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Journal articles on the topic 'Cardiopulmonary bypass'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 February 2023

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1

Cribben, Niall, Denise Gonoud, and Leo G. Kevin. "Cardiopulmonary bypass." Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine 22, no. 4 (April 2021): 232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpaic.2021.02.006.

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2

Smith, D. "Cardiopulmonary Bypass." British Journal of Anaesthesia 104, no. 4 (April 2010): 513–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/aeq038.

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3

LAKE, CAROL L. "Cardiopulmonary Bypass." Anesthesiology 67, no. 3 (September 1987): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-198709000-00044.

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4

Ferraris, Victor A., Robert Klingman, Anthony Bufo, and Javid Saifi. "Cardiopulmonary bypass." Current Opinion in Cardiology 6, no. 2 (April 1991): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001573-199104000-00009.

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5

Murphy, Gavin J., and Alan J. Bryan. "Cardiopulmonary bypass." Surgery (Oxford) 22, no. 6 (June 2004): 126–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1383/surg.22.6.126.38107.

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6

Grichnik, Katherine P. "Cardiopulmonary Bypass." Anesthesia & Analgesia 82, no. 5 (May 1996): 1114–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000539-199605000-00066.

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7

Hensley, Frederick A. "Cardiopulmonary Bypass." Anesthesia & Analgesia 84, no. 2 (February 1997): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000539-199702000-00060.

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8

Roscoe, A. "Cardiopulmonary Bypass." Anaesthesia 66, no. 5 (February 24, 2011): 416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.2011.06679.x.

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9

Grichnik, Katherine P. "Cardiopulmonary Bypass." Anesthesia & Analgesia 82, no. 5 (May 1996): 1114–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-199605000-00066.

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10

Hensley, Frederick A. "Cardiopulmonary Bypass." Anesthesia & Analgesia 84, no. 2 (February 1997): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-199702000-00060.

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11

Rondelez, Luc, and Philippe Linden. "Cardiopulmonary Bypass." Critical Care 14, no. 2 (2010): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc8900.

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12

Kwak, Jenny, and Michael J. Avram. "Cardiopulmonary Bypass." Anesthesiology 113, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0b013e3181eaa771.

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13

Mulholland, J. W. "Cardiopulmonary bypass." Surgery (Oxford) 25, no. 5 (May 2007): 217–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpsur.2007.04.012.

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14

Mulholland, John W. "Cardiopulmonary bypass." Surgery (Oxford) 26, no. 12 (December 2008): 486–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpsur.2008.09.010.

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15

Mulholland, John W., and Ann T. Clements. "Cardiopulmonary bypass." Surgery (Oxford) 30, no. 1 (January 2012): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpsur.2011.10.007.

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16

Mulholland, John W., and Ann T. Clements. "Cardiopulmonary bypass." Surgery (Oxford) 33, no. 2 (February 2015): 64–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpsur.2014.11.002.

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17

Bishop, Henry, and Ben Middleton. "Cardiopulmonary bypass." Surgery (Oxford) 36, no. 2 (February 2018): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpsur.2017.11.006.

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18

Bell, Pamela Erck, and Glenn T. Diffee. "Cardiopulmonary Bypass." AORN Journal 53, no. 6 (June 1991): 1480–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-2092(07)68990-x.

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19

Woods, Saran, and Stephen J. Gray. "Cardiopulmonary bypass." Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine 10, no. 9 (September 2009): 416–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpaic.2009.07.007.

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20

Martinez, Guillermo, and Jonathan Whitbread. "Cardiopulmonary bypass." Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine 13, no. 10 (October 2012): 482–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpaic.2012.08.001.

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21

Moore, James, and Guillermo Martinez. "Cardiopulmonary bypass." Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine 16, no. 10 (October 2015): 498–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpaic.2015.07.008.

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22

Kiziltug, Hannah, and Guillermo Martinez. "Cardiopulmonary bypass." Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine 19, no. 7 (July 2018): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpaic.2018.04.008.

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23

Klimkina, Oksana, Jennifer T. Johner, and Eugene A. Hessel. "Cardiopulmonary Bypass." Anesthesia & Analgesia 111, no. 6 (December 2010): 1569–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ane.0b013e3181ef405f.

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24

Lell, William A., and A. J. Wright. "Cardiopulmonary Bypass." Anesthesia & Analgesia 69, no. 6 (December 1989): 859???860. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-198912000-00042.

