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Journal articles on the topic 'Caribbean Creoles'
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Nair, Supriya M. "Din as Discourse in the Anglophone Caribbean." Small Axe: A Caribbean Journal of Criticism 27, no. 3 (November 1, 2023): 226–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/07990537-10899218.
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This essay discusses Belinda Edmondson’s Creole Noise: Early Caribbean Dialect Literature and Performance (2022). The author shows how Edmondson challenges Standard English dismissals of anglophone Caribbean vernaculars as an inferior form of English and reorients the historical legacy of Anglo-Creoles by pushing against the assumption that these Creoles are a lingua franca restricted to Black folk cultures in the Caribbean. Beginning with European migration to the Caribbean, Creole Noise charts the colonial and postcolonial emergence of robust, creative vernaculars in the anglophone context. The lively, well-written book reveals how multiple constituencies have contributed culturally to the unique Caribbean language variants that refashioned the English language and enriched global literature.
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Kouwenberg, Silvia, and Darlene LaCharité. "The typology of Caribbean Creole reduplication." Creoles and Typology 26, no. 1 (February 17, 2011): 194–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.26.1.07kou.
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Although many aspects of Creole languages remain relatively unexplored, the morphology of Creole languages has been especially neglected. This is largely because it is still widely believed that Creoles have very little in the way of morphology, even compared to an inflection-poor language such as English. Moreover, the morphology that Creoles do have is often assumed to be quite similar from one Creole language to another and is further thought to be predictable and transparent. However, there is an emerging body of research on Pidgin and Creole morphology showing that the hypothesis of semantic transparency and regularity in Creole morphology does not stand up to scrutiny. The purpose of this paper is to explore the typological characteristics of morphological reduplication in Caribbean Creole (CC) languages, and to assess these characteristics against this background. To this purpose, we will examine reduplication in a sample of CC languages of different lexifiers (Dutch, English, French, Portuguese and Spanish), with respect to their form, semantics and distribution. Our research confirms that morphological reduplication is not uniform across these languages. Moreover, it shows that reduplication is surprisingly complex within a single language.
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Managan, Kathe. "The sociolinguistic situation in Guadeloupe." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 31, no. 2 (October 14, 2016): 253–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.31.2.02man.
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In the literature on Caribbean creoles two descriptive models have dominated to explain the structures of linguistic codes, the relationships between them, and their distribution: diglossia and the creole continuum. Most Anglophone linguists have argued that it is most accurate to describe the linguistic contexts of Martinique and Guadeloupe as stable diglossic situations in which two recognizable linguistic varieties with specific functional assignments are spoken. They contrast the French Antilles with the Caribbean islands where an English-lexifer creole is spoken, described as examples of creole continua. This paper reconsiders the applicability of the diglossia model for describing the linguistic varieties in Guadeloupe and the patterns of their use. I explain why most Antillean scholars describe the French Antilles as examples of diglossia, yet also acknowledge a creole continuum with intermediate varieties of both French and Kréyòl. As a further point, I consider whether or not Guadeloupe’s linguistic situation is best described as a stable one. In doing so, I counter the argument of Meyjes (1995) that language shift is occurring in favor of French monolingualism. My goal in this paper is to foster dialogue between Francophone and Anglophone creolists and to clarify some of our basic assumptions about Caribbean creoles.
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Gilbert, Glenn G., and John Holm. "Western Caribbean English Creoles." American Speech 60, no. 3 (1985): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/454893.
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Lipski, John M. "Trinidad Spanish: implications for Afro-Hispanic language." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 64, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1990): 7–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002023.
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[First paragraph]The question of Spanish language usage among African-born slaves (known as bozales) and their descendents in Spanish America is the subject of much controversy, and has had a major impact on theories of Creole formation and the evolution of Latin American dialects of Spanish, Portuguese and French. Briefly, one school of thought maintains that, at least during the last 150-200 years of African slave trade to Spanish America, bozales and their immediate descendants spoke a relatively uniform Spanish pidgin or creole, concentrated in the Caribbean region but ostensibly extending even to many South American territories. This creole in turn had Afro-Portuguese roots, derived from if not identical to the hypothetical maritime Portuguese creole (sometimes also identified with the medieval Sabir or Lingua Franca) claimed to be the source of most European - based Creoles in Africa, Asia and the Americas.1 The principal sources of evidence come in 19th century documents from the Caribbean region, principally Cuba and Puerto Rico, where many (but not all) bozal texts share a noteworthy similarity with other demonstrably Afro-Portuguese or Afro-Hispanic Creoles in South America, Africa and Asia.
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Clements, J. Clancy. "LES CRÉOLES: L'INDISPENSABLE SURVIE. Marie-Christine Hazaël-Massieux. Paris: Éditions Entente, 1999. Pp. 319. F 150, paper." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 24, no. 1 (March 2002): 128–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263102261069.
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This book, which appears in a series called Langues en Péril“languages in peril,” is an accessible and well-written panoramic view of the French-based creoles spoken in the Caribbean and the Indian Ocean. In her introductory remarks, author Marie-Christine Hazaël-Massieux addresses the confusions regarding the notions of language and dialect, presenting clearly and concisely how a linguistic system can be a language without being written or prestigious or belonging to any given geographical region. She touches on why some of the French-based creoles, such as Louisiana Creole French, may be endangered and extends the definition of an endangered language to include cases in which a creole can lose its “creoleness” through decreolization. This allows her also to discuss the question of diversity among French-based creoles, although, as she points out, this rich diversity is often overlooked for ideological or other reasons.
