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Journal articles on the topic 'Carettochelys insculpta'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Joyce, Walter G., Virginie S. Volpato, and Yann Rollot. "The skull of the carettochelyid turtle <i>Anosteira</i> <i>pulchra</i> from the Eocene (Uintan) of Wyoming and the carotid canal system of carettochelyid turtles." Fossil Record 21, no. 2 (December 13, 2018): 301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/fr-21-301-2018.

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Abstract. Here we document the morphology of the only known skull of a carettochelyid turtle from North America. The specimen originates from the middle Eocene (early Uintan) Washakie Formation of Sweetwater County, Wyoming, and is referred to Anosteira pulchra based on temporal considerations. The skull of Anosteira pulchra broadly corresponds in its morphology to that of other carettochelyids but exhibits numerous differences that are related to it being more gracile. As a meaningful outgroup is lacking, it is not possible to determine if the gracile morphology seen in this taxon is apomorphic or plesiomorphic for the Anosteira–Allaeochelys clade. Anosteira pulchra and Carettochelys insculpta lack an ossified palatine canal. We conclude by reference to extant trionychids that the palatine (mandibular) canal is likely present but branches from the cerebral (pseudopalatine) canal following its exit from the sella turcica. As in trionychids, the vidian branch of the facial nerve (VII) of Anosteira pulchra and Carettochelys insculpta mostly traverses the palatine.

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2

Doody, J. Sean, Arthur Georges, Jeanne E. Young, Matthew D. Pauza, Ashe L. Pepper, Rachael L. Alderman, and Michael A. Welsh. "Embryonic aestivation and emergence behaviour in the pig-nosed turtle, Carettochelys insculpta." Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 6 (June 1, 2001): 1062–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z01-061.

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Two related aspects of hatchling emergence were studied in a population of pig-nosed turtles (Carettochelys insculpta) in northern Australia. Using emergence phenology data, nest temperatures, historical weather data, and a developmental model, we tested the hypothesis that delayed hatching occurs in C. insculpta, and that such a delay would allow hatchlings to time their emergence to match the onset of the wet season. Carettochelys insculpta hatchlings emerged, on average, 17 days after dates predicted from a developmental model. Combined with observations of hatchlings remaining in eggs until emergence, these results confirmed delayed hatching in nature. This delay was synchronized with initial river rises associated with the onset of wet-season rains, and is consistent with published criteria for embryonic aestivation. On a diel scale, we generated predictions of two potentially competing models of nocturnal emergence in hatchling turtles based on the knowledge that air temperatures decrease with season during the emergence period. A test of these predictions for C. insculpta produced ambiguous results. However, further analysis indicated that C. insculpta, and probably other nocturnally emerging turtle species, respond to a decline in diel temperature rather than to an absolute temperature. The former would ensure nocturnal emergence, while the latter is experienced during the day as well as at night. Nocturnal emergence may be associated with nesting in open microhabitats.

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3

Doody, J. Sean, Peter West, and Arthur Georges. "Beach Selection in Nesting Pig-Nosed Turtles, Carettochelys insculpta." Journal of Herpetology 37, no. 1 (March 2003): 178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1670/0022-1511(2003)037[0178:bsinpn]2.0.co;2.

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4

Beggs, Kerry, Jeanne Young, Arthur Georges, and Peter West. "Ageing the eggs and embryos of the pig-nosed turtle, Carettochelys insculpta (Chelonia: Carettochelydidae), from northern Australia." Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, no. 3 (April 1, 2000): 373–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z99-214.

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Standard series of embryonic stages are the primary basis for organising information in embryological studies and for ageing eggs and embryos in field studies. In this paper we calibrate the developmental series for the pig-nosed turtle, Carettochelys insculpta, from northern Australia against an established series for Chelydra serpentina, carefully noting unique attributes of C. insculpta. We also extend existing non-destructive approaches to staging embryos by identifying several additional specific embryological attributes visible externally or by candling. A chronological sequence of attributes visible by candling is established as a viable alternative to the destructive approaches requiring direct examination of embryos.

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5

Xiong, Lei, Xiao-san Li, Ling Wang, Ke Zhou, and Liu-wang Nie. "The mitochondrial genome complete sequence and organization of the Pig-nosed Turtle Carettochelys insculpta (Testudines, Carettochelyidae) and its phylogeny position in Testudines." Amphibia-Reptilia 31, no. 4 (2010): 541–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/017353710x530203.

