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Journal articles on the topic 'Carbothermal solid state reduction'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Ostrovski, O., G. Zhang, R. Kononov, M. A. R. Dewan, and J. Li. "Carbothermal Solid State Reduction of Stable Metal Oxides." steel research international 81, no. 10 (September 30, 2010): 841–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.201000177.

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2

Kononov, Ring, Oleg Ostrovski, and Samir Ganguly. "Carbothermal Solid State Reduction of Manganese Ores: 3. Phase Development." ISIJ International 49, no. 8 (2009): 1115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.49.1115.

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3

Kononov, Ring, Oleg Ostrovski, and Samir Ganguly. "Carbothermal Solid State Reduction of Manganese Ores: 1. Manganese Ore Characterisation." ISIJ International 49, no. 8 (2009): 1099–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.49.1099.

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4

Kang, Shin Hyuk, Beom Seob Kim, and Deug Joong Kim. "The Atmosphere Effect on Synthesis of TiB₂ Particles by Carbothermal Reduction." Materials Science Forum 534-536 (January 2007): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.534-536.145.

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The carbothermal reduction synthesis process of titanium diboride (TiB2) particles was studied. In the synthesis of TiB2 using carbothermal reduction from a mixture of TiO2, B2O3 and carbon, solid-solid reactions occur. TiO2 particles rapidly react with carbon to TiC, which then reacts with boron oxide and carbon to TiB2. In the vacuum condition, TiB2 particles were formed within 10 minutes at temperature of 1300oC. It seems that a high exothermic reaction eventually results in the increase of reaction rate. In flowing argon atmosphere, TiB2 particles were formed at temperature of 1550oC after a reaction of 0 minute and it showed a finer particle size than that in the vacuum condition. This is attributed to the faster heat elimination due to the flowing argon. In high atmospheric pressure of argon gas such as 20 atm in reaction or cooling state, the synthesized TiB2 particles shows a mixture of diverse sized particles.

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5

Kononov, Ring, Oleg Ostrovski, and Samir Ganguly. "Carbothermal Solid State Reduction of Manganese Ores: 2. Non-isothermal and Isothermal Reduction in Different Gas Atmospheres." ISIJ International 49, no. 8 (2009): 1107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.49.1107.

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6

Smecellato, Pamela C., Rogério A. Davoglio, Sonia R. Biaggio, Nerilso Bocchi, and Romeu C. Rocha-Filho. "Alternative route for LiFePO 4 synthesis: Carbothermal reduction combined with microwave-assisted solid-state reaction." Materials Research Bulletin 86 (February 2017): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2016.11.003.

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7

Wang, Bai Na, Yun Biao Duan, Jin Hu, Yu Tian Wang, Kai Jun Wang, and Ying Mei Tao. "ZrB₂ Nano-Powders Prepared by Sol-Gel Carbothermal Reduction." Advanced Materials Research 1058 (November 2014): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1058.3.

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Zirconium diboride (ZrB2) powders were synthesized by sol-gel carbonthermal reduction method using zirconium oxychloride (ZrOCl2·8H2O), boric acid (H3BO3), source (C12H22O11) and citrate (as chelation agent). The Zirconium diboride precursors were calcined at 1600¡æ for 2h, 3h and 4h under argon atmosphere. The precursors and sintered samples were characterized by TG-DSC, XRD and SEM. Results revealed that the ZrB2powders prepared at 1600°C for 4h exhibited quasi-tabular morphology with a small average crystalline size about 20μ. With respect to the conventional solid state method, the Sol-gel method route guaranteed a faster, easier and energy-saving process for obtaining nanopowders.

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8

Yuan, Xinayang, Xuejian Liu, Fang Zhang, and Shiwei Wang. "Synthesis of Î³-AlON Powders by a Combinational Method of Carbothermal Reduction and Solid-State Reaction." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 93, no. 1 (January 2010): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2009.03380.x.

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9

Baboshko, Dmytro, Levan Saithareiev, Hennadiy Hubin, Oksana Vodennikova, and Ihor Skidin. "Researching of physicochemical and structural-phase transformations in carbothermal titanomagnetite concentrates reduction for sustainable development of raw materials base of metallurgical enterprises." E3S Web of Conferences 166 (2020): 06011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016606011.