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Williams, Jeffrey P. "The Development of Aspectual Markers in Anglo-Caribbean English." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 3, no. 2 (January 1, 1988): 245–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.3.2.06wil.
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The English dialects spoken by the scattered white minority in the Caribbean are important in that they provide linguistic clues to the nature of the Anglophone component in the development of the Caribbean Anglophone Creoles. The British dialect sources for aspectual markers in Anglo-Caribbean English are discussed in the light of the dialect contact and mixing that was the sociolinguistic product of English colonization. Koineization in the development of Anglo-Caribbean English is argued for, with suggestions for further research involving Anglo-Caribbean English and the Caribbean Anglophone Creoles.
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Suárez-Gómez, Cristina, and Margarita María Chamorro-Díaz. "Copula Deletion in San Andresan Creole." Miscelánea: A Journal of English and American Studies 61 (January 25, 2021): 13–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26754/ojs_misc/mj.20205137.
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This paper deals with copula deletion in San Andresan Creole (SAC), an English-lexifier creole spoken in the Caribbean islands of Colombia. One of the most widely studied features of Caribbean creoles is the variable use of the verb BE (see Labov 1969; Holm 1976; Rickford 1996; Sharma and Rickford 2009; Michaelis et al. 2013, etc.). We aim to establish the linguistic and social determinants of observable variation in the copula system of SAC. To this end we will look primarily into BE presence (e.g. dei waz der an di fishin graun ‘they were there at the fishing ground’) vs BE deletion (e.g. shi veri hongri ‘she (was) very hungry’), and its distribution according to linguistic variables (e.g. grammatical context, grammatical category and grammatical person of the subject, and tense). While bearing in mind the complex linguistic situation in Colombia, and in the Caribbean generally, these findings provide a more complete picture of variation in the use of BE in SAC and will offer valuable evidence regarding the vitality, unity and hetereogeneity of this creole. The probabilistic analysis of the results shows that grammatical context and grammatical category of the subject determine variation in this domain of grammar, repeating a recurrent pattern shown by other Atlantic creoles. These findings provide a more complete picture of variation in the use of BE in SAC and offer valuable evidence regarding the vitality, unity and heterogeneity of this creole.
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Edmondson, Belinda. "The Importance of Being (In)Authentic." Small Axe: A Caribbean Journal of Criticism 27, no. 3 (November 1, 2023): 254–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/07990537-10899260.
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In response to three discussions of the author’s Creole Noise: Early Caribbean Dialect Literature and Performance (2022), this essay raises questions about the meaning of authenticity in the production of literary Creole in the anglophone Caribbean from the eighteenth century to the present. It puts into conversation related progressive concepts of Creole, such as Kamau Brathwaite’s formulation of nation language, with early racist ventriloquist Creole narratives by White creoles in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It does so as a way of disentangling what we mean when we identify an authentic Creole voice. This essay also examines the role of linguistics in affirming or disproving the authenticity of historical Creole narratives; distinguishes spoken Creole from written; and considers the importance, or lack of importance, in identifying authors when constructing a history of literary Creole. Authors discussed include Henry Garland Murray, Kamau Brathwaite, V. S. Naipaul, Cynric Williams, and Samuel Augustus Mathews.
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van Sluijs, Robbert. "What's Past Is Past: Variation in the Expression of Past Time Reference in Negerhollands Narratives." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 26, no. 3 (August 29, 2014): 272–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542714000099.
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Negerhollands (or Virgin Islands Dutch Creole) is the extinct Dutch-lexified creole of present-day US Virgin Islands. One of the typical features of Caribbean creoles is the occurrence of both, overtly marked and unmarked pasts. This has been attested in Negerhollands, where there is variation between preverbal(h)aand the bare verb. Studies in a number of creole languages have shown that such variation is not random. Following up on these results, I investigate the impact of factors such as narrative discourse function, aspect, and syntactic priming on the expression of past time reference in 20th-century Negerhollands through a quantitative variationist study. The results show that the factors conditioning past time reference marking in Negerhollands resemble those in other creole languages but with an entirely different outcome: Whereas other (English-lexified) creoles typically use unmarked pasts, Negerhollands typically uses overt pasts. This may reflect Akan substrate influence rather than being a sign of language death.*
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Aceto, Michael, and Donald Winford. "Predication in Caribbean English Creoles." Language 70, no. 4 (December 1994): 836. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/416337.
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Kihm, Alain. "Lexical Conflation as a Basis for Relexification." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 34, no. 3 (September 1989): 351–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100013517.
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Substratal influences as an explanation for creolization (and language change generally) often fail to convince for one major reason, namely that, in most cases, the possible substratum for a given creole language is now separated from the site where creolization took place by a wide historical and geographical gap. This, for example, is the case of the West African languages vis-à-vis the Caribbean Creoles.
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Sturgeon, Joel. "Edward Livingston, Nullification, and Louisiana's Political Transformation." Journal of the Early Republic 43, no. 3 (September 2023): 455–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jer.2023.a905097.