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AbstractThe Pig-nosed Turtle Carettochelys insculpta (Testudines; Cryptodira; Carettochelyidae) is the sole living representative of the Carettochelyidae. The phylogenetic position of C. insculpta within Testudines has not yet been determined unequivocally. To address this issue, we sequenced the whole mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of C. insculpta using the long-and-accurate PCR (LA-PCR) method. The results show that the length of C. insculpta mtDNA is 16 439 bp and its structure is conserved compared to those of other turtles and other vertebrates except the NADH4 gene beginning with an ATC start codon. The 3′-side of the control region in mtDNA has two tandem repeat motifs, each consisting of nine 5′-CA-3′ units and sixteen 5′-AT-3′ units. To assess the phylogenetic position of C. insculpta, Maximum parsimony (MP), Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian (BI) analyses were conducted based on complete mtDNA from 22 taxa. MP analyses robustly supported that the earliest phylogenetic tree splits separated into three basal branches: the Pelomedusidae (Pelomedusa subrufa), the Carettochelyidae (C. insculpta) and an assemblage of 18 cryptodiran turtle species; while ML and BI analyses suggested that Carettochelyidae and Trionychidae formed a clade, and that this clade was the sister taxon to all other cryptodiran turtles.

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6

Doody, J. Sean, Matthew Pauza, Bret Stewart, and Chris Camacho. "Nesting Behavior of the Pig-Nosed Turtle, Carettochelys insculpta, in Australia." Chelonian Conservation and Biology 8, no. 2 (December 2009): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2744/ccb-0764.1.

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7

Ferrara, Camila R., Richard C. Vogt, Carla C. Eisemberg, and J. Sean Doody. "First Evidence of the Pig-nosed Turtle (Carettochelys insculpta) Vocalizing Underwater." Copeia 105, no. 1 (March 2017): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/ce-16-407.

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8

Georges, a., and R. Kennett. "Dry-Season Distribution and Ecology of Carettochelys-Insculpta (Chelonia, Carettochelydidae) in Kakadu-National-Park, Northern Australia." Wildlife Research 16, no. 3 (1989): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9890323.

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Carettochelys insculpta is widely distributed (though not necessarily abundant) in Kakadu National Park during the dry season, occupying permanent billabongs from the black-soil plains to the base of the escarpment. High population densities were found in the upper reaches of the South Alligator drainage (33.8 turtles ha-1; 227.4 kg ha-1) and are interpreted as dry-season concentrations of turtles that would occupy a much wider range in the wet season. C. insculpta nest in clean, fine sand adjacent to water from mid July to early November. About 15 hard-shelled spherical eggs were laid in a shallow chamber (maximum depth 18-21 cm) between 1.0 and 3.7 m from water, with the height above water ranging from 0.4 to 0.7 m. The nests suffered heavy predation from varanid lizards. The turtles are general omnivores that draw upon a wide variety of food, including algae, aquatic macrophytes, fruits, seeds and leaves of riparian vegetation, aquatic macroinvertebrates, and carrion. Its catholic tastes provide great scope for opportunism, and its diet varies greatly in accordance with the foods available from locality to locality. The ecological basis for the restricted global distribution of C. insculpta is unclear since the species appears to have very broad habitat requirements.

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9

Rivera, Angela R. V., and Richard W. Blob. "Forelimb muscle function in pig-nosed turtles, Carettochelys insculpta : testing neuromotor conservation between rowing and flapping in swimming turtles." Biology Letters 9, no. 5 (October 23, 2013): 20130471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0471.

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Changes in muscle activation patterns can lead to new locomotor modes; however, neuromotor conservation—the evolution of new forms of locomotion through changes in structure without concurrent changes to underlying motor patterns—has been documented across diverse styles of locomotion. Animals that swim using appendages do so via rowing (anteroposterior oscilations) or flapping (dorsoventral oscilations). Yet few studies have compared motor patterns between these swimming modes. In swimming turtles, propulsion is generated exclusively by limbs. Kinematically, turtles swim using multiple styles of rowing (freshwater species), flapping (sea turtles) and a unique hybrid style with superficial similarity to flapping by sea turtles and characterized by increased dorsoventral motions of synchronously oscillated forelimbs that have been modified into flippers ( Carettochelys insculpta ). We compared forelimb motor patterns in four species of turtle (two rowers, Apalone ferox and Trachemys scripta ; one flapper, Caretta caretta ; and Carettochelys ) and found that, despite kinematic differences, motor patterns were generally similar among species with a few notable exceptions: specifically, presence of variable bursts for pectoralis and triceps in Trachemys (though timing of the non-variable pectoralis burst was similar), and the timing of deltoideus activity in Carettochelys and Caretta compared with other taxa. The similarities in motor patterns we find for several muscles provide partial support for neuromotor conservation among turtles using diverse locomotor styles, but the differences implicate deltoideus as a prime contributor to flapping limb motions.

