Journal articles: 'Carico organico'

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LEE, YONG JUN, DAHMENDRA SRISKANDA, SREERAMANAN SUBRAMANIAM, and BEE LYNN CHEW. "THE EFFECTS OF BANANA, POTATO, AND COCONUT WATER IN THE REGENERATION OF Ficus carica cv. Japanese BTM 6." Malaysian Applied Biology 51, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v51i1.2157.

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Fig (Ficus carica L.) belongs to the family of Moraceae and its fruits are known to be nutritious to the human diet. Organic additives function as an alternative to replace conventional carbon sources besides containing other nutritional components required for plant growth. This study aims to evaluate the effects of organic additives incorporated in culture media for the regeneration of Ficus carica cv. Japanese BTM6. In vitro shoots were cultured in MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/L of BAP without sucrose and with different concentrations of organic additives (potato, banana and coconut water). MS medium supplemented with 20 g of sucrose and 1 mg/L of BAP (positive control) showed the highest number of shoots (2.45 ± 0.16), shoot height (4.02 ± 0.18 cm) and number of leaves (8.33 ± 0.44). However, the incorporation of coconut water was observed to also support the induction of shoots, shoot height and leaves. Treatment of 200 mL/L of coconut water was found to significantly improve the number of leaves (5.08 ± 0.81 leaves per explant) in comparison to other organic additives. The study concludes that coconut water can be a feasible alternative as carbon source in the regeneration of Ficus carica cv. Japanese BTM6.

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Marquez, Arístides, Andrew Dale, Luis Troccoli Ghinaglia, Fabiola López Monroy, William Senior, Aida Ríos, Frank Muller Karger, Yrene Astor, and Ramón Varela. "Carbon regeneration in the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela." Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 65, no. 1 (March 2017): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592017121406501.

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Abstract The carbon regeneration in the water column of the Cariaco Basin (Venezuela) was investigated using a regression model of total alkalinity (TA) and the concentration of total inorganic carbon (TCO2). Primary productivity (PP) was determined from the inorganic carbon fraction assimilated by phytoplankton and the variation of the 22 and 23ºC isotherm was used as an indicator of coastal upwelling. The results indicate that CO2 levels were lowest (1962 µmol/kg) at the surface and increased to 2451 µmol/kg below the oxic-anoxic redox interface. The vertical regeneration distribution of carbon was dominated (82%) by organic carbon originating from the soft tissue of photosynthetic organisms, whereas 18% originated from the dissolution of biogenic calcite. The regeneration of organic carbon was highest in the surface layer in agreement with the primary productivity values. However, at the oxic-anoxic interface a second more intense maximum was detected (70-80%), generated by chemotrophic respiration of organic material by microorganisms. The percentages in the anoxic layers were lower than in the oxic zone because aerobic decomposition occurs more rapidly than anaerobic respiration of organic material because more labile fractions of organic carbon have already been mineralized in the upper layers.

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Winter, Christina, Sonja Hartl, Dagmar Kolb, Gerd Leitinger, and Eva Roblegg. "Investigations to Evaluate Gastric Mucoadhesion of an Organic Product to Ameliorate Gastritis." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 4 (April 7, 2020): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12040331.

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Gastritis is an inflammatory disease leading to abdominal pain, nausea, and diarrhea. While therapy depends on etiology, adhesive agents protecting the gastric tissue represent a promising treatment option. Caricol®-Gastro is an organic product that significantly decreased gastritic abdominal pain in a recent clinical study. To investigate whether this beneficial effect can be attributed to the formation of a protective layer covering the gastric mucosa after oral application, several methods were used to determine adhesion. These include macro-rheological measurements and gastric mucin interactions, which were correlated to network formation, examined by Cryo-scanning electron microscopy technique, wettability via sessile drop method on human gastric adenocarcinoma cell layers, and ex vivo adhesion studies on gastric porcine tissue with the falling liquid film technique considering physiological conditions and Franz diffusion cells for quantification. The results showed that Caricol®-Gastro formed a stable viscoelastic network with shear thinning properties. It exhibited high wettability and spreadability and adhered to the excised gastric mucosa. We found that oat flour, as the main ingredient of Caricol®-Gastro, supports the gel network regarding viscoelasticity and, to a lesser extent, adhesion in a concentration dependent manner. Moreover, our data highlight that a variety of coordinated methods are required to investigate gastric adhesion.

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Lui, Xin Jie, Dahmendra Sriskanda, Wan Ting Ling, Sreeramanan Subramaniam, and Bee Lynn Chew. "The Incorporation of Coconut Water and Banana Homogenate in The Regeneration of Fig (Ficus carica L.) cv. Violette de Solliès." Malaysian Applied Biology 51, no. 5 (December 26, 2022): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v51i5.2327.

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The common fig (Ficus carica L.) is from the family of Moraceae and is commonly cultivated for its fruits, which are well-known for their exceptional nutritional and medicinal properties. The addition of organic additives functions to supply carbon sources and other essential vitamins, minerals, and natural growth regulators to support the growth of explants. The present study aims to assess the effects of coconut water and banana homogenate in the regeneration of Ficus carica cv. Violette de Solliès (VDS). In vitro shoot, explants were cultured in full-strength MS medium without sucrose but with 1.0 mg/L BAP and different concentrations of coconut water and banana homogenate. Results indicated that MS media with 200 mL/L coconut water resulted in the highest number of induced shoots (3.03 ± 0.122) and shoot height (1.005 ± 0.022 cm) compared to other treatments with coconut water, whereas MS media supplemented with 200 g/L banana homogenate produced the highest number of induced shoots (3.00 ± 0.144) and the highest shoot height (0.958 ± 0.020 cm) of all the banana homogenate treatments. In conclusion, coconut water and banana homogenate are suitable alternatives for carbon sources and other organic growth factors contributing to the regeneration of Ficus carica cv. VDS.

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Vestenius, M., H. Hellén, J. Levula, P. Kuronen, K. J. Helminen, T. Nieminen, M. Kulmala, and H. Hakola. "Acidic reaction products of mono- and sesquiterpenes in atmospheric fine particles in a boreal forest." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 2 (January 28, 2014): 2857–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-2857-2014.

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Abstract. Biogenic acids were measured from PM2.5 aerosols at SMEAR II station (Station For Measuring Forest Ecosystem-Atmosphere Relations) in Finland from June 2010 until October 2011. The measured organic acids were pinic, pinonic, caric, limonic and caryophyllinic acids from oxidation of α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, Δ3-carene and β-caryophyllene. Due to lack of authentic standards caric, limonic and caryophyllinic acids were synthesized at the Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, University of Helsinki. The highest terpenoic acid concentrations were measured during summer concomitant with the precursor mono- and sesquiterpenes. Of the acids β-caryophyllinic acid had highest concentrations in summer, but during other times of the year pinonic acid was the most abundant. The β-caryophyllinic acid contribution was higher than expected on the basis of emission calculations of precursor compounds and yields in oxidation experiments in smog chambers implicating that β-caryophyllene emissions or β-caryophyllinic acid yields are underestimated. Concentration ratios between terpenoic acids and their precursor were clearly lower in summer than in winter indicating stronger partitioning to the aerosol phase during cold winter season. The β-caryophyllinic and caric acids were correlated with the accumulation mode particle number concentrations.

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Emetere, Moses E., and Ikechukwu M. Ahiara. "Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Coated Carica papaya Extracts for Solid-State Application." Key Engineering Materials 885 (May 2021): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.885.53.