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Abstract: This article corrects major historiographical flaws concerning Louisiana's early relationship with the United States and argues the federal tariff was the most critical factor influencing state reconciliation. Leading Louisiana historians like Peter Kastor concur that slavery inspired French-speaking Creole planters to embrace U.S. citizenship. Their consensus further holds that Creole commitment to slavery crystalized their national cultural acceptance. However, Creole planters shared far more with Caribbean slaveholders than those in the American South. Throughout Louisiana's early territorial and statehood years, slavery bolstered animosity between Anglo-Americans and Creoles. The former viewed Creoles through a racist lens and remained wary of their slave-related cultural practices, like openly acknowledging mixed-race relationships. The latter feared that English-speaking migrants would undermine their legal hegemony and inspire insurrection. Though slavery impeded Louisiana unity, the federal tariff did more than anything else to foster it. Throughout the 1820s, Creole planters became reliant on federal sugar protections to alleviate competition. Thus, the tariff gave Creoles a considerable incentive to embrace national political identities. Louisiana's redoubtable statesman Edward Livingston was particularly instrumental in promoting reconciliation on both sides. Before becoming Andrew Jackson's Secretary of State, the exiled New Yorker spent decades representing his adopted state's culturally divergent Creoles. When South Carolina triggered the Nullification Crisis in 1832-1833, Livingston spoke with Louisiana's unique perspective and eloquently guided Jackson's response which deftly balanced federalism's necessities with states' rights concerns. Thus, through the tariff, Louisiana not only embraced its new American identity, but the government employed Louisiana's voice to preserve the Union.
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Yakpo, Kofi. "Towards a model of language contact and change in the English-lexifier creoles of Africa and the Caribbean." English World-Wide 38, no. 1 (June 17, 2017): 50–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.38.1.04yak.
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Abstract The Afro-Caribbean English-lexifier Creoles (AECs) exhibit fascinating combinations of disparate typological characteristics. I present a model of post-formative (“post-creolization”) contact and change and provide a comprehensive inventory of contact constellations in Africa and the Caribbean. I conduct a comparative analysis of causative constructions in seven African and Caribbean AECs, argue for the notional separation of the traditional creolist terms “superstrate”, “lexifier”, “substrate” and “adstrate”, and account for the linguistic-structural relevance of these distinctions. The model can explain the typological diversity within and across the AECs, help elucidate their genealogical and areal differentiation, and contribute to our understanding of the processes and outcomes of language contact and change in multilingual ecologies.
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Liu, Tingxuan. "Hybridization in Political Civilization in Samuel Selvon’s The Lonely Londoners and Moses Ascending." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 6, no. 5 (May 17, 2016): 1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0605.14.
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Samuel Selvon (1923-1994) is a great pioneer in Creole literature. His writing in the Moses trilogy is very representative because of his preoccupation with issues of identity and culture. The Lonely Londoners, published in 1956, and Moses Ascending, published in 1975, are two of them. These two books telling Creole immigrants’ story have been recognized as a great masterpiece in Caribbean literature, which have a far-reaching influence on postcolonial literature. This thesis attempts to employ Homi Bhabha’s theory of hybridity to illustrate the Creoles’ struggle against colonization and the construction of political hybridity. The thesis consists of three parts. Part One is Introduction, which presents a short introduction to the author Samuel Selvon, his two works, the theoretical framework. Part Two depicts the process of the Creoles’ struggle against colonization in political civilization. In the aspect of politics, the Creoles experience the process from unawareness of politics to pursuing their political dream. They attempt to construct their own political system on the basis of the British mode. Part Three is Conclusion. Based on the above analyses, the thesis draws the conclusion that different cultures can influence each other. The effective way to realize decolonization is the construction of political hybridity.
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Mühleisen, Susanne. "Creole Discourse: Exploring Prestige Formation and Change Across Caribbean English-Lexicon Creoles." English World-Wide 25, no. 1 (May 12, 2004): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.25.1.14muh.
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Jolivétte, Andrew. "Migratory Movement: The Politics of Ethnic Community (Re) Construction Among Creoles of Color, 1920-1940." Ethnic Studies Review 28, no. 2 (January 1, 2005): 37–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.2005.28.2.37.
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This article considers the social and economic conditions under which Creoles of Color left the state of Louisiana from 1920-1940.1 Because Creoles in the years following 1920 were legally reclassified as black, many lost their land, social and legal rights, and access to education as well as the possibility of upward mobility to which they had previously had access when they were accorded the status of a distinct/legal ethnic group. Creole families had to make decisions about the economic, social, religious, and cultural futures of their children and the community as a whole. As a form of resistance to colonial and neocolonial rule, thousands of Creoles left Louisiana, following the pattern established by members of the previous generation who had anticipated the advent and implications of the new legal racial system as far back as the mid to late 1800s and had engaged in the first wave of migration from 1840-1890, moving primarily from rural ethnic enclaves to larger urban cities within the US and to international sites such as Mexico, Cuba, Haiti, Brazil, and other parts of the Caribbean and Latin America where racial lines were more fluid (Gehman, 1994).
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Jennings, William, and Stefan Pfänder. "French Guianese Creole." Journal of Language Contact 8, no. 1 (December 17, 2015): 36–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19552629-00801003.
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This article hypothesizes that French Guianese Creole (fgc) had a markedly different formative period compared to other French lexifier creoles, a linguistically diverse slave population with a strong Bantu component and, in the French Caribbean, much lower or no Arawak and Portuguese linguistic influence.The historical and linguistic description of the early years offgcshows, though, that the founder population offgcwas dominated numerically and socially by speakers of Gbe languages, and had almost no speakers of Bantu languages. Furthermore, speakers of Arawak pidgin and Portuguese were both present when the colony began in Cayenne.
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Hooker, Juliet. "Negociando “Negritude” em um Estado Multicultural: Política Creole e Identidade na Nicarágua." Revista de Estudos e Pesquisas sobre as Américas 8, no. 1 (August 12, 2014): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21057/repam.v8i1.11449.
