear generated by Islamic State of Iraq and Syria and the counter-spectacle created through Anonymous’ trolling practices and explores empirically how Anonymous uses humor to combat fear through the memes produced on ‘Troll ISIS Day’. Bottom-up, cultural forms such as memes are increasingly woven into strategies for countering the fear associated with terrorism, and they represent the potential for humor to generate public engagement. However, as these memetic counter-spectacles draw on the incongruent humor characteristic of meme culture, they both contest and adopt strategies of fear, pointing to ethical challenges inherent in the counter-spectacle.
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Porras-Chaverri, Mariela A., and Raquel Pocasangre-Fonseca. "Perception of social variables related to allophones of taps and trills." Cadernos de Linguística 2, no. 1 (December 14, 2021): e593. http://dx.doi.org/10.25189/2675-4916.2021.v2.n1.id593.
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This work presents preliminary research into determining value judgments of socioeconomic class and educational level of speakers based on the allophones of the alveolar tap /ɾ/ and trill /r/ in found in Costa Rican Spanish speech. The population of speakers is male and female professionals living in the Greater Metropolitan Area (GAM) [23-46 years]. Data was collected through written questionnaires and recordings. Speakers were asked about their linguistic attitude to their own variant. Speakers were also asked if they had had any negative experiences regarding their individual speech. Each speaker was also asked to evaluate the variant in a series of guises read by another speaker in the study population. All speakers performed the tap as vibrant in most positions; vibrant and retroflex realizations of the tap were observed before nasal. Vibrant, fricative, and retroflex variants were observed as allophones of the trill. Most speakers maintained a single variant for the alveolar tap and trill, although the variants used differed among the individual speakers. All speakers showed allophonic realizations to the alveolar tap and alveolar trills consistent with those found in Costa Rican middle or upper class. It was not possible to determine if the perception of a lower educational level could be related to a perception of the voice as that of a younger person. The main limitation of this study is that the sample of speakers is small, and that the speakers belong to similar socioeconomic backgrounds.
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Sundarakrishnan, Adithi, and Paul B. S. Clarke. "Stable long-term individual differences in 50-kHz vocalization rate and call subtype prevalence in adult male rats: Comparisons with sucrose preference." PLOS ONE 17, no. 10 (October 27, 2022): e0276743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276743.
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Sucrose preference (SP) is a widely used measure of anhedonia in rat models of depression, yet depressed patients do not reliably show an analogous deficit. As an alternative affect-related measure, adult rat ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) are attracting interest, but it is unclear whether SP and USVs provide independent measures. Here, we have assessed whether SP and USV emission are correlated in the absence of a depressogenic procedure. To this end, 24 male Long-Evans rats were tested daily for 24 days, with alternating SP tests and USV recordings; after a 3-month hiatus, USV emission was re-evaluated for 6 more days. SP was measured in simultaneous two-bottle choice tests, and USVs were recorded in an open field. The main measures were: SP, 50-kHz call rate, and relative prevalence of trill and flat call subtypes. These measures showed temporally-stable individual differences across the initial 24-day testing period, and at the 3-month USV follow-up tests. Correlational analysis revealed no significant relationships between SP and the three main USV measures. Rats differed consistently, not only in their 50-kHz call rates but also in their 50-kHz call profiles (i.e., the relative prevalence of 14 call subtypes); most rats preferentially emitted either trill or flat calls. Several inter-call subtype associations were detected, including a strong negative relationship between the relative prevalence of flat and trill calls. The 50-kHz call rate was correlated with the relative prevalence of only one call subtype (short calls, negative correlation), but was positively correlated with absolute emission rates for almost all subtypes. In conclusion, adult rats exhibited temporally-stable individual differences over weeks (SP) or months (USVs) of testing. This trait-like stability helped to reveal a lack of relationship between SP and the USV-related variables under study, suggesting that these measures may capture different constructs of possible relevance to animal models of depression.
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Terhune, John M. "Pitch separation as a possible jamming-avoidance mechanism in underwater calls of bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, no. 7 (October 20, 1999): 1025–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z99-067.
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Bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus) produce simultaneous loud, long, narrowband underwater trills. It is likely that calls separated by 1/3 octave will not mask each other. Three call (trill) types were identified. Pitch separations between nearest-neighbour calls were measured by sampling at 1-s intervals. Calls spanned 5 octaves and were centred near 1 kHz. Mean pitch separations decreased significantly as the number of simultaneous calls increased from 2 to 9-11, but remained relatively constant at about 0.3 octave at higher numbers of simultaneous calls. For 2-12 simultaneous calls, the pitch separations between 0.0 and 0.4 octave were fewer than random. Proportions of the three trill types did not change as the numbers of simultaneous calls increased. All three call types had fewer pitch separations below 1/3 octave than between 1/3 and 2/3 octave. No relationship was found between pitch separation and call duration. Differences in starting pitch and the regular decline in pitch throughout most calls ensured that mean pitch separations of >1/3 octave were maintained even when many calls occurred simultaneously. Bearded seals may use pitch separation as a jamming-avoidance mechanism.
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Silva, Karen Burke da, Donald L. Kramer, and Daniel M. Weary. "Context-specific alarm calls of the eastern chipmunk, Tamias striatus." Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, no. 6 (June 1, 1994): 1087–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-146.
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The structure and context of alarm calls produced by chipmunks (Tamias striatus) at a field site in southern Quebec were recorded during opportunistic field observations and experimentally simulated hawk attacks. Chipmunks produced three call types in the presence of predators. Chipping consisted of a series of high frequency notes with a rapid downward frequency slope (9.6 to 2.8 kHz) and was given in the presence of mammalian predators by chipmunks perched on a raised vantage point. Chucking consisted of a series of lower frequency notes also sloping downwards (2.5 to 0.4 kHz), given in the presence of avian predators by perched animals. The trill was a lower amplitude, multi-note call usually given only once by animals before reaching a refuge while fleeing from either type of predator. The average trill contained 6–11 downward sloping notes (7.3 to 0.8 kHz). The alarm call types of eastern chipmunks appear to be similar to those reported for western chipmunks. However, they differ in the clear separation of the calls for aerial and terrestrial predators. Chipmunks differ from most other terrestrial sciurids in giving repeated calls for aerial as well as terrestrial predators and in using a call just before reaching a secure refuge.
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Burke, Candace J., Mariya Markovina, Sergio M. Pellis, and David R. Euston. "Rat 50 kHz Trill Calls Are Tied to the Expectation of Social Interaction." Brain Sciences 11, no. 9 (August 28, 2021): 1142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11091142.
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Rats emit a variety of calls in the 40–80 kHz range (50 kHz calls). While these calls are generally associated with positive affect, it is unclear whether certain calls might be used selectively in certain contexts. To examine this, we looked at ultrasonic calls in 30–40 day old male rats during the expectation of either play or food, both of which are reinforcing. Behavior and vocalizations were recorded while rats were in a test chamber awaiting the arrival of a play partner or food over seven days of testing. Control groups were included for the non-specific effects of food deprivation and social isolation. Play reward led to an increase in 50 kHz vocalizations, generally, with specific increases in trill and “trill with jump” calls not seen in other groups. Expectation of food reward did not lead to a significant increase in vocalizations of any type, perhaps due to the young age of our study group. Further, rats that were food deprived for the food expectation study showed markedly lower calls overall and had a different profile of call types compared to rats that were socially isolated. Taken together, the results suggest that trill-associated calls may be used selectively when rats are socially isolated and/or expecting a social encounter.