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Welsh, Michael A., J. Sean Doody, and Arthur Georges. "Resource partitioning among five sympatric species of freshwater turtles from the wet–dry tropics of northern Australia." Wildlife Research 44, no. 3 (2017): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr16202.

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Context Resource partitioning of diet and microhabitat was examined for five sympatric species of freshwater turtles in the Daly River in the northern end of Northern Territory (Top End) in Australia. The Daly River supports a high diversity of freshwater turtles, making it the ideal place to study a freshwater turtle community. Aims To determine the dry-season diet and microhabitat use of Carettochelys insculpta, Elseya dentata, Chelodina oblonga, Emydura victoriae and Emydura subglobosa worrelli and examine intraspecific and interspecific niche overlap and ontogenetic dietary shift. Methods Gut contents were collected by stomach flushing, and microhabitat use was determined by recording where each turtle was first seen before capture. Diet and microhabitat use were compared using an index of relative importance. Niche overlap was measured with Horn’s overlap index. Key results Carettochelys insculpta is an opportunistic omnivore that feeds mostly on ribbonweed (Vallisneria spiralis) and aquatic snails. Elseya dentata is herbivorous, feeding primarily on aquatic algae. The diets of C. insculpta and E. dentata overlapped moderately, but the overall niche overlap was low because they occupied different microhabitats within the river. Chelodina oblonga fed very little, and may use the Daly River as a dry-season refuge. Emydura victoriae is molluscivorous, consuming more molluscs as it grows. This ontogenetic dietary shift was associated with megacephaly (extreme broadly expanded head that is too large to fit into the carapace) and expanded triturating surfaces. This specialisation allows adult E. victoriae to feed exclusively on molluscs and so their diet overlapped little with other species. Emydura subglobosa worrelli was omnivorous, consuming mostly freshwater sponge and apparently preferring more lentic water. Conclusions The freshwater turtles of the wet–dry tropics are usually reported as being heavily reliant on the seeds, fruits and leaves of riparian vegetation; however, the present study showed that the dry-season diet in perennial rivers is primarily of aquatic origin. Implications The study suggested that populations of C. insculpta, E. dentata and E. victoriae could be threatened by broad-scale development in northern Australia if there were substantive impacts on aquatic macrophytes and molluscs in the Daly River system.

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11

Young, Jeanne E., Arthur Georges, J. Sean Doody, Peter B. West, and Rachael L. Alderman. "Pivotal range and thermosensitive period of the pig-nosed turtle, Carettochelys insculpta (Testudines: Carettochelydidae), from northern Australia." Canadian Journal of Zoology 82, no. 8 (August 1, 2004): 1251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z04-105.

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Understanding temperature-dependent sex determination in nature often depends on knowledge of species-specific attributes that are integrated into the relationship between temperature and sex. We determined two such attributes for the pig-nosed turtle, Carettochelys insculpta Ramsay, 1886, in tropical Australia: the pivotal range in temperature that separates the male-producing domain from the female-producing domain, and the thermosensitive period during which the embryonic sex is influenced by temperature. The pivotal range for C. insculpta was very narrow, spanning only about 1 °C, and was centered on 32 °C, which is high but consistent with temperatures reported for other tropical species. The thermosensitive period spanned developmental stages 17–21 for temperature influence in the direction of maleness and 18–21 for temperature influence in the direction of femaleness. This period is slightly narrower than that for other reptile species but broadly consistent with the middle third of incubation.

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12

Georges, Arthur, Erika Alacs, Matthew Pauza, Felix Kinginapi, Amos Ona, and Carla Eisemberg. "Freshwater turtles of the Kikori Drainage, Papua New Guinea, with special reference to the pig-nosed turtle, Carettochelys insculpta." Wildlife Research 35, no. 7 (2008): 700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr07120.

