Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cargo vessels'

This thesis examines exact and heuristic approaches to solve the Ship Routing and Scheduling Problem (SRSP). The method was developed to address the problem of loading cargos for many customers using heterogeneous vessels. Constraints relate to delivery time windows imposed by customers, the time horizon by which all deliveries must be made and vessel capacities. The objective is to minimise the overall operation cost, where all customers are satisfied. Two types of routing and scheduling are considered, one called single-cargo problem, where only one cargo can be loaded into a ship, and the second type called multi-cargo problem, where multiple products can be carried on a ship to be delivered to different customers. The exact approach comprises two stages. In the first stage, a number of candidate feasible schedules is generated for each ship in the fleet. The second stage is to model the problem as a set partitioning problem (SPP) where the columns are the candidate feasible schedules obtained in the first stage. The heuristic approach uses Tabu Search (TS). Most of the TS operations, such as insert and swap moves, tenure, tabu list, intensification, and diversification are used. The results of a computational investigation are presented. Solution quality and execution time are explored with respect to problem size and parameters controlling the tabu search such as tenure and neighbourhood size. The results showed that the average of the solution gap between TS solution and SPP solution is up to 28% (for small problems) and up to 18% for large problems. However, obtaining an optimal solution requires a large amount of computer time to produce the solution compared to obtaining approximate solutions using the TS approach. The use of Tabu Search for SRSP is novel and the results indicate that it is viable approach for large problems.

Thesis (Nav. E.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 2009.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-86).
Economic globalization has resulted in the tremendous growth of worldwide trade. Much of this trade is carried out via the various waterways of the world. The bulk of these trade goods are transported by merchant ships that burn diesel fuel to propel them through the water. With the cost of crude oil rising to record highs, the cost of operating these ships has been skyrocketing as well, indicating the need for the development of alternative sources of propulsion power. This thesis focuses on the development of an early stage conceptual design for a nuclear-powered commercial cargo ship and the subsequent economic analysis of that ship in comparison with its conventionally-powered predecessor ship. In addition, this thesis will also analyze and propose solutions to the various non-technical issues that currently stand in the way of building and operating a nuclear-powered cargo vessel. The end result of this research shows that a nuclear-powered commercial cargo ship, while being technically feasible, is still economically inferior to a conventionally-powered cargo ship.
by John L. Beaver, III.
S.M.
Nav.E.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 40-42). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.

A comparative study is carried out to investigate the most promising route towardsthe lightweight construction of a retractable mast for a sailing cargo vessel.Four design families are developed and compared. The primary criteria forjudgment are the structural mass, strength, and stiffness in relation to a providedbenchmark design. Additional evaluation criteria are the capital costsfor raw materials and manufacturing.The design space includes isotropic materials as well as fiber-reinforced polymer(FRP) solutions and is navigated by employing analytical evaluation methodssupported by finite element analysis (FEA). Restrictions to the designspace are given by a general arrangement of the benchmark design. This includesthe limitation to the ULS loads and the overall mast geometry.A review of relevant Det Norske Veritas (DNV) rules for classification is performedand the guidelines for wind turbine blades and wind-powered units(WPU) are judged most suitable to the design challenge. Relevant design principlesare implemented in the structural analysis.It is concluded that pure metal constructions imply an unreasonably large weightpenalty. Local buckling is found to disqualify FRP single-skin solutions as successfulcandidates. Secondary to that, strength concerns are the major driversfor the structural mass.The report presents two designs that are judged fit for the purpose, one is ahybrid truss structure from high strength low alloy steel (HSLA steel) and carbonfiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP). The second design is a sandwich constructionwith CFRP face sheets, a PVC foam core, and additional stiffeningmembers in steel.
A comparative study is carried out to investigate the most promising route towardsthe lightweight construction of a retractable mast for a sailing cargo vessel.Four design families are developed and compared. The primary criteria forjudgment are the structural mass, strength, and stiffness in relation to a providedbenchmark design. Additional evaluation criteria are the capital costsfor raw materials and manufacturing.The design space includes isotropic materials as well as fiber-reinforced polymer(FRP) solutions and is navigated by employing analytical evaluation methodssupported by finite element analysis (FEA). Restrictions to the designspace are given by a general arrangement of the benchmark design. This includesthe limitation to the ULS loads and the overall mast geometry.A review of relevant Det Norske Veritas (DNV) rules for classification is performedand the guidelines for wind turbine blades and wind-powered units(WPU) are judged most suitable to the design challenge. Relevant design principlesare implemented in the structural analysis.It is concluded that pure metal constructions imply an unreasonably large weightpenalty. Local buckling is found to disqualify FRP single-skin solutions as successfulcandidates. Secondary to that, strength concerns are the major driversfor the structural mass.The report presents two designs that are judged fit for the purpose, one is ahybrid truss structure from high strength low alloy steel (HSLA steel) and carbonfiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP). The second design is a sandwich constructionwith CFRP face sheets, a PVC foam core, and additional stiffeningmembers in steel.