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LATTENKAMP, ELLA Z., MARTIN MANDÁK, and MARK D. SCHERZ. "The advertisement call of Stumpffia be Köhler, Vences, D’Cruze & Glaw, 2010 (Anura: Microhylidae: Cophylinae)." Zootaxa 4205, no. 5 (December 9, 2016): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4205.5.7.
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We describe the calls of Stumpffia be Köhler, Vences, D’Cruze & Glaw, 2010. This is the first call description made for a species belonging to the large-bodied northern Madagascan radiation of Stumpffia Boettger, 1881. Stumpffia is a genus of small (~9–28 mm) microhylid frogs in the Madagascar-endemic subfamily Cophylinae Cope. Little is known about their reproductive strategies. Most species are assumed to lay their eggs in foam nests in the leaf litter of Madagascar’s humid and semi-humid forests (Glaw & Vences 1994; Klages et al. 2013). They exhibit some degree of parental care, with the males guarding the nest after eggs are laid (Klages et al. 2013). The bioacoustic repertoire of these frogs is thought to be limited, and there are two distinct call structures known for the genus: the advertisement call of the type species, S. psologlossa Boettger, 1881, is apparently unique in being a trill of notes repeated in short succession. All other species from which calls are known emit single, whistling or chirping notes (Vences & Glaw 1991; Vences et al. 2006).
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Burke da Silva, Karen, Carolyn Mahan, and Jack da Silva. "THE TRILL OF THE CHASE: EASTERN CHIPMUNKS CALL TO WARN KIN." Journal of Mammalogy 83, no. 2 (May 2002): 546–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2002)083<0546:ttotce>2.0.co;2.
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Afrianto Nugroho, Suwaryo Nugroho, and Kristanto Mulyono. "Analisis Penanganan Postur Kerja Manual Material Galon Menggunakan Metode Rapid Entire Body Assessment." JENIUS : Jurnal Terapan Teknik Industri 2, no. 2 (November 29, 2021): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.37373/jenius.v2i2.145.
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CV Tirta Mineral merupakan perusahaan distributor air mineral cara memindahkan galon masih menggunakan tenaga manual atau biasa disebut manual material handling (MMH). Postur tubuh pada saat bekerja yang kurang tepat berpotensi mengakibatkan terjadinya cedera otot atau cedera sistem muskuloskeletal yang disebut Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs). Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui gangguan postur tubuh yang terjadi pada pekerja maka dipergunakan metode REBA (Rapid Entire Body Assessment). Metode ini digunakan untuk mengukur aktivitas pekerjaan yang bersifat manual. Pengukuran dilakukan terhadap pekerja yang melakukan proses pengangkatan galon air mineral di salah satu perusahaan UMKM di daerah Cileungsi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa postur kerja yang analisis mempunyai level resiko yang tinggi, yaitu skor 8 sampai 10, nilai tersebut sangat beresiko menyebabkan cedera yang berarti perlu adanya perbaikan segera. Perbaikan yang dilakukan berupa usulan alat bantu bagi pekerja berupa troli, diharapkan dengan troli tersebut mampu menghindari resiko terjadinya cedera serta memperbaiki postur kerja.
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Zornik, Erik, Abraham W. Katzen, Heather J. Rhodes, and Ayako Yamaguchi. "NMDAR-Dependent Control of Call Duration in Xenopus laevis." Journal of Neurophysiology 103, no. 6 (June 2010): 3501–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00155.2010.
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Many rhythmic behaviors, such as locomotion and vocalization, involve temporally dynamic patterns. How does the brain generate temporal complexity? Here, we use the vocal central pattern generator (CPG) of Xenopus laevis to address this question. Isolated brains can elicit fictive vocalizations, allowing us to study the CPG in vitro. The X. laevis advertisement call is temporally modulated; calls consist of rhythmic click trills that alternate between fast (∼60 Hz) and slow (∼30 Hz) rates. We investigated the role of two CPG nuclei—the laryngeal motor nucleus (n.IX–X) and the dorsal tegmental area of the medulla (DTAM)—in setting rhythm frequency and call durations. We discovered a local field potential wave in DTAM that coincides with fictive fast trills and phasic activity that coincides with fictive clicks. After disrupting n.IX–X connections, the wave persists, whereas phasic activity disappears. Wave duration was temperature dependent and correlated with fictive fast trills. This correlation persisted when wave duration was modified by temperature manipulations. Selectively cooling DTAM, but not n.IX–X, lengthened fictive call and fast trill durations, whereas cooling either nucleus decelerated the fictive click rate. The N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist dAPV blocked waves and fictive fast trills, suggesting that the wave controls fast trill activation and, consequently, call duration. We conclude that two functionally distinct CPG circuits exist: 1) a pattern generator in DTAM that determines call duration and 2) a rhythm generator (spanning DTAM and n.IX–X) that determines click rates. The newly identified DTAM pattern generator provides an excellent model for understanding NDMAR-dependent rhythmic circuits.
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Schwing, Raoul, Stuart Parsons, and Ximena J. Nelson. "Vocal repertoire of the New Zealand kea parrot Nestor notabilis." Current Zoology 58, no. 5 (October 1, 2012): 727–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/58.5.727.
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Abstract The unique alpine-living kea parrot Nestor notabilis has been the focus of numerous cognitive studies, but its communication system has so far been largely neglected. We examined 2,884 calls recorded in New Zealand’s Southern Alps. Based on audio and visual spectrographic differences, these calls were categorised into seven distinct call types: the non-oscillating ‘screech’ contact call and ‘mew’; and the oscillating ‘trill’, ‘chatter’, ‘warble’ and ‘whistle’; and a hybrid ‘screech-trill’. Most of these calls contained aspects that were individually unique, in addition to potentially encoding for an individual’s sex and age. Additionally, for each recording, the sender’s previous and next calls were noted, as well as any response given by conspecifics. We found that the previous and next calls made by the sender were most often of the same type, and that the next most likely preceding and/or following call type was the screech call, a contact call which sounds like the ‘kee-ah’ from which the bird’s name derives. As a social bird capable of covering large distances over visually obstructive terrain, long distance contact calls may be of considerable importance for social cohesion. Contact calls allow kea to locate conspecifics and congregate in temporary groups for social activities. The most likely response to any given call was a screech, usually followed by the same type of call as the initial call made by the sender, although responses differed depending on the age of the caller. The exception was the warble, the kea’s play call, to which the most likely response was another warble. Being the most common call type, as well as the default response to another call, it appears that the ‘contagious’ screech contact call plays a central role in kea vocal communication and social cohesion.
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Llobet, Samuel M., Heidi Ahonen, Christian Lydersen, Jørgen Berge, Rolf Ims, and Kit M. Kovacs. "Bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) vocalizations across seasons and habitat types in Svalbard, Norway." Polar Biology 44, no. 7 (May 17, 2021): 1273–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-021-02874-9.
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AbstractMale bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus) use vocal displays to attract females and to compete with other males during the mating season. This makes it possible to monitor breeding populations of this species using passive acoustic monitoring (PAM). This study analysed year-round acoustic data records from AURAL instruments in Svalbard (Norway) to investigate seasonal variation in the acoustic presence of male bearded seals and the phenology of different call types (long, step and sweep trills) at three sites representing a variety of habitats with varied ice conditions. Male bearded seals vocalized for an extended period at a drift-ice site (Atwain; January–July) north of Spitsbergen, while the vocal season was shorter at a High Arctic land-fast-ice site (Rijpfjorden; February–June) and shorter yet again at a west-coast site that has undergone dramatic reductions in sea ice cover over the last 1.5 decades (Kongsfjorden; April–June). Generalized Additive Models showed marked seasonal segregation in the use of different trill types at Atwain, where call rates reached 400 per h, with long trills being the most numerous call type. Modest segregation of trill types was seen at Rijpfjorden, where call rates reached 300 per h, and no segregation occurred in Kongsfjorden (peak call rate 80 per h). Sea ice cover was available throughout the vocal season at Atwain and Rijpfjorden, while at Kongsfjorden peak vocal activity (May–June) occurred after the sea ice disappeared. Ongoing climate warming and sea ice reductions will likely increase the incidence of such mismatches and reduce breeding habitat for bearded seals.