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A survey of the Kikori River drainage of the Gulf Province of Papua New Guinea identified four species of freshwater turtle. The pig-nosed turtle Carettochelys insculpta and the southern New Guinea soft-shelled turtle Pelochelys bibroni are riverine species. The New Guinea spotted turtle Elseya novaeguineae lives primarily in the tidal freshwater creeks and streams, flooded sinkholes and swamps of the lowland rainforest. The New Guinea painted turtle Emydura subglobosa resides almost exclusively in forest sinkholes and swamps. Pelochelys bibroni was the least-common species, and is probably locally endangered. Greatest turtle diversity occurred in the Karst Plains of the Kikori sub-basin, where there is a greater diversity of habitat available to turtles. Lowest diversity occurred in the highlands, where turtles were present in very low density as introduced populations, brought in from the Kikori lowlands, Mount Bosavi and the Western Province by visiting relatives. Linguistic diversity concurred with turtle diversity of the regions in which the languages were spoken. C. insculpta nests both on riverine sand beaches and on coastal beaches, sand spits and isolated sand bars where the Kikori River discharges into the Gulf of Papua. Adult females and eggs of C. insculpta are harvested heavily by local people for local consumption.

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13

Tkach, Vasyl V., and Scott D. Snyder. "Doodytrema carettochelydis n. gen., n. sp., (Digenea: Microscaphidiidae) from the Pig-Nosed Turtle, Carettochelys insculpta, (Cryptodira: Carettochelydidae) in Australia." Comparative Parasitology 73, no. 2 (July 2006): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1654/4238.1.

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14

WEBB, GRAHAME J. W., DAVID CHOQUENOT, and PETER J. WHITEHEAD. "Nests, eggs, and embryonic development of Carettochelys insculpta (Chelonia: Carettochelidae) from Northern Australia." Journal of Zoology 1, no. 3 (August 20, 2009): 521–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1986.tb00646.x.

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15

Doody, J. Sean, Rachel A. Sims, and Arthur Georges. "Gregarious Behavior of Nesting Turtles (Carettochelys insculpta) Does Not Reduce Nest Predation Risk." Copeia 2003, no. 4 (December 2003): 894–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/h203-012.1.

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16

Doody, J. S., B. Green, R. Sims, D. Rhind, P. West, and D. Steer. "Indirect impacts of invasive cane toads (Bufo marinus) on nest predation in pig-nosed turtles (Carettochelys insculpta)." Wildlife Research 33, no. 5 (2006): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr05042.

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The cane toad (Bufo marinus) was introduced into Australia in 1935. Because this toxic frog is novel to the Australian fauna, its introduction has impacted native fauna in a variety of ways. We anticipated a severe decline in the yellow-spotted monitor lizard (Varanus panoptes) associated with the arrival of cane toads along the Daly River, Northern Territory, and predicted a simultaneous impact on nest predation in the pig-nosed turtle (Carettochelys insculpta) because the lizard is the chief predator of C. insculpta eggs at the site. We surveyed for monitors and cane toads for five years at two sites before and after the arrival of cane toads, and surveyed for turtle nest predation for three years before, and one year after, the arrival of the toads. Collectively, our data and observations, combined with unpublished reports, indicate that: (1) cane toads arrived at our study sites during the wet seasons of 2003–04 and 2004–05; (2) the lizard V. panoptes readily succumbs to cane toad toxins; (3) . panoptes has experienced a marked decline in relative population numbers coincident with the arrival of the toads at the site; and (4) V. panoptes has been reduced to such low numbers that it is currently no longer a significant predator of pig-nosed turtle eggs.

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Lafortune, Maud, James F. X. Wellehan, Scott P. Terrell, Elliott R. Jacobson, Darryl Heard, and James W. Kimbrough. "Shell and Systemic Hyalohyphomycosis in Fly River Turtles, Carettochelys insculpta, caused by Paecilomyces lilacinus." Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery 15, no. 2 (January 2005): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5818/1529-9651.15.2.15.

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18

Doody, J. Sean, Arthur Georges, Jeanne E. Young, Matthew D. Pauza, Ashe L. Pepper, Rachael L. Alderman, and Michael A. Welsh. "Embryonic aestivation and emergence behaviour in the pig-nosed turtle, Carettochelys insculpta." Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 6 (2001): 1062–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-79-6-1062.