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This study displays results of carbothermal reduction researches of titanоmagnetite concentrate obtained during complex apatite-titanomagnetite-ilmenite ore dressing. The mineral composition was analyzed and the structural and textural features of the titaniferous ore of Kropivensky deposit and the titanomagnetite concentrate obtained from it were revealed. The mechanism of solid-phase carbothermal the titanomagnetite concentrate reduction is investigated. Temperature-time parameters have been discovered to ensure the formation of both products with the maximum yields of iron and titania from metal and slag-phase during titanomagnetite concentrate reduction. One-stage resource-saving flow chart of titanomagnetite concentrate processing with mass fraction up to 25% TiO2 is developed.. It allows to obtain two marketable products: granular cast iron (92-96.5% Fe, 3.4-3.7% C, 0.5% V) in 57% yield and titaniferous slag (50-55% TiO2, up to 7.4% FeO) in 43% yield.

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10

DEHGHANZADEH, M., A. ATAIE, and S. HESHMATI-MANESH. "SYNTHESIS OF NANOSIZE SILICON CARBIDE POWDER BY CARBOTHERMAL REDUCTION OF SiO2." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 05 (January 2012): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194512002115.

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A mixture of silicon carbide nano-particles and nano-whiskers has been synthesized through solid state reduction of silica by graphite employing high energy planetary ball milling for 25 h and subsequent heat treatment at 1300-1700°C in dynamic argon atmosphere. Effects of process conditions on the thermal behavior, phase composition and morphology of the samples were investigated using DTA/TGA, XRD and SEM, technique, respectively. DTA/TGA analysis shows that silicon carbide starts to form at ~ 1250°C. Analysis of the XRD patterns indicates that the phase composition of the sample heat treated at 1300°C for 2 h mainly consists of SiO 2 together with small amount of β- SiC . Nano-crystalline silicon carbide phase with a mean crystallite size of 38 nm was found to be dominate phase on heat treatment temperature at ~ 1500°C. Substantial SiO 2 was still remained in the above sample. SEM studies reveal that the sample heat treated at 1500°C for 2 h contains nano-particles and nano-whisker of β- SiC with a mean diameter of almost ~ 85 nm. The results obtained were also showed that the characteristics of the synthesized SiC particles strongly depend on the mechanical activation and heat treatment conditions.

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11

Mei-E, ZHONG, ZHOU Zhi-Hui, and ZHOU Zhen-Tao. "Electrochemical Performance of High-Density LiFePO₄/C Composites Synthesized by Solid State-Carbothermal Reduction Method." Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica 25, no. 08 (2009): 1504–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3866/pku.whxb20090728.

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12

Neal, Graham S., Mark E. Smith, Mark B. Trigg, and John Drennan. "Solid-state NMR examination of the formation of β-sialon by carbothermal reduction and nitridation of halloysite clay." J. Mater. Chem. 4, no. 2 (1994): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/jm9940400245.

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13

Yape, Erlinda O., and Nathaniel M. Anacleto. "Carbothermic Reduction of Misamis Oriental Chromite Ores." Key Engineering Materials 718 (November 2016): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.718.110.

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This study was conducted to determine the non-isothermal and isothermal reduction of chromium ores in the solid-state by reductants like solid carbon under argon and hydrogen-argon atmosphere. Two different chromite ores from local sources , sandy chromite ore from Opol, Misamis Oriental (SCO) and lumpy chromite ore from Manticao, Misamis Oriental (LCM) were used in the study. Isothermal and non-isothermal experiments were conducted in a fixed bed reactor heated in a vertical tube furnace in the temperature range 800 to 1000°C. Raw chromite and reduced samples were subjected to phase analysis and morphology characterization using X-ray flourescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX). It was found that reduction does not go to completion at this temperature range. The early stage of reduction of iron was controlled by nucleation and the later by nucleation or chemical reaction or both. The activation energy at the early stage of reduction is estimated to be 44.76 kJ/mol and the later stage of reduction is 144 kJ/mol for SCO and 76.5 kJ/mol for LCM. The reduction of chromium was controlled by chemical reaction.

