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P.Vani and Sharan B Singh M. "Effect of smoking on cardiovascular autonomic functions." International Journal of Physiotherapy and Research 9, no. 2 (April 11, 2021): 3780–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijpr.2021.101.
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Introduction: Cigarette smoking is a prime risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Chronic smoking results in autonomic dysfunction leading to increased cardiovascular risk in smokers. The present study was planned to study the effect of smoking on the Cardiovascular Autonomic Functions among smokers. Materials and Methods: Fifty male subjects who were in the age group of 25 to 45 years. They were grouped into 25 smokers and 25 non-smokers. The participant subjects were selected among the staff members, residents and the patients from the routine OPD in SVIMS. Prior to study, they were informed about the procedure and the purpose of the study tests and written consents were obtained from them. The Cardiovascular Autonomic Function Tests were assessed by using a POLYGRAPH which was available in the department. Results and Conclusion: After applying the ‘t’-test for the difference between the two sample means, it was observed that there was a highly significant difference between the mean values of the BMI(i.e.p<0.01) and the para-sympathetic function tests among the smokers and the non – smokers(i.e.p<0.00). The Resting Heart Rate had significantly increased and the Deep breathing difference, the postural tachycardial index (Response to standing) and the Valsalva Ratio had significantly decreased in the smokers as compared to those in the non – smokers. After applying the ‘t’-test for the difference between the two sample means, it was observed that there was no significant difference between the mean values of the Postural hypotension test (i.e. p>0.05) and that there was a highly significant difference between the mean values of the Sustained handgrip test in the smokers and the non – smokers (i.e. p<0.00). KEY WORDS: Cardiovascular autonomic function tests, Smoking, Resting heart rate.
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Radjab, Youssouf, Souad Aboudrar, Fatima Zahra Milouk, Hanan Rkain, Mustapha EL Bakkali, Taoufiq Dakka, Leslie Coghlan, and Halima Benjelloun. "Cardiovascular Autonomic Response to Amlodipine in Primary Hypertension." ISRN Cardiology 2012 (June 25, 2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/832183.
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Sympathetic hyperactivity may be involved in primary hypertension. The purpose of this study was to evaluate both sympathetic and vagal activity responses in patients receiving amlodipine as antihypertensive agent. Patients and Methods. This prospective study included a group of primary hypertensive patients (N=32, mean age 54.6±7.6 years). The cardiovascular autonomic tests performed in this group, before and after 3 months of daily oral administration of amlodipine, included deep breathing, hand-grip, and mental stress tests. Statistical analysis was done using the Student’s t-test. Results. Cardiovascular autonomic reflexes responses before and after 3 months of amlodipine oral administration were as follows: the mental stress test stimulation method produced a central alpha adrenergic response of 23.9±8.7% versus 11.2±2.0% (P<0.05), a central beta sympathetic response of 16.7±9.2% versus 10.4±1.3% (P<0.05), a blood pressure increase in response to hand grip test of 20.5±7.3% versus 10.7±2.4% (P<0.05), vagal response to deep breathing test was 21.2±6.5% versus 30.8±2.9%, (P<0.05). Conclusion. The results attest that amlodipine may have an anti-sympathetic effect.
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De Andrade, Ozahyr, David D. Kline, and Eileen M. Hasser. "Cardiovascular Deconditioning Enhances Cardiovascular and Autonomic Response to Arterial Chemoreflex Stimulation." FASEB Journal 34, S1 (April 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.06906.
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Grant, CC, and JA Ker. "Autonomic response to exercise as measured by cardiovascular variability." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 20, no. 4 (December 5, 2008): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2078-516x/2008/v20i4a273.
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Motivation. There is growing interest in the use of cardiovascular variability indicators as measures of autonomic activity, even though reported results are not always comparable or as expected. This review aims to determine the consistency of results reported on the autonomic response to physical exercise as measured by heart rate variability, blood pressure variability and baroreceptor sensitivity. Method. An Ovid MEDLINE Database search for the period 1950 - March 2008 produced 46 articles for review. The published articles that evaluate the effect of exercise on the autonomic nervous system (ANS) are summarised in three categories: the response of the ANS during a bout of exercise, directly after exercise (recovery measurements), and after a long-term exercise programme. Results. Articles on the effect of training on the ANS as measured by cardiovascular variability indicators show increased variability, decreased variability, and no change in variability. Conclusion. Findings in this review emphasise that standardisation and refinement of these measuring tools are essential to produce results that can be repeated and used as reference. Standardisation is essential as these measurements are increasingly employed in studies regarding investigations of central autonomic regulation, those exploring the link between psychological pro cesses and physiological functioning, and those indicating ANS activity in response to exercise, training and overtraining. This review shows that important aspects are inter-individual differences, duration and intensity of the exercise programme, and choice and specific implementation of variability analysis techniques. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 20 (4) 2008: pp. 102-108
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Grant, CC, and JA Ker. "Autonomic response to exercise as measured by cardiovascular variability." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 20, no. 4 (February 5, 2009): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2008/v20i4a273.
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Motivation. There is growing interest in the use of cardiovascular variability indicators as measures of autonomic activity, even though reported results are not always comparable or as expected. This review aims to determine the consistency of results reported on the autonomic response to physical exercise as measured by heart rate variability, blood pressure variability and baroreceptor sensitivity. Method. An Ovid MEDLINE Database search for the period 1950 - March 2008 produced 46 articles for review. The published articles that evaluate the effect of exercise on the autonomic nervous system (ANS) are summarised in three categories: the response of the ANS during a bout of exercise, directly after exercise (recovery measurements), and after a long-term exercise programme. Results. Articles on the effect of training on the ANS as measured by cardiovascular variability indicators show increased variability, decreased variability, and no change in variability. Conclusion. Findings in this review emphasise that standardisation and refinement of these measuring tools are essential to produce results that can be repeated and used as reference. Standardisation is essential as these measurements are increasingly employed in studies regarding investigations of central autonomic regulation, those exploring the link between psychological pro cesses and physiological functioning, and those indicating ANS activity in response to exercise, training and overtraining. This review shows that important aspects are inter-individual differences, duration and intensity of the exercise programme, and choice and specific implementation of variability analysis techniques. South African Journal of Sports Medicine Vol. 20 (4) 2008: pp. 102-108
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Brace, R. A., and C. Y. Cheung. "Modulation of fetal cardiovascular responsiveness to norepinephrine by autonomic nervous system." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 257, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): R574—R579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1989.257.3.r574.
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To determine the extent to which the autonomic nervous system modifies the fetal cardiovascular responses to exogenous norepinephrine (NE), NE was infused intravenously (0.39-39 micrograms/min) for 30 min into chronically catheterized sheep fetuses averaging 132 days gestation. The resulting changes in arterial pressure, venous pressure, heart rate, and blood volume were compared between fetuses with and without ganglionic blockade. Autonomic blockade did not alter the relationship between the rise in NE concentration and NE infusion rate. In fetuses with a blocked autonomic nervous system, the arterial pressure response to exogenous NE was shifted 0.8 log units to the left when compared with normal fetuses. The venous pressure response to NE infusion was not altered in the blocked fetuses when compared with normal fetuses. Heart rate in the autonomically blocked fetuses increased with plasma NE concentration, which was opposite to the initial suppression of heart rate during NE infusion in control fetuses. Fetal blood volume decreased progressively with increasing NE infusion rate in the blocked fetuses, which was similar in autonomically intact fetuses, except for an increase in blood volume at low NE infusion rates. Thus it appears that the autonomic nervous system modifies the fetal arterial pressure, heart rate, and blood volume responses to exogenous NE but not the response of venous pressure
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van Oosterhout, Willebrordus PJ, Guus G. Schoonman, Dirk P. Saal, Roland D. Thijs, Michel D. Ferrari, and J. Gert van Dijk. "Abnormal cardiovascular response to nitroglycerin in migraine." Cephalalgia 40, no. 3 (October 9, 2019): 266–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102419881657.