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25

Utley, Joe R. "Cardiopulmonary bypass." Annals of Thoracic Surgery 57, no. 5 (May 1994): 1365–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-4975(94)91404-4.

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26

Urzua, Jorge, Guillermo Lema, Roberto Canessa, Carla Sacco, and Claudia Saez. "Cardiopulmonary bypass: new strategies for weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass." Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 12, no. 1 (February 1999): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001503-199902000-00005.

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27

Lehmann, Sven, Maja-Theresa Dieterlen, Anja Flister, Kristin Klaeske, Khalil Jawad, Jens Garbade, Michael A. Borger, and Martin Kostelka. "Differences of early immunological responses in on-pump versus off-pump cardiac surgery." Perfusion 34, no. 5 (January 14, 2019): 399–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267659118823137.

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Introduction:Cardiopulmonary bypass surgery is accompanied by an inflammatory response and pulmonary dysfunction that renders patients vulnerable to postoperative complications. The majority of studies investigating the inflammatory response in cardiopulmonary bypass focus on cytokine measurements. This study investigated the early response of peripheral blood cell types and early changes in lung tissue in on-pump versus off-pump cardiopulmonary bypass surgery.Methods:Landrace pigs were assigned to the following groups (n = 6 per group): 1. off-pump cardiopulmonary bypass, 2. conventional cardiopulmonary bypass, 3. heparin-coated cardiopulmonary bypass, 4. surface-reduced cardiopulmonary bypass, and 5. surface-reduced cardiopulmonary bypass plus lung perfusion. Surgery was performed under mild hyperthermia (32°C), with 90-minute ischemia and 180-minute reperfusion. Histological and flow cytometric analyses were performed.Results:Lung water content increased during reperfusion in heparin-coated (84.63 ± 2.99%) compared to conventional cardiopulmonary bypass (76.33 ± 4.56%, p = 0.04). Alveolar septal thickness increased during ischemia at heparin-coated (p < 0.01) and surface-reduced cardiopulmonary bypass plus lung perfusion (p = 0.05). Tumor necrosis factor expression increased significantly (p < 0.01) in peribronchial, perivascular, and peripheral lung areas in all on-pump groups, but not in off-pump cardiopulmonary bypass. The usage of heparin-coated cardiopulmonary bypass led to increased percentages of CD3+CD4+(p = 0.03) and CD3+CD8+(p = 0.01) T cells compared to an uncoated device. Natural killer and mature B lymphocytes decreased at conventional and surface-reduced cardiopulmonary bypass plus lung perfusion. Activated granulocytes and macrophages increased at conventional cardiopulmonary bypass and heparin-coated cardiopulmonary bypass.Conclusion:Off-pump cardiopulmonary bypass induces less immunological response and lung injury than on-pump surgery. The reduction of cardiopulmonary bypass surface reduces the inflammatory immune response induced by cardiopulmonary bypass. Lung perfusion of surface-reduced cardiopulmonary bypass diminished the extravasation caused by surface reduction of the cardiopulmonary bypass.
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28

Bidstrup, B. P. "Coronary bypass without cardiopulmonary bypass." Asia Pacific Heart Journal 8, no. 1 (May 1999): 60–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1328-0163(99)90026-x.

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29

Akeho, Kazuhiro, Hayato Nakata, Shoichi Suehiro, Kouji Shimizu, Kensuke Imai, Akane Yamaguchi, Ken-ichi Matsumoto, and Teiji Oda. "Hypothermic effects on gas exchange performance of membrane oxygenator and blood coagulation during cardiopulmonary bypass in pigs." Perfusion 35, no. 7 (February 3, 2020): 687–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267659120901413.