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Esse artigo examina como os Creoles afrodescendentes estão atualmente reconfigurando suas identidades coletivas no âmbito do multiculturalismo nicaraguense. São examinadas questões como: o que significa ser atualmente Creole, negro ou afrodescendente na Nicarágua, um Estado que se proclama Multicultural? Como a negritude é negociada e vivenciada em um Estado onde o multiculturalismo se tornou uma política oficial, mas onde, historicamente, hierarquia racial e racismo não foram reconhecidos? Como essas identidades são negociadas e reconfiguradas em um contexto de lutas por justiça e igualdade? Hoje na Nicarágua, nação historicamente retratada como sendo majoritariamente mestiça ou indo-hispânica, muitos creoles anglófonos estão afirmando uma forte identidade negra racial, imaginada em termos de conexões transnacionais com a diáspora africana, incluindo com o passado africano e a ancestralidade afro-caribenha. Eu argumento no artigo que a atual ênfase na negritude, enquanto identidade creole, está conectada às mudanças do modelo de multiculturalismo nicaraguense, sobretudo a implementação de políticas específicas de combate ao racismo e a discriminação racial, uma dinâmica que ilustra a relação dialética entre direitos e identidades.---Negotiating "Blackness" on a Multicultural State: Politics and Creole Identity in NicaraguaThis article examines how Afro-descendant Creoles are currently reimagining their collective identities in Nicaragua in the context of multiculturalism. It examines questions such as: what does it means to be Creole, and/or black or Afro-descendant in Nicaragua today in the context of a self-proclaimed multicultural state? How is blackness negotiated and lived in a state where multiculturalism has become official state policy, but where, historically, racial hierarchy and racism have not been recognized? How are these identities negotiated and remade in the context of struggles for justice and equality? In the context a Nicaraguan nation that has historically been portrayed as overwhelmingly mestizo or Indo- Hispanic, many English-speaking Creoles today are asserting a strong black racial group identity imagined in terms of transnational connections to the African diaspora, including to an African past and Afro-Caribbean ancestry. I argue that the current emphasis on blackness in conceptions of Creole identity are connected to changes to Nicaragua’s model of multiculturalism, specifically the implementation of specific policies to combat racism and racial discrimination, a dynamic that illustrates the dialectical relationship between rights and identities.keywords: blackness, nicaragua, creole communities.
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Carrington, Lawrence D. "Creoles and Other Tongues in Caribbean Development." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 8, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.8.1.09car.
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Liu, Tingxuan. "Construction of Hybrid Identity in Samuel Selvon’s The Lonely Londoners and Moses Ascending." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 7, no. 6 (November 1, 2016): 1198. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0706.18.
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Samuel Selvon (1923-1994) is an outstanding figure in Caribbean literature. His Moses trilogy is very famous because of his preoccupation with issues of identity and culture. His two representative works The Lonely Londoners and Moses Ascending giving a vivid description of Creole immigrants’ life in London, have a far-reaching influence on postcolonial literature. The thesis attempts to employ Homi Bhabha’s theory of hybridity to elaborate the formation of cultural identity. The thesis consists of three parts. Part One is Introduction, which gives a brief introduction to the author, his two works, the theoretical framework. Part Two presents the dilemma in which the Creoles have to face on cultural identity. In the aspect of cultural identity, the Creoles experience the process from identical crisis to the construction of hybrid identity. Part Three is Conclusion. Based on the above analyses, the thesis draws the conclusion that different cultures can influence each other. The effective way to solve identical crisis is to build the hybrid identity.
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Schneider, Edgar W. "The Cline of Creoleness in English-Oriented Creoles and Semi-Creoles of the Caribbean." English World-Wide 11, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 79–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.11.1.07sch.
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Visconte, Piero, and Sandro Sessarego. "Some Remarks on the Origin of Afro-Puerto Rican Spanish." Borealis – An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics 11, no. 2 (October 17, 2022): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/1.11.2.6586.
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A number of proposals have tried to account for the genesis and development of a set of Afro-Hispanic language varieties, the vernaculars that formed in Latin America from the contact between African languages and Spanish in colonial times (Sessarego 2021). This article presents a sociohistorical and linguistic analysis of Loza Spanish (LS), an Afro-Puerto Rican vernacular spoken in Loíza, Puerto Rico by the descendants of the Africans brought to this Caribbean island in colonial times to work as slaves on sugarcane plantations. This article assesses the evolution of this variety and its implications for creole studies. In so doing, it contributes to the long-lasting debate on the reasons behind the paucity of Spanish-based creoles in the Americas (Granda 1968 et seq.).
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Hackert, Stephanie. "Counting and coding the past: Circumscribing the variable context in quantitative analyses of past inflection." Language Variation and Change 20, no. 1 (March 2008): 127–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394508000033.
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AbstractAccurate circumscription of the variable context is crucial to any quantitative analysis of linguistic variation. Investigations of past inflection in African American Vernacular English and Caribbean English creoles thus generally include a more or less detailed section concerning the inclusion or exclusion of particular forms; the theoretical grounds on which these decisions are made, however, are not always spelled out. Consequently, there still does not seem to be agreement on what precisely constitutes the envelope of variation in such investigations—a fact that not only complicates data extraction and analysis but also hampers cross-variety comparisons. This article summarizes and evaluates previous definitions of the scope and relevant contexts of the variable (ed), providing internal (linguistic) argumentation supporting or contraindicating the inclusion or exclusion of particular tokens. My data stem from a larger study of past temporal reference in the urban variety of Bahamian Creole English (Hackert, Stephanie. [2004].Urban Bahamian Creole: System and variation. Amsterdam: Benjamins), an intermediate creole with close historical links with Gullah as well as relations with African American Vernacular English, Trinidadian Creole, and Barbadian.