A Indústria Naval tem investido em navios cada vez maiores visando ganhos de escala. Na última década, esse movimento se intensificou e um dos principais fatores é a influência significativa das economias emergentes na demanda de carga. Alguns dos ganhos decorrentes da utilização de navios maiores são: menor consumo de energia, menor emissão de CO2, maior capacidade de carga e, consequentemente, fretes marítimos mais competitivos. Esses novos navios acarretam a necessidade de uma revisão da infraestrutura portuária, isso porque geram uma alta concentração de carga e ainda demandam uma maior profundidade nos portos, bem como alterações nas estruturas dos terminais para recebê-los. Investimentos como dragagem, modificações de layout de terminais, entre outros, resultam em custos demasiadamente altos, além de impactos relacionados a licenciamentos para operação. Neste cenário de aumento dos navios e da consequente dificuldade de recebê-los em diversos portos, uma solução que vem sendo utilizada ao redor do mundo é a do transbordo de navio para navio no mar, o transshipment. Ele é normalmente realizado através de um navio convertido em plataforma de transbordo/transferência, substituindo a necessidade de ancoragem do navio de maior capacidade em um terminal portuário convencional. O Brasil tem o desafio de se preparar para este novo cenário e o porto de Santos, o principal do país, possui limitações para recebimentos destas embarcações. Este trabalho analisou operacionalmente e sob o ponto de vista de custos logísticos, o processo de transshipment no mar em portos brasileiros. Para tal, escolheu como estudo de aplicação o minério de ferro no porto de Santos, usando como ferramentas de análise a simulação e a comparação de custos logísticos totais das alternativas. Os resultados obtidos nas análises demonstraram a capacidade do transshipment de atender à demanda de carga em diferentes cenários e trazer uma redução de custos logísticos em relação à operação convencional.
The Shipbuilding Industry has invested in larger vessels for economies of scale. In the last decade, this movement has intensified and one of the main factors is that emerging economies have significantly influenced demand for cargo. Some of the gains from the use of larger ships are: lower energy consumption, lower CO2 emissions, higher cargo capacity and more competitive sea freight as a consequence. These new ships require a revision of the port infrastructure due to their higher concentration of cargo and still require a greater depth in the ports, as well as changes in the structures of the terminals to receive them. Investments such as dredging, modifications of terminal layout among others result in high costs, in addition to the need for upgrading licenses to operate. A solution that is being used around the world is the transshipment. It is usually accomplished through a ship converted as a transfer platform, replacing the need for anchoring the larger vessel at a conventional port terminal. Brazil needs to be prepared for this challenge and the port of Santos, the main port of the country, has limitations for receiving these vessels. This work assessed operationally and from the point of view of logistics costs, the transshipment in Brazilian ports. To do so, it carried out an application study to the iron ore in the port of Santos, using simulation and the comparison of total logistical costs of the alternatives. The results obtained demonstrated the capacity of the transshipment to attend the demand for cargo in different scenarios and reduce cost in relation to the conventional operation.