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The evolution of semiconductor from the conventional type to organic semiconductor has not convincingly shown that it is eco-friendly both in the short and long term. This research presents the green solution bio-semiconductor that was synthesized from zinc coated carica papaya. It was observed that carica papaya extracts do not respond significantly to the extracting solution (methanol, ethanol and butanol). The band gap of sample 1 (extract in methanol solution), sample 2 (extract in ethanol solution) and sample 3 (extract in butanol solution) was calculated as 1.98 eV, 2.01eV and 1.93 eV respectively. Further research is therefore recommended for the perfection of the bio-semiconductor.

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Yang, Xue, Yuzheng Li, Chunying Li, Qianqian Li, Bin Qiao, Sen Shi, and Chunjian Zhao. "Enhancement of Interplanting of Ficus carica L. with Taxus cuspidata Sieb. et Zucc. on Growth of Two Plants." Agriculture 11, no. 12 (December 15, 2021): 1276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11121276.

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Medicinal-agroforestry systems are one of the multi-functional medicinal plant production systems, gaining attention as a sustainable alternative to traditional monoculture systems. In this study, three planting patterns were established which included: (1) monoculture F. carica (MF); (2) monoculture T. cuspidata (MT); and (3) interplanting F. carica with T. cuspidata (IFT). The differences of growth biomass, photosynthesis, soil nutrients, soil enzyme activities, soil microorganisms, and main secondary metabolites of F. carica and T. cuspidata under the above three models were investigated. Compared with the MF and MT patterns, IFT pattern for 5 months significantly increased the plant growth biomass, photosynthesis, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and secondary metabolites content. The activities of acid phosphatase, sucrase, protease, polyphenol oxidase, urease, dehydrogenase, and catalase in soil of IFT were significantly higher than MF and MT patterns. Results showed that IFT pattern is preferred compared to the MF and MT patterns. Our result will help to provide a feasible theoretical basis for the large-scale establishment of F. carica and T. cuspidata mixed forests and obtain high-quality medicine sources for extracting important active ingredients, psoralen and paclitaxel, which are crucial to the long-term sustainable development and production of medicinal plants.

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Casas, J. J., G. P. Baldeón, V. N. Canales, and S. D. Camargo. "Bromelain and Papain from Organic Residues of Ananas Comosus and Carica Papaya." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1072, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1072/1/012010.

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Abstract In Peru there are no minimization proposals for the large amount of organic waste discarded daily by economic activities such as in the case of the El Tambo food market. In the present work we use Ananas comosus and Carica papaya peels and seeds to obtain the enzymes bromelain and papain, using the protocol [1] with the following steps: obtaining the juice, enzymatic extraction with ethanol and NaCl, protein concentration and finally the enzymatic activity test is performed by coagulation. From 1 kilogram of residues, 0.3851g with ethanol and 2.123g with NaCl of lyophilized bromelain and 0.3172g with ethanol and 1.0032g with NaCl of lyophilized papain were obtained; it was observed that the treatments with NaCl allowed obtaining a greater amount of product. The tests showed that it is possible to obtain the enzymes from the peels of Ananas comosus and Carica papaya, which poses a possible alternative for the reuse of these residues as nutritional complements for food.

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Mohan, Resmi, M. Vidhyalakshmi, and Venkatasubramanian Sivakumar. "Microwave Assisted Rapid Extraction and Characterization of Coumarin from Fig Plant (Ficus carica)." Asian Journal of Science and Applied Technology 8, no. 1 (May 5, 2019): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajsat-2019.8.1.1043.

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Coumarins are fragrant natural bioactive organic compound find application as aroma, flavor and wide medicinal use. Fig plant (Ficus Carica) is a very good source of Coumarins. Coumarins are a member of the benzopyrone family and it has a benzene ring joined to a pyrone ring. There is a need for effective extraction and purification of Coumarins from plant materials. Different methods of extraction of Courmarin from Ficus Carica has been studied in this paper, among them, microwave extraction (180 W power) provided rapid extraction with 10 minutes time with extract yield of 0.67 g as compared to that of 1 hour of water bath extraction at 60C. Coumarin was isolated from the crude extract using NaOH and petroleum ether and their presence was characterized confirmed using UV spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, TLC and fluorescence test. The antibacterial activity of coumarin was also evaluated using disc diffusion method and Minimum Inhibition Count (MIC). The present study analyzes and provides method of microwave assisted rapid extraction of Coumarin from Fig plant (Ficus Carica) and its characterization, which could be widely used as generic method from natural materials for different applications.

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Muller-Karger, Frank E., Yrene M. Astor, Claudia R. Benitez-Nelson, Kristen N. Buck, Kent A. Fanning, Laura Lorenzoni, Enrique Montes, et al. "The Scientific Legacy of the CARIACO Ocean Time-Series Program." Annual Review of Marine Science 11, no. 1 (January 3, 2019): 413–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010318-095150.

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The CARIACO (Carbon Retention in a Colored Ocean) Ocean Time-Series Program station, located at 10.50°N, 64.66°W, observed biogeochemical and ecological processes in the Cariaco Basin of the southwestern Caribbean Sea from November 1995 to January 2017. The program completed 232 monthly core cruises, 40 sediment trap deployment cruises, and 40 microbiogeochemical process cruises. Upwelling along the southern Caribbean Sea occurs from approximately November to August. High biological productivity (320–628 g C m−2y−1) leads to large vertical fluxes of particulate organic matter, but only approximately 9–10 g C m−2y−1fall to the bottom sediments (∼1–3% of primary production). A diverse community of heterotrophic and chemoautotrophic microorganisms, viruses, and protozoa thrives within the oxic–anoxic interface. A decrease in upwelling intensity from approximately 2003 to 2013 and the simultaneous overfishing of sardines in the region led to diminished phytoplankton bloom intensities, increased phytoplankton diversity, and increased zooplankton densities. The deepest waters of the Cariaco Basin exhibited long-term positive trends in temperature, salinity, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, phosphate, methane, and silica. Earthquakes and coastal flooding also resulted in the delivery of sediment to the seafloor. The program's legacy includes climate-quality data from suboxic and anoxic habitats and lasting relationships between international researchers.

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Jos, Bakti, Fariha Hundagi, Rizqi Pindy Wisudawati, Budiyono, and Siswo Sumardiono. "Study of C/N Ratio Effect on Biogas Production of Carica Solid Waste by SS-AD Method And LS-AD." MATEC Web of Conferences 156 (2018): 03055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815603055.

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Biogas is a renewable energy which can be used as an alternative source to replace fossil fuels. Recently, the use of energy has become an important issue because the oil sources and natural gas are depleting. Utilization of carica waste to produce biogas can reduce the consumption of commercial energy sources such as kerosene as well as the use of firewood. Biogas is produced by the process of organic material digestion by certain anaerobic bacterial activity in anaerobic digester. In this study we studied the influence of LS-AD and SS-AD methods, the effect of C / N ratio on biogas yield obtained and kinetics of biogas production reaction. The study was conducted by making a total solid variation of 7%, 9%, 11%, 13%, 19%, 21%, 23% and C/N ratio 25 and 30. The study started with carica waste collection process and examination of the total composition of solids and water content. Thereafter, calculation and determination of variation of C / N ratio by mixing the substrate with inoculum and urea into the reactor. Observe the volume of biogas produced every two-day intervals. The highest biogas production rate of 1.7825 ml/g TS day was obtained from carica solid waste variable by liquid state anaerobic disgestion and C/N 25.

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Merlim, Analy de Oliveira, José Guilherme Marinho Guerra, Rodrigo Modesto Junqueira, and Adriana Maria de Aquino. "Soil macrofauna in cover crops of figs grown under organic management." Scientia Agricola 62, no. 1 (January 2005): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162005000100011.