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19

Davenport, John, Julia Davenport, Cheong-Hoong Diong, and K. H. Low. "Swimming and bipedal bottom-running in the pig-nosed turtle Carettochelys insculpta Ramsay, 1886." Journal of Natural History 50, no. 33-34 (June 3, 2016): 2097–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2016.1180720.

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20

Doody, J. Sean, Arthur Georges, and Jeanne E. Young. "Twice every second year: reproduction in the pig-nosed turtle, Carettochelys insculpta, in the wet–dry tropics of Australia." Journal of Zoology 259, no. 2 (February 2003): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952836902003217.

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21

Beggs, Kerry, Jeanne Young, Arthur Georges, and Peter West. "Ageing the eggs and embryos of the pig-nosed turtle, Carettochelys insculpta (Chelonia: Carettochelydidae), from northern Australia." Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, no. 3 (2000): 373–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-78-3-373.

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Doody, J. Sean, John Roe, Phillip Mayes, and Lesley Ishiyama. "Telemetry tagging methods for some freshwater reptiles." Marine and Freshwater Research 60, no. 4 (2009): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf08158.

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Reptiles are often ignored or under-studied in freshwater systems. An understanding of their biology and thus their role in aquatic communities can be greatly advanced by studies using radio telemetry. In turn, the value of radio telemetry for research depends on the availability of suitable and reliable methods of attaching or implanting radio transmitters. The present study describes transmitter attachment and implantation techniques for selected freshwater reptiles, including the eastern and northern long-necked turtles (Chelodina longicollis and Chelodina rugosa, respectively), the pig-nosed turtle (Carettochelys insculpta), Mertens’ water monitor (Varanus mertensi) and the water dragon (Physignathus lesueurii). The effectiveness of the methods for each species is described and the potential pitfalls and challenges of each method are discussed. The literature abounds with techniques for attachment and implantation techniques, and the methods used in the present study are not wholly novel. The aim, however, is to provide detailed summaries, in one paper, of effective methods for attachment and implantation of radio-tags for freshwater reptiles with a diversity of sizes, shapes and attachment surfaces. Despite the focus on Australian freshwater reptiles, these methods are applicable to aquatic reptiles worldwide.

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23

Georges, A. "Thermal-Characteristics and Sex Determination in Field Nests of the Pig-Nosed Turtle, Carettochelys-Insculpta (Chelonia, Carettochelydidae), From Northern Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 40, no. 5 (1992): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9920511.

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Carettochelys insculpta lays its eggs in shallow nests constructed in clean fine sand adjacent to water. Six nests had the following thermal characteristics: (1) core temperatures ranging from 26.1 to 33.7-degrees-C early in September, from 30.0 to 38.7-degrees-C early in October and from 28.4 to 36.8-degrees-C early in November; (2) a pronounced daily cycle in core temperatures of up to 6.4-degrees-C in amplitude, with the minimum occurring after sunrise in mid-morning and the maximum occurring in the evening; (3) a difference in the temperatures experienced by the top and bottom eggs in a single nest of up to 3.5-degrees-C at any one time. Nest heating and the maximum temperatures achieved were principally driven by solar irradiation, not ambient air temperatures. Hot nests produced females exclusively, nests intermediate in temperature produced a mixture of sexes, and the sole cool nest produced males exclusively. In nests that produced both sexes, males emerged from the deepest coolest eggs whereas females emerged from the shallowest eggs. Hence, field nests may yield both sexes either because egg temperatures are on the sex-determining threshold or because thermal gradients in nests span both male- and female-producing temperatures.

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24

Doody, J. S., J. E. Young, and A. Georges. "Sex Differences in Activity and Movements in the Pig-Nosed Turtle, Carettochelys insculpta, in the Wet-Dry Tropics of Australia." Copeia 2002, no. 1 (February 2002): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2002)002[0093:sdiaam]2.0.co;2.

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Eisemberg, Carla C., Mark Rose, Benedict Yaru, and Arthur Georges. "Demonstrating decline of an iconic species under sustained indigenous harvest – The pig-nosed turtle (Carettochelys insculpta) in Papua New Guinea." Biological Conservation 144, no. 9 (September 2011): 2282–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.06.005.

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Eisemberg, Carla C., Mark Rose, Benedict Yaru, and Arthur Georges. "Spatial and temporal patterns of harvesting of the Vulnerable pig-nosed turtle Carettochelys insculpta in the Kikori region, Papua New Guinea." Oryx 49, no. 4 (July 14, 2014): 659–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605313001646.