The formation of nano–sized precipitates is considered to be the origin of hardening and embrittlement of ferritic steel used as structural material for pressure vessels of nuclear reactors, since these nanoclusters hinder the motion of dislocations within the grains of the polycrystalline bcc–Fe matrix. Previous investigations showed that these small precipitates are coherent and may consist of Cu, Ni, other foreign atoms, and vacancies. In this work a combination of on–lattice simulated annealing based on Metropolis Monte Carlo simulations and off–lattice relaxation by Molecular Dynamics is applied in order to determine the structure, energetics and thermodynamics of coherent clusters in bcc–Fe. The most recent interatomic potentials for Fe–Cu–Ni alloys are used. The atomic structure and the formation energy of the most stable configurations as well as their total and monomer binding energy are calculated. Atomistic simulation results show that pure (vacancy and copper) as well as mixed (vacancy-copper, copper-nickel and vacancy-copper-nickel) clusters show facets which correspond to the main crystallographic planes. Besides facets, mixed clusters exhibit a core-shell structure. In the case of v_lCu_m, a core of vacancy cluster coated with copper atoms is found. In binary Cum_Ni_n, Ni atoms cover the outer surface of copper cluster. Ternary v_lCu_mNi_n clusters show a core–shell structure with vacancies in the core coated by a shell of Cu atoms, followed by a shell of Ni atoms. It has been shown qualitatively that these core–shell structures are formed in order to minimize the interface energy between the cluster and the bcc-Fe matrix. Pure nickel consist of an agglomeration of Ni atoms at second nearest neighbor distance, whereas vacancy-nickel are formed by a vacancy cluster surrounded by a nickel agglomeration. Both types of clusters are called quasi-cluster because of their non-compact structure. The atomic configurations of quasiclusters can be understood by the peculiarities of the binding between Ni atoms and vacancies. In all clusters investigated Ni atoms may be nearest neighbors of Cu atoms but never nearest neighbors of vacancies or other Ni atoms. The structure of the clusters found in the present work is consistent with experimental observations and with results of pairwise calculations. In agreement with experimental observations and with recent results of atomic kinetic Monte Carlo simulation it is shown that the presence of Ni atoms promotes the nucleation of clusters containing vacancies and Cu. For pure vacancy and pure copper clusters an atomistic nucleation model is established, and for typical irradiation conditions the nucleation free energy and the critical size for cluster formation have been estimated. For further application in rate theory and object kinetic Monte Carlo simulations compact and physically–based fit formulae are derived from the atomistic data for the total and the monomer binding energy. The fit is based on the structure of the clusters (core-shell and quasi-cluster) and on the classical capillary model.

Gegenstand des Vorhabens im Rahmen der WTZ mit Russland ist die Versprödung des Reaktordruckbehälters infolge der Strahlenbelastung mit schnellen Neutronen im kernnahen Bereich. Um den Einfluss von bestrahlungsinduzierten Gitterdefekten auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften zu ermitteln, wurden analytische Berechnungen zum Einfluss von Hindernissen auf die Beweglichkeit von Versetzungen und damit auf die Ausbildung einer plastischen Zone an der Rissspitze durchgeführt. Es wird demonstriert, dass sich die an der Rissspitze entstehenden Versetzungen an dem Hindernis (bestrahlungsinduzierte Punktdefekte) aufstauen. In Abhängigkeit der Rissbelastung KI und der Entfernung des Hindernisses von der Rissspitze werden die Versetzungsdichte und das durch den Versetzungsstau verursachte Spannungsfeld berechnet. Mit Hilfe von Experimenten zur Neutronenkleinwinkelstreuung (SANS - small angle neutron scattering) an verschiedenen WWER-Stählen und Modelllegierungen wurden Größenverteilungen und die Volumenanteile der strahleninduzierten Defekte für verschiedene Bestrahlungszustände (Fluenzen, Bestrahlungstemperaturen) ermittelt. Es wurde gezeigt, dass sich die strahleninduzierte Werkstoffschädigung durch Wärmebehandlung weitgehend wieder ausheilen lässt. Nach der thermischen Ausheilung ist der Werkstoff bei erneuter Bestrahlung weniger anfällig für strahleninduzierte Defekte. Die Ergebnisse der SANS-Untersuchungen wurden mit der Änderung der mechanischen Eigenschaften (Härte, Streckgrenze und Sprödbruchübergangstemperatur) korreliert. Mit der kinetischen Gitter-Monte-Carlo-Methode wurden numerische Sensitivitätsstudien zum Einfluss des Cu-Gehalts auf die Stabilität von Defekt-Clustern durchgeführt. Die Berechnungen zeigen, dass die Anwesenheit von Cu-Atomen zur Bildung von langlebigen Defekten führt. Dabei werden Leerstellen in Cu/Leerstellen-Cluster eingefangen. Leerstellen in reinem Eisen sind bei Bestrahlungstemperaturen von 270 °C dagegen nicht stabil, die Lebensdauer liegt zwischen 0.01 s und 1 s. Die kritische Cu-Konzentration, ab welcher stabile Defekte entstehen, beträgt ca. 0.1 Masseprozent.