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Soil fauna plays an important role in organic management through their effects on soil organic decomposition, nutrient mineralization, and amelioration of the soil's physical properties. This work evaluates the density and diversity of the soil macrofauna under types of cover plants in areas cultivated with Ficus carica L. under organic management. The soil macrofauna was collected in 0.25 × 0.25 m areas, down to a soil depth of 0.3 m, and at the surface layer. The treatments consisted of bahiagrass living mulch (Paspalum notatum), siratro living mulch (Macroptilium atropurpureum), and bahiagrass mulch. The highest macrofauna density and the lowest diversity were observed in bahiagrass, of which 80% were represented by ants, thus characterizing the soil under this cover crop as showing the lowest functional diversity and quality.

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Raven, Morgan Reed, Jess F. Adkins, Josef P. Werne, Timothy W. Lyons, and Alex L. Sessions. "Sulfur isotopic composition of individual organic compounds from Cariaco Basin sediments." Organic Geochemistry 80 (March 2015): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2015.01.002.

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Vestenius, M., H. Hellén, J. Levula, P. Kuronen, K. J. Helminen, T. Nieminen, M. Kulmala, and H. Hakola. "Acidic reaction products of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes in atmospheric fine particles in a boreal forest." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 15 (August 8, 2014): 7883–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-7883-2014.

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Abstract. Biogenic acids were measured in aerosols at the SMEAR II (Station for Measuring Forest Ecosystem-Atmosphere Relations II) station in Finland from June 2010 until October 2011. The analysed organic acids were pinic, pinonic, caric, limonic and caryophyllinic acids from oxidation of α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, Δ3-carene and β-caryophyllene, respectively. Due to a lack of authentic standards, the caric, limonic and caryophyllinic acids were synthesised for this study. The mean, median, maximum and minimum concentrations (ng m−3) were as follows: limonic acid (1.26, 0.80, 16.5, below detection limit (< LOD)), pinic acid (5.53, 3.25, 31.4, 0.15), pinonic acid (9.87, 5.07, 80.1, < LOD), caric acid (5.52, 3.58, 49.8, < LOD), and caryophyllinic acid (7.87, 6.07, 86.1, < LOD). The highest terpenoic acid concentrations were measured during the summer. Of the acids, β-caryophyllinic acid showed the highest concentrations in summer, but during other times of the year pinonic acid was the most abundant. The β-caryophyllinic acid contribution was higher than expected, based on the emission calculations of the precursor compounds and yields from oxidation experiments in smog chambers, implying that the β-caryophyllene emissions or β-caryophyllinic acid yields were underestimated. The concentration ratios between terpenoic acids and their precursors were clearly lower in summer than in winter, indicating stronger partitioning to the aerosol phase during the cold winter season. The β-caryophyllinic and caric acids were weakly correlated with the accumulation-mode particle number concentrations.

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Shavkatovna, Ahrorova Malika. "Caries: Diagnostics And Treatment." American Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research 03, no. 02 (February 28, 2021): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajmspr/volume03issue02-13.

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Caries is a process of destruction of hard tooth tissues, which occurs with the participation of cariogenic bacteria in the oral cavity (in the composition of dental plaque), as well as food residues processed by them. The organic acids produced by the bacteria gradually destroy first the enamel of the tooth and then the underlying dentin. As a result, a carious cavity is formed in the tooth, the walls of which are filled with soft decay of decaying dental tissues and a large number of cariogenic bacteria. The following article looks into the reasons leading to dental problems, its diagnostics and treatment methods.

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Nishimura, Kosaku, Keisuke Higashiya, Naoki Ueshima, Kenji Kojima, Teisuke Takita, Tatsuya Abe, Toru Takahashi, and Kiyoshi Yasukawa. "Insight into the collagen-degrading activity of a serine protease in the latex of Ficus carica cultivar Masui Dauphine." Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 85, no. 5 (February 13, 2021): 1147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bbb/zbab025.

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ABSTRACT Ficus carica produces, in addition to the cysteine protease ficin, a serine protease. Earlier study on a serine protease from F. carica cultivar Brown Turkey showed that it specifically degraded collagen. In this study, we characterized the collagenolytic activity of a serine protease in the latex of F. carica cultivar Masui Dauphine. The serine protease degraded denatured, but not undenatured, acid-solubilized type I collagen. It also degraded bovine serum albumin, while the collagenase from Clostridium histolyticum did not. These results indicated that the serine protease in Masui Dauphine is not collagen-specific. The protease was purified to homogeneity by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and its partial amino acid sequence was determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. BLAST searches against the Viridiplantae (green plants) genome database revealed that the serine protease was a subtilisin-like protease. Our results contrast with the results of the earlier study stating that the serine protease from F. carica is collagen-specific.

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Nhat, Dang Minh, and Phan Thi Viet Ha. "The isolation and characterization of lipase from Carica papaya latex using zwitterion sodium lauroyl sarcosinate as agent." Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 13, no. 1 (October 28, 2019): 773–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5219/1164.

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Most of industrial lipases are derived from microbial sources, following by a wide variety of plants. Among plant lipases, lipase from Carica papaya latex has been the focus of intense and growing research due to low cost, easy acceptance by consumers and its unique characteristics. This enzyme has been successfully applied for lipid modification and synthesis of some organic compounds. However, research for its molecular structure has been limited due to the difficulty to isolate the enzyme from the latex matrix. In this study, we suggested a modified approach using sodium lauroyl sarcosinate to solubilize the latex, then the protein was precipitated by ammonium sulphate. We also carried out the characterization of the lipase obtained from Carica papaya latex. The results showed that freeze-drying the fresh latex could improve significantly lipase activity of latex powder in comparison with sun-drying or oven-drying. The zwitterion sodium lauroyl sarcosinate could solubilize nearly 50% of the latex and the achieved supernatant exhibited great lipase activity. There was no need to use an organic solvent to delipidate the latex prior to solubilization with sodium lauroyl sarcosinate due to possible denaturation of enzymes. The proteins which were fractionally precipitated with 50 – 60%, 60 – 70% and 70 – 80% ammonium sulphate saturation showed lipolytic activity. The fraction from 50 – 60% saturation with the greatest mass was subjected to ion exchange chromatography, SDS electrophoresis and kinetic parameter determination. The results showed the presence of two proteins with molecular mass ranging from 35 kDa to 55 kDa and both presented lipase activity. The Km and Vmax of the lipase fraction from 50 – 60% saturation was 1.12 mM and 1.2 x 10-6 mM.min-1.mL-1 respectively. So, the freeze-drying of papaya latex could help to preserve its lipase activity and the usage of sodium lauroyl sarcosinate could improve the isolation of the lipase from the papaya latex and pave the way for research on the molecular structure of Carica papaya latex lipases.

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Chen, Hung-Ming, Pei-Yun Wang, and Shau-Wei Tsai. "Carica papaya lipase-catalyzed transesterification resolution of secondary alcohols in organic solvents." Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 40, no. 5 (September 2009): 549–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2009.03.004.

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Lorenzoni, Laura, Gordon T. Taylor, Claudia Benitez-Nelson, Dennis A. Hansell, Enrique Montes, Robert Masserini, Kent Fanning, et al. "Spatial and seasonal variability of dissolved organic matter in the Cariaco Basin." Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 118, no. 2 (June 2013): 951–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgrg.20075.

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Abdel-Lateef, Ezzat, Ibrahim Rabia, Mortada El-Sayed, and El-Sayed Abdel-Hameed. "HPLC-ESI-MS Characterization of Certain Polyphenolic Compounds of Carica papaya L. Fruit Extracts and Evaluation of Their Potential Against Murine Schistosomiasis mansoni." Drug Research 68, no. 09 (April 10, 2018): 521–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0592-6550.