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Vas, Szilvia, Rachel Povey, and David Clark-Carter. "‘I would describe myself as a deformed troll’: Using interpretative phenomenological analysis to explore body image struggles among palliative care patients." Palliative Medicine 33, no. 2 (November 12, 2018): 232–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269216318811723.
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Background: Illness adjustment is a widely studied area in the palliative care context. However, research focussing on how altered body image can affect men and women in palliative care is limited and unclear. Aim: To explore the links between palliative care patients’ affected sense of self, altered body image and terminal illness adjustment. Design: Semi-structured interviews were conducted, and the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis approach was used to analyse patients’ experiences. Setting/participants: English-speaking, adult palliative care outpatients were interviewed at a local community hospice in the United Kingdom. The mean age was 55 years (ranging from 35–65 years). Results: Analysis of accounts indicated three superordinate themes: (1) ‘Not being me’: self-discrepancy, (2) existing in the landscape of loss, (3) living and thriving in the landscape of loss. The most disturbing issues, such as appearance-focussed struggles and low body-confidence, were stemming from participants’ frustration over their lack of control and their attachment to their former self-image. Conclusions: The patients’ insights demonstrated that body image distress was prevalent among all respondents regardless of gender or diagnosis. A spiral model is described showing how discrepancy-based processing (i.e. ‘not being me’) and rigid attachment to former self can have harmful consequences on palliative patients’ abilities to cope. In order to facilitate adjustment to a self-identity crisis resulting from a terminal diagnosis, it is necessary for professionals to recognise and address body image changes among palliative care outpatients.
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Indriani, Rania Dwita, and Susatyo Nugroho Widyo Pramono. "Analisis Postur Kerja pada Pekerja di Area Pulling & Shipping (Customer PT ABCDE) PT XYZ dengan Metode Rapid Upper Limb Assessment dan Quick Exposure Checklist." Prosiding SENIATI 6, no. 1 (July 14, 2022): 226–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.36040/seniati.v6i1.4962.
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PT XYZ merupakan perusahaan di bidang manufaktur komponen otomotif yang proses produksinya dilakukan dengan bantuan mesin dan peran manusia untuk melakukan pekerjaan Manual Material Handling, khususnya pekerja Logistik di area Pulling & Shipping yang melakukan kegiatan mengambil palet kayu, mengambil Kanban, menukar Kanban pada box produk, mengangkat box produk, mendorong troli ke home position, dan mengemas produk, serta memindahkan box kosong dengan handlift. Pekerja tersebut melakukan kegiatan mengangkat dan mendorong beban berat dalam waktu lama dan memiliki postur kerja yang janggal, sehingga perlu dilakukan analisis menggunakan metode RULA dan QEC untuk menilai risiko ergonomi pada postur tubuh pekerja dan mencegah terjadinya Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs). Dari hasil analisis diketahui bahwa beberapa langkah kegiatan Pulling & Shipping berisiko tinggi, yaitu kegiatan mengangkat box produk, mendorong troli, dan mendorong handlift, dimana kegiatan ini melibatkan kegiatan mengangkat dan mendorong beban berat sebesar 14,45 kg. Setiap kegiatan ini memiliki action level 4 dengan tingkat prioritas perbaikan paling tinggi. Untuk memperbaiki hal ini, diberikan usulan perbaikan berupa usulan postur kerja yang aman, perbaikan cara kerja pekerja yang sebelumnya bekerja secara terus menerus (repetitive) menjadi terputus (intermittent), dan usulan penyediaan fasilitas yang dapat mendukung kegiatan material handling, seperti handlift, penggantian box, dan penggunaan korset.
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Yamaguchi, Ayako, David Gooler, Amy Herrold, Shailja Patel, and Winnie W. Pong. "Temperature-Dependent Regulation of Vocal Pattern Generator." Journal of Neurophysiology 100, no. 6 (December 2008): 3134–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01309.2007.
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Vocalizations of Xenopus laevis are generated by central pattern generators (CPGs). The advertisement call of male X. laevis is a complex biphasic motor rhythm consisting of fast and slow trills (a train of clicks). We found that the trill rate of these advertisement calls is sensitive to temperature and that this rate modification of the vocal rhythms originates in the central pattern generators. In vivo the rates of fast and slow trills increased linearly with an increase in temperature. In vitro a similar linear relation between temperature and compound action potential frequency in the laryngeal nerve was found when fictive advertisement calls were evoked in the isolated brain. Temperature did not limit the contractile properties of laryngeal muscles within the frequency range of vocalizations. We next took advantage of the temperature sensitivity of the vocal CPG in vitro to localize the source of the vocal rhythms. We focused on the dorsal tegmental area of the medulla (DTAM), a brain stem nucleus that is essential for vocal production. We found that bilateral cooling of DTAM reduced both fast and slow trill rates. Thus we conclude that DTAM is a source of biphasic vocal rhythms.
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Elowson, A. Margaret, Charles T. Snowdon, and Carol J. Sweet. "Ontogeny of trill and J-call vocalizations in the pygmy marmoset, Cebuella pygmaea." Animal Behaviour 43, no. 5 (May 1992): 703–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80195-2.
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Boscheck, Ralf. "Patent Trolls: In Search of Efficient Regulatory Standards." World Competition 39, Issue 1 (March 1, 2016): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2016005.
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Current concerns about the growth of patent assertion entities (PAEs) are typically related to their presumed anti-competitive behaviour and negative impact on innovation in product and technology markets. Regulators, required to balance the legitimate interests of patent holders and licensees, call for evidentiary standards to efficiently appraise, and for the purpose of policy formulation, prejudge the reasonableness and welfare consequences of these undertakings. And yet, recent economic analyses still seem far from offering operational criteria that could translate into enforceable, let alone efficient, regulatory norms. And so, case analysis, particularly in the US context, turns into an ordeal trying to tweak the facts of these fairly new business models to suit time-honoured legal principles. Plainly, PAE efforts in general do not seem to be easily caught by US competition rules that assign antitrust liability based on harm to competition and the competitive process. This is not to suggest that they are pro-competitive per se but, rather, that any attack on them may give rise to ‘administratively hopeless, but generally exculpating, rule of reason defence’. It may be for that reason that US judicial, federal and state reforms – for better or for worse – have begun to target some of the leverage points and key drivers of the PAE business model.The welfare consequences of reduced IP enforcement will still need to be established. The EU Commission expects PAEs to be less active in Europe because of the loser pays principle in European courts, the smaller damage awards offered in successful cases, and because of the higher degree of predictability of outcomes in European specialist patent courts. Yet, similar to the US context, EU regulators are faced with the dilemma of devising standards that fit a variety of circumstances and yet can be easily applied. In both cases, regulatory delegation avoids the pitfalls of ordering complexities centrally. But it requires a set of simple meta-rules to guide lower-level decisions, adjust principles to circumstance and keep matters predictable. Delegation in the area of competition policy is limited by the adequacy of the economic reference that it employs. At this stage, in dealing with outsourced patent assertion and related licensing conditions, economic theory offers a wide yet insufficient menu of advice. The article has four parts: Section 1 discusses patent trends, actors, rights and obligations, and the nature of current regulatory concerns. Section 2 reviews the scant empirical analyses and model work on patent trolls. Section 3 examines regulatory concerns in view of US antitrust standards and lists alternative remedies. Section 4 concludes and offers some considerations related to the European context.