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AbstractManagement of wildlife use by communities living a partially traditional lifestyle is usually more successful when the interactions between those communities and the environment are well understood. We mapped the harvest areas for the Vulnerable pig-nosed turtle Carettochelys insculpta for six language-groups in the Kikori region of Papua New Guinea and compared harvest parameters between different areas and language-groups and, when possible, between 1980–1982 and 2007–2009. Spatially, the main influence on harvest method was a tribe's location relative to the turtle's distribution. No small juveniles (< 20 cm straight-line carapace length) were found outside the Kikori delta, which is probably the species’ feeding grounds. In contrast, nesting females were captured only in upstream and coastal sandbank areas. Temporally there were distinct differences in harvesting parameters between tribes, which may be explained by differential employment opportunities. To halt the decline of pig-nosed turtles in the Kikori region we recommend the establishment of beach and feeding-ground protection initiatives, together with monitoring of the turtle population and harvest. Concomitantly, trips specifically targeted at harvesting the turtles, which account for 81% of the animals captured, need to be restricted. These initiatives should include all six language-groups and take into account their specific harvesting patterns.

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27

Blair, David, and Mark M. Rose. "Paradeuterobaris novaguineae n. gen. and n. sp. (Digenea: Microscaphidiidae) from the Intestine of Carettochelys insculpta (Reptilia: Chelonia) from Papua New Guinea." Journal of Parasitology 72, no. 2 (April 1986): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3281597.

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28

Rivera, A. R. V., G. Rivera, and R. W. Blob. "Forelimb kinematics during swimming in the pig-nosed turtle, Carettochelys insculpta, compared with other turtle taxa: rowing versus flapping, convergence versus intermediacy." Journal of Experimental Biology 216, no. 4 (November 1, 2012): 668–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.079715.

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29

Shepherd, Chris R., Lalita Gomez, and Vincent Nijman. "Illegal wildlife trade, seizures and prosecutions: A 7.5-year analysis of trade in pig-nosed turtles Carettochelys insculpta in and from Indonesia." Global Ecology and Conservation 24 (December 2020): e01249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01249.

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30

Eisemberg, Carla C., Yolarnie Amepou, Mark Rose, Benedict Yaru, and Arthur Georges. "Defining priority areas through social and biological data for the pig-nosed turtle (Carettochelys insculpta) conservation program in the Kikori Region, Papua New Guinea." Journal for Nature Conservation 28 (November 2015): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2015.08.003.

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31

Krahl, Anna. "The locomotory apparatus and paraxial swimming in fossil and living marine reptiles: comparing Nothosauroidea, Plesiosauria, and Chelonioidea." PalZ 95, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 483–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12542-021-00563-w.

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AbstractThe terrestrial origins of the diapsid Sauropterygia and Testudines are uncertain, with the latter being highly controversially discussed to this day. For only 15 Ma, Nothosauroidea lived in shallow-marine seas of the Triassic. Contrastingly, the pelagic Plesiosauria evolved in the Late Triassic, dispersed globally, and inhabited the oceans of the Jurassic and Cretaceous for approximately 135 Ma. Since the Cretaceous (~ 100 Ma), Chelonioidea, the modern sea turtles, have populated the oceans. All three groups evolved aquatic paraxial locomotion. Nothosaurs swam with their foreflippers, supported by the swimming tail. Plesiosaurs are the only tetrapods to have ever evolved four hydrofoil-like flippers. The plesiosaur flipper beat cycle has been debated for nearly two centuries. The different proposed locomotory styles (rowing, rowing-flight, underwater flight) are discussed in this review. A fourth gait that is employed by Carettochelys insculpta, which combines rowing and flying, is introduced. The osteology of the locomotory apparatus of nothosaurs and plesiosaurs is reviewed and compared to that of extant underwater-flying Chelonioidea. In conclusion, underwater flight remains the favoured locomotory style for plesiosaurs. Also, the review reveals that nothosaur locomotion has largely remained unstudied. Further, our understanding of joint morphologies and mobilities of the foreflipper in nothosaurs, plesiosaurs, and even recent sea turtles, and of the hindflipper in plesiosaurs, is very limited. It is crucial to the discussion of locomotion, to find out, if certain limb cycles were even possible, as evidence seems to point to the improbability of a rowing motion because of limited humerus and femur long axis rotation in plesiosaurs.

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