Defect-driven transport of impurities plays a key role in the microstructure evolution of alloys, and has a great impact on the mechanical properties at the macroscopic scale. This phenomenon is greatly enhanced in irradiated materials because of the large amount of radiation-induced crystal defects (vacancies and interstitials). For instance, the formation of nanosized solute clusters in neutron-irradiated reactor pressure vessel (RPV) ferritic steels has been shown to hinder dislocation motion and induce hardening and embrittlement. In Swedish RPV steels, this mechanical-property degradation is enhanced by the high content of manganese and nickel impurities. It has been suggested that the formation of Mn-Ni-rich clusters (which contain also Cu, Si, and P) might be the outcome of a dynamic process, where crystal defects act both as nucleation sites and solute carriers. Solute transport by point defects is therefore a crucial mechanism to understand the origin and the dynamics of the clustering process. The first part of this work aims at modeling solute transport by point defects in dilute iron alloys, to identify the intrinsic diffusion mechanisms for a wide range of impurities. Transport and diffusion coefficients are obtained by combining accurate ab initio calculations of defect transition rates with an exact mean-field model. The results show that solute drag by single vacancies is a common phenomenon occurring at RPV temperature (about 300 °C) for all impurities found in the solute clusters, and that transport of phosphorus and manganese atoms is dominated by interstitial-type defects. These transport tendencies confirm that point defects can indeed carry impurities towards nucleated solute clusters. Moreover, the obtained flux-coupling tendencies can also explain the observed radiation-induced solute enrichment on grain boundaries and dislocations. In the second part of this work, the acquired knowledge about solute-transport mechanisms is transferred to kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) models, with the aim of simulating the RPV microstructure evolution. Firstly, the needed parameters in terms of solute-defect cluster stability and mobility are calculated by means of dedicated KMC simulations. Secondly, an innovative approach to the prediction of transition rates in complex multicomponent alloys is introduced. This approach relies on a neural network based on ab initio-computed migration barriers. Finally, the evolution of the Swedish RPV steels is simulated in a "gray-alloy" fashion, where impurities are introduced indirectly as a modification of the defect-cluster mobilities. The latter simulations are compared to the experimental characterization of the Swedish RPV surveillance samples, and confirm the possibility that solute clusters might form on small interstitial clusters. In conclusion, this work identifies from a solid theoretical perspective the atomic-transport phenomena underlying the formation of embrittling nanofeatures in RPV steels. In addition, it prepares the ground for the development of predictive KMC tools that can simulate the microstructure evolution of a wide variety of irradiated alloys. This is of great interest not only for reactor pressure vessels, but also for many other materials in extreme environments.

QC 20151123

Gegenstand des Vorhabens im Rahmen der WTZ mit Russland ist die Versprödung des Reaktordruckbehälters infolge der Strahlenbelastung mit schnellen Neutronen im kernnahen Bereich. Um den Einfluss von bestrahlungsinduzierten Gitterdefekten auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften zu ermitteln, wurden analytische Berechnungen zum Einfluss von Hindernissen auf die Beweglichkeit von Versetzungen und damit auf die Ausbildung einer plastischen Zone an der Rissspitze durchgeführt. Es wird demonstriert, dass sich die an der Rissspitze entstehenden Versetzungen an dem Hindernis (bestrahlungsinduzierte Punktdefekte) aufstauen. In Abhängigkeit der Rissbelastung KI und der Entfernung des Hindernisses von der Rissspitze werden die Versetzungsdichte und das durch den Versetzungsstau verursachte Spannungsfeld berechnet. Mit Hilfe von Experimenten zur Neutronenkleinwinkelstreuung (SANS - small angle neutron scattering) an verschiedenen WWER-Stählen und Modelllegierungen wurden Größenverteilungen und die Volumenanteile der strahleninduzierten Defekte für verschiedene Bestrahlungszustände (Fluenzen, Bestrahlungstemperaturen) ermittelt. Es wurde gezeigt, dass sich die strahleninduzierte Werkstoffschädigung durch Wärmebehandlung weitgehend wieder ausheilen lässt. Nach der thermischen Ausheilung ist der Werkstoff bei erneuter Bestrahlung weniger anfällig für strahleninduzierte Defekte. Die Ergebnisse der SANS-Untersuchungen wurden mit der Änderung der mechanischen Eigenschaften (Härte, Streckgrenze und Sprödbruchübergangstemperatur) korreliert. Mit der kinetischen Gitter-Monte-Carlo-Methode wurden numerische Sensitivitätsstudien zum Einfluss des Cu-Gehalts auf die Stabilität von Defekt-Clustern durchgeführt. Die Berechnungen zeigen, dass die Anwesenheit von Cu-Atomen zur Bildung von langlebigen Defekten führt. Dabei werden Leerstellen in Cu/Leerstellen-Cluster eingefangen. Leerstellen in reinem Eisen sind bei Bestrahlungstemperaturen von 270 °C dagegen nicht stabil, die Lebensdauer liegt zwischen 0.01 s und 1 s. Die kritische Cu-Konzentration, ab welcher stabile Defekte entstehen, beträgt ca. 0.1 Masseprozent.