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AbstractThe in vivo antischistosomal activities of Carica papaya L. extracts were evaluated and the characterization of the active secondary metabolites of the defatted methanolic extract was performed using HPLC-ESI-MS. The plant fruit powders were extracted with 85% methanol and fractionated using organic solvents. The in vivo antischistosomal effects of the methanolic extracts and its fractions, as well as the assessment of the relationship between the antischistosomal activity of these plant extracts and oxidative stress, was determined. In addition, the defatted methanolic extract was characterized by HPLC-ESI-MS analysis. The number of worms, ova, and the Oogram pattern displayed typical Schistosoma mansoni pathology 8 weeks after infection in mice. Treatment of the infected group with the defatted methanolic extracts significantly decreased worm burden, immature ova and mature ova, while increasing the percentage of dead ova in vivo. The butanol fraction was the most effective fraction reducing worm burden by 77%, ova count in the intestine by 76% and in the liver by 80%, and significantly decreased immature and mature ova (P<0.001) compared to the infected group. Additionally, the defatted methanolic extracts improved the reduced glutathione and malondialdehyde levels in hepatic tissues in the treated groups compared to the infected group. The HPLC-ESI-MS analysis of the Carica papaya defatted methanolic extract revealed the presence of several polyphenolic compounds. Carica papaya fruit extracts are rich with phenolic acids and flavonoids and show a significant effect against S. mansoni infections which may be used alternative to PZQ as anti-schistosomal drug against schistosomiasis.

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Rahmawati, Sitti, Qonita Kurnia Anjani, Magfirah, and Selmiati. "The use of MSG (monosodium glutamat), aloe vera, and papaya leaf (carica papaya L) as an alternative of corrosion inhibitor." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1075, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1075/1/012013.

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Abstract Corrosion is a complicated problem in everyday life. Corrosion causes many losses because it reduces the life span of metal-based goods or buildings. One solution is to use organic corrosion inhibitors. Organic corrosion inhibitors are an alternative choice because they are more environmentally friendly. Heteroatomic organic compounds containing nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur in molecules such as those found in MSG, papaya leaves and aloe vera can be used as organic corrosion inhibitors, because they can be well adsorbed on metal surfaces. Amino acids such as glutamic acid which have two carboxylic groups and one amine group are expected to be able to inhibit corrosion by adsorbing metal (iron) surfaces. This study aims to determine the use of MSG, aloe vera and papaya leaves as alternative materials for organic corrosion inhibitors. The results showed that the rust level using MSG solution was 8.33%, aloe vera extract was 9.09%, papaya leaf extract was 8%, and the container with a mixture of aloe vera extract, papaya leaf extract and MSG was added 4.35 %. This shows that aloe vera extract, papaya leaf extract and MSG can be used as an alternative to organic corrosion inhibitors.

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Núñez-Gómez, Dámaris, Pilar Legua, Juan José Martínez-Nicolás, and Pablo Melgarejo. "Breba Fruits Characterization from Four Varieties (Ficus carica L.) with Important Commercial Interest in Spain." Foods 10, no. 12 (December 17, 2021): 3138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10123138.

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Although most of the published articles generalize with the fruit of the fig tree (Ficus carica L.), the differentiation between fig and breba is increasingly common in the bibliography. In this regard, keep in mind that the fig tree generally produces two crops a year, the parthenocarpic breba, also called as early fig, and the main non-parthenocarpic crop, the fig proper. In this study, four brebas varieties (‘Colar’, ‘SuperFig1’, ‘Cuello de Dama Negro’ and ‘San Antonio’) were selected in order to identify compositional, nutritional, and chemical diversity. These varieties were chosen for their commercial relevance in Spain. Color (internal and external), fruit and peel weight, size, pH, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), maturity index (MI), sugar, and organic content were determined for all the breba fruits samples. In addition, polyphenolic profile, amino acids, and volatile aromatic compounds were also identified. The varieties ‘Colar’ and ‘SuperFig1’ showed the highest fruit weight and size, while ‘Cuello de Dama Negro’ presented the higher pulp yield. The higher organic acid and sugar contents were determined for ‘SuperFig1’ and ‘Cuello de Dama Negro’, respectively. Although in low concentrations, the phenolic compound quercetin 3-(6-O-acetyl-beta-glucoside) and the amino acid tyrosine were only detected in the ‘’Cuello de Dama Negra’ and ‘SuperFig1’ fruits, respectively. Of the eighty volatile aromatic compounds identified, only eight were common in four varieties. An important knowledge gap was identified in relation to the characterization of the two Ficus carica L. crops, that is, the differentiation and specification in the literature when working with brebas and/or figs.

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Oakes, Rosie L., and Jocelyn A. Sessa. "Determining how biotic and abiotic variables affect the shell condition and parameters of <i>Heliconoides inflatus</i> pteropods from a sediment trap in the Cariaco Basin." Biogeosciences 17, no. 7 (April 14, 2020): 1975–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1975-2020.

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Abstract. Pteropods have been nicknamed the “canary in the coal mine” for ocean acidification because they are predicted to be among the first organisms to be affected by changing ocean chemistry. This is due to their fragile, aragonitic shells and high abundances in polar and subpolar regions where the impacts of ocean acidification are most pronounced. For pteropods to be used most effectively as indicators of ocean acidification, the biotic and abiotic factors influencing their shell formation and dissolution in the modern ocean need to be quantified and understood. Here, we measured the shell condition (i.e., the degree to which a shell has dissolved) and shell characteristics, including size, number of whorls, shell thickness, and shell volume (i.e., amount of shell material) of nearly 50 specimens of the pteropod species Heliconoides inflatus sampled from a sediment trap in the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela, over an 11-month period. The shell condition of pteropods from sediment traps has the potential to be altered at three stages: (1) when the organisms are live in the water column associated with ocean acidification, (2) when organisms are dead in the water column associated with biotic decay of organic matter and/or abiotic dissolution associated with ocean acidification, and (3) when organisms are in the closed sediment trap cup associated with abiotic alteration by the preservation solution. Shell condition was assessed using two methods: the Limacina Dissolution Index (LDX) and the opacity method. The opacity method was found to capture changes in shell condition only in the early stages of dissolution, whereas the LDX recorded dissolution changes over a much larger range. Because the water in the Cariaco Basin is supersaturated with respect to aragonite year-round, we assume no dissolution occurred during life, and there is no evidence that shell condition deteriorated with the length of time in the sediment trap. Light microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images show the majority of alteration happened to dead pteropods while in the water column associated with the decay of organic matter. The most altered shells occurred in samples collected in September and October when water temperatures were warmest and when the amount of organic matter degradation, both within the shells of dead specimens and in the water column, was likely to have been the greatest. The hydrographic and chemical properties of the Cariaco Basin vary seasonally due to the movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Shells of H. inflatus varied in size, number of whorls, and thickness throughout the year. There was not a strong correlation between the number of whorls and the shell diameter, suggesting that shell growth is plastic. H. inflatus formed shells that were 40 % thicker and 20 % larger in diameter during nutrient-rich, upwelling times when food supply was abundant, indicating that shell growth in this aragonite-supersaturated basin is controlled by food availability. This study produces a baseline dataset of the variability in shell characteristics of H. inflatus pteropods in the Cariaco Basin and documents the controls on alteration of specimens captured via sediment traps. The methodology outlined for assessing shell parameters establishes a protocol for generating similar baseline records for pteropod populations globally.

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Montes, E., M. A. Altabet, F. E. Muller-Karger, M. I. Scranton, R. C. Thunell, C. Benitez-Nelson, L. Lorenzoni, and Y. M. Astor. "Biogenic nitrogen gas production at the oxic–anoxic interface in the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela." Biogeosciences 10, no. 1 (January 17, 2013): 267–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-267-2013.