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Introduction Migraine and vasovagal syncope are comorbid conditions that may share part of their pathophysiology through autonomic control of the systemic circulation. Nitroglycerin can trigger both syncope and migraine attacks, suggesting enhanced systemic sensitivity in migraine. We aimed to determine the cardiovascular responses to nitroglycerin in migraine. Methods In 16 women with migraine without aura and 10 age- and gender-matched controls without headache, intravenous nitroglycerin (0.5 µg·kg−1·min−1) was administered. Finger photoplethysmography continuously assessed cardiovascular parameters (mean arterial pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume and total peripheral resistance) before, during and after nitroglycerin infusion. Results Nitroglycerin provoked a migraine-like attack in 13/16 (81.2%) migraineurs but not in controls ( p = .0001). No syncope was provoked. Migraineurs who later developed a migraine-like attack showed different responses in all parameters vs. controls (all p < .001): The decreases in cardiac output and stroke volume were more rapid and longer lasting, heart rate increased, mean arterial pressure and total peripheral resistance were higher and decreased steeply after an initial increase. Discussion Migraineurs who developed a migraine-like attack in response to nitroglycerin showed stronger systemic cardiovascular responses compared to non-headache controls. The stronger systemic cardiovascular responses in migraine suggest increased systemic sensitivity to vasodilators, possibly due to insufficient autonomic compensatory mechanisms.
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Nakamura, T., and Y. Hayashida. "Autonomic cardiovascular responses to smoke exposure in conscious rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 262, no. 5 (May 1, 1992): R738—R745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1992.262.5.r738.
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Autonomic cardiovascular responses and the change in renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) in response to smoke exposure were investigated in unrestrained conscious rats. Smoke exposure caused a prominent increase in RSNA (to 557.3 +/- 221.9% of the control level) and plasma norepinephrine [from 0.18 +/- 0.08 (control) to 0.66 +/- 0.22 ng/ml (at peak response of smoke exposure)], a slight increase in arterial blood pressure (from 89.6 +/- 3.3 to 103.6 +/- 3.8 mmHg), and marked bradycardia (from 386.6 +/- 12.8 to 231.3 +/- 20.6 beats/min). Respiratory rate in conscious rats was initially increased (from 1.6 +/- 0.1 to 6.1 +/- 0.3 breaths/s) but was decreased (to 0.9 +/- 0.1 breaths/s) at the peak phase of the cardiovascular responses to smoke inhalation. Blood gases and pH reflected these changes in respiratory rate to some extent. Sinoaortic denervation did not attenuate the bradycardia (from 402 +/- 17.5 to 255.8 +/- 16.2 beats/min) or increase in RSNA (to 413.4 +/- 74.9%) that occurred during smoke inhalation. Atropine sulfate abolished the bradycardic response (from 440.4 +/- 13.8 to 485.4 +/- 8.6 beats/min). Initial tachypnea was also observed in both sinoaortic denervated rats and atropine-treated rats. Anesthesia, induced by pentobarbital sodium (30 mg/kg iv) or alpha-chloralose (65 mg/kg iv), abolished the bradycardia, the increase in RSNA, and the change in respiratory rate caused by smoke exposure. Ablation of the olfactory lobes also greatly attenuated the smoke-induced increase in RSNA (to 150.9 +/- 22.9%), bradycardia (from 372.9 +/- 19.6 to 376.3 +/- 24.1 beats/min), and the respiratory change.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Popovic-Pejicic, Snjezana, Ljiljana Todorovic-Djilas, and Pavle Pantelinac. "The role of autonomic cardiovascular neuropathy in pathogenesis of ischemic heart disease in patients with diabetes mellitus." Medical review 59, no. 3-4 (2006): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0604118p.
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Introduction. Diabetes is strongly associated with macrovascular complications, among which ischemic heart disease is the major cause of mortality. Autonomic neuropathy increases the risk of complications, which calls for an early diagnosis. The aim of this study was to determine both presence and extent of cardiac autonomic neuropathy, in regard to the type of diabetes mellitus, as well as its correlation with coronary disease and major cardiovascular risk factors. Material and methods. We have examined 90 subjects, classified into three groups, with 30 patients each: those with type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes and control group of healthy subjects. All patients underwent cardiovascular tests (Valsalva maneuver, deep breathing test, response to standing, blood pressure response to standing sustained, handgrip test), electrocardiogram, treadmill exercise test and filled out a questionnaire referring to major cardiovascular risk factors: smoking, obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Results. Our results showed that cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy was more frequent in type 2 diabetes, manifesting as autonomic neuropathy. In patients with autonomic neuropathy, regardless of the type of diabetes, the treadmill test was positive, i.e. strongly correlating with coronary disease. In regard to coronary disease risk factors, the most frequent correlation was found for obesity and hypertension. Discussion Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy is considered to be the principal cause of arteriosclerosis and coronary disease. Our results showed that the occurrence of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy increases the risk of coronary disease due to dysfunction of autonomic nervous system. Conclusions. Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes that significantly correlates with coronary disease. Early diagnosis of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy points to increased cardiovascular risk, providing a basis for preventive and therapeutic measures. .
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Heydarpour, F. "SODIUM CHANGES AUTONOMIC NERVOUS RESPONSE." Journal of Hypertension 22, Suppl. 2 (June 2004): S210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004872-200406002-00733.
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Zalewski, Pawel, Monika Zawadka-Kunikowska, Joanna Słomko, Justyna Szrajda, Jacek J. Klawe, Malogorzata Tafil-Klawe, and Julia Newton. "Cardiovascular and Thermal Response to Dry-Sauna Exposure in Healthy Subjects." Physiology Journal 2014 (October 8, 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/106049.
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Dry-sauna is a strong thermal stimulus and is commonly used all over the world. The aim of this experiment was to comprehensively analyse cardiovascular and autonomic changes that result from an increase in core body temperature during sauna bath. The study included 9 healthy men with mean age 26.7 ± 3.0 years and comparable anthropomorphical characteristics. Each subject was exposed to one 15-minute session of dry-sauna treatment at 100°C and 30–40% humidity. The autonomic and baseline cardiovascular (i.e., hemodynamic and contractility) parameters were measured noninvasively with Task Force Monitor. Cardiovascular autonomic functions were assessed using baroreceptor reflex sensitivity (BRS) and spectral analysis of heart rate (HRV) and blood pressure (BPV) variability. Measurements were performed four times, at the following stages “before sauna,” “after sauna,” “sauna + 3 h,” and “sauna + 6 h.” The first recording constituted a baseline for the subsequent three measurements. The changes in core body temperature were determined with the Vital Sense telemetric measurement system. Results show that exposure to the extreme external environmental conditions of dry-sauna does not compromise homeostasis in healthy persons. The hemodynamic changes induced by heating are efficiently compensated by the cardiovascular system and do not exert negative effects upon its short-term regulatory potential.
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Marigold, J. Richard G., Monica Arias, Michael Vassallo, Stephen C. Allen, and Joseph SK Kwan. "Autonomic dysfunction in older people." Reviews in Clinical Gerontology 21, no. 1 (October 15, 2010): 28–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959259810000286.
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SummaryThe autonomic nervous system comprises the sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric nervous systems and plays an integral role in homeostasis. This includes cardiovascular and temperature control, glucose metabolism, gastrointestinal and reproductive function and increasing evidence to support its involvement in the inflammatory response to infection and cancer. Ageing is associated with autonomic dysfunction, and many clinical syndromes associated with older adults are due to inadequate autonomic responses to physiological stressors. The aim of this review is to explore the relationship between autonomic dysfunction and ageing illustrated with examples of maladaptive autonomic responses in a variety of different clinical syndromes including an exploration of autonomic cellular changes. Appropriate investigation and management strategies are outlined, recognizing the fine balance needed to improve symptoms without creating further medical complications.
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Barloese, Mads, Louise Brinth, Jesper Mehlsen, Poul Jennum, Helena Inez Sofia Lundberg, and Rigmor Jensen. "Blunted autonomic response in cluster headache patients." Cephalalgia 35, no. 14 (March 13, 2015): 1269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102415576724.