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14

Akdogan, Guven, and R. Hurman Eric. "Kinetics of the solid-state carbothermic reduction of wessel manganese ores." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 26, no. 1 (February 1995): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02648973.

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15

Janelidze, Inga, Gigo Jandieri, and Tamar Tsertsvadze. "Thermodynamic analysis of interaction of components in the SIO2-C system: improvement of technical silicon production technological process." Physics and Chemistry of Solid State 22, no. 2 (June 16, 2021): 345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/pcss.22.2.345-352.

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In order to identify ways to improve the technological process of smelting metallic (crystalline) silicon of technical purity, a thermodynamic analysis of the interaction of components in the SiO2-C system is carried out that reveals the main factor in obtaining high-quality technical silicon is the elimination of superposition of the silicon carbonization process that is possible by carrying out a two-stage carbothermal reduction reaction, in that firstly the incomplete reduction of silica (SiO2) by solid carbon (C) is provided, accompanied by the release of new reacting gas components - SiO and CO, the subsequent interaction of which leads to the formation of the target product - technical silicon that is suitable for the production of modern solar energy converters. It is determined that main condition for highly efficient reduction reactions is the fine fractionness (<1 mm) of the used quartzite ore with keeping of a rational temperature range for its carbothermal reduction (1688-2000 K). It has been shown experimentally that the optimal technical solution for the implementation of this reduction process is to performt melting in a special plasma-chemical furnace-reactor with one liquid-metal subconducting electrode, with a reverse vertical feed of the reaction gases released at the first stage. The degree of extraction of silicon was on average 95%, and the degree of its purity was 97.2%.

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16

KUMAR, ANSHUMAN, RAMESH R. NAVAN, AJAY KUSHWAHA, M. ASLAM, and V. RAMGOPAL RAO. "PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT OF p-TYPE ORGANIC THIN FILM TRANSISTORS USING ZINC OXIDE NANOSTRUCTURES." International Journal of Nanoscience 10, no. 04n05 (August 2011): 761–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x11008800.

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This paper reports the performance enhancement of nanocomposite thin film transistors fabricated using ZnO dispersed in p-type polymer, poly 3-hexylthiophene (P3HT). The ZnO nanostructures considered here are nanorods (300–500 nm), that were deposited in the high temperature zone during vapor phase deposition involving carbothermal reduction of solid zinc precursor. Organic Thin Film Transistors (OTFTs) based on the dispersion of these ZnO nanostructures in the p-type organic semiconductor, P3HT, show a mobility enhancement by 10 times for the organic–inorganic composite (~ 4 × 10-3 cm2/V s) compared to its pristine state (~ 4 × 10-4 cm2/V s). The results presented here show a great promise for the performance enhancement of p-type solution processable FETs.

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17

NEAL, G. S., M. E. SMITH, M. B. TRIGG, and J. DRENNAN. "ChemInform Abstract: Solid-state NMR Examination of the Formation of β-Sialon by Carbothermal Reduction and Nitridation of Halloysite Clay." ChemInform 25, no. 24 (August 19, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199424016.

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18

Wang, Guang, Jingsong Wang, and Qingguo Xue. "Kinetics of the Volume Shrinkage of a Magnetite/Carbon Composite Pellet during Solid-State Carbothermic Reduction." Metals 8, no. 12 (December 11, 2018): 1050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8121050.

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The volume shrinkage evolution of a magnetite iron ore/carbon composite pellet during solid-state isothermal reduction was investigated. For the shrinkage, the apparent activation energy and mechanism were obtained based on the experimental results. It was found that the volume shrinkage highly depended on the reduction temperature and on dwell time. The volume shrinkage of the pellet increased with the increasing reduction temperature, and the rate of increment was fast during the first 20 min of reduction. The shrinkage of the composite pellet was mainly due to the weight loss of carbon and oxygen, the sintering growth of gangue oxides and metallic iron particles, and the partial melting of the gangue phase at high temperature. The shrinkage apparent activation energy was different depending on the time range. During the first 20 min, the shrinkage apparent activation energy was 51,313 J/mol. After the first 20 min, the apparent activation energy for the volume shrinkage was only 19,697 J/mol. The change of the reduction rate-controlling step and the automatic sintering and reconstruction of the metallic iron particles and gangue oxides in the later reduction stage were the main reasons for the aforementioned time-dependent phenomena. The present work could provide a unique scientific index for the illustration of iron ore/carbon composite pellet behavior during solid-state carbothermic reduction.