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Introduction: Whether hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass could attenuate both blood coagulation and platelet activation compared to normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass remains elusive. Methods: Biocompatibility of a polymer-coated cardiopulmonary bypass circuit was comparatively assessed by plasma proteomics between juvenile pigs undergoing hypothermic (23°C) cardiopulmonary bypass and those undergoing normothermic (37°C) cardiopulmonary bypass (n = 6, respectively). Plasma samples were taken three times: 5 minutes after initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass (T5, before cooling), just before declamping and rewarming (Tc), and just before termination of cardiopulmonary bypass (Trw, 120 minutes). Proteomic analysis was quantitively performed by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification labeling. Thrombin–antithrombin complexes (TAT III) were measured by enzyme immunoassay, and vitamin K–dependent protein C (PROC), β-thromboglobulin (TG), and P-selectin were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Blood gas analyses evaluated oxygenator performance. Results: Hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass had a significantly higher PaO2 at Tc and lower PaCO2 at Trw than normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. Two hundred twenty-four proteins were identified with statistical criteria of both protein confidence (>95%) and false discovery rate (<5%). Six of these proteins significantly decreased at Tc than at T5 in hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (p = 0.02-0.04), with three related to platelet degranulation. Protein C decreased at Trw compared with T5 in normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (p = 0.04). Thrombin–antithrombin complex had a slightly larger increase with normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass at Trw than with hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. β-thromboglobulin and P-selectin levels were significantly lower at Trw with hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass than with normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (p = 0.04). Conclusion: Hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass attenuated platelet degranulation/blood coagulation and maintained better oxygenator performance compared to normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass in juvenile pigs.
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30

Pouard, Philippe, and Mirela Bojan. "Neonatal Cardiopulmonary Bypass." Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery: Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Annual 16, no. 1 (January 2013): 59–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.pcsu.2013.01.010.

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31

Stephan, H. "Cardiopulmonary bypass techniques." Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 3, no. 1 (February 1990): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001503-199002000-00017.

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32

Utley, Joe R. "Cardiopulmonary bypass surgery." Current Opinion in Cardiology 7, no. 2 (April 1992): 267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001573-199204000-00012.

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33

HENKE, KIM, and JANICE EIGSTI. "After cardiopulmonary bypass." Nursing 33, no. 3 (March 2003): 32cc1–32cc4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-200303000-00023.

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34

Bert, Arthur A., Gary T. Stearns, William Feng, and Arun K. Singh. "Normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass." Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 11, no. 1 (February 1997): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-0770(97)90262-7.

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35

Stephenson, Edward R., and John L. Myers. "Pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass." Annals of Thoracic Surgery 72, no. 6 (December 2001): 2176–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-4975(01)02996-4.

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36

Phillips, Steven J. "Emergent cardiopulmonary bypass." Annals of Thoracic Surgery 55, no. 5 (May 1993): 1281–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-4975(93)90070-x.

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37

Hvass, Ulrik, and Jean-Paul Depoix. "Normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass." Annals of Thoracic Surgery 56, no. 1 (July 1993): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-4975(93)90452-n.

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38

Feng, William, Arthur A. Bert, and Aran K. Singh. "Normothermic Cardiopulmonary Bypass." Asian Cardiovascular and Thoracic Annals 4, no. 2 (June 1996): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/021849239600400202.

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39

Groom, Robert C., Bechara F. Akl, Robert Albus, and Edward A. Lefrak. "Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Bypass." International Anesthesiology Clinics 34, no. 2 (1996): 141–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004311-199603420-00012.

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40

Talor, Jonathan J., and Akif Ündar. "Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Bypass." World Journal for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery 2, no. 2 (April 2011): 296–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2150135110394218.

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41

Becker, Ronald M., Andrew A. Rich, and Jack R. Reed. "Normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass." Annals of Thoracic Surgery 59, no. 2 (February 1995): 546–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-4975(95)93426-t.

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42

Hindman, Bradley J., Sakae Enomoto, Franklin Dexter, James N. Bates, Gilbert Aldape, Johann Cutkomp, and Tom Smith. "Cerebrovascular Relaxation Responses to Endothelium-dependent and -independent Vasodilators after Normothermic and Hypothermic Cardiopulmonary Bypass in the Rabbit." Anesthesiology 88, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): 1614–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199806000-00026.

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Background Cardiopulmonary bypass causes activation of leukocytes and increased concentrations of proinflammatory mediators, which may result in endothelial dysfunction. Because hypothermia attenuates many inflammatory processes, the authors hypothesized that hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass would be associated with better endothelial function than normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods Isoflurane-anesthetized New Zealand White rabbits were randomized to undergo 90 min of either normothermic (37 degrees C, n=9) or hypothermic (27 degrees C, n=9) cardiopulmonary bypass with terminal rewarming. A third group served as anesthetized normothermic non-cardiopulmonary bypass surgical controls (n=8). Basilar artery and descending thoracic aorta were isolated from each animal. In vitro vessel relaxation responses to increasing concentrations of acetylcholine (which induces endothelial release of nitric oxide) and nitroprusside (which provides exogenous nitric oxide) were measured in phenylephrine-precontracted vessel rings. Results There were no differences in vessel relaxation responses between normothermic and hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass groups in basilar artery or aorta. In contrast, basilar arteries from non-cardiopulmonary bypass controls had increased relaxation responses to both acetylcholine (P=0.004) and nitroprusside (P=0.031) compared with the pooled cardiopulmonary bypass animal data. Conclusions The authors observed no differences in endothelial or vascular smooth muscle function between normothermic and hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass groups. Compared with non-cardiopulmonary bypass controls, cardiopulmonary bypass appeared to decrease basilar artery smooth muscle relaxation in response to endogenous and exogenous nitric oxide.
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43