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Background Cluster headache (CH) is a disabling headache disorder with chronobiological features. The posterior hypothalamus is involved in CH pathophysiology and is a hub for autonomic control. We studied autonomic response to the head-up tilt table test (HUT) including heart rate variability (HRV) in CH patients and compared results to healthy controls. Methods and materials Twenty-seven episodic and chronic CH patients and an equal number of age-, sex- and BMI-matched controls were included. We analyzed responses to HUT in the time and frequency domain and by non-linear analysis. Results CH patients have normal cardiovascular responses compared to controls but increased blood pressure. In the frequency analysis CH patients had a smaller change in the normalized low- (LF) (2.89 vs. 13.38, p < 0.05) and high-frequency (HF) (–2.86 vs. –13.38, p < 0.05) components as well as the LF/HF ratio (0.81 vs. 2.62, p < 0.05) in response to tilt. In the Poincaré plot, the change in ratio between long- and short-term variation was lower in patients (SD1/SD2, –0.05 vs. –0.17, p < 0.05). Conclusions CH patients show decreased autonomic response to HUT compared to healthy controls. This can be interpreted as dysregulation in the posterior hypothalamus and supports a theory of central autonomic mechanisms involvement in CH.
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Bush, Adam M., Suvimol Sangkatumvong, Roberta Miyeko Kato, Heather Zymewski, Jon Detterich, Michael Khoo, Thomas D. Coates, and John C. Wood. "Autonomic Response to Hypoxia and Isometric Exercise in Sickle Cell Trait Subjects." Blood 120, no. 21 (November 16, 2012): 3241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v120.21.3241.3241.
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Abstract Abstract 3241 Loss of cardiac beat to beat variability reflected by high frequency power (HFP) is a strong predictor of death in patients with cardiovascular disease. Similar autonomic dysfunction is found in patients with Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA) and can be induced by a 30 second period of hypoxia during five breath nitrogen exposure (1,2). Some data suggest that Sickle Cell Trait (SCT) carriers also exhibit autonomic dysfunction. In light of the recent attention to sudden death in young athletes with SCT we examined the autonomic response to transient hypoxia and isometric exercise in subjects with SCT and matched controls. Autonomic responses to hypoxia induced by a five-breath nitrogen exposure and intense isometric exercise resulting from handgrip to exhaustion were measured. Autonomic parasympathetic tone and sympathetic-vagal balance were measured using respiratory-adjusted time-varying heart rate variability (HRV). High frequency power (HFP) reflects parasympathetic tone and low-high ratio (LHR), sympathetic-vagal balance (1,2). Ten African American SCT carriers (7 female, 35.7 yrs + 2.8) and 11 age, and ethnicity matched controls (CTRL, 8 female, 30.5 yrs + 2.8) were studied. No difference in resting heart rate (HR, SCT 67.1 + 5.1, CTRL 65.9 + 5.5), cardiac output (CO, SCT 6.17 + .57, CTRL 7.31 + .52), mean arterial pressure (MAP, SCT 101.49 + 4.61, CTRL 101.49 + 4.96) or LHR (SCT, 1.16 + .38, SCT 1.44 + .37) was observed. Five-breath nitrogen exposure produced nearly identical minimal arterial saturation (SaO2, SCT 84.1% ± 1.3%, CTRL 83.1% ± 1.3%) with compensatory tachycardia (DRRI, SCT −6.5% ± 1.2%, CTRL −4.79 ± 1.15%) and increased cardiac output (DCO, SCT 4.7% ± 1.7, CTRL 6.0% ± 1.6%). No change from baseline was observed in the population means of HFP or LHR for CTRLs or SCT subjects. Following ten minutes of recovery, handgrip to exhaustion was performed at 60% maximum voluntary contraction. No differences were observed in maximum handgrip or duration between SCT and CTRL. Men produced higher maximal response but women maintained contraction nearly twice as long, independent of diagnosis. Handgrip exercise increased heart rate, cardiac output (SCT +13.4% ± 5.4%, CTRL +13.9% ± 5.0%), mean arterial pressure (SCT +19.6% ± 2.5%, CTRL +16.0% ± 2.3%), systolic pressure (SCT +14.6% ± 2.2%, CTRL +10.7% ± 2.1%), and diastolic pressure (SCT +22.5% ± 2.9%, CTRL +18.5% ± 2.6%). No population differences were observed in these responses. LHR increased similarly in both populations as well (SCT +78.9% ± 35.7%, CTRL +68.5% ± 32.9%), but SCT carriers had a much larger drop in HFP that was significantly different from baseline and trended lower than the control population (SCT −58% ± 18%, CTRL −9% ± 17%, p<.063). Our laboratory has previously demonstrated hyper-reflexic parasympathetic withdrawal in response to transient hypoxia in patients with SCA (1,2). SCT subjects did not demonstrate parasympathetic withdrawal to hypoxia. However, we found exaggerated parasympathetic withdrawal in response to handgrip exercise in SCT subject and not in matched controls. Even though the biophysical properties of the sickle trait red cell are not sufficient to result in major hemolysis or vaso-occlusion, they are sufficient to alter autonomic balance. It will be important to determine whether this response impacts the distribution of ventricular repolarization, potentially increasing risk of arrhythmia, or is reproduced in other autonomic axes such as mental stress. Figure 1: Cardiovascular and autonomic response to five breath nitrogen protocol. *statistically significant change from baseline (p<.05). Figure 1:. Cardiovascular and autonomic response to five breath nitrogen protocol. *statistically significant change from baseline (p<.05). Figure 2: Cardiovascular and autonomic response to handgrip exercise to exhaustion. *statistically significant change from baseline (p<.05). Figure 2:. Cardiovascular and autonomic response to handgrip exercise to exhaustion. *statistically significant change from baseline (p<.05). Disclosures: Coates: Apopharma: Consultancy; Novartis: Speakers Bureau. Wood:Novartis: Honoraria, Research Funding; Apotex: Consultancy, Honoraria; Shire: Consultancy; Ferrokin Biosciences: Consultancy.
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Borg, K., C. Sachs, and L. Kaijser. "Autonomic cardiovascular responses in antecedent poliomyelitis." Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 77, no. 5 (May 1988): 402–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1988.tb05926.x.
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Kaijser, Lennart, and Charlotte Sachs. "Autonomic cardiovascular responses in old age." Clinical Physiology 5, no. 4 (August 1985): 347–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-097x.1985.tb00755.x.
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Rafiq, Nadeema, Tauseef Nabi, and Quratul Ain Arifa. "Comparison of cardiac autonomic response in different ABO blood groups of young adults." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 7, no. 4 (March 27, 2019): 1276. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20191339.
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Background: ABO blood group has been associated with various disease phenotypes, particularly cardiovascular disease. Abnormal autonomic response also plays a role in cardiac morbidity. Increasing attention is being focused on the role of autonomic nervous system in health and disease. The literature lacks data on the association of blood groups and cardiac autonomic function. The aim of the study was to find out the association between different blood groups and cardiovascular autonomic functions in young adults.Methods: 150 healthy young students of MMU aged 18-25 years, divided into four groups based on ABO blood grouping, determined by agglutination test (group A, group B, group O and group AB). Various autonomic function tests done were lying to standing test, Valsalva maneuver, Hand grip test (HGT) and Cold pressor test (CPT).Results: The mean baseline heart rate was significantly higher in group O as compared to group A. No parasympathetic alteration between different ABO blood groups was seen. Blood pressure response to HGT and CPT was not statistically significant between different blood groups.Conclusions: Present study revealed no alteration in cardiac autonomic function with regards to ABO blood grouping in young adults.
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Johnson, Christopher D., Sean Roe, and Etain A. Tansey. "Investigating autonomic control of the cardiovascular system: a battery of simple tests." Advances in Physiology Education 37, no. 4 (December 2013): 401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00065.2013.
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Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system constantly control the heart (sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions) and blood vessels (predominantly the sympathetic division) to maintain appropriate blood pressure and organ blood flow over sometimes widely varying conditions. This can be adversely affected by pathological conditions that can damage one or both branches of autonomic control. The set of teaching laboratory activities outlined here uses various interventions, namely, 1) the heart rate response to deep breathing, 2) the heart rate response to a Valsalva maneuver, 3) the heart rate response to standing, and 4) the blood pressure response to standing, that cause fairly predictable disturbances in cardiovascular parameters in normal circumstances, which serve to demonstrate the dynamic control of the cardiovascular system by autonomic nerves. These tests are also used clinically to help investigate potential damage to this control.