Кваліфікаційна робота магістра складається з трьох розділів. Об’єкт дослідження – теоретичні, методологічні та практичні положення щодо здійснення морського страхування. Проаналізовано - історичні аспекти зародження морського страхування, показники діяльності страхових компаній з морського страхування, відносини між страховиком та страхувальником з приводу здійснення морського страхування, виділені головні проблеми розвитку морського страхування. Запропоновано - поліпшення умов проведення морського страхування завдяки внесення змін в правову базу, переймання іноземного досвіду впровадження морського страхування, вдосконалення продуктів для морського страхування та методів їх впровадження.
Квалификационная работа магистра состоит из трех разделов. Объект исследования – теоретические, методологические и практические положения относительно осуществления морского страхования. Проанализированы исторические аспекты зарождения морского страхования, показатели деятельности страховых компаний с морского страхования, отношения между страховщиком и страхователем по поводу осуществления морского страхования, выделены главные проблемы развития морского страхования. Предложено улучшение условий проведения морского страхования благодаря внесению изменений в правовую базу, перенимание иностранного опыта внедрения морского страхования, совершенствование продуктов для морского страхования и методов их внедрения.
Thesis consists of three chapters. Object of study - theoretical, methodological and practical provisions for the implementation of maritime insurance. Analyzed - historical aspects of the origin of marine insurance, indicators of the activity of insurance companies in marine insurance, the relationship between the insurer and the insured on the implementation of maritime insurance, highlighted the main problems of the development of marine insurance. It is proposed to improve the conditions for maritime insurance through the introduction of changes in the legal framework, the adoption of foreign experience in the implementation of maritime insurance, the improvement of products for marine insurance and the methods of their implementation.

CIVINS
Approved for public release, distribution unlimited
Economic globalization has resulted in the tremendous growth of worldwide trade. Much of this trade is carried out via the various waterways of the world. The bulk of these trade goods are transported by merchant ships that burn diesel fuel to propel them through the water. With the cost of crude oil rising to record highs, the cost of operating these ships has been skyrocketing as well, indicating the need for the development of alternative sources of propulsion power. This thesis focuses on the development of an early stage conceptual design for a nuclear-powered commercial cargo ship and the subsequent economic analysis of that ship in comparison with its conventionally-powered predecessor ship. In addition, this thesis will also analyze and propose solutions to the various non-technical issues that currently stand in the way of building and operating a nuclear-powered cargo vessel. The end result of this research shows that a nuclear-powered commercial cargo ship, while being technically feasible, is still economically inferior to a conventionally-powered cargo ship.

碩士
國立高雄應用科技大學
工業工程與管理系碩士在職專班
102
The economy in whole world fell suddenly after Financial Crisis in 2008. Many industries withdrew their orders, and employees got the unpaid leave. The same situation happened on shipbuilding, and joined with the debt crisis in Europe and America, the shipbuilding in world downed to the bottom. Therefore, the main shipyards have tried to get the orders, and then given better discount if any shipowner would like to build the new ships. In the end of 2012, the purchasing price for a new building, the bulk carrier of Capesize with 180,000 tonnages, was only USD 44,000,000.- to USD 46,000,000.-. Compared with the highest price in 2008, the drop was almost 50 percent. In next year, the beginning of 2013, the situation was getting worse; shipyards accepted the price of USD 54,000,000.- for new ship, the bulk carrier of Capesize with 206,000 tonnages, but its basic price should be USD 64,000,000.- to USD 65,000,000.- originally, so the discount was more than 15 percent. The prices reducing of new ships were not on sale, but the only way to survive for shipyards. In this background, in order to get more profits, the shipyards in different countries propose projects to decrease cost. The Paint is one of way for cost down, so how to reduce the painting quantity on cargo hold of ships according to one shipyard is the main point on my research. The research figures out the main reason with Problem Hierarchy Analysis of TRIZ theory, and improves by Technical Contradiction Matrix and & Inventive Principles to get the solution accurately. When the tests on the container vessel for type of 4,250TEU and 6,000TEU through by previous painting process and new one, the result can be saved NTD 5,900,000.- on new one. Therefore, the all new painting process is able to use widely on other type of vessel, and also good for earth.