David, Michel, Raúl A. Borracci, Luis M. Ferreira, Patricio Giménez Ruiz, José M. Álvarez Galesio, and Ricardo La Mura. "Técnica del debranching híbrido tipo I del arco aórtico sin circulación extracorpórea." Revista Argentina de Cirugía 111, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 274–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.25132/raac.v111.n4.1411.es.

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Aortic arch aneurysms represent a major challenge as the involvement of the supra-aortic vessels demands a complex surgical technique. Since the advent of endovascular aortic repair, hybrid treatment of aortic arch disease has emerged in recent years. The procedure consists of surgical bypass of the supra-aortic vessels followed by exclusion of the aneurysm with an endograft. This hybrid method is known as debranching and, briefly, consists in performing bypasses between the ascending aorta and the brachiocephalic artery, the left carotid artery and possibly the left subclavian artery without cardiopulmonary bypass, in order to advance an endograft to cover the entire lumen of the aneurysm. The aim of this paper is to describe the surgical technique of type I hybrid debranching without cardiopulmonary bypass and antegrade endograft delivery to treat aortic arch aneurysms.
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44

Pfister, Albert J., M. Salah Zaki, Jorge M. Garcia, Luis A. Mispireta, Paul J. Corso, Anjum G. Qazi, Steven W. Boyce, Thomas R. Coughlin, and Patricia Gurny. "Coronary artery bypass without cardiopulmonary bypass." Annals of Thoracic Surgery 54, no. 6 (December 1992): 1085–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-4975(92)90074-e.

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45

Lannemyr, Lukas, Gudrun Bragadottir, Vitus Krumbholz, Bengt Redfors, Johan Sellgren, and Sven-Erik Ricksten. "Effects of Cardiopulmonary Bypass on Renal Perfusion, Filtration, and Oxygenation in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery." Anesthesiology 126, no. 2 (February 1, 2017): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000001461.

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Abstract Background Acute kidney injury is a common complication after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. The authors evaluated the effects of normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass on renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, renal oxygen consumption, and renal oxygen supply/demand relationship, i.e., renal oxygenation (primary outcome) in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Methods Eighteen patients with a normal preoperative serum creatinine undergoing cardiac surgery procedures with normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (2.5 l · min−1 · m−2) were included after informed consent. Systemic and renal hemodynamic variables were measured by pulmonary artery and renal vein catheters before, during, and after cardiopulmonary bypass. Arterial and renal vein blood samples were taken for measurements of renal oxygen delivery and consumption. Renal oxygenation was estimated from the renal oxygen extraction. Urinary N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase was measured before, during, and after cardiopulmonary bypass. Results Cardiopulmonary bypass induced a renal vasoconstriction and redistribution of blood flow away from the kidneys, which in combination with hemodilution decreased renal oxygen delivery by 20%, while glomerular filtration rate and renal oxygen consumption were unchanged. Thus, renal oxygen extraction increased by 39 to 45%, indicating a renal oxygen supply/demand mismatch during cardiopulmonary bypass. After weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass, renal oxygenation was further impaired due to hemodilution and an increase in renal oxygen consumption, accompanied by a seven-fold increase in the urinary N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase/creatinine ratio. Conclusions Cardiopulmonary bypass impairs renal oxygenation due to renal vasoconstriction and hemodilution during and after cardiopulmonary bypass, accompanied by increased release of a tubular injury marker.
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46

Zeka, Merita, Saimir Kuci, Blerim Arapi, Alfred Ibrahimi, and Krenar Lilaj. "Troponin I, and Lactic Acid variations, during Cardiopulmonary Bypass under Moderate Hypothermia vs Normothermia." Albanian Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery 7, no. 1 (January 20, 2023): 1125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32391/ajtes.v7i1.308.