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Harry, Otelemate G. "Jamaican Creole." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36, no. 1 (May 18, 2006): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002510030600243x.
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Jamaican Creole is one of the major Atlantic English-lexifier creoles spoken in the Caribbean. In Jamaica, this creole is popularly labelled as ‘Patwa’ (Devonish & Harry 2004: 441). There is a widely-held view in Jamaica that a post-creole continuum exists. The continuum is between Jamaican English and Jamaican Creole (Meade 2001: 19). Many scholars holding this view find it necessary to distinguish among acrolectal, mesolectal and basilectal varieties (Irvine 1994, Beckford-Wassink 1999, Patrick 1999, Meade 2001, among others). Major phonological differences are found between the two extremes. However, a discussion of the phonological differences in the continuum and problems with the theoretical notion of a ‘post-creole continuum’ is beyond the scope of this paper. The aim of this paper is to provide an adequate description of some salient aspects of the synchronic phonetics and phonology of Jamaican Creole based on the speech forms of two native Jamaican Creole speakers, Stacy-Ann Watt, a post-graduate female student at the University of West Indies, Mona, and Racquel Sims, 22 year old female from the parish of St Catherine. Both come from the Eastern parishes of the island.
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Romaine, Suzanne. "Review of Winford (1993): Predication in Caribbean English Creoles." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 9, no. 2 (January 1, 1994): 404–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.9.2.23rom.
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Syrotinski, M. "American Creoles: The Francophone Caribbean and the American South." French Studies 67, no. 3 (July 1, 2013): 445–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fs/knt099.
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Liu, Tingxuan. "Hybridization in Economic Activities in Samuel Selvon’s The Lonely Londoners and Moses Ascending." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 9, no. 7 (July 1, 2019): 865. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0907.17.
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Samuel Selvon (1923-1994) is a representative writer in Caribbean literature. His Moses trilogy is famous for the preoccupation with issues of identity. My paper employs Homi Bhabha’s theory of hybridity to construct the identification of Creoles’. From the perspective of economic, The Lonely Londoners and Moses Ascending deal with the fractured and disjointed economic activities on the Londoners and Moses’ economic life, which cover from general economic life to personal economic behavior. The hybridization of economic activities helps Creoles walk out of the tough period and be able to support themselves. It is an effective way for them to be free from colonization economically.
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Imafuku, Ryuta, Ananya Jahanara Kabir, and Luca Raimondi. "We Are Castaways: Archipelagic Imagination in Our Trembling Échos-monde." Monsoon 2, no. 1 (May 1, 2024): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/2834698x-11128281.
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Abstract This article, here translated from the author's original lecture in Portuguese, distills his experiences of fieldwork in Latin America and reading of Caribbean authors who took his “imagination to the creole seas,” from which emerged eventually a “vision of archipelago” as a space-time splintering conducted from underwater, anti-continental perspectives. Bringing the challenge of archipelagicity to the reconfiguring of time as well as space, the lecture traces his journey from creole toward archipelago. Traversing the Mississippi delta, island clusters, and coral atolls in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Ocean worlds, gathering up the poetics of dialects, pidgins, creoles, and other errant tongues, it is an “unpacific” voyage that dredges up the author's East Asian, Pacific Rim identity as a divining rod for sensing archipelagic connections between differently creolized subjectivities. This meaningful web, generated through a shared awareness of not history but its lack, constitutes a new home: “a dwelling called archipelago.”
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Christie, Pauline. "Review of Mühleisen (2002): Creole discourse: Exploring prestige formation and change across Caribbean English-lexicon creoles." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 20, no. 2 (November 29, 2005): 374–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.20.2.14chr.
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McWhorter, John. "The Diachrony of Predicate Negation in Saramaccan Creole." Studies in Language 20, no. 2 (January 1, 1996): 275–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.20.2.03mcw.
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Unlike most Caribbean English-based creoles, Saramaccan has two predicate negator allomorphs, á and ná. While aspects of their distribution suggest that the former is simply a phonologically eroded reflex of the latter, synchronic, diachronic, and comparative evidence indicate that á actually resulted from a phonological coalescence of a resumptive pronominal and the following original negator, in the context of topic-comment constructions. This account explains predicate negator occurrences in the grammar which are otherwise anomalous. Furthermore, the analysis demonstrates that caution must be applied in the tendency to view Saramaccan as a repository of ontoge-netically primary creole features, or as an instantiation of Universal Grammar on view. Finally, the account leads to various conclusions about the role that topic-comment constructions play in diachrony, particularly relating to the various reanalyses that resumptive pronominals will undergo depending upon the grammar in question.
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Tasker-Mueller, Barbara Jean. "A Case for Reversing Language Shift on the Atlantic Coast of Nicaragua." NEXUS: The Canadian Student Journal of Anthropology 24, no. 1 (December 5, 2016): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15173/nexus.v24i1.1097.
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I examine the work being done by the Linguistic Research and Revitalization Institute (IPILC) at the University of the Autonomous Regions of the Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua (URACCAN) and the dilemmas faced in claiming and implementing the linguistic rights that were granted under the 1987 Law of Autonomy for the Caribbean Coast Regions. The problems I discuss in this case are not unique to Nicaragua’s Creoles, nor to Black diaspora cultures, they are merely part of larger issues which affect all minoritized groups who seek to assert the legitimacy of their languages and cultures within hegemonic discourses around cultural difference.
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Bruijne, Ad de, and Aart Schalkwijk. "The position and residential patterns of ethnic groups in Paramaribo’s development in the twentieth century." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 79, no. 3-4 (January 1, 2005): 239–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134360-90002508.