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Hautala, Arto J., Timo H. Mäkikallio, Antti Kiviniemi, Raija T. Laukkanen, Seppo Nissilä, Heikki V. Huikuri, and Mikko P. Tulppo. "Cardiovascular autonomic function correlates with the response to aerobic training in healthy sedentary subjects." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 285, no. 4 (October 2003): H1747—H1752. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00202.2003.
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Individual responses to aerobic training vary from almost none to a 40% increase in aerobic fitness in sedentary subjects. The reasons for these differences in the training response are not well known. We hypothesized that baseline cardiovascular autonomic function may influence the training response. The study population included sedentary male subjects ( n = 39, 35 ± 9 yr). The training period was 8 wk, including 6 sessions/wk at an intensity of 70–80% of the maximum heart rate for 30–60 min/session. Cardiovascular autonomic function was assessed by measuring the power spectral indexes of heart rate variability from 24-h R-R interval recordings before the training period. Mean peak O2 uptake increased by 11 ± 5% during the training period (range 2–19%). The training response correlated with age ( r = –0.39, P = 0.007) and with the values of the high-frequency (HF) spectral component of R-R intervals (HF power) analyzed over the 24-h recording ( r = 0.46, P = 0.002) or separately during the daytime hours ( r = 0.35, P = 0.028) and most strongly during the nighttime hours ( r = 0.52, P = 0.001). After adjustment for age, HF power was still associated with the training response (e.g., P = 0.001 analyzed during nighttime hours). These data show that cardiovascular autonomic function is an important determinant of the response to aerobic training among sedentary men. High vagal activity at baseline is associated with the improvement in aerobic power caused by aerobic exercise training in healthy sedentary subjects.
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Harrington, C., T. Kirjavainen, A. Teng, and C. E. Sullivan. "Cardiovascular responses to three simple, provocative tests of autonomic activity in sleeping infants." Journal of Applied Physiology 91, no. 2 (August 1, 2001): 561–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.91.2.561.
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Whereas defective cardiovascular autonomic control has been implicated in the sudden infant death syndrome, relatively little is known about the normal development of autonomic control, due to the inability to measure blood pressure in infants noninvasively. We studied 12 normal infants [age: 13 ± 2 (SD) wk] using a noninvasive method of continuous blood pressure recording and examined the cardiovascular responses to 45° head-up tilting, a modified cold face test, and a loud noise. In head-up tilting, in both slow-wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep, all infants displayed a rapid biphasic heart rate response (mean increase of 16% and mean decrease of 21%) and blood pressure response (mean increase of 16% and mean decrease of 16%), with a return to pretest values within 20 s. Both ice and noise caused a less pronounced biphasic response. In conclusion, at 3 mo, infants show the adult pattern of response to postural challenge. The short latency of the response suggests that neural inputs, apart from baroreceptors, are involved in the initial phase of the response.
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Jaimes, Rafael, Adam Swiercz, Meredith Sherman, Narine Muselimyan, Paul J. Marvar, and Nikki Gillum Posnack. "Plastics and cardiovascular health: phthalates may disrupt heart rate variability and cardiovascular reactivity." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 313, no. 5 (November 1, 2017): H1044—H1053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00364.2017.
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Plastics have revolutionized medical device technology, transformed hematological care, and facilitated modern cardiology procedures. Despite these advances, studies have shown that phthalate chemicals migrate out of plastic products and that these chemicals are bioactive. Recent epidemiological and research studies have suggested that phthalate exposure adversely affects cardiovascular function. Our objective was to assess the safety and biocompatibility of phthalate chemicals and resolve the impact on cardiovascular and autonomic physiology. Adult mice were implanted with radiofrequency transmitters to monitor heart rate variability, blood pressure, and autonomic regulation in response to di-2-ethylhexyl-phthalate (DEHP) exposure. DEHP-treated animals displayed a decrease in heart rate variability (−17% SD of normal beat-to-beat intervals and −36% high-frequency power) and an exaggerated mean arterial pressure response to ganglionic blockade (31.5% via chlorisondamine). In response to a conditioned stressor, DEHP-treated animals displayed enhanced cardiovascular reactivity (−56% SD major axis Poincarè plot) and prolonged blood pressure recovery. Alterations in cardiac gene expression of endothelin-1, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and nitric oxide synthase may partly explain these cardiovascular alterations. This is the first study to show an association between phthalate chemicals that are used in medical devices with alterations in autonomic regulation, heart rate variability, and cardiovascular reactivity. Because changes in autonomic balance often precede clinical manifestations of hypertension, atherosclerosis, and conduction abnormalities, future studies are warranted to assess the downstream impact of plastic chemical exposure on end-organ function in sensitive patient populations. This study also highlights the importance of adopting safer biomaterials, chemicals, and/or surface coatings for use in medical devices.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Phthalates are widely used in the manufacturing of consumer and medical products. In the present study, di-2-ethylhexyl-phthalate exposure was associated with alterations in heart rate variability and cardiovascular reactivity. This highlights the importance of investigating the impact of phthalates on health and identifying suitable alternatives for medical device manufacturing.
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Martín, Rosario, Cristina Ribera, Jose Manuel Moltó, Carolina Ruiz, Luz Galiano, and Jorge Matías-Guiu. "Cardiovascular Reflexes in Patients With Vascular Headache." Cephalalgia 12, no. 6 (December 1992): 360–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2982.1992.00360.x.
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We have investigated the autonomic function of 75 patients with migraine by examining cardiovascular reflex function. The results were compared with those of 78 healthy volunteers. Measurements were made between attacks. Patients with migraine showed a smaller heart-rate response to deep breathing but a greater heart-rate response and higher blood pressure to standing when compared to controls. Migraine patients had a higher percentage of established sympathetic lesions (51% vs 17%) and severe (25% vs 5%) or atypical (24% vs 11.5%) global autonomic dysfunction. No significant differences were found among patients with migraine with aura, migraine without aura, and migraine with prolonged aura. Our findings indicate that patients with migraine have sympathetic hypofunction.
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Syngle, A., N. Garg, and D. Gera. "AB0613 AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHY AND ITS PREDICTORS IN SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 1602.2–1603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.6149.
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Background:Systemic sclerosis (SSc), a chronic autoimmune disease, is associated with autonomic neuropathy1. Autonomic neuropathy, especially cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is significant risk predictor of sudden cardiac death. However, its relationship with disease specific measures remains unexplored in SSc.Objectives:To assess cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and sudomotor function and its predictors in systemic sclerosis.Methods:In this cross-sectional study, 16 SSc patients meeting the 2013 European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) and American College of Rheumatology (ACR) classification criteria and 15 age and sex-matched healthy controls were recruited. Cardiovascular autonomic function assessed by five cardiovascular reflex tests according to Ewing. Peripheral sympathetic autonomic function assessed by FDA approved Sudoscan (Impeto Medical, Paris) through measurement of electrochemical skin conductance. Disease-specific measures (Disease duration, Modified Rodnan Skin Score (mRSS), EUSTAR activity score), and inflammatory measures (ESR, CRP) were determined. Quality of life measured by Scleroderma Health Assessment Questionnaire (SHAQ).Results:Systemic sclerosis patients had significantly impaired parasympathetic [Heart rate response to deep breath (HRD) (Fig. 1A), Heart rate response to standing (HRS) (Fig. 1B) and Heart rate response to valsalva manoeuvre (Fig. 1C)] and symapathetic [BP response to hand grip (BPH) (Fig. 1D)] function as compared to healthy controls. Scleroderma patients had significantly impaired sudomotor function (p<0.05) as compared to healthy controls. Levels of mRSS, EUSTAR score, ESR, CRP and SHAQ were significantly higher in SSc patients as compared to healthy controls (p≤0.05). Parasympathetic (HRD & HRS) dysfunction inversely correlated with ESR, CRP and mRSS. Sudomotor function positively correlated with mRSS, disease duration and CRP.Conclusion:CAN and Sudomotor function are significantly impaired in SSc. Parasympathetic dysfunction is more pronounced than sympathetic dysfunction in SSc. CAN and Sudomotor dysfunction are associated with disease-duration, skin-score, ESR and CRP. These could serve as potential predictors of Cardiovascular Autonomic neuropathy and sudomotor dysfunction in SSc.References:[1]Dessein PH, Joffe BI, Metz RM, Millar DL, Lawson M, Stanwix AE. Autonomic dysfunction in systemic sclerosis: sympathetic overactivity and instability. The American journal of medicine. 1992;93(2):143-50.Acknowledgments:NoneDisclosure of Interests:None declared
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Ferguson, A. V., and P. Smith. "Autonomic mechanisms underlying area postrema stimulation-induced cardiovascular responses in rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 261, no. 1 (July 1, 1991): R1—R8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1991.261.1.r1.