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Abstract. Excess nitrogen gas (N2xs) was measured in samples collected at six locations in the eastern and western sub-basins of the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela, in September 2008 (non-upwelling conditions) and March 2009 (upwelling conditions). During both sampling periods, N2xs concentrations were below detection in surface waters, increasing to ~ 22 μmol N kg−1 at the oxic–anoxic interface ([O2] < ~ 4 μmol kg−1, ~ 250 m). Below the oxic–anoxic interface (300–400 m), the average concentration of N2xs was 24.7 ± 1.9 μmol N kg−1 in September 2008 and 27.5 ± 2.0 μmol N kg−1 in March 2009, i.e., N2xs concentrations within this depth interval were ~ 3 μmol N kg−1 higher (p < 0.001) during the upwelling season compared to the non-upwelling period. These results suggest that N-loss in the Cariaco Basin may vary seasonally in response to changes in the flux of sinking particulate organic matter. We attribute the increase in N2xs concentrations, or N-loss, observed during upwelling to: (1) higher availability of fixed nitrogen derived from suspended and sinking particles at the oxic–anoxic interface and/or (2) enhanced ventilation at the oxic–anoxic interface during upwelling.

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Yaakob, Zahira, Rahima Khatun, and Nadhirah Awang. "Mealybug (Pseudococcidae) infestation and organic control in fig (Ficus carica) orchards of Malaysia." Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 117B, no. 1 (2017): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bae.2017.0016.

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Wakeham, Stuart G., and John R. Ertel. "Diagenesis of organic matter in suspended particles and sediments in the Cariaco Trench." Organic Geochemistry 13, no. 4-6 (January 1988): 815–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(88)90105-2.

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Raven, Morgan Reed, Alex L. Sessions, Jess F. Adkins, and Robert C. Thunell. "Rapid organic matter sulfurization in sinking particles from the Cariaco Basin water column." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 190 (October 2016): 175–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.06.030.

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Foglia, T. A., and P. Villeneuve. "Carica papaya latex-catalyzed synthesis of structured triacylglycerols." Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 74, no. 11 (November 1997): 1447–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11746-997-0252-4.

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Ahmad, Maaz, Mussab Ahmad, and Tehreem Munir. "Prevention of Functional Dyspepsia with Carica Papaya Extract." Annals of King Edward Medical University 24, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 610–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21649/akemu.v24i1.2322.

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Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a set of relapsing or chronic dyspeptic symptoms in the absence of structural organic lesions. Approximately 15-20% of the general population in many developed countries suffers from dyspeptic symptoms at any time in a year, whereas in Pakistan, 14-22 % of general population suffers from FD. Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of carica papaya extract (CP) in preventing functional dyspepsia in human volunteers.Methodology: A community based, placebo-controlled, double -blind, multi-centered, and randomized clinical trial through systematic random sampling was conducted in Lahore urban community. After initial diagnostic investigations in 200 patients diagnosed as cases of FD fulfilling Rome III criteria were recruitedafter taking written consent and randomly assigned to one of 2 treatment groups (CP extract group or placebo) in equal number. A 7 days medication free period was observed before the start of trial. Each patient received the treatment for 6 weeks. The primary outcome variable was the improvement in gastrointestinalsymptom score (GIS) consisting of evaluation of 10 dyspeptic symptoms rated on Likert scale. Dyspeptic symptoms were assessed at the start of trial then after 2, 4 and 6 weeks. Results: In this trial, 200 patients fully participated in this study (age 36.31±9.711 years, range 18-55, 60% female). Compared with placebo, Carica papaya extract (CP group) showed a clinically significant improvement. The GIS significantly decreased in CP group during the first 2 weeks, compared to the placebo (p < 0.05). During the second and third 2-week period, symptoms further improved in CP group (p < 0.05). After 6 weeks, 95.7% on CP treatment and 3.1% on placebo were completely relieved of FD symptoms (p < 0.001). Conclusions: CP extract was significantly effective gastro-protective as compared with placebo.

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Arsela, Primadiyanti. "The Influence of Various Varieties and Various Liquid Organic Fertilizer to Papaya Plant Seed Growth (Carica papaya L.)." AGRIFOR 17, no. 1 (March 11, 2018): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.31293/af.v17i1.3359.

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The main goal of the study was to determine the effect of various Papaya varieties and liquid organic fertilizer on the growth of Papaya seedlings(Carica papaya L.). The research used Randomized Block Design (RAK) with two factors factorial experimental. The first factor is Variety (V) consists of 3 Papaya varieties: v1= bangkok , v2= red lady , v3= sunrise. The second factor is Fertilizer (C) consists of 3 brands: c1= Em4 10 ml, c2= Green Tonic 10ml, c3= Nasa 10ml. This study has 3 treatment levels consisting of 9 combinations and repeated 3 times. The results of the study are treatment of various varieties (V) had significant effect on stem diameter and root number. The effect of various liquid organic fertilizer (C) had significant effect on the root length parameters. The interaction all treatment had a very significant effect on the root length and the root number parameter.

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Ruiz-Coutiño, Perla, Lourdes Adriano-Anaya, Miguel Salvador-Figueroa, Didiana Gálvez-López, Raymundo Rosas-Quijano, and Alfredo Vázquez-Ovando. "Organic Management of ‘Maradol’ Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Crops: Effects on the Sensorial and Physicochemical Characteristics of Fruits." Agriculture 9, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9110234.

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The Maradol Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a fleshy berry produced in the tropics; it is highly appreciated around the world for its high nutritional and medicinal value, as well as its attractive sensory properties. Evaluating the physiological, chemical, and sensory characteristics of ‘Maradol’ papaya fruits from organically managed crops was the primary objective of this study. Four treatments (T1–T4) were evaluated, all of which were fertilized using the same organic management practices. In addition, plant extracts were applied regularly to T1–T3 as pest control, and single (T2) and double (T1) rows of trap plants (roselle) were used. T4 did not receive additional treatment. Fruits under conventional agriculture outside the experimental site were included for comparative purposes (controls). The organic management of the plants did not negatively influence the physiological traits of postharvest ripening. Among the organic treatments, T1 fruits had the highest total soluble solids, vitamin C, and reducing sugars, as well as the lowest weight loss, which significantly improved the quality of the fruit, compared to conventionally produced fruits. In addition, sensory evaluation performed by trained judges, revealed that fruits from the organically managed plots (T1–T4) were the softest and juiciest, and had a higher score in fruit and papaya aroma, in contrast to the conventionally produced fruits, which turned out to be sour, more astringent, and less soft and juicy. The results show that the exclusively organic management of ‘Maradol’ papaya crops improves several post-harvest traits of the fruits, compared to those that can be purchased commercially and are conventionally grown.

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Montes, E., M. A. Altabet, F. E. Muller-Karger, M. I. Scranton, R. C. Thunell, C. Benitez-Nelson, L. Lorenzoni, and Y. M. Astor. "Biogenic nitrogen gas production at the oxic-anoxic interface in the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 8 (August 8, 2012): 10551–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-10551-2012.

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Abstract. Excess nitrogen gas (excess N2) was measured in samples collected at six locations in the eastern and western sub-basins of the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela, in September 2008 (non-upwelling conditions) and March 2009 (upwelling conditions). During both sampling periods, excess N2 concentrations were below detection in surface waters, increasing to ~22 μmol N kg−1 at the oxic-anoxic interface ([O2] < ~ 4 μmol N kg−1, ~250 m). Below the oxic-anoxic interface (300–400 m), the average concentration of excess N2 was 24.7 ± 1.9 μmol N kg−1 in September 2008 and 27.5 ± 2.0 μmol N kg−1 in March 2009, i.e., excess N2 concentrations within this depth interval were ~ 3 μmol N kg−1 higher (p < 0.001) during the upwelling season compared to the non-upwelling period. These results suggest that N-loss in the Cariaco Basin may vary seasonally in response to changes in the flux of sinking particulate organic matter. We attribute the increase in excess N2 concentrations, or N-loss, observed during upwelling to: (1) higher availability of fixed nitrogen derived from suspended and sinking particles at the oxic-anoxic interface and/or (2) enhanced ventilation at the oxic-anoxic interface during upwelling.