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Masuko, Masabumi. "Call for Papers to New Categories." Tribology Online 4, no. 1 (2009): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.2474/trol.4.i.
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Krama, Tatjana, Indrikis Krams, and Kristīne Igaune. "Effects of Cover on Loud Trill-Call and Soft Seet-Call Use in the Crested tit Parus Cristatus." Ethology 114, no. 7 (July 2008): 656–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2008.01514.x.
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Pattiasina, Selfinus, Olivia L. Y. Rumkorem, and Yakonias Wakman. "Penangkapan Ikan Pelagis Besar Dengan Menggunakan Pancing Tonda (Troll Line) di Perairan Kampung Awaki Distrik Supiori Selatan Kabupaten Supiori." Jurnal Perikanan Kamasan : Smart, Fast, & Professional Services 2, no. 2 (March 18, 2022): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.58950/jpk.v2i2.46.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui desain, konstruksi serta cara pengoperasian pancing tonda, jenis dan jumlah hasil tangkapan dan mengetahui daerah penangkapan serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keberhasilan penangkapan ikan pelagis besar dengan menggunakan pancing tonda di perairan Kampung Awaki Distrik Supiori Selatan Kabupaten Supiori. Metode pengumpulan yang digunakan meliputi wawancara, observasi dan studi pustaka. Pancing tonda memiliki konstruksi yang terdiri dari tali utama, tali cabang, kili-kili, pemberat, mata pancing dan penggulung. Teknik pengoperasian meliputi persiapan menuju daerah penangkapan, penurunan alat tangkap (setting) dan penarikan alat tangkap (hauling). Hasil penelitian selama 8 trip penangkapan diperoleh 2 jenis ikan yang terdiri dari Ikan Tuna Sirip Kuning (Thunnus albacares) dan Ikan Cakalang (Katsuwonus pelamis) dengan total jumlah tangkapan sebanyak 135 ekor dengan berat 153,2 Kg. Daerah penangkapan terletak disebelah selatan perairan Kampung Awaki. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keberhasilan penangkapan yaitu spesifikasi alat tangkap, keterampilan nelayan, jenis umpan dan kondisi oseanografis.
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Mehta, Milind A., Vikrant Ranjan, Abhishek K. Kulkarni, and Pradnya Sarwade. "Clinicoepidemiological study of post burn contractures at a tertiary care centre in western India." International Surgery Journal 6, no. 6 (May 28, 2019): 1896. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20192062.
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Background: Burn injuries are one of the commonest form of trauma globally with long term consequences in the form of contractures. The management takes a troll of time, money and stress, despite that the agony remains with the patient only. We intended to study the clinicoepidemiopathological aspects of post burn contractures for a better understanding and management purpose.Methods: This study was conducted from October 2014 to February 2017 in a tertiary care hospital in western India and includes 51 patients.Results: In this study, we observed that the mean age of patients was 21.7 years and females formed 51% of the patient pool. Most of the patients came from a rural background with a mean distance of 77.72 kilometres from the treating hospital. Flame burns contributed to 78% of the cases, with hand (35.7%) being the most commonly involved area, 52.9% patients did not receive splinting or physiotherapy at the initial treatment of burns. Most cases were treated by split skin grafting (64.2%) and the most common complication seen in our study was infection, noted in 15.7% of cases whereas recurrence was seen in only one patient.Conclusions: We observed that young adults were the predominant group of patients with a slight female preponderance. Factors like increased distance from the treating hospital, rural background of patients, poor healthcare facilities with poor rehabilitative facilities and irregular follow up of patients contributed to increased incidence of post burn contractures. We also noted that majority cases can be treated by contracture release with split skin grafting without major complications.
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Řeháková-Petrů, Milada, Richard Policht, and Lubomír Peške. "Acoustic Repertoire of the Philippine Tarsier (Tarsius syrichta fraterculus) and Individual Variation of Long-Distance Calls." International Journal of Zoology 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/602401.
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We present the spectrographic description of the vocal repertoire of the Philippine tarsier (Tarsius syrichta fraterculus), a solitary living nocturnal primate for which a very limited information about acoustic communication exists to date. The majority of vocalizations were performed around sunset and, less frequently, at sunrise. We identified eight call types. Five calls recorded during communication between adults included three long-distance calls—loud call, smack-whistle, and whistle—then a soft locust-like chirp and a bird-like trill. Two other calls—cheep and twitter—were recorded during mother-infant communication. One distress call was emitted by adults during handling. All calls were performed in the 9752 Hz to more than 22 kHz frequency range. This study provides the first evidence of individual variation in the long-distance calls performed by tarsiers. Moreover, our study provides a basis for future comparison within as well as between tarsier species taxonomy. Bioacoustic methods can be used in monitoring of these cryptic species and determining their distribution range. Thus, bioacoustic studies can help to improve conservation strategies of different population/species.
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Mângia, Sarah, Diego José Santana, and Lucas Ribeiro Mariotto. "The advertisement call of the phytotelm-breeding Melanophryniscus xanthostomus (Anura: Bufonidae)." Zoologia 36 (July 31, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.36.e25662.
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Vocalizations are often useful for understanding taxonomic relationships among anuran species. Despite this usefulness, vocalizations are described in only nine of 29 in Melanophryniscus Gallardo, 1961. Here we describe the advertisement call of Melanophryniscusxanthostomus Baldo, Bornschein, Pie, Ribeiro, Firkowski & Morato, 2015 of a population from Serra Dona Francisca, municipality of Campo Alegre, state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The advertisement call (of three males, total of 17 calls) comprises two segments (the first with short and single notes, followed by a multi-pulsed note), with a duration of 12.194–20.986 s, and dominant frequency of 3101–3618 Hz (first and second segments combined). The advertisement call of M.xanthostomus differs from its congeners mostly by the higher number of pulses in the second segment (294–1033; from 16 to 321 in the other Melanophryniscus species), except Melanophryniscuskrauczuki Baldo & Basso, 2004 (1018–1502 pulses in the second segment). This is the first described call of a phytotelm breeding Melanophryniscus, but it presents the same prototype (a compound call formed by two segments, the first composed of short notes followed by a long trill) of its congeners not-phytotelm breedings. This might indicate the advertisement call of Melanophryniscus as a conserved trait and thus can be considered diagnostic for the genus.
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Tsvelykh, A. N., and E. D. Yablonovska-Grishchenko. "Rain-Call Dialects of the Chaffinch, Fringilla coelebs (Fringillidae), in Ukraine." Vestnik Zoologii 47, no. 4 (August 1, 2013): 329–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vzoo-2013-0034.
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Abstract Four types of Chaffinch rain-calls were found in Ukraine: “rülsch” - a trill signal widely spread in Europe; “hui” - a whistle signal that occurs in North-Western and Central Europe; “Crimean” whistle signal known only from Crimean peninsula and “Caucasian” signal occurring in Caucasus, Asia Minor and Balkans. Sonograms of rendition versions are given for all of the call types. Distribution of dialects of Chaffinch rain-calls in Ukraine was examined. “Rülsch”- dialect occurs at most of the plane Ukraine and Carpathians. Owing to colonizing artificial afforestations in steppe zone this dialect population’s range expanded southward to the coast of the Black and Azov seas. “Hui”-dialect is spread in the Lower Danube region. At the North-Eastern Danube delta Chaffinch’s with “hui”- and “rülsch”- rain-calls are found together and a bird was found that uttered both signals alternately but hybrid signals were not registered. It may attest to recent invasion by “rülsch”- population of Chaffinch’s there. “Crimean” dialect is distributed in mountainous Crimea and in most of the Crimean steppe zone. “Caucasian” rain-call renditions are registered in cases of individual vagrant birds in eastern Crimea and Lower Danube region
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Nurlaela, NFN. "Pola Kuman Pada Ruang Publik, Ruang Pelayanan, dan Ruang Perawatan Rumah Sakit Penyakit Infeksi Prof. Dr. Sulianti Saroso." Indonesian Journal of Infectious Diseases 1, no. 3 (November 5, 2017): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32667/ijid.v1i3.14.