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Experiments were designed to examine the autonomic mechanisms underlying the decreases in blood pressure and heart rate elicited by electrical stimulation in the rat area postrema (AP). Vagotomy was found to significantly reduce the bradycardia observed in response to AP stimulation (control -123.5 +/- 23.5 beats/min; vagotomized -7 +/- 5.4 beats/min; P less than 0.001) but was without significant effect on blood pressure responses. Hexamethonium significantly reduced both heart rate (control -225.5 +/- 11.9 beats/min; hexamethonium -5.5 +/- 2.8 beats/min; P less than 0.001) and depressor (control -35.4 +/- 4.7 mmHg; hexamethonium -6.4 +/- 0.8 mmHg; P less than 0.001) responses to such stimulation, whereas combined alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockade was without effect. The muscarinic blocking agent atropine also abolished both blood pressure (control -22.0 +/- 4.3 mmHg; atropine 2.8 +/- 4.4 mmHg; P less than 0.01) and heart rate (control -187.0 +/- 41.9 beats/min; atropine 8.8 +/- 2.6 beats/min; P less than 0.01) responses to AP stimulation. These data suggest that AP stimulation influences two separate neural pathways eliciting distinct cardiovascular responses. It would appear that activation of one of these pathways results in activation of vagal efferents to the heart and thus bradycardia. A second parallel pathway influenced by AP stimulation apparently elicits depressor response through actions on cholinergic muscarinic receptors.
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Kyle, Brandon N., and Daniel W. McNeil. "Autonomic Arousal And Experimentally Induced Pain: A Critical Review of the Literature." Pain Research and Management 19, no. 3 (2014): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/536859.
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BACKGROUND: Autonomic arousal frequently is assumed to be a component of the pain response, perhaps because physiological mechanisms connecting pain and autonomic reactivity can be easily conceptualized. The evidence clarifying autonomic responses specific to painful stimulation, however, has been rather sporadic and lacks coherence; thus, a summary and critical review is needed in this area.OBJECTIVES: To summarize and integrate findings from 39 experimental investigations from 1970 to 2012 of pain-induced autonomic arousal in humans.METHODS: Medline and PsycINFO databases were searched for relevant articles. References from these articles were also considered for review.RESULTS: Painful stimuli increase respiration rate, induce muscle tension, intensify electrodermal activity and dilate the pupils. Cardiovascular activity also increases, but the pattern displayed in response to pain is complex; peripheral vasoconstriction and sympathetically mediated cardiac responses are most typical. Additionally, autonomic expression of pain shows inconsistent relations with verbal and overt motor responses.CONCLUSIONS: Autonomic arousal can be legitimately measured and modified as one facet of the pain response. Future research should particularly focus on increasing sample size and broadening the diversity of participants. To improve the ability to compare and contrast findings across studies, as well as to increase the applicability of laboratory findings to naturalistic pain, investigators also must enhance experimental design by increasing uniformity or accounting for differences in methodology. Finally, further work remains to utilize more specific assessments of autonomic response and to assess relationships of autonomic reactivity with other cognitive (eg, attention) and affective (eg, anxiety) variables.
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Van Lieshout, E. J., J. J. Van Lieshout, A. D. J. Ten Harkel, and W. Wieling. "Cardiovascular Response to Coughing: Its Value in the Assessment of Autonomic Nervous Control." Clinical Science 77, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0770305.
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1. The relationship between blood pressure and heart rate responses to coughing was investigated in 10 healthy subjects in three body positions and compared with the circulatory responses to commonly used autonomic function tests: forced breathing, standing up and the Valsalva manoeuvre. 2. We observed a concomitant intra-cough increase in supine heart rate and blood pressure and a sustained post-cough elevation of heart rate in the absence of arterial hypotension. These findings indicate that the sustained increase in heart rate in response to coughing is not caused by arterial hypotension and that these heart rate changes are not under arterial baroreflex control. 3. The maximal change in heart rate in response to coughing (28 ± 8 beats/min) was comparable with the response to forced breathing (29 ± 9 beats/min, P > 0.4), with a reasonable correlation (r = 0.67, P < 0.05), and smaller than the change in response to standing up (41 ± 9 beats/min, P < 0.01) and to the Valsalva manoeuvre (39 ± 13 beats/min, P < 0.01). 4. Quantifying the initial heart rate response to coughing offers no advantage in measuring cardiac acceleratory capacity; standing up and the Valsalva manoeuvre are superior to coughing in evaluating arterial baroreflex cardiovascular function.
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Lanfranchi, Paola A., Roberto Colombo, George Cremona, Paolo Baderna, Liliana Spagnolatti, Giorgio Mazzuero, Peter Wagner, et al. "Autonomic cardiovascular regulation in subjects with acute mountain sickness." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 289, no. 6 (December 2005): H2364—H2372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00004.2005.
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The aims of this study were 1) to evaluate whether subjects suffering from acute mountain sickness (AMS) during exposure to high altitude have signs of autonomic dysfunction and 2) to verify whether autonomic variables at low altitude may identify subjects who are prone to develop AMS. Forty-one mountaineers were studied at 4,559-m altitude. AMS was diagnosed using the Lake Louise score, and autonomic cardiovascular function was explored using spectral analysis of R-R interval and blood pressure (BP) variability on 10-min resting recordings. Seventeen subjects (41%) had AMS. Subjects with AMS were older than those without AMS ( P < 0.01). At high altitude, the low-frequency (LF) component of systolic BP variability (LFSBP) was higher ( P = 0.02) and the LF component of R-R variability in normalized units (LFRRNU) was lower ( P = 0.001) in subjects with AMS. After 3 mo, 21 subjects (43% with AMS) repeated the evaluation at low altitude at rest and in response to a hypoxic gas mixture. LFRRNU was similar in the two groups at baseline and during hypoxia at low altitude but increased only in subjects without AMS at high altitude ( P < 0.001) and did not change between low and high altitude in subjects with AMS. Conversely, LFSBP increased significantly during short-term hypoxia only in subjects with AMS, who also had higher resting BP ( P < 0.05) than those without AMS. Autonomic cardiovascular dysfunction accompanies AMS. Marked LFSBP response to short-term hypoxia identifies AMS-prone subjects, supporting the potential role of an exaggerated individual chemoreflex vasoconstrictive response to hypoxia in the genesis of AMS.
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Chen, Yanfang, Luis F. Joaquim, Vera M. Farah, Rogério B. Wichi, Rubens Fazan, Helio C. Salgado, and Mariana Morris. "Cardiovascular autonomic control in mice lacking angiotensin AT1a receptors." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 288, no. 4 (April 2005): R1071—R1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00231.2004.