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19

Zhou, Jiachang, Heyi Kang, Haiping Wei, Hongqun Tang, Xingcheng Ou, and Chaoqin Luo. "Microstructure and wear resistance of red mud iron alloy with chromium and titanium." Composites and Advanced Materials 30 (January 1, 2021): 263498332199474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2634983321994745.

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Red mud is a solid waste in the production of alumina from bauxite. Red mud iron alloy (RMIA) is prepared from the red mud and laterite nickel ore via the high-temperature carbothermal reduction smelting and refining. Herein, by adjusting the contents of chromium (Cr) and titanium (Ti) in RMIA, low alloy cast iron with high hardness and wear resistance was obtained. Optical emission spectrometer, optical microscope, scanning electron microscopy, and hardness and two-body wear test were used for characterization. The results show that the addition of either Cr or Ti element can lead to carbide formation and refining of graphite. With an increase in the content of Cr or Ti, the hardness and the wear resistance of the alloy were enhanced, and the effect of Cr element was better than that of Ti element. The optimal microstructure and properties of the alloy were obtained at 4.8%Cr0.36%Ti, at which stage, the network eutectic carbide structure disappeared and evenly distributed in the matrix, and meanwhile, the graphite morphology was refined. The hardness of the alloy was higher than high chromium cast iron (HCCI), and the wear resistance of the modified alloy was better than HCCI under low load. The aim of this work is to provide a reference for the preparation of wear-resistant ferroalloys from the red mud directly via high-temperature carbothermal reduction.

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20

Zhu, Ling Zhi, En Shan Han, and Ji Lin Cao. "Optimization of Synthesis Condition for LiFePO₄/C Cathode Material." Advanced Materials Research 236-238 (May 2011): 698–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.236-238.698.

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This template explains and demonstrates how to prepare your camera-ready paper for Trans Tech Publications. The best is to read these instructions and follow the outline of this text. Common and cheap organic matters (Glucose anhydrous, Citric acid, Vitamin C, Sucrose) were selected for carbon coatings on LiFePO4. The four pre-treatment processes were employed to optimize the carbon coating process, and through solid state-carbothermal reduction synthesis of LiFePO4/C composites. The structure, morphology and electrochemical performance of the material were studied by XRD, SEM and galvanostatic charge-discharge methods. It is observed that the tap density of citric acid coating material can reach 1.44 g/ml. Conductivity increased four orders of magnitude. At room temperature, the initial discharge specific capacity of the materials is as high as 89.6 mAh/g at 5.0 C (corresponding to 850 mA/g). After 30 cycles, the capacity is 83.9 mAh/g and decay only 2.0 %.

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21

Zhong, Mei E. "Preparation and Characterization of High-Density Li_0.99W_0.01FePO₄/C Composite Cathodes." Advanced Materials Research 554-556 (July 2012): 399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.554-556.399.

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High tap-density Li0.99W0.01FePO4/C composite have been synthesized via a simple and low-cost solid state-carbothermal reduction method, using Fe2O3and citrate ferric as the Fe3+precursors and citric radical containing in citrate ferric as both carbon source and reducing agent. The structure, morphology, and physicochemical properties of Li0.99W0.01FePO4/C composite were characterized by XRD, SEM, laser diffraction and scattering measurement, and tap-density testing. It is observed the particle distribution of the Li0.99W0.01FePO4/C composite is bimodal distribution. Because of the smaller particles filling in the space between the larger particles, the Li0.99W0.01FePO4/C composite exhibits less vacancy, which resulted in a high tap density of 1.50 g•cm-3. The Li0.99W0.01FePO4/C composite also shows good rate capability and cycle performance. At current densities of 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 C, the composite material has initial discharge specific capacity of 141, 133, 130 and 125 mAh•g-1, respectively.