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Abstrak : Rumah sakit sebagai tempat perawatan dan penyembuhan pasien, ternyata rentan terjadinya infeksi penyakit, begitu pula yang terjadi di RSPI Prof. Dr. Sulianti Saroso. Oleh karena itu, perlu adanya penelitian jumlah dan jenis kuman di lingkungan RSPI-SS. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional dengan pendekatan cross selection. Jenis kuman yang akan diteliti adalah kuman yang terdapat pada lingkungan dan dapat berpindah melalui kontak tangan dan dapat menularkan penyakit pada manusia, yaitu jamur dan bakteri. Klasifikasi lingkungan dalam penelitian ini adalah area lingkungan publik, ruang pelayanan dan ruang penunjang medis RSPI-SS Jakarta dengan jenis sampel, yaitu kursi pengunjung, tombol lift, mesin absensi, tombol ATM, kran toilet, pegangan pintu, loket, keyboardkomputer, gagang telpon, dinding, meja nurse stasion, stetoskop, lantai, inhalasi, suction, tempat tidur, inspirasi ventilator, kaset ventilator, kursi dorong, troli tindakan, meja pasien, tanometer, gagang kloter, endoskopi, troli makanan, troli linen, dan meja dapur. Hasil penelitian ini antara lain dari 302 sampel yang terdiri dari specimen permukaan alat dan lingkungan rumah sakit ditemukan 129 sampel (42,715%) yang positif terdapat kuman. Jamur merupakan jenis kuman yang paling banyak terdapat pada lingkungan RSPI Prof. Dr. Sulianti Saroso (98.450%). Lantai adalah jenis sampel yang terbanyak ditemukannya kuman 23 sampel (17,8%). Kemudian keyboard komputer 18 sampel (14,0%) dan tempat tidur 17 (13,2%). Abstract : Hospital as a patient care and healing , it turns susceptible to infectious diseases , as well as occurring in RSPI Prof. Dr Sulianti Saroso . Therefore, it is necessary to study the number and types of bacteria in the environment RSPI - SS . This study was an observational study with cross selection. Types of germs that will be examined are the germs found in the environment and can move through hand contact and can transmit the disease to humans , ie fungi and bacteria . Environmental classification in this research is the area of public environment , room service and medical support space in RSPI-SS with the type of sample , ie visitor chairs , elevator buttons , attendance machine , ATM buttons , toilet faucets , doorknobs , counters , computer keyboards , up the phone , walls , tables nurse station , stethoscope , flooring , inhalation , suction , bed , inspiration ventilators , ventilator tape , push chairs , trolleys action , the patient table , tanometer , handles fleet , endoscopy , food trolley , linens trolley, and tables kitchen . The results of this study are composed of 302 samples from the surface of the specimen and the hospital environment tool found 129 samples ( 42.715 % ) were positive for bacteria . Mushroom is a type of bacteria that are most numerous in the environment RSPI Prof. Dr Sulianti Saroso ( 98 450 % ) . The floor is the most sample types discovery of germs 23 samples ( 17.8 % ) . Then the computer keyboard 18 samples ( 14.0 % ) and the bed 17 ( 13.2 % ).
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Eckert, Stine. "Fighting for recognition: Online abuse of women bloggers in Germany, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States." New Media & Society 20, no. 4 (January 29, 2017): 1282–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444816688457.
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Women who blog about politics or identify as feminist in Germany, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States face great risks of online abuse. In-depth interviews with 109 bloggers who write about feminisms, family, and/or maternity politics revealed that 73.4% had negative experiences due to blogging and/or social media use. Most of these negative experiences involved not only abusive comments but also stalking, trolls, rape threats, death threats, and unpleasant offline encounters. Response strategies included moderating comments, exposing abuse, adaptation, and solidarity. I argue that the democratic potential of social media in democracies remains haphazard because online abuse is not fully recognized as entangling online and offline communication, constituted and constructed through technological, legal, social, and cultural factors. Using the theoretical approaches of digital feminisms, I call for more systematic empirical work on global recognition of online abuse as punishable crime.
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Yushkov, A. O., and M. V. Alexeev. "The fiscal impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Russian regions: An overview of federal support measures." Journal of the New Economic Association 51, no. 3 (2021): 232–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31737/2221-2264-2021-51-3-13.
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The Russian regions were negatively affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. In most regions, corporate income tax revenues and small business tax revenues significantly declined, while heath care and social policy expenditures increased. The federal government responded to this challenge by increasing federal transfers to regions by roughly 50% compared to 2019 (up to 3,8, trill RUB.) Despite significant federal fiscal support, many transfers were nontransparent and irregular, while the structure of intergovernmental transfers and the strategy used by the federal government were changing considerably throughout the year. In this article, we analyze the structure of federal fiscal support to the regions and compare the largest intergovernmental transfers in 2020 and 2019 by their type (unconditional transfers, subsidies, subventions, and other transfers). We pay particular attention to non-transparent forms of federal fiscal support, namely, discretionary unconditional transfers and other transfers from the reserve fund of the Russian federal government.
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Mitchell, Roger E., Sarah L. Ash, and Jacquelyn W. McClelland. "Nutrition Education Among Low-Income Older Adults: A Randomized Intervention Trial in Congregate Nutrition Sites." Health Education & Behavior 33, no. 3 (June 2006): 374–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198105276212.
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Nutritional well-being among older adults is critical for maintaining health, increasing longevity, and decreasingthe impactofchronicillness. However, few well-controlledstudies have examinednutritionalbehav ior change among low-income older adults. A prospective, controlled, randomized design examined a fivesession nutrition education module delivered to limited-resource older adults ( N = 703) in Congregate Nutrition sites by Cooperative Extensionagents. Experimentalgroupparticipantswere significantly more likely than con trol groupparticipants to increase multivitamin use, to increase calcium supplementuse, to read labels of dietary supplements, to carry a supplement and/or medication list, and to discuss such use with their health care profes sional. The study addresses weaknesses in the literature by using a theoretically derived education component, implementing the intervention within a setting regularly used by low-income older adults, employing random ized assignment to intervention and control conditions, and using hierarchical linear modeling to deal with “nested” data.
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Rahmatullah, Adi. "ANALISIS TEKNIK PERMAINAN GITAR ELEKTRIK PADA LAGU SURRENDER KARYA ANDRA AND THE BACKBONE." Repertoar Journal 2, no. 1 (July 11, 2021): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/rj.v2n1.p82-91.