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Studies examined the role of angiotensin (ANG) AT1a receptors in cardiovascular autonomic control by measuring arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR) variability and the effect of autonomic blockade in mice lacking AT1a receptors (AT1a −/−). Using radiotelemetry in conscious AT1a +/+ and AT1a −/− mice, we determined 1) AP and pulse interval (PI) variability in time and frequency (spectral analysis) domains, 2) AP response to α1-adrenergic and ganglionic blockade, and 3) intrinsic HR after ganglionic blockade. Pulsatile AP was recorded (5 kHz) for measurement of AP and PI and respective variability. Steady-state AP responses to prazosin (1 μg/g ip) and hexamethonium (30 μg/g ip) were also measured. AP was lower in AT1a −/− vs. AT1a +/+, whereas HR was not changed. Prazosin and hexamethonium produced greater decreases in mean AP in AT1a −/− than in AT1a +/+. The blood pressure difference was marked after ganglionic blockade (change in mean AP of −44 ± 10 vs. −18 ± 2 mmHg, AT1a −/− vs. AT1a +/+ mice). Intrinsic HR was also lower in AT1a −/− mice (431 ± 32 vs. 524 ± 22 beats/min, AT1a −/− vs. AT1a +/+). Beat-by-beat series of systolic AP and PI were submitted to autoregressive spectral estimation with variability quantified in low-frequency (LF: 0.1–1 Hz) and high-frequency (HF: 1–5 Hz) ranges. AT1a −/− mice showed a reduction in systolic AP LF variability (4.3 ± 0.8 vs. 9.8 ± 1.3 mmHg2), with no change in HF (2.7 ± 0.3 vs. 3.3 ± 0.6 mmHg2). There was a reduction in PI variability of AT1a −/− in both LF (18.7 ± 3.7 vs. 32.1 ± 4.2 ms2) and HF (17.7 ± 1.9 vs. 40.3 ± 7.3 ms2) ranges. The association of lower AP and PI variability in AT1a −/− mice with enhanced AP response to α1-adrenergic and ganglionic blockade suggests that removal of the ANG AT1a receptor produces autonomic imbalance. This is seen as enhanced sympathetic drive to compensate for the lack of ANG signaling.
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De Angelis, K., R. B. Wichi, W. R. A. Jesus, E. D. Moreira, M. Morris, E. M. Krieger, and M. C. Irigoyen. "Exercise training changes autonomic cardiovascular balance in mice." Journal of Applied Physiology 96, no. 6 (June 2004): 2174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00870.2003.
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Experiments were performed to investigate the influence of exercise training on cardiovascular function in mice. Heart rate, arterial pressure, baroreflex sensitivity, and autonomic control of heart rate were measured in conscious, unrestrained male C57/6J sedentary ( n = 8) and trained mice ( n = 8). The exercise training protocol used a treadmill (1 h/day; 5 days/wk for 4 wk). Baroreflex sensitivity was evaluated by the tachycardic and bradycardic responses induced by sodium nitroprusside and phenylephrine, respectively. Autonomic control of heart rate and intrinsic heart rate were determined by use of methylatropine and propranolol. Resting bradycardia was observed in trained mice compared with sedentary animals [485 ± 9 vs. 612 ± 5 beats/min (bpm)], whereas mean arterial pressure was not different between the groups (106 ± 2 vs. 108 ± 3 mmHg). Baroreflex-mediated tachycardia was significantly enhanced in the trained group (6.97 ± 0.97 vs. 1.6 ± 0.21 bpm/mmHg, trained vs. sedentary), whereas baroreflex-mediated bradycardia was not altered by training. The tachycardia induced by methylatropine was significantly increased in trained animals (139 ± 12 vs. 40 ± 9 bpm, trained vs. sedentary), whereas the propranolol effect was significantly reduced in the trained group (49 ± 11 vs. 97 ± 11 bpm, trained vs. sedentary). Intrinsic heart rate was similar between groups. In conclusion, dynamic exercise training in mice induced a resting bradycardia and an improvement in baroreflex-mediated tachycardia. These changes are likely related to an increased vagal and decreased sympathetic tone, similar to the exercise response observed in humans.
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P, Rajasekhar, Veena C N, and Hemasankar C. "GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE CARDIOVASCULAR AUTONOMIC RESPONSE DURING ISOMETRIC HANDGRIP EXERCISE." Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 2, no. 37 (September 10, 2015): 5854–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2015/806.
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Choi, Byung Ock, Oh Young Bang, Young Ho Sohn, and Il Nam Sunwoo. "Sympathetic skin response and cardiovascular autonomic function tests in Parkinson's disease." Yonsei Medical Journal 39, no. 5 (1998): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3349/ymj.1998.39.5.439.
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Laffi, G., A. Lagi, M. Cipriani, G. Barletta, L. Bernardi, L. Fattorini, L. Melani, et al. "Impaired cardiovascular autonomic response to passive tilting in cirrhosis with ascites." Hepatology 24, no. 5 (November 1996): 1063–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.510240514.
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Constantinescu, Victor, Daniela Matei, Irina Constantinescu, and Dan Iulian Cuciureanu. "Heart rate variability and vagus nerve stimulation in epilepsy patients." Translational Neuroscience 10, no. 1 (August 24, 2019): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tnsci-2019-0036.
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Abstract Background Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) exerts a cortical modulating effect through its diffuse projections, especially involving cerebral structures related to autonomic regulation. The influence of VNS on cardiovascular autonomic function in drug-resistant epilepsy patients is still debated. We aimed to evaluate the impact of VNS on cardiovascular autonomic function in drug-resistant epilepsy patients, after three months of neurostimulation, using the heart rate variability (HRV) analysis. Methodology Multiple Trigonometric Regressive Spectral analysis enables a precise assessment of the autonomic control on the heart rate. We evaluated time and frequency-domain HRV parameters in resting condition and during sympathetic and parasympathetic activation tests in five epilepsy patients who underwent VNS procedure. Results We found appropriate cardiac autonomic responses to sympathetic and parasympathetic activation tests, described by RMSSD, pNN50, HF and LF/HF dynamics after three months of VNS. ON period of the neurostimulation may generate a transient vagal activation reflected on heart rate and RMSSD values, as observed in one of our cases. Conclusion VNS therapy in epilepsy patients seems not to disrupt the cardiac autonomic function. HRV represents a useful tool in evaluating autonomic activity. More extensive studies are needed to further explore cardiac autonomic response after neurostimulation.
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Widdicombe, John, and Lu-Yuan Lee. "Airway Reflexes, Autonomic Function, and Cardiovascular Responses." Environmental Health Perspectives 109 (August 2001): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3454673.
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Widdicombe, J., and L. Y. Lee. "Airway reflexes, autonomic function, and cardiovascular responses." Environmental Health Perspectives 109, suppl 4 (August 2001): 579–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.01109s4579.
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Borg, K., C. Sachs, and L. Kaijser. "Autonomic cardiovascular responses in distal myopathy (Welander)." Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 76, no. 4 (October 1987): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1987.tb03578.x.
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Evans, Joyce M., Roger A. Jenkins, Ralph H. Ilgner, Charles F. Knapp, Qingguang Zhang, and Abhijit R. Patwardhan. "Acute cardiovascular autonomic responses to inhaled particulates." European Journal of Applied Physiology 115, no. 2 (October 2, 2014): 257–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-014-2998-3.
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Edwards, Kate M., and Nathan B. Morris. "Who’s the boss: determining the control pathways of cardiovascular and cellular immune responses to acute stress." Advances in Physiology Education 42, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 374–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00087.2017.
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Acute stress responses are known to include increases in heart rate and blood pressure, as well as increases in the number of circulating immune cells, all of which are governed by the autonomic nervous system. This laboratory practical measures cardiovascular and circulating immune cell responses to a passive (cold pressor) and active (mental arithmetic) acute stress task in student participants. The results allow them to examine the different patterns of autonomic response they elicit (approximated by heart rate and blood pressure responses), and knowledge of these responses can then be used to infer the governing autonomic aspect of the increases in circulating immune cells from the results. This activity can be either adapted from teacher-led methods to inquiry, asking students to design the details of the acute stress tasks, or developed by asking students to design a follow-up experiment that could be used to provide direct evidence for their conclusions. Data collected provide a platform for teaching data analysis and interpretation, as well as critical thinking.
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Sogan, Teena, Keerti Mathur, and Manisha Sankhla. "Cardiovascular response to sustained handgrip test in gastroesophageal reflux disease patients." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, no. 1 (December 21, 2016): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20164743.