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Analyses ethnic residential patterns, in terms of spatial segregation, in Paramaribo, as these developed historically, and their correlation to the changing socioeconomic position of the various ethnic groups. Authors first point out how Paramaribo is at present one of the most multiethnic and multicultural cities of the Caribbean, and discuss the continuing importance of ethnic identity and boundaries. They further describe the history of Paramaribo's development since the period of slavery and after abolition, when many Creoles migrated to the city. Hindustani started migrating in higher numbers to Paramaribo since the early 20th c., mainly to the urban periphery, and since the 1960s also more Javanese. More recently (since the 1980s) migrants to Paramaribo include Maroons, Amerindians, Chinese, and Brazilians. Authors examine in how far the residential patterns were determined by socioeconomic factors, and/or by ethnicity. They conclude that socioeconomic factors have overall become more influential in residential patterns than ethnicity. They point out that residential ethnic mixing has increased, as almost half of Paramaribo's neighbourhoods are mixed, with no dominant ethnic group, although some ethnic concentration continues, as a quarter of the neighbourhoods can be called Creole, one-fifth of them Hindustani, and Creoles (and Maroons) reside for a higher percentage in the city centre, and Hindustani and Javanese more in the urban periphery.
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Gooden, Shelome. "Discourse aspects of tense marking in Belizean Creole." English World-Wide 29, no. 3 (October 1, 2008): 306–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.29.3.04goo.
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Debates on the relationship between the aspectual properties of verbs and past marking in Caribbean English Creoles tend to focus on two main issues. The first is the semantic function of the “relative past” and its relation to the unmarked verb, and the second is the discourse functions of the relative past marker and the unmarked verb. This paper addresses two issues related to this debate. Using fieldwork data from Belizean Creole, I present a qualitative analysis of tense usage in discourse focusing on the role of the inherent lexical aspect (aktionsart) of predicates. I examine how two different notions of past meaning are distributed between marked and unmarked verbs with different aktionsarten. I also look at the discourse function of these verbs in the contexts of the meanings expressed. I argue that an analysis of both the aktionsarten of the verbs and discourse factors are critical to developing an understanding of the range of meanings and functions of both the relative past marker and the unmarked verb. The paper also presents a new approach to the study of temporal reference in creoles. The picture-based story method provides an objective way of evaluating speakers’ choice of grounding and also facilitates comparison across speakers, given that several potentially variable aspects of the narrative are controlled for.
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Bruijne, Ad de, and Aart Schalkwijk. "The position and residential patterns of ethnic groups in Paramaribo’s development in the twentieth century." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 79, no. 3-4 (January 1, 2008): 239–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002508.
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Analyses ethnic residential patterns, in terms of spatial segregation, in Paramaribo, as these developed historically, and their correlation to the changing socioeconomic position of the various ethnic groups. Authors first point out how Paramaribo is at present one of the most multiethnic and multicultural cities of the Caribbean, and discuss the continuing importance of ethnic identity and boundaries. They further describe the history of Paramaribo's development since the period of slavery and after abolition, when many Creoles migrated to the city. Hindustani started migrating in higher numbers to Paramaribo since the early 20th c., mainly to the urban periphery, and since the 1960s also more Javanese. More recently (since the 1980s) migrants to Paramaribo include Maroons, Amerindians, Chinese, and Brazilians. Authors examine in how far the residential patterns were determined by socioeconomic factors, and/or by ethnicity. They conclude that socioeconomic factors have overall become more influential in residential patterns than ethnicity. They point out that residential ethnic mixing has increased, as almost half of Paramaribo's neighbourhoods are mixed, with no dominant ethnic group, although some ethnic concentration continues, as a quarter of the neighbourhoods can be called Creole, one-fifth of them Hindustani, and Creoles (and Maroons) reside for a higher percentage in the city centre, and Hindustani and Javanese more in the urban periphery.
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Faraclas, Nicholas. "Globalization and the future of Creole languages." Journal of Language and Politics 4, no. 2 (October 5, 2005): 331–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlp.4.2.08far.
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The plantation system that gave rise to many existing creoles can be said to be the prototype upon which the current wave of corporate globalization has been modeled (Linebaugh 1992). The daily wages received by the majority of workers worldwide at the beginning of the 21st century are not even equal to half the value of the daily food rations received by plantation slaves at the beginning of the 19th in the Greater Caribbean or at the beginning of the 20th in the South Pacific (World Bank 2000; Farnsworth 1999 and Queensland 1892). Structural adjustment policies are restricting the spread of English to the few who reap some reward from corporate globalization. In contrast, the overwhelming majority are by necessity learning and reshaping existing regional koines, pidgins, and creoles, through processes of adaptation, creativity and resistance (Rickford 1983). Far from being a threat to creoles, corporate globalization is bringing about an increase in the number of speakers of these languages, which dwarfs the much proclaimed growth of English worldwide.
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Gonzalez, Shawn C. "Decolonial Multilingualism in the Caribbean." Small Axe: A Caribbean Journal of Criticism 24, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/07990537-8190514.
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Language conflict is a common feature of Caribbean literary production, but multilingual experimentation can be obscured by the scholarly organization of the region into blocs defined by colonial languages. Recent attention to literary multilingualism in comparative literature offers potential critical tools to investigate the region’s linguistic variability. However, European-focused scholarship prioritizes a national focus that cannot account for the complex relationships between colonial languages and Caribbean Creoles. This essay considers three works from the Dominican Republic and Jamaica: the anthology Palabras de una isla / Paroles d’une île, Juan Bosch’s story “Luis Pie,” and the Groundwork Theater Company’s Fallen Angel and the Devil Concubine. The author argues that these texts emphasize different critical priorities from the standard concerns of theorists of literary multilingualism. Consequently, these writers employ a broad range of literary strategies that enrich decolonial conversations about social transformation by imagining models of communication that challenge colonial language hierarchies.