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Amaro-Espejo, Isabel A., María D. R. Castañeda-Chávez, Joaquín Murguía-González, Fabiola Lango-Reynoso, Karina P. Bañuelos-Hernández, María E. Galindo-Tovar, and Ana M. Fernández-Martínez. "Absorption and Translocation Capacity of Cadmium in Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Plants With Addition of Organic Matter." Journal of Agricultural Science 15, no. 3 (February 15, 2023): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v15n3p29.

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Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic element that can be easily absorbed by crops, and can enter through the frequent use of fertilizers in crop areas. The objective of this study was to evaluate the bioaccumulation percentage (BAP) and translocation factor (TF) of Cd in papaya plants exposed to contaminated soils at 50, 100 and 150 mg L-1 and at two concentrations of organic matter: 2% and 10%-MO. Growth variables, chlorophyll and metal concentration were measured after 10 months of cultivation. The results indicated that the greatest growth occurred in soil at 10%-OM in relation to those grown at 2%-OM. Cd bioaccumulation was leaves < stem < root (9 < 22 < 68%) at 50 mg L-1, (7 < 29 < 65%) at 100 mg L-1 and (4 < 34 < 63%) at 150 mg L-1, observing the greatest accumulation in the root. The findings showed that organic matter in soil decreases the availability of metal uptake in the roots. The translocation results were < 1, indicating that the root has the ability to restrict metal transport to the aerial part in plants grown in 10%-OM soil, however, in 2%-OM soil it tends to increase this metal accumulation, suggesting that the application of organic amendments is an alternative to reduce the risk of Cd absorption in agricultural soils.

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Leonel, Sarita, and Marco Antonio Tecchio. "Cattle manure fertilization increases fig yield." Scientia Agricola 66, no. 6 (December 2009): 806–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162009000600013.

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Fertilization using organic compounds is complementary to chemical fertilization, being essential to integrated fruit production. Reports on fig tree (Ficus carica L.) organic fertilization and mineral nutrition are worldwide scarce, especially in Brazil. This experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of cattle manure fertilization on the yield and productivity of the fig tree 'Roxo de Valinhos' in Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil, during the 2002/03, 2003/04, 2004/05 and 2005/06 crop cycles. Plants aged one, two, three and four year olds received the following cattle manure treatments: control (no fertilizer), 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, 125% and 150% of the recommended N level for this crop. The evaluated variables were: fruit number, weight and mean diameter, plant yield and productivity. The application of cattle manure increased productivity, yield and fruit number, slightly affecting fruit dimensions. After four years of cattle manure application, the best results were obtained with 76 to 124% of the N level recommended for the fig crop.

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Rahmasari, Farindira Vesti, and Fikri Adhi Wibowo. "Effectiveness Test of Papaya Leaves Extract (Carica papaya L.) as Antihelmintics of Ascaridia galli Worm." Berkala Kedokteran 15, no. 2 (September 28, 2019): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jbk.v15i2.7131.

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Abstract: Introduction: Soil-transmitted helminth is a group of nematoda worm parasite that causes infection in human because the egg is swallowed or direct contact with the larva. More than two billion people in the world had infection for at least one spesies of the nematoda worm, especially A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura and A. duodenale. Ascaridia galli is a worm parasite that classifeid in nematoda fillum. Ascaridia worm has the same genus with Ascaris Lumbricoides that infect human. Antihelmintic is a drug that can eradicate the worm in human and animal body. There is a side effect in the antihelmintic drug like Mebendazole so another alternative like organical antihelmintic from papaya leaves (Carica papaya L.) is needed. This research is a true experiment with post test control group design. The subjects were 160 Ascaridia galli worm which were divided into 5 worms in each test group (5%, 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, dan 80%), positive control group (Pirantel pamoat 0,5%) and negative control repeated as many as 4 replications. The treatment was given for 12 hours and observed the number of dead worm at each hour. Data were analyzed by statistical test of Kruskal Wallis Test and followed by post-hoc Mann-Whitney Test. It is also tested the probit analysis to determine lethal time (LT50 and LT90) and lethal concentration (LC50 and LC90).There was a significant difference (p <0.05) between all test concentrations except between 5% to negative control. It could be evidenced that the papaya leaves (Carica papaya L.) has an antihelmintic effect on Ascaridia gall. The results of probit analysis for LC50 and LC90 were 6,182% and 14,422% respectively. It is known that LT50 at concentrations of 25%, 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% respectively were 11,84 hours, 10,536 hours, 9,328 hours, 6,794 hours, 5,472 hours and 2,892 hours. While the LT90 at concentrations of 25%, 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% respectively were 13,608 hours, 12,303 hours, 11,095 hours, 8,562 hours, 7,24 hours, dan 4,66 hours.The ethanol extract of Papaya leaves Carica papaya was shown to have an antihelmentic effect on Ascaridia galli effectifically at concentrations of 10%, 20%, 40%, 60% dan 80%. The values of LC50 and LT50 at highest concentration (80%) at the end of the observations are 6,182% and 2,892 hours respectively. The values of LC50 and LT90 at the highest concentration (80%) were 14,442% dan 4,66 hours respectively. The higher concentration of ethanol extract of papaya leaves Carica papaya the greater the effectiveness in killing Ascaridia galli. Keywords: Antihelmintic – Ascaridia galli – Carica papaya L. – Lethal Concentration – Lethal Time

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Kaur, Manpreet, Naveen Chandra Talniya, Seema Sahrawat, Arvind Kumar, and Elena E. Stashenko. "Ethnomedicinal Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Carica papaya Plant: A Compendious Review." Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry 16, no. 5 (June 21, 2019): 463–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570193x15666180816110733.

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Medicinal properties of papaya (Carica papaya Linn.) fruit and other parts are wellknown in the traditional system of medicine. Papaya plant originated in Central America and now grown in tropical areas of worldwide, most particularly in Africa and Asia. Studies validate that, papaya has several pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, antiulcer, antibacterial, woundhealing, anti-inflammatory and anti-sickling, just to name a few. The present review article provides the explicit and updated information on botanical aspects, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of C. papaya plant in order to explore their therapeutic potential. This review conducted a systematic search on C. papaya through electronic database search (Google Scholar, PubMed, SciFinder, Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science) and a library search for articles published in peer-reviewed journals, until January of 2018. Constituents of papaya plant belongs to different chemical classes that include alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, steroids, tannin, vitamins, quinones, minerals and others. Experimental evidence confirmed that these classes of compounds cure the microbial infections, diabetes, inflammatory, cytotoxic and liver disorders. Conclusively, the present review aimed to summarize the information of ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities to prevent and treat the wide range of diseases and disorders. The future research draws the attention of the researcher for intensive investigations relating to phytochemicals, pharmacological activities and industrial applications.

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Chaves-Bedoya, Giovanni, Luz Yineth Ortiz-Rojas, and Naftali Ochoa-Alejo. "Introduction of Defence Response in Papaya (Carica papaya) Against PRSV Through Organic and Inorganic Chemicals as Inducers." Revista de Chimie 73, no. 2 (May 2, 2022): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.22.2.8518.