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Background: Gastroesophageal reflux disease pathogenesis may be associated with disturbances of the autonomic nervous system.Methods: One hundred five participants aged 35-45 years of either sex, which include Gastroesophageal reflux disease patients, thirty five each (who presented typical symptom of Gastroesophageal reflux disease with reflux esophagitis (ERD) and without reflux esophagitis (NERD)) and thirty five age and sex matched control subjects, were enrolled in the study. Autonomic function test was assessed using Sustained Handgrip test.Results: In the present study, no significant difference was observed in age, height, weight, body mass index, resting systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure between the study groups. The mean difference of diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) response to Sustained Handgrip test between ERD and NERD; ERD and Control; NERD and Control was statistically highly significant (p=0.001; p<0.001; p=0.029, respectively), predicting reduced sympathetic activity in gastroesophageal reflux disease, more in patients with reflux esophagitis (ERD).Conclusions: Reduced sympathetic activity can cause impairment of lower esophageal sphincter function, particularly of the neural mechanisms related to control of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. It might increase number and time duration of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations resulting in pathological enhancement of GERD.
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M., Mestanlk, Vlsnovcova Z., and Tonhajzerova I. "The Assessment of the Autonomic Response to Acute Stress Using Electrodermal Activity." Acta Medica Martiniana 14, no. 2 (September 1, 2014): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acm-2014-0006.
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Abstract The response of autonomic nervous system to mental stress is currently studied as a key role factor in the pathophysiology of stress related diseases. Altered autonomic regulation can result in increased morbidity, potentially affecting (directly or indirectly) any of the organs. Cardiovascular system (CVS) is one of the most sensitive systems to the effect of autonomic outputs. The predictive value of the laboratory stress tests was proved in several studies with CVS pathology. In this study we aimed to assess the autonomic reactivity to different mental stressors (cognitive and emotional) in healthy subjects using electrodermal activity (EDA) as a sensitive psychophysiological marker of sympathetic activity. We found significantly increased EDA in response to all the mental tasks with decrease of the values during recovery periods. However, EDA did not return to the baseline values during recovery periods, potentially indicating the sympathetic arousal during complete stress profile protocol. We suggest EDA presents a well applicable marker of the sympathetic activation, offering a different information about central regulation processes regarding the sympathetic activity compared to cardiac autonomic indices.
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Fornasiero, Alessandro, Andrea Zignoli, Mark Rakobowchuk, Federico Stella, Aldo Savoldelli, Spyros Skafidas, Federico Schena, Barbara Pellegrini, and Laurent Mourot. "Post-exercise cardiac autonomic and cardiovascular responses to heart rate-matched and work rate-matched hypoxic exercise." European Journal of Applied Physiology 121, no. 7 (April 3, 2021): 2061–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-021-04678-5.
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Abstract Purpose This study investigated the effect of performing hypoxic exercise at the same heart rate (HR) or work rate (WR) as normoxic exercise on post-exercise autonomic and cardiovascular responses. Methods Thirteen men performed three interval-type exercise sessions (5 × 5-min; 1-min recovery): normoxic exercise at 80% of the WR at the first ventilatory threshold (N), hypoxic exercise (FiO2 = 14.2%) at the same WR as N (H-WR) and hypoxic exercise at the same HR as N (H-HR). Autonomic and cardiovascular assessments were conducted before and after exercise, both at rest and during active squat–stand manoeuvres (SS). Results Compared to N, H-WR elicited a higher HR response (≈ 83% vs ≈ 75%HRmax, p < 0.001) and H-HR a reduced exercise WR (− 21.1 ± 9.3%, p < 0.001). Cardiac parasympathetic indices were reduced 15 min after exercise and recovered within 60 min in N and H-HR, but not after H-WR (p < 0.05). H-WR altered cardiac baroreflex sensitivity (cBRS) both at rest and during SS (specifically in the control of blood pressure fall during standing phases) in the first 60 min after the exercise bout (p < 0.05). Post-exercise hypotension (PEH) did not occur in H-HR (p > 0.05) but lasted longer in H-WR than in N (p < 0.05). Conclusions Moderate HR-matched hypoxic exercise mimicked post-exercise autonomic responses of normoxic exercise without resulting in significant PEH. This may relate to the reduced WR and the limited associated mechanical/metabolic strain. Conversely, WR-matched hypoxic exercise impacted upon post-exercise autonomic and cardiovascular responses, delaying cardiac autonomic recovery, temporarily decreasing cBRS and evoking prolonged PEH.
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Muñoz, Hernán R., Luis I. Cortínez, Fernando R. Altermatt, and Jorge A. Dagnino. "Remifentanil Requirements during Sevoflurane Administration to Block Somatic and Cardiovascular Responses to Skin Incision in Children and Adults." Anesthesiology 97, no. 5 (November 1, 2002): 1142–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200211000-00018.
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Background The authors found no studies comparing intraoperative requirements of opioids between children and adults, so they determined the infusion rate of remifentanil to block somatic (IR50) and autonomic response (IRBAR50) to skin incision in children and adults. Methods Forty-one adults (aged 20-60 yr) and 24 children (aged 2-10 yr) undergoing lower abdominal surgery were studied. In adults, anesthesia induction was with sevoflurane during remifentanil infusion, whereas in children remifentanil administration was started after induction with sevoflurane. After intubation, sevoflurane was administered in 100% O2 and was adjusted to an ET% of 1 MAC-awake corrected for age at least 15 min before surgery. Patients were randomized to receive remifentanil at a rate ranging from 0.05 to 0.35 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) for at least 20 min before surgery. At the beginning of surgery, only the skin incision was performed, and the somatic and autonomic responses were observed. The somatic response was defined as positive with any gross movement of extremity, and the autonomic response was deemed positive with any increase in heart rate mean arterial pressure equal to or more than 10% of preincision values. Using logistic regression, the IR50 and IRBAR50 were determined in both groups of patients and compared with unpaired Student t test. A P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results The IR50 +/- SD was 0.10 +/- 0.02 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) in adults and 0.22 +/- 0.03 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) in children (P < 0.001). The IRBAR50 +/- SD was 0.11 +/- 0.02 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) in adults and 0.27 +/- 0.06 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) in children (P < 0.001). Conclusions To block somatic and autonomic responses to surgery, children require a remifentanil infusion rate at least twofold higher than adults.
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Wecht, Jill M., Noam Y. Harel, James Guest, Steven C. Kirshblum, Gail F. Forrest, Ona Bloom, Alexander V. Ovechkin, and Susan Harkema. "Cardiovascular Autonomic Dysfunction in Spinal Cord Injury: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Management." Seminars in Neurology 40, no. 05 (September 9, 2020): 550–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1713885.
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AbstractSpinal cord injury (SCI) disrupts autonomic circuits and impairs synchronistic functioning of the autonomic nervous system, leading to inadequate cardiovascular regulation. Individuals with SCI, particularly at or above the sixth thoracic vertebral level (T6), often have impaired regulation of sympathetic vasoconstriction of the peripheral vasculature and the splanchnic circulation, and diminished control of heart rate and cardiac output. In addition, impaired descending sympathetic control results in changes in circulating levels of plasma catecholamines, which can have a profound effect on cardiovascular function. Although individuals with lesions below T6 often have normal resting blood pressures, there is evidence of increases in resting heart rate and inadequate cardiovascular response to autonomic provocations such as the head-up tilt and cold face tests. This manuscript reviews the prevalence of cardiovascular disorders given the level, duration and severity of SCI, the clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, short- and long-term consequences, and empirical evidence supporting management strategies to treat cardiovascular dysfunction following a SCI.
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Rejwana, Iffat, Sadia Afrin Rimi, Shamima Sultana, and Sultana Ferdousi. "Cardiovascular responses to tilting in Type 2 Diabetic patients." Journal of Bangladesh Society of Physiologist 15, no. 2 (December 23, 2020): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbsp.v15i2.50922.
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Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disorder with a debilitating effects on cardiac autonomic control. Multiple major cardiovascular risk factors associated with DM led diabetic patients at high risk of Cardiovascular Disease.
Objective: To assess cardiovascular responses to tilting in Type 2 Diabetic patients (T2DM) with normal and abnormal autonomic function test.