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Lizcano Fernández, Francisco. "Las etnias centroamericanas durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX." Estudios Latinoamericanos 24 (December 31, 2004): 67–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.36447/estudios2004.v24.art4.
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Short description:
This article is dedicated to the demographic levels and distribution of Central American ethnic groups: indigenous, mestizos, mulattos, creoles, garifunas and Asians. The study includes 7 countries: Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama. Emphasis is placed on the Caribbean region of these countries, where ethnic diversity is the greatest.
Short description translated and adapted from the text by Michał Gilewski
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Johnson, Jerah. "Jim Crow laws of the 1890s and the origins of New Orleans jazz: correction of an error." Popular Music 19, no. 2 (April 2000): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261143000000143.
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A seriously misleading error has crept into almost all the literature on the origins of New Orleans jazz. The error mistakenly attributes to the Jim Crow laws of the 1890s a significant role in the formation of the city's jazz tradition.Jazz historians have done a reasonably good job of depicting the two black communities that existed in new Orleans from the time of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 until the twentieth century. One community comprised a French-speaking Catholic group who lived mostly in downtown New Orleans, i.e. the area of the city down-river from Canal Street. Before the Civil War this group, commonly called Creoles, or Black Creoles, but more accurately called Franco-Africans, comprised free people of colour as well as slaves, and after the war consisted of their descendants who perpetuated the group's language, religion and musical tradition, which combined French, African and Caribbean elements.Members of the other black community were English-speaking Protestants who lived mostly in uptown new Orleans. That group, before the Civil War, was made up largely of slaves brought to New Orleans by Americans who flooded into Louisiana after the 1803 Purchase, though it also included some free people of colour. After the war, the descendants of these immigrants continued their language, religion and musical tradition, which came mostly from the rural South. There Anglo-Africans were generally less prosperous and less educated than the downtown Franco-African or Creole community.
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Winford, Donald. "Another Look at the Copula in Black English and Caribbean Creoles." American Speech 67, no. 1 (1992): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/455757.
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Khan, A. "Sacred Subversions? Syncretic Creoles, the Indo-Caribbean, and "Culture's In-between"." Radical History Review 2004, no. 89 (April 1, 2004): 165–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01636545-2004-89-165.
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Rickford, John R., and Jerome S. Handler. "Textual Evidence on the Nature of Early Barbadian Speech, 1676-1835." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 9, no. 2 (January 1, 1994): 221–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.9.2.02ric.
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On the evidence of textual attestations from 1676-1835, early Barbadian English is shown to have exhibited many more nonstandard features than is generally recognized. Such features, which are commonly, if not exclusively, found in pidgins and creoles, include vowel epenthesis, paragoge and initial s-deletion processes, creole tense-modality-aspect marking, copula absence, the use of invariant no as a preverbal negative and as an emphatic positive marker, the occurrence of one as indefinite article, and a variety of morphologically unmarked pronominal forms. The texts consist of samples of African and Afro-Barbadian speech from historical sources, including ones which linguists have not previously considered. The textual samples are examined century by century, accompanied by a detailed account of the contemporary sociohistorical setting, and interpreted in terms of known and inferred Caribbean patterns of sociolinguistic variation, both in the present and in the past. It is concluded that while early Barbadian speech comprised a range of varieties, creolelike varieties were undoubtedly a part of that range.
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Parham, Angel Adams. "Comparative Creoles: Race, Identity, and Difference Between Louisiana and its Caribbean Counterparts." Quebec Studies 71, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 61–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/qs.2021.6.
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This essay places Louisiana Creole culture and identity into comparative perspective with the evolution of Creole identity and créolité in Haiti and the French Antilles. While Haitian and Antillean intellectuals wrestled at the crossroads of French and African culture over the course of the twentieth century, the leading intellectuals of Louisiana’s Creole society were more likely to embrace French language and culture than to work self-consciously to integrate African influences into their understanding of themselves. A similar kind of cultural reckoning did not occur among Louisiana Creole writers and intellectuals until late in the twentieth century. The essay uses a comparative approach to examine the factors that have led to Louisiana taking such a different approach to Creole identity and cultural expression and considers how the community may evolve in the years to come. Cet essai situe la culture et l’identité créoles louisianaises dans une perspective comparée avec l’évolution de l’identité créole et de la créolité en Haïti et aux Antilles françaises. Lorsque des intellectuels haïtiens et antillais travaillaient au carrefour des cultures française et africaine au parcours du vingtième siècle, les intellectuels du chef de file de la société créole de la Louisiane tendaient plus à engager la langue et la culture françaises que de chercher à intégrer consciemment les influences africaines dans leur conception identitaire. Ce n’est que plus tard dans le vingtième siècle que nous témoignons d’une reconnaissance culturelle similaire chez les écrivains et les intellectuels de la Louisiane créole. Cet essai aborde de manière comparée les éléments qui contribuaient à une approche si différente à l’identité et l’expression culturelle créoles en Louisiane et considère comment la communauté pourraient évoluer à l’avenir.
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Hualde, José Ignacio, and Armin Schwegler. "Intonation in Palenquero." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 23, no. 1 (April 18, 2008): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.23.1.02hua.