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Lagu Surrender adalah satu lagu ciptaan Andra Junaidi Ramadhan yang disajikan dengan format tunggal (solo ) dengan instrumen Gitar Elektrik. Lagu ini diciptakan Andra Junaidi bersama grup bandnya Andra and The Backbone pada tahun 2007. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mendiskripsikan teknik permainan gitar elektrik pada Lagu Surrender dan mendeskripsikan faktor pendukung teknik gitar elektrik pada lagu Surrender karya Andra and The Backbone. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu penelitian kualitatif, subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah partitur lagu Surrender karya Andra and The Backbone, teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan cara observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian lagu Surrender ini menunjukan bahwa terdapat banyak teknik permainan gitar elektik yang digunakan seperti teknik palm mute, bending, legato, vibrato, artificial harmonic, sweep picking, slide dan trill. Serta terdapat faktor pendukung teknik permainan gitar elektrik dalam lagu ini yaitu faktor kecepatan (speed) dan faktor kekuatan (power). Kedua faktor tersebut bertujuan memberikan kesan tegas dan jelas dalam memainkan teknik pada lagu tersebut. Kata Kunci: Teknik, Gitar Elektrik, Andra and The Backbone, Lagu Surrender.
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Setyaningrum, Aprilia Indah, and Zaeni Budiono. "DESKRIPSI PENGELOLAAN SAMPAH MEDIS DI RUMAH SAKIT UMUM DAERAH KRT.SETJONEGORO WONOSOBO TAHUN 2016." Buletin Keslingmas 36, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 170–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31983/keslingmas.v36i2.2984.
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RSUD KRT Setjonegoro Wonosobo merupakanrumah sakit milik pemerintah kabupaten Wonosobo danmerupakan salah satu rumahsakit yang menghasilkan sampah medis dari setiap kegiatan medis didalamrumahsakit. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengelolaan sampah medis diRSUD KRT SetjonegoroWonosobo.Metode penelitian menggunakan penelitian deskriptif yangmenggambarkan tentang pengelolaan sampahmedis di RSUD KRT SetjonegoroWonosobo. Penelitian dilakukan dengan cara observasi langsung mengenaipengelolaan sampah medis di RSUD KRT Setjonegoro Wonosobo. Hasil penelitian rata-rata volume sampah medisRSUD KRT Setjonegoro perharinya adalah 630,6liter/hari dengan rata-rata berat sampah medis perharinyaadalah79,08kg/hari, dalam pengelolaan sampah medis tersebut masih adayang belum sesuai denganperaturan, seperti pengangkut sampah medis yang tidak rutin, tidak dilakukan pencucian dan pemberiandesinfektan, masih adanya sampah non medis yang tercampur kedalam sampah medis. Berdasarkan uraian diatasdapat disimpulkan bahwapengelolaan sampah medis di RSUD KRT Setjonegoro masih ada yang belum sesuaistandar yaitu pada fase pewadahan belum dilakukan pencucian tempat sampah secara rutin dan waktupengangkutan yang tidak tentu. Disarankan bagi penanggung jawab sampah medis dalam hal waktu pengangkutanagar lebih dipantau, bagi petugas pelaksana limbah tempat sampah/troli yang habis digunakan dicuci dandidesinfeksi, bagi tenaga medis
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Giaretta, Ariovaldo Antonio, Isabelle Aquemi Haga, and Felipe Silva de Andrade. "The advertisement call of two species of the Rhinella granulosa group (Anura: Bufonidae)." Phyllomedusa: Journal of Herpetology 17, no. 2 (December 18, 2018): 255–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v17i2p255-265.
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The advertisement call of two species of the Rhinella granulosa group (Anura: Bufonidae). The group of Rhinella granulosa presently harbors 14 species distributed in Central and South America. The advertisement calls of 12 species have been described. Herein, we provide data on the calls of R. granulosa and R. merianae recorded in populations far from locations of previous call descriptions, and we discuss possible causes of differences found. We used recordings of R. granulosa from the interior of Bahia State and recordings of R. merianae from Roraima. For both, calls consist of a long-lasting trill of four-pulsed notes. Rhinella granulosa calls last 3.7–9.6 s, have 121–283 notes, each lasting 19–25 ms released at a rate of 29.2–34.7/s, and with dominant frequency peaking between 2472–2809 Hz. Rhinella merianae calls last 4.0–7.1, have 153–217 notes, each lasting 17–20 ms, released at a rate of 37.7–39.5/s, and with dominant frequency peaking between 2959–3189 Hz. Both species are distinguished from most other species of the R. granulosa species group by the combination of pulse number and dominant frequency. Our data on R. granulosa differed (p < 0.05) in call duration and/or in dominant frequency from specimens from Natal (Rio Grande do Norte state) and Cabaceiras (Paraíba state). Our data on R. merianae appear to differ in dominant frequency from the only call (a single male) known from the Amazon River bank. The differences we found between our data and published call data suggest that further study of calls of additional populations of these species is warranted.
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Namawejje, Hellen, Emmanuel Obuya, and Livingstone S. Luboobi. "Modeling Optimal Control of Cholera Disease Under the Interventions of Vaccination, Treatment and Education Awareness." Journal of Mathematics Research 10, no. 5 (September 11, 2018): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jmr.v10n5p137.
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Cholera is virulent disease that affects both children and adults and can kill within hours. It has long been, and continues to be, a global threat to public health regardless of the advancement of medical science and health care service available. In this paper we formulate and analyze a mathematical model of the dynamics and optimal con- trol strategies for cholera epidemic. We present and analyze a cholera model with controls: u1 for vaccination of the human population, u2 for treatment and u3 for health education campaigns. The basic reproductive number R0; the effective reproductive number Re; as well as disease free equilibrium and endemic equilibrium points are derived. We establish the conditions for optimal control of the cholera disease using the Pontryagin's maximum principle and simulate the model for different control strategies. The results show that vaccination and education campaigns should be applied from start of the epidemic in any community faced with cholera disease.
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Lisboa, Carolina Almeida, Francisco Dyonísio Cardoso Mendes, Maurício Silveira, and Ludmilla Moura de Souza Aguiar. "The Vocal Repertoire of the Bearded Capuchin (Cebidae: Sapajus libidinosus): Implications for Understanding the Complexity of Neotropical Primate Communication." Folia Primatologica 92, no. 3 (2021): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000517917.
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Vocal communication is an essential aspect of primate social behaviour. The bearded capuchin <i>Sapajus libidinosus</i> is endemic to Brazil, and some studies have described specific vocalisation types for this species; however, there is still no complete description of its vocal repertoire. Thus, this study aimed to describe the vocal repertoire of a group of <i>S. libidinosus</i> living in the<i></i>Parque Nacional de Brasília, a protected area in the Cerrado area of Central Brazil. We carried out focal samplings and recording of vocalisations of members of an <i>S. libidinosus</i> troop in different behavioural contexts. The call analyses revealed 25 different types of vocalisations, and each call presented significant structural variation. We grouped these vocalisations according to the context of the emission or acoustic structure into the following categories: contact calls (contact note, infant babbling, trill, teeth- and lip-smacking, and sirena); foraging calls (chihui, grgr, and patinado); whistle series (food-associated, long-distance, and intergroup encounter); aggressive calls (aggressive contact note, ascending rapid staccato, cough cough, and pip); calls in response to aggression (scream, squeal, and pulsed scream), sexual display calls (chuck and raspy oestrous call), and stress-related calls (alarm call/bark, hiccup, hip, double hip, and wah wah). <i>S. libidinosus</i> presented a very rich vocal repertoire, revealing a pattern consistent with the repertoire of other capuchin monkey species. This is the first comprehensive description of the<i> S. libidinosus</i> vocal repertoire and highlights the complexity of neotropical primate communication.
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Hidayat, Rahmat, Rini Rachmawaty, and Lkafah Lkafah. "Inpatient Nurses’ Perception on The Implementation of Acute Care Nursing in The Hasanuddin University Hospital." Indonesian Contemporary Nursing Journal (ICON Journal) 4, no. 1 (August 25, 2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/icon.v4i1.3999.