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Introduction: In open heart surgery such as Coronary artery Bypass Grafting, valve repair or replacement, or some congenital heart disease, patients are connected to the Cardiopulmonary bypass machine [1]. Cardiopulmonary bypass machine pumps the blood around the body while the heart is stopped and provides a bloodless field during cardiac surgery. Since an extracorporeal circuit is incorporated to the patient, there are observed abnormal physiological events during Cardiopulmonary bypass. These events include hemodilution, interstitial fluid accumulation, complement activation and depression of immune system. Cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with an acute phase reaction of protease cascades, leucocyte, and platelet activation that result in tissue injury [2, 3] and limited functional reserve. For many years was believed that Cardiopulmonary bypass under hypothermia is much safer. The main reason for “cooling body” is to protect the brain, heart and organs during cardiopulmonary bypass through reducing body metabolic rate [4]. During more recent years, according to many studies, it is shown that Cardiopulmonary bypass under Normothermia has much more advantages compared to Moderate Hypothermia. The aim of this study was to compare and examine which method has advantages in terms of clinical outcome, morbidity and mortality. Patients and methods. 60 patients were selected, who were scheduled for Coronary artery Bypass Grafting x 3, were enrolled in this study. Results: According to the primary variables (Troponin I, Lactic Acid) and also secondary variables of our study, resulted that Cardiopulmonary bypass in Normothermia has superiority compare to Moderate Hypothermia in patients that underwent Coronary artery Bypass Grafting. Conclusion: According to our data and literature [15, 16, 17], we concluded that Cardiopulmonary bypass in Coronary artery Bypass Grafting under Normothermia has advantages vs Moderate Hypothermia and Troponin I and Lactic Acid are very good biomarkers that show us if heart and organs perfusion/protection is adequate during this procedure.
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47

Ahmad, Jubayer, Redoy Ranjan, Heemel Saha, S. M. G. Saklayen, Masuda Begum, and Asit Baran Adhikary. "Effect of cardiopulmonary bypass on hemostasis in patients undergoing cardiac surgery." Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University Journal 11, no. 2 (May 28, 2018): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bsmmuj.v11i2.35780.

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<p class="Abstract">This study aimed to evaluate the hemostatic derangement in patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass. Total 55 patients of either sex, were divided into three groups: Group A (n=20): Patients selected for elective cardiac surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass; Group B (n=20): Patients who undergone cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass time &lt;90 min; and Group C (n=15): Patients who undergone cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass time either 90 min or more. The difference of mean hemoglobin, total count of WBC, and platelet count on immediate post-operative period and at 7 days after surgery were statistically significant among the groups. The mean hematocrit value, fibrinogen level and coagulation profile were statistically significant between the two groups in comparison to pre-operative value. The mean cross-clamp time and bypass time were statistically significant between the two sub-groups of cardiopulmonary bypass population. The mean blood loss was more (1513.3 ± 307.9 mL) where the cardiopulmonary bypass was used for &gt;90 min in comparison to other population. Prolong cardiopulmonary bypass time associated with more hemostatic abnormalities and complications can be minimized by shortening the bypass time.</p>
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48

Kirk, Ajb, and Sam Nashef. "Alopecia following cardiopulmonary bypass." Perfusion 1, no. 3 (July 1986): 193–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026765918600100307.

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This paper discusses a case of alopecia after aortocoronary bypass grafting, presenting three weeks after surgery. A subsequent prospective study of 100 patients undergoing open-heart surgery with total cardiopulmonary bypass demonstrated that six patients (6%) developed alopecia in the parieto-occipital region of the scalp. Possible causes of this are described, i.e. relative scalp ischaemia due to hypotension and hypotermia during bypass, heparinization and local pressure. All patches of alopecia showed complete regrowth of hair by six months. As alopecia is a source of considerable anxiety to patients the self-limiting nature of the condition allows full and adequate reassurance to be given.
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49

Schultz, Marcus J., Vasileios Zochios, and Ary Serpa Neto. "Ventilation During Cardiopulmonary Bypass." Chest 159, no. 5 (May 2021): 1703–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.11.032.

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50

Kapoor, MukulChandra. "Cardiopulmonary bypass in pregnancy." Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia 17, no. 1 (2014): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0971-9784.124133.

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