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The least understood aspect of Palenquero phonology is its intonational system. This is a serious gap, as it is precisely in the realm of prosody that the most striking phonological differences between Palenquero and (Caribbean) Spanish are apparent. Although several authors have speculated that African influence may be at the source of Palenquero’s peculiar intonation, to date published research offers no detailed information about the intonation of the creole. The goal of this study is to remedy this situation. Here we identify several specific intonational features where conservative (or older-generation) Palenquero differs from (Caribbean) Spanish. One of these features is a strong tendency to use invariant word-level contours, with a H tone on the stressed syllable and L tones on unstressed syllables, in all sentential contexts, including prenuclear positions. A second feature that we have identified is the use of a sustained phrase-final high or mid level contour in declaratives accented on the final syllable, and a long fall in declaratives accented on the penult. The final section addresses the issue of the possible origin of these intonational features. We point out similarities with Equatorial Guinea Spanish and conclude that, at some point in the history of Palenquero, the Spanish prosodic system was interpreted as involving lexical tone, in conformity with claims in the literature regarding several Atlantic creoles.
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Winer, Lise. ":FromCreole Discourse: Exploring Prestige Formation and Change Across Caribbean English-Lexicon Creoles." Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 17, no. 1 (June 2007): 156–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jlin.2007.17.1.156.
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Zehnder, Madeline L. "Revolutions of Taste: Mon Odyssée and the Aesthetic Inheritance of Saint-Domingue." American Literary History 31, no. 1 (December 21, 2018): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alh/ajy042.
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Abstract White creoles who fled Saint-Domingue for the US following the Haitian Revolution transported habits of their hierarchical, luxury-oriented culture to elite white members of the early republic. This essay recovers a francophone memoir by one such exile, Jean-Paul Pillet, to demonstrate the influence of colonial understandings of taste on the early republican US, arguing that creole values coincide with emergent US desires for exceptionalism. Pillet’s memoir reveals how white Americans’ fascination with Saint-Domingue shaped their understanding of what it means to be an exceptional nation. Throughout his memoir, he exalts creole consumption and taste, developing an aesthetic language that he uses to promote Saint-Domingue’s unique status within the colonial world, as well as to denounce the destruction wrought by the Haitian revolution. Upon arriving in the US as an exile, he exports this discourse of taste—and its encoded aesthetic and racial hierarchies—to a white US elite eager to appear more exceptional on a global stage. By framing the cultivation of taste as a gateway to global power, Pillet offers Americans a mode of exceptionalism that depends on luxury rather than equality, thereby demonstrating how the colonial Caribbean continued to shape the young republic during its so-called nationalist moment.
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Niles, Glenda. "Translation of Creole in Caribbean English literature." Translating Creolization 2, no. 2 (December 23, 2016): 220–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttmc.2.2.03nil.
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This paper explores the use of Creoles in Caribbean English Literature and how it tends to be translated into Spanish by analyzing the Spanish translations of two novels written by Caribbean author, Oonya Kempadoo. Kempadoo is a relatively new and unknown author. She was born in England to Guyanese parents and grew up in the Caribbean. She lived in several of the islands, including St. Lucia and Trinidad and at present resides in Grenada. Apart from being a novelist, she is a freelance researcher and consultant in the arts, and works with youth and international organizations, where she focuses on social development. Her first novel, Buxton Spice, was published in 1998. Described as a semi-autobiography by Publisher’s Weekly, it has also been praised for being original and universal in the portrayal of its themes. It is the story of a young girl growing up in Guyana during the Burnham regime. It is written as a series of vignettes, which contributes to the seemingly quick development of Lula from childhood to adolescence, as she learns to explore her sexuality. This novel has been published in the United Kingdom and the United States, and has been translated into Spanish, French, Italian, Dutch, Portuguese and Hebrew. The version used for this investigation was translated by Victor Pozanco and commissioned by Tusquets Publishers. Kempadoo’s second novel, Tide Running, also forms part of this investigation. As the 2002 winner of the Casa de las Américas Literary prize for Caribbean English and Creole, this novel was translated into Spanish by a Cuban translator as a part of the award. It is the story of an unambitious Tobagonian youth who becomes entangled in a bizarre relationship with an interracial couple. The story highlights several issues, such as poverty, race and social class differences, sex and right and wrong. As a researcher, I felt that it would be enlightening to see how a Caribbean translator, from a country (Cuba) with limited access to mass cultural currents commonplace elsewhere, handles this piece of prose which is so heavily steeped in Trinbagonian culture.
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Thornton, John K., and Linda M. Heywood. "“Canniball Negroes,” Atlantic Creoles, and the Identity of New England’s Charter Generation." African Diaspora 4, no. 1 (2011): 76–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187254611x566279.
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Abstract In the early seventeenth century, New England merchants were heavily involved in privateering raids on Spanish and Portuguese shipping in the Caribbean and in capturing slave ships, almost entirely sent from Angola. Knowing the specific background and historical events in Angola allows us to solve a number of mysterious appearances, such as Imbangala (“canniball negroes”) raiders, and a “queen” who was probably a member of the Kongo-Ndongo nobility whose enslaved members also appear in Brazilian records of the same epoch. Careful use of contemporary and dense documentation of Angola and shipping allow this greater nuance and opens the way for other research.
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Nero, Shondel J. "Politeness and Face in Caribbean Creoles. Edited by Susanne Mühleisen and Bettina Migge." World Englishes 26, no. 3 (July 27, 2007): 390–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-971x.2007.00516_2.x.
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Thomas, Erik R., and Guy Bailey. "Parallels between vowel subsystems of African American Vernacular English and Caribbean Anglophone Creoles." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 13, no. 2 (January 1, 1998): 267–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.13.2.03tho.
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