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22

Liao, Ya Long, Xi Juan Chai, Jiang Tao Li, and Dong Bo Li. "Study on Recovering Iron from Smelting Slag by Carbothermic Reduction." Advanced Materials Research 382 (November 2011): 422–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.382.422.

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In order to recover the iron in copper smelting slag quenched with water in smelters, carbothermic reduction was adopted to reduce the iron oxide existing in different phase such as fayalite,vitreous and magnetite in the slag to metal iron. In the optimum conditions, it was demonstrated that the metallization efficiency of iron could reach more than 86.1%. Furthermore in the process the calcium carbonate is used not only as desulfurization agent，but also as accelerated gasification of solid carbon，which improved the ratio of CO among reaction atmosphere and enhanced the reduction rate of iron oxide as well as increased the metallization rate of iron．In addition this study proved that the combination ability between calcium positive ion and silicon oxygen anion is bigger than that between iron positive ion and silicon oxygen anion. As a result SiO2 combined with CaO and FeO existed in a form of freedom state which guaranteed the reduction process went with a swing.

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23

Jiao, Shuqiang, Xiaohui Ning, Kai Huang, and Hongmin Zhu. "Electrochemical dissolution behavior of conductive TiCxO1–x solid solutions." Pure and Applied Chemistry 82, no. 8 (May 23, 2010): 1691–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-09-10-39.

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Conductive TiCxO1–x solid solutions were prepared by carbothermic reduction of titanium dioxide. Studies were focused on the possibility of electrochemically dissolving TiCxO1–x in NaCl–KCl molten salt. The tail-gas from the anode was monitored during the electrolysis. It was discovered that carbon monoxide (CO) or carbon dioxide (CO2) gases were generated, with the process being dependent upon the consumption of the TiCxO1–x solid solution anode materials. Furthermore, a series of electrochemical methods was used to investigate the valence state of titanium ions dissolved into molten salt when electrolyzing TiCxO1–x solid solutions. A significant result was that titanium ion species dissolved from the TiCxO1–x solid solutions, and this is changed between Ti2+ and Ti3+ depending on the electrochemically dissolving potentials. The significant result discovered in this paper will be potentially beneficial in the preparation of high-purity titanium by electrorefining TiCxO1–x solid solutions.

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24

Huang, Long, Peng Huang, Peng Chen, and Yuan-Li Ding. "Metal nanodots anchored on carbon nanotubes prepared by a facile solid-state redox strategy for superior lithium storage." Functional Materials Letters 13, no. 06 (July 30, 2020): 2051039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s179360472051039x.

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Alloying-based electrode materials (e.g. Si, Sn, Sb, Bi, etc.) are the promising anode candidates for next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) owing to their high specific capacities, but they suffer from huge volume changes upon lithium/sodium insertion/extraction processes. On the other hand, such alloying anodes usually require a complicated and high energy-consumption synthesis process (e.g. Si anode by a magnesiothermic reduction at over [Formula: see text]C, Sn, Sb and Bi anodes by a high-temperature carbothermic reduction at 600–[Formula: see text]C), thus limiting their practical application for replacing low-cost graphite. In this work, we develop a straightforward solid-state strategy for a general synthesis of metal nanodots (Sn, Sb and Bi) supported on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by using the reduction potential differences of metal salts and NaBH4 as the reaction power at room temperature. Owing to the very mild reaction, the resulted active component is small enough (2–5[Formula: see text]nm) with diffusion-less and nucleation-less barriers upon alloying/dealloying reaction, thus enabling high electrode stability and high capacity retention. Taking Sn anode as an example, the obtained Sn/CNTs deliver a high reversible capacity of 415[Formula: see text]mAh g[Formula: see text] at 0.5[Formula: see text]A g[Formula: see text] after 1000 cycles without obvious capacity decay. Such findings indicate that the proposed solid-state synthetic method could offer a great potential for realizing large-scale and economic applications of energy storage materials.