Methods: This experimental study was conducted on 60 patients of T2DM. Among them, 30 patients were with normal cardiovascular reflex test (group DN) and 30 patients were with abnormal test (group DA). Thirty(30) apparently healthy subjects with similar age and sex without any physical illness were enrolled as control. Tilt table test of all subjects was done by tilting at 60° for 10 min by using a motorized tilt table. Cardiovascular response to tilt test was assessed by calculating D Heart rate (Acceleration index and Brake index); DSBP (SBP 30s-0 and SBP1 min -0), DDBP (DBP 30s-0 and DBP1 min -0) after tilting. For statistical analysis, one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc was used.
Results: In this study, the Acceleration index was significantly higher in patient group DN compared to control and DA(p<0.001). But the Brake index was significantly (p<0.01, p<0.05) lower in both group of patients compared to control. In addition, SBP 30sec-0 and SBP1 min-0 were significantly higher in DA than those of control and DN.DBP 30sec-0 and DBP1min-0 were significantly (p<0.001) lower in DA patients compared to DN and control.
Conclusion: This study concluded that cardiovascular response to tilting was weak in T2DM patients and it was greatly affected in T2DM patients with abnormal autonomic function test.
J Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2020, December; 15(2): 78-84
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Laitinen, Tomi, Leo Niskanen, Ghislaine Geelen, Esko Länsimies, and Juha Hartikainen. "Age dependency of cardiovascular autonomic responses to head-up tilt in healthy subjects." Journal of Applied Physiology 96, no. 6 (June 2004): 2333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00444.2003.
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In elderly subjects, heart rate responses to postural change are attenuated, whereas their vascular responses are augmented. Altered strategy in maintaining blood pressure homeostasis during upright position may result from various cardiovascular changes, including age-related cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction. This exploratory study was conducted to evaluate impact of age on cardiovascular autonomic responses to head-up tilt (HUT) in healthy subjects covering a wide age range. The study population consisted of 63 healthy, normal-weight, nonsmoking subjects aged 23–77 yr. Five-minute electrocardiogram and finger blood pressure recordings were performed in the supine position and in the upright position 5 min after 70° HUT. Stroke volume was assessed from noninvasive blood pressure signals by the arterial pulse contour method. Heart rate variability (HRV) and systolic blood pressure variability (SBPV) were analyzed by using spectral analysis, and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) was assessed by using sequence and cross-spectral methods. Cardiovascular autonomic activation during HUT consisted of decreases in HRV and BRS and an increase in SBPV. These changes became attenuated with aging. Age correlated significantly with amplitude of HUT-stimulated response of the high-frequency component ( r = -0.61, P < 0.001) and the ratio of low-frequency to high-frequency power of HRV ( r = -0.31, P < 0.05) and indexes of BRS (local BRS: r = -0.62, P < 0.001; cross-spectral baroreflex sensitivity in the low-frequency range: r = -0.38, P < 0.01). Blood pressure in the upright position was maintained well irrespective of age. However, the HUT-induced increase in heart rate was more pronounced in the younger subjects, whereas the increase in peripheral resistance was predominantly observed in the older subjects. Thus it is likely that whereas the dynamic capacity of cardiac autonomic regulation decreases, vascular responses related to vasoactive mechanisms and vascular sympathetic regulation become augmented with increasing age.
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Bretherton, Beatrice, Jim Deuchars, and W. Luke Windsor. "The Effects of Controlled Tempo Manipulations on Cardiovascular Autonomic Function." Music & Science 2 (January 1, 2019): 205920431985828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2059204319858281.
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Music has been associated with alterations in autonomic function. Tempo, the speed of music, is one of many musical parameters that may drive autonomic modulation. However, direct measures of sympathetic nervous system activity and control groups and/or control stimuli do not feature in prior work. This article therefore reports an investigation into the autonomic effects of increases and decreases in tempo. Fifty-eight healthy participants (age range: 22–80 years) were randomly allocated to either an experimental ( n = 29, tune) or control (rhythm of the same tune) group. All participants underwent five conditions: baseline, stable tempo (tune/rhythm repeatedly played at 120 bpm), tempo increase (tune/rhythm played at 60 bpm, 90 bpm, 120 bpm, 150 bpm, 180 bpm), tempo decrease (tune/rhythm played at 180 bpm, 150 bpm, 120 bpm, 90 bpm, 60 bpm) and recovery. Heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and muscle sympathetic nerve activity were continuously recorded. The 60 bpm in the tempo decrease stimulus was associated with increases in measures of parasympathetic activity. The 180 bpm in the tempo increase stimulus was also associated with shifts towards parasympathetic predominance. Responses to the stimuli were predicted by baseline %LF. It is concluded that the individual tempi impacted upon autonomic function, despite the entire stimulus having little effect. The 60 bpm in an increasingly slower stimulus was associated with greater vagal modulations of heart rate than faster tempi. For the first time, this study shows that response direction and magnitude to tempo manipulations were predicted by resting values, suggesting that music responders may be autonomically distinct from non-responders.
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Li, Qian-Qian, Guang-Xia Shi, Qian Xu, Jing Wang, Cun-Zhi Liu, and Lin-Peng Wang. "Acupuncture Effect and Central Autonomic Regulation." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/267959.
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Acupuncture is a therapeutic technique and part of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Acupuncture has clinical efficacy on various autonomic nerve-related disorders, such as cardiovascular diseases, epilepsy, anxiety and nervousness, circadian rhythm disorders, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and subfertility. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that acupuncture can control autonomic nerve system (ANS) functions including blood pressure, pupil size, skin conductance, skin temperature, muscle sympathetic nerve activities, heart rate and/or pulse rate, and heart rate variability. Emerging evidence indicates that acupuncture treatment not only activates distinct brain regions in different kinds of diseases caused by imbalance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic activities, but also modulates adaptive neurotransmitter in related brain regions to alleviate autonomic response. This review focused on the central mechanism of acupuncture in modulating various autonomic responses, which might provide neurobiological foundations for acupuncture effects.
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Dampney, Roger A. L. "Central mechanisms regulating coordinated cardiovascular and respiratory function during stress and arousal." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 309, no. 5 (September 2015): R429—R443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00051.2015.
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Actual or potentially threatening stimuli in the external environment (i.e., psychological stressors) trigger highly coordinated defensive behavioral responses that are accompanied by appropriate autonomic and respiratory changes. As discussed in this review, several brain regions and pathways have major roles in subserving the cardiovascular and respiratory responses to threatening stimuli, which may vary from relatively mild acute arousing stimuli to more prolonged life-threatening stimuli. One key region is the dorsomedial hypothalamus, which receives inputs from the cortex, amygdala, and other forebrain regions and which is critical for generating autonomic, respiratory, and neuroendocrine responses to psychological stressors. Recent studies suggest that the dorsomedial hypothalamus also receives an input from the dorsolateral column in the midbrain periaqueductal gray, which is another key region involved in the integration of stress-evoked cardiorespiratory responses. In addition, it has recently been shown that neurons in the midbrain colliculi can generate highly synchronized autonomic, respiratory, and somatomotor responses to visual, auditory, and somatosensory inputs. These collicular neurons may be part of a subcortical defense system that also includes the basal ganglia and which is well adapted to responding to threats that require an immediate stereotyped response that does not involve the cortex. The basal ganglia/colliculi system is phylogenetically ancient. In contrast, the defense system that includes the dorsomedial hypothalamus and cortex evolved at a later time, and appears to be better adapted to generating appropriate responses to more sustained threatening stimuli that involve cognitive appraisal.
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Killi, Anuradha, W. Nagadeepa, Penjuri Subhash Chandra Bose, and Vemulapalli Ravi Kumar. "Effect of Stress Factors of Stress Response Inventory on Cardiovascular Autonomic Function." International Journal of Physiology 7, no. 3 (2019): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2320-608x.2019.00123.9.
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Hautala, A. J., T. H. M??kikallio, R. T. Laukkanen, S. Nissil??, H. V. Huikuri, and M. P. Tulppo. "CARDIOVASCULAR AUTONOMIC FUNCTION PREDICTS THE RESPONSE TO AEROBIC TRAINING IN SEDENTARY SUBJECTS." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 35, Supplement 1 (May 2003): S277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200305001-01536.
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