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The use of molecules that promote plant defence mechanisms turn out to be an alternative in disease management in agriculturally important crops contributing to the reduction of pesticide use. The activation of the defence responses in plants constitute a promising tool for the control of diseases in conventional agriculture. The results of the effect of a Chamomile aqueous extract as organic inducer and a sulphur-based fungicide as inorganic chemical inducer, as well as their combination, on the induction of resistance-related PR1 and MPK1 genes are presented in this work. In vivo results show a deleterious effect of the organic inducer in papaya plants. However, this effect decreased when combined with the sulphur-based compound, which also reduced the severity of symptoms caused by PRSV. Our results indicate that the combined treatment generates a similar response in plants to that produced by Salicylic Acid in the induction of PR1 expression.

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Walsh, K. B., and S. Ragupathy. "Mycorrhizal colonisation of three hybrid papayas (Carica papaya) under mulched and bare ground conditions." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 1 (2007): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05319.

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The use of straw mulching has been demonstrated to decrease soil loss and to improve soil moisture and soil organic matter content in conjunction with papaya (Carica papaya) cultivation. Mulching may also benefit soil biota. In this study, mulching was demonstrated to significantly (P < 0.05) improve arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonisation of papaya roots (by a factor of 2.4), but decreased spore density and species diversity (by a factor of 1.5), compared with cultivation in bare ground. The genera Glomus, Acaulospora, Gigaspora and Sclerocystis dominated in both mulched and bare ground systems. The increased mycorrhizal activity in the mulched treatments was matched by an increase in leaf phosphorus in 1995 but not in 1997.

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Mila, Nofri Rihi, Yonce Melyanus Killa Yonce Melyanus Killa, and Lusia D. Lewu. "RESPON PERTUMBUHAN BIBIT TANAMAN PEPAYA (Carica papaya L.) TERHADAP PEMBERIAN PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR DAUN GAMAL." AGRONU: JURNAL AGROTEKNOLOGI 2, no. 01 (January 31, 2023): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.53863/agronu.v2i01.575.

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Papaya is a tropical plant that has a fruit that is rich in nutrients such as provitamin A, B vitamins, provitamin C, dietary minerals, lycopene and dietary fiber. The purpose of this study was to determine the growth response of papaya (Carica papaya L.) seedlings to the application of Gamal Leaf Liquid Organic Fertilizer (POC) at different doses. The study was carried out at the Wira Wacana Christian University Sumba agricultural garden laboratory, Kuta Village, Kanatang District, East Sumba Regency from September to October 2022, using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 4 replicates with P0 as control, P1, i.e. dosing POC is 50 ml/liter of water, P2 is giving a POC dose of 100 ml/liter of water, P3 is giving a POC dose of 150 ml/liter of water, and P4 is giving a POC dose of 200 ml/liter of water. The results showed that the application of leaf POC at various doses did not have a significant effect on the growth of papaya seedlings which included leaf area, stem diameter, number of leaves and plant height. However, the application of gamal leaf POC with a concentration of 200 ml/liter of water gave the highest average value among all treatments. Keyword: Papaya Seed Growth; Liquid Organic Fertilizer; Gamal Leaf

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Baharudin, Aji, Adib Suyanto, and Sigid Sudaryanto. "Pemanfaatan Limbah Pepaya (Carica papaya L) dan Tomat (Solanum lycopersicum L) Untuk Mempercepat Pengomposan Sampah Organik." Sanitasi: Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan 8, no. 2 (November 16, 2016): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.29238/sanitasi.v8i2.741.

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One way to handle organic waste is by utilizing it as raw material for composting. In this study, to accelerate composting time, papaya and tomato waste were used as inoculant. The aim of the study was to know, between the two fruits waste, which one is more effective, by conducting an experiment with post test only group design. As the study object was organic waste from the yard of Dormitory Building I of Yogyakarta Polytechnic of Health, as much as 60 kg and was ob-tained by integrated sampling technique, meanwhile the two fruits waste were 2 kg and obtained from Serangan Market with purposive sampling technique. Based on the indicators of ripe com-post, from five time replications, the average of composting duration in the treatment group of papaya waste inoculant was 32,3 days, while the time in the tomate waste group was 31,7 days. The results of statistical analysis with indepedent t-test at 95 % level of confidence, gained a p-value less than 0,001. It means that the time-difference between two groups of treatment is signi-ficant. To conclude, used tomato waste is more effective and faster than that of papaya in speed-ing-up the composting process.

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Mohammed, Othman Abdulrahman, Mohammed Rawf Hussain, Osama Hamid Shareef, Abdullah Ahmed Hama, Sardar Mohammed Weli, Fatimah Mohammed Ali, and Sabiha Sharif Salih. "Analysis of Some Heavy Metals and Organic Acids in Ficus carica Growing Adjacent in the Serpentine Soil in Sulaimani/Kurdistan, Iraq." International Journal of Food Science 2020 (November 5, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8883517.

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Serpentine soil refers to soil having magnesium-rich minerals such as chrysotile, lizardite, and antigorite. Fig (Ficus carica) is a plant of major importance in the world. It is a nourishing food and is used in industrial productions. This study analyzes the distribution of heavy metal contents such as nickel, cobalt, zinc, and manganese in different parts of this plant, such as its leaves, stems, and fruits. Furthermore, the organic acid content, including citric acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, and oxalic acid, was estimated. The studied area is known as Kunjirin which is a village located in the northwestern extension of the Zagros-fold-thrust belt in Mawat town, northeast of Sulaimani Province, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The results show that there are significant differences in heavy metal contents among the plant organs except for zinc. The lowest level of heavy metals is in the fruits, while the highest amount of the heavy metal content is in the leaves. Moreover, the organic acids were unequally distributed in the plant organs. However, the lowest level of organic acids are found in the stem, while the highest concentration of the organic acids are found in the fruit part of the plant. The present study concludes that the level of heavy metals in the fruit part is within the legally admitted limits. This indicates that it is normal for human beings and animals to consume such fruits.

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Fang, Wenzheng, Lei Gong, and Liusi Sheng. "Online analysis of secondary organic aerosols from OH-initiated photooxidation and ozonolysis of α-pinene, β-pinene, Δ3-carene and d-limonene by thermal desorption–photoionisation aerosol mass spectrometry." Environmental Chemistry 14, no. 2 (2017): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en16128.

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Environmental contextSecondary organic aerosol, formed by oxidation of volatile precursors such as monoterpenes, is a major contributor to the total atmospheric organic aerosol. We focus on the online mass spectrometric analysis of the aerosol generated by oxidation products of four major monoterpenes in an environmental chamber. Numerous important monoterpene oxidation products were clearly observed and provided a direct comparison of the formation of biogenic secondary organic aerosols. AbstractWe present here thermal desorption–tunable vacuum ultraviolet time-of-flight photoionisation aerosol mass spectrometry (TD-VUV-TOF-PIAMS) for online analysis of biogenic secondary organic aerosols (BSOAs) formed from OH-initiated photooxidation and dark ozonolysis of α-pinene, β-pinene, Δ3-carene and d-limonene in smog chamber experiments. The ‘soft’ ionisation at near-threshold photon energies (≤10.5eV) used in this study permits direct measurement of the fairly clean mass spectra, facilitating molecular identification. The online BSOA mass spectra compared well with previous offline measurements and most of the important monoterpene oxidation products were clearly found in the online mass spectra. Oxidation products such as monoterpene-derived acids (e.g. pinic acid, pinonic acid, 3-caronic acid, limononic acid, limonalic acid), ketones (e.g. norpinone, limonaketone), aldehydes (e.g. caronaldehyde, norcaronaldehyde, limononaldehyde) and multifunctional organics (e.g. hydroxypinonaldehydes, hydroxy-3-caronic aldehydes, hydroxylimononic acid) were tentatively identified. The online TD-VUV-TOF-PIAMS mass spectra showed that the OH-initiated photooxidation and ozonolysis of the same monoterpenes produced some similar BSOA products; for example, 3-caric acid, 3-caronic acid, 3-norcaronic acid, 3-norcaralic acid, caronaldehyde and norcaronaldehyde were observed in both photooxidation and ozonolysis of Δ3-carene. However, they could be formed through different pathways. Some of the same products and isomers (e.g. 10-oxopinonic acid, pinonic acid, norpinic acid, hydroxyl pinonaldehyde, norpinonic acid, norpinone) were formed during the photooxidation and ozonolysis of α-pinene and β-pinene. However, several different BSOA products were generated in these photooxidation and ozonolysis reactions due to their different parent structures. The OH–monoterpene reaction generated higher-molecular-weight products than O3–monoterpene owing to multiple OH additions to the unsaturated carbon bond. The online observation of key BSOA products provided a direct comparison of BSOA formation among different monoterpenes and insights into the formation pathways in the OH-initiated photooxidation and ozonolysis of monoterpenes.