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Introduction: Acute care is a type of time-sensitive care, this is due to an acute condition requiring rapid intervention. Acute conditions that exist in the inpatient unit would require special care in handling. This acute condition can affect many things, one of which is the patient satisfaction. With proper treatment for acute cases, the course will improve patient satisfaction itself. However, to date, acute care has been poorly defined and inadequately supported in most developing health systems. Aims of Study: This research aims to determine nurses’ perception on the implementation of inpatient acute nursing care in the Hasanuddin University Hospital. Method: This research was a qualitative method, data collection using individual interviews against ten participants (inpatient nurses) and validity checks of the data that utilizes something beyond the data. Data analyze used thematic analysis. Result: The results of the research yield four themes. Those four themes are perception of acute conditions, supporting factors in the management of patients with acute conditions, inhibiting factors in the management of patients with acute conditions, and nurses’ hope for acute care. Conclusion: From this research it is known that the incidence of acute conditions in the inpatient unit of Hasanuddin University Hospital less than chronic conditions. To handle acute cases, nurse in the inpatient unit take action early by monitoring vital signs, then immediately gave emergency action if necessary, while collaborating with the doctor. Supporting factors for nurses is the availability of emergency trolly, as well as cooperation among nurses who are good. Whereas the inhibiting factor is the number of nurses who are still lacking and the absence of code blue team. Advice from researchers, to health institutions is expected to be able to form a rapid response team (code blue), so that patients with serious/acute condition can be handled more quickly and efficiently, so that the implementation of nursing, especially nursing acute to run well and the nurse also will not experience in serving patients overwhelmed.
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Yolarita, Elsa, and Desi Widia Kusuma. "PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH B3 MEDIS RUMAH SAKIT DI SUMATERA BARAT PADA MASA PANDEMI COVID-19." JURNAL EKOLOGI KESEHATAN 19, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 148–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22435/jek.v19i3.3913.
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ABSTRACT
The problem of managing medical waste is still an obstacle for most hospitals, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to determine the amount ofmedical waste, evaluation of hospital medical waste management and the implementation of discretion in West Sumatera during COVID-19 pandemic. Data collection was carried out by distributing questionnaires online with google forms. The results showed that the amount of medical waste almost doubled during the pandemic, with the largest being around 41,670 kg month. Management that does not comply with standards is storage of medical waste, selecting a special route, transportation by special trolly, disinfection and non-compliance with the use of PPE for waste officers. Discretion was carried out by 4 hospitals with obstacles including the incinerator not meeting the requirements and the absence of medical waste transportation. It is recommended that the hospital conduct monitoring and evaluation of medical waste management and compliance with the use of PPE for waste officers. The local government facilitates discretion through the procurement of medical waste transportation to PT. Semen Padang, strive for large hospitals to process medical waste from surrounding health care facilities and build a medical waste transfer depot.
Keywords: Hospital, medical waste, COVID-19, discretion
ABSTRAK
Persoalan pengelolaan limbah B3 medis masih menjadi kendala sebagian besar rumah sakit terutama pada masa pandemi COVID-19. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui jumlah limbah B3 medis, evaluasi pengelolaan limbah B3 medis rumah sakit serta pelaksanaan diskresi di Sumatera Barat pada masa pandemi COVID-19. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui penyebaran kuesioner secara daring dengan google forms. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan jumlah limbah B3 medis rata-rata meningkat hampir 2 kali lipat pada masa pandemi, terbesar sekitar 41.670 kg/bulan. Pengelolaan yang tidak sesuai standar adalah pengurangan dan pemilahan, penyimpanan limbah B3 medis, pemilihan jalur khusus,pengangkutan dengan trolly khusus, disinfeksi serta ketidakpatuhan penggunaan Alat Pelindung Diri (APD) petugas limbah. Diskresi dilaksanakan oleh 4 rumah sakit dengan kendala antara lain incinerator tidak memenuhi persyaratan dan ketiadaan transportasi limbah B3 medis. Disarankan rumah sakit untuk melakukan monitoring dan evaluasi pengelolaan limbah B3 medis serta kepatuhan penggunaan APD petugas limbah. Pemda memfasilitasi diskresi melalui pengadaan transportasi limbah B3 medis ke PT. Semen Padang, mengupayakan rumah sakit besar mengolah limbah B3 medis dari Fasyankes sekitarnya dan membangun transfer depo limbah B3 medis.
Kata kunci: Rumah sakit, limbah B3 medis, COVID-19, diskresi
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Legowati, Agnesti Endang, and Agus Subagiyo. "STUDI PROSES PENANGANAN LINEN DI RUMAH SAKIT EMANUEL BANJARNEGARA TAHUN 2015." Buletin Keslingmas 35, no. 1 (March 31, 2016): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31983/keslingmas.v35i1.3058.
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Rumah Sakit Emanuel Banjarnegara merupakan rumah sakit Tipe C, dengan nilai (Bed Occupancy Ratio) 64,88%, jumlah tempat tidur 180. Lingkungan rumah sakit yang kurang baik merupakan sumber potensi terjadinya infeksi nosokomial, salah satu lingkungan tersebut adalah penanganan linen. Proses penanganan linen ada beberapa tahap yang belum memenuhi standar diantaranya, pengangkutan menggunakan kereta linen yang tidak terlindungi sehingga bisa menjadi potensi cemaran bakteri. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui proses penanganan linen dan mendiskripsikan proses penanganan linen, jumlah rata-rata linen kotor, jenis linen serta mengetahui jumlah angka kuman spora spesies Bacillus sp. pada linen bersih setelah keluar dari proses. Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif yaitu dengan cara membandingkan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan dengan teori dan peraturan yang berlaku yaitu KepMenkes RI Nomor 1204/Menkes/SK/X/2004 tentang Persyaratan Kesehatan Lingkungan Rumah Sakit. Proses penanganan linen di Rumah Sakit Emanuel Banjarnegara dalam katagori cukup baik dengan nilai 70%. Hasil pemeriksaan mikrobiologi spora spesies Bacillus sp. pada seprei (0,62 inc), sarung bantal (19,22 inc2), sarung guling (4,96%) dan selimut (127,72 inc2 ). Peneliti menyimpulkan proses penanganan linen masih ada yang belum baik yaitu proses pengangkutan linen kotor karena troli yang digunakan sama antara linen infeksius dan non infeksius tetapi kantongnya sudah terpisah. 2
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Astutik, Wahyu Dwi, Mimin Karmini, and Kahar Kahar. "TINJAUAN PENANGANAN LIMBAH MEDIS PADAT COVID-19 DI PUSAT KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT." JURNAL RISET KESEHATAN POLTEKKES DEPKES BANDUNG 14, no. 2 (October 30, 2022): 358–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.34011/juriskesbdg.v14i2.2014.