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25

Kariminejad, Arash, Behrooz Ghasemi, Milad Milani, Hassan Ghorbani, and Mohammad Azadeh. "Mechanically Activated Synthesis of Tungsten Carbide Nanoparticles from Tungsten Oxide." Advanced Materials Research 829 (November 2013): 622–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.829.622.

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Solid state carbothermic reduction of tungsten oxide (WO3) to nanosized tungsten carbide (WC) particles was achieved by heating mechanically activated mixture of tungsten oxide and graphite at different temperatures under vacuum condition. KCl and Ni were added to the mixture for some samples. The morphology and chemical composition of products, as well as particles size and their distribution were compared by X-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Mechanical activation of WO3-C powder mixture did not yield WC phase whereas it was possible to produce WC nanoparticles by heating at 1250 °C for 2 h. KCl additive caused fine and homogeneous particle and Ni additive assisted the growth of WC particles.

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26

Zinoveev, Dmitry, Alexander Petelin, Pavel Grudinsky, Andrey Zakunov, and Valery Dyubanov. "Extraction of Iron from Russian Red Mud by a Carbothermic Reduction and Magnetic Separation Process." Materials Proceedings 3, no. 1 (February 18, 2021): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iec2m-09247.

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Red mud is a hazardous waste of alumina production. Currently, the total accumulated amount of red mud is over 4 billion tons. The promising method of red mud processing is a carbothermic reduction of iron at 1000–1400 °C into metallic form followed by magnetic separation. In this study, the mechanism of carbothermic solid-phase reduction of red mud was investigated. Based on the experimental data, the two-step mechanism of the first rapid stage of the process was proposed, which leads to almost full iron reduction. The estimated value of activation energy has indicated that solid-phase diffusion is a rate-controlling step for this stage. However, an almost full reduction is necessary, but insufficient factor for successful magnetic separation. The second crucial factor of the process is enlargement of iron grain size, which leads to gangue-grain release during grinding and increases efficiency of the magnetic separation. The prediction model of iron grain growth process during the carbothermic reduction process was suggested. The calculation of average size of iron grains formed during the reduction process that was performed according to the assumption of diffusion-controlled process showed their correlation with experimental data. Various methods were proposed to promote the process of iron grain growth during carbothermic reduction of red mud.

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27

Mylinh, Dang Thy, Dae-Ho Yoon, and Chang-Yeoul Kim. "Aluminum Nitride Formation From Aluminum Oxide/Phenol Resin Solid-Gel Mixture By Carbothermal Reduction Nitridation Method." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 1551–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0171.

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Abstract Hexagonal and cubic crystalline aluminum nitride (AlN) particles were successfully synthesized using phenol resin and alpha aluminum oxide (α-Al2O3) as precursors through new solid-gel mixture and carbothermal reduction nitridaton (CRN) process with molar ratio of C/Al2O3 = 3. The effect of reaction temperature on the decomposition of phenol resin and synthesis of hexagonal and cubic AlN were investigated and the reaction mechanism was also discussed. The results showed that α-Al2O3 powder in homogeneous solid-gel precursor was easily nitrided to yield AlN powder during the carbothermal reduction nitridation process. The reaction temperature needed for a complete conversion for the precursor was about 1700°C, which much lower than that when using α-Al2O3 and carbon black as starting materials. To our knowledge, phenol resin is the first time to be used for synthesizing AlN powder via carbothermal reduction and nitridation method, which would be an efficient, economical, cheap assistant reagent for large scale synthesis of AlN powder.

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28

But, E. A., and A. V. Pavlov. "SOLID-LIQUID-PHASE CARBOTHERMAL REDUCTION OF NICKEL FROM ORE-COAL BRIQUETTES." Izvestiya Visshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii. Chernaya Metallurgiya = Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 61, no. 2 (March 6, 2018): 120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2018-2-120-127.

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29

Ma, Shaobo, Zhaohui Zhang, Shuxiang Xu, Xintao Li, and Lu Feng. "Recovery of zinc from electric arc furnace dust by vacuum carbothermal reduction." Metallurgical Research & Technology 118, no. 4 (2021): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2021058.

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Recently, the proportion of electric furnace steelmaking