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Taylor, Gordon T., Robert Thunell, Ramon Varela, Claudia Benitez-Nelson, and Mary I. Scranton. "Hydrolytic ectoenzyme activity associated with suspended and sinking organic particles within the anoxic Cariaco Basin." Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 56, no. 8 (August 2009): 1266–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2009.02.006.

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Chang, Chun-Sheng, and Ssu-Ching Ho. "Enantioselective esterification of (R,S)-2-methylalkanoic acid with Carica papaya lipase in organic solvents." Biotechnology Letters 33, no. 11 (July 10, 2011): 2247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10529-011-0692-7.

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M. Moniruzzaman, Zahira Yaakob, Rahima Khatun, and Nadhirah Awang. "Mealybug (Pseudococcidae) infestation and organic control in fig (Ficus carica) orchards of Malaysia." Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 117B, no. 1 (2017): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3318/bioe.2017.04.

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Siagian, Forman Erwin, Dena Carolina Sabono, and Muhammad Alfarabi. "Aktivitas Antijamur Ekstrak Biji Pepaya (Carica Papaya L.) Varietas Bangkok." Majalah Kedokteran UKI 36, no. 1 (May 27, 2021): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33541/mk.v36i1.2987.

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Abstrak Candida sp. dan Cryptococcus sp. merupakan jamur oportunistik yang dapat menyebabkan penyakit pada manusia dan dapat berakibat fatal jika tidak ditangani dengan cepat dan tepat. Saat ini terdapat permasalahan yaitu resistensi antijamur dan jenis terapi terhadap jamur yang terbatas. Terdapatnya bahan alam yang melimpah di Indonesia menjadi suatu potensi untuk mengembangkan obat anti jamur baru yang memiliki efektivitas tinggi, efek samping yang minimal, dan murah. Salah satu bahan alam yang belum tereksplorasi untuk antijamur adalah biji pepaya varietas bangkok. Biji pepaya selama ini lebih banyak menjadi limbah organik. Oleh karena hal tersebut, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji aktivitas antijamur dari ekstrak biji pepaya bangkok (Carica papaya L.). Jamur yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah Candida albicans dan Cryptococcus neoformans. Metode yang digunakan adalah perhitungan zona hambat pada sumur di cawan petri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat zona hambat pada media yang terdapat C. albicans dan C. neoformans. Dapat disimpulkan, ekstrak biji papaya tidak memiliki aktivitas antijamur terhadap kedua jamur tersebut. Kata kunci: Pepaya bangkok, Antijamur, Bahan alam Abstract Candida sp. and Cryptococcus sp. are opportunistic fungi that can be fatal disease in humans if not treated properly. However, resistance of antifungal drugs have been emerged, therefore limit their benefit for therapy. Many natural products in Indonesia have potential to be established for new antifungal drugs that have high effectiveness, minimal side effects, and inexpensive. Papaya bangkok seed has not been explored for its antifungal activity. This seed become more organic waste. The aim of this study was to test antifungal activity of various papaya bangkok seed extract concentrations. We measured the inhibiton zone of papaya extract to Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans. Result showed no inhibition zone for each seed extract concentrations. Papaya bangkok seed extract has not antifungal activity. Keywords: Papaya bangkok, antifungal, natural product

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Mouw, Colleen B., Audrey Barnett, Galen A. McKinley, Lucas Gloege, and Darren Pilcher. "Global ocean particulate organic carbon flux merged with satellite parameters." Earth System Science Data 8, no. 2 (October 20, 2016): 531–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-8-531-2016.

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Abstract. Particulate organic carbon (POC) flux estimated from POC concentration observations from sediment traps and 234Th are compiled across the global ocean. The compilation includes six time series locations: CARIACO, K2, OSP, BATS, OFP, and HOT. Efficiency of the biological pump of carbon to the deep ocean depends largely on biologically mediated export of carbon from the surface ocean and its remineralization with depth; thus biologically related parameters able to be estimated from satellite observations were merged at the POC observation sites. Satellite parameters include net primary production, percent microplankton, sea surface temperature, photosynthetically active radiation, diffuse attenuation coefficient at 490 nm, euphotic zone depth, and climatological mixed layer depth. Of the observations across the globe, 85 % are concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere with 44 % of the data record overlapping the satellite record. Time series sites accounted for 36 % of the data, while 71 % of the data are measured at ≥ 500 m with the most common deployment depths between 1000 and 1500 m. This data set is valuable for investigations of CO2 drawdown, carbon export, remineralization, and sequestration. The compiled data can be freely accessed at doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.855600.

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Ahmed, Wasim, Abdul Khan, and Abdul Malik. "Two Triterpenes from the Leaves ofFicus carica." Planta Medica 54, no. 05 (October 1988): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-962522.

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Fatmanintyas, Irma, Trisnowati Budi Ambarningrum, Atang Atang, Trisno Haryanto, and Eko Setiyono. "IPerforma Larva Lalat Tentara Hitam (Hermetia illucens) sebagai Biokonversi Limbah Industri Pengolahan Carica Dieng (Vasconcellea pubescens) di Wonosobo." Metamorfosa: Journal of Biological Sciences 9, no. 1 (April 18, 2022): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/metamorfosa.2022.v09.i01.p13.

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Waste in the form of skins and seeds originating from the Dieng carica (Vasconcellea pubescens) processing industry can be an environmental problem if not handled properly. BSF (Hermetia illucens) larvae as a bioconversion agent are expected to be a solution to this problem. The study was conducted experimentally using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 6 treatments and 4 replications including control treatment, P1 = 100% husk, P2 = 75% husk + 25% seed, P3 = 50% shell + 50% seed, P4 = 25% skin + 75% seeds, and P5 = 100% seeds. The observation time of the study was carried out for 21 days. The main parameters observed were the value of feed consumption and waste reduction index (WRI), while the supporting parameters were larval biomass, head capsule diameter and survival rate. The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA with an error rate of 5%, and if the treatment had a significant, continued with the DMRT test with an error rate of 5%. The results of the study with various types of feed showed that the value of digested feed consumption by BSF larvae ranged from 60.42% - 81.26%. Meanwhile, the value of the waste reduction index (WRI) ranged from 2.82% - 3.73%. Waste reduction value of more than 50% indicates the effectiveness of BSF larvae in degrading organic waste. Thus the use of this type of feed in the form of feed using BSF larvae is effective in reducing the processing waste of Carica Dieng (V. pubescens).

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Hyun, Su Bin, Min Nyeong Ko, and Chang-Gu Hyun. "Carica papaya leaf water extract promotes innate immune response via MAPK signaling pathways." Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry 64, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3839/jabc.2021.038.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Carico organico'

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