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Wabah penyakit menular Covid-19 yang proses penyebarannya sangat cepat di seluruh dunia termasuk Indonesia pada tahun 2020. Limbah Covid-19 adalah limbah medis bersifat infeksius sehingga harus ditanagani secara serius. Tujuan penelitian mengetahui gambaran penanganan Limbah medis padat Covid-19 Puskesmas. Jenis penelitian bersifat deskriptif dengan populasi yaitu seluruh tenaga kesehatan dan petugas limbah medis di Puskesmas. Besar sampel, yaitu satu orang petugas kebersihan, 79 orang tenaga kesehatan. Teknik sampel secara porposive sampling. Pengumpulan data dengan penimbangan limbah Covid-19, wawancara dan observasi. Hasil penelitian timbulan limbah Covid-19 sebesar 0,3kg/hari. Tahap pemilahan limbah Covid-19 oleh tenaga kesehatan dan petugas kebersihan sebesar 50% tidak memenuhi syarat. Tahap penyimpanan sementara (TPS) 38,46% dan tahap pengangkutan 83,33% tidak memenuhi syarat. Pengetahuan petugas kebersihan dan tenaga kesehatan Puskesmas kategori sukup baik. Persyaratan sarana tahap pemilahan 33,33% tidak memenuhi syarat, sarana TPS 60% dan sarana tahap pengangkutan 33,33 % tidak memenuhi syarat. Disarankan pihak Sanitarian Puskesmas harus melakukan pelatihan terhadap semua tenaga kesehatan puskesmas dan petugas kebersihan, menyediakan pamplet disetiap ruangan tentang cara penanganan limbah medis Covid-19. Petugas kebersihan harus melakukan pengangkutan menggunakan troli beroda tertutup dan menggunakan jalur khusus untuk pengangkutannya serta melakukan desinfeksi terhadap limbah Covid sebelum dibuang ke tempat pemrosesan terakhir.
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Acosta-Galvis, Andrés, and Mario Vargas-Ramírez. "A new species of Hyloxalus Jiménez De La Espada, 1871 ''1870'' (Anura: Dendrobatidae: Hyloxalinae) from a cloud forest near Bogotá, Colombia, with comments on the subpunctatus clade." Vertebrate Zoology 68, no. 2 (July 27, 2018): 123–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.68.e31597.
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A new species of frog of the genus Hyloxalus from a high Andean forest of the central parts of the Cordillera Oriental, Colombia is recognized and described using integrative taxonomy. Using phylogenetic analyses of 2590 base pairs (bp) of mitochondrial DNA, Hyloxalus felixcoperari sp. nov. was shown to belong to a lineage of the subpunctatus clade, part of a subgroup that comprises high altitude-occurring lineages (subgroup I) and sister taxa of H. subpunctatus sensu stricto from the Bogotá plateau region. The genetic distance between both taxa is 2.1% and 5.1% for the 16S and cytochrome b gene fragments respectively. Hyloxalus felixcoperari sp. nov. is a medium-sized frog, which can be distinguished morphologically from H. subpunctatus by having dark throat and chest and unwebbed toes, and bioacoustically by emitting an advertisement call consisting of trill-like calls repeated at a rate of 50 – 104 repititions/min, with a dominant frequency ranging from 3028.9 – 3861.2 Hz. Molecular dating analysis revealed that the already known lineages of the subpunctatus clade subgroup I from the middle Cordillera Oriental of Colombia, recently diverged during the lower Pleistocene – Upper Pliocene, most probably due to environmental fluctuations. Threats and main aspects of the natural history of this new species including breeding and habitat are reported in this article.
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Dallmann, Robert, and Thomas Geissmann. "Individuality in the female songs of wild Silvery Gibbons (Hylobates moloch) on Java, Indonesia." Contributions to Zoology 70, no. 1 (2001): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-07001003.
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This is the first study comparing individuality in the songs among several gibbon species. All gibbon species produce loud, long and elaborate song bouts in the early morning. Silvery gibbons (Hylobates moloch) differ from other hylobatids, however, in that duet song bouts are absent, male singing appears to be uncommon and most song bouts are female solo songs. Consistent individual differences easily distinguish neighboring females m the field, and it has been suggested that female individuality is particularly high in H. moloch in order to compensate for the lack of a family-labeling male song. The aim in this study is to test this hypothesis by quantifying individuality in H. moloch and comparing it with data on song individuality in two other gibbon species, H. agilis and H. klossii, available from earlier studies (Haimoff and Gittins, 1985; Haimoff and Tilson, 1985). The focus in those studies had been on the great call (i.e. the most stereotypical song phrase produced by gibbon females) and individual variation of several variables (such as duration and frequency range of selected great call notes) had been determined. We exactly replicated each of those studies with great calls of H. moloch, which were tape-recorded in Ujung Kulon and Gunung Pangrango. According to the working hypotheses, individuality should be highest in H. moloch, lower in H. klossii (male singing is common) and lowest in H. agilis (male singing and duets are common). Results: We found a statistically-significant degree of inter-individual variability in most great call variables of H. moloch, which is higher than that of H. klossii, but lower than that of H. agilis. Our results do not support the hypothesis that H. moloch females compensate for the rarity of male song contributions with an elevated degree of individuality in their singing. Instead, we suggest that the amount of great call individuality may be compromised by the amount of a trill component exhibited by various species of the lar group of gibbons.
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Pon Bharathi, A., M. Ramachandran, Ramu Kurinjimalar, and Sriram Soniya. "An Investigation on Humanoid Robots with Biped Locomotion and Walking." Design, Modelling and Fabrication of Advanced Robots 1, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.46632/dmfar/1/1/9.
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Human figures move, speak, and perform actions through certain features, such as sensors and actuators. Android is a humanoid robot that looks like a human, while Ginoids look like female humans. Human figures function through certain features. Arts, the UK-based designer and creator of anthropological robots, recently posted a video on YouTube showing one of the most vivid works with sensors that can sense their environment. Amega, a robot, has been shown to create incredible human-like facial expressions, and in fantasy systems, the human figure is used to represent amazing creatures such as a dwarf, cub, cub. gnome, Halfling, goblin, Troll, orc or an ogre, and Bigfoot Actuators are the motors responsible for the robot's movement. Humanoid robots are designed to mimic the human body. Although with different structures, they use accelerators that act like muscles and joints. The actuators of humanoid robots can be electric, pneumatic or hydraulic. Well, almost. Recently, the UK-based robotics company Engineering Arts showcased its Artificial Intelligence (AI) anthropology robot Amega, which is almost bizarre. Anthropology robots, on the other hand, did not reach the target. Following humans in form and ambiguous function. They have very specific roles - More than just being a "do it all" assistant. Our own TUG mobile robots and the robot's Ramba are prime examples of humanoid robots, with many features such as flexible flexibility, law enforcement and motion redundancy. The humanoid robot assists working people by ensuring their care and complete safety. Such robots also work in factories and can perform repetitive tasks without any mistakes. Honda Motor Corporation's Asimov is known as the most sophisticated robot in the world due to its human appearance and ability to walk and climb stairs. Amega is a humanoid robot from the British company Engineering Arts. The company claims to be introducing 20 years of innovation in motion and natural gestures, with the ability to use sophisticated AI.
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Anderson, Martin. "Composer in Interview: Per Nørgård Recent and Early." Tempo, no. 222 (October 2002): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040298200009207.
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PN: We talked about fractals in connexion with the infinity row–this way of letting music grow in what you could call open hierarchic layers. It's not a director and a slave; it's an interdependent way of producing music. If you choose a scale — for instance, the chromatic scale — it contains itself an infinite number of times; my Second Symphony is based on realizing this characteristic. But if instead of letting it move in this expansive way, where you get wider and wider waves, you then construct it in the opposite way, you get a figure where it never gets out of itself. But it creates still a fractal rhythmic figure, which was very inspiring for me in all my percussion music from the 1970s. I discovered that feature in the beginning of the 70s when I composed the Third Symphony. I found the infinity row at the end of the 50s, but it was not until I had composed the Third Symphony and some works before it that I realized it contained its dark side, which is just as rhythmic and just as hierarchic. In my Third Symphony it comes out like an inevitable development. If you imagine the place in the beginning where it gets up to a very high trill, it comes in lower at half-tempo, and then again more slowly further down. It contains itself, like a Russian doll or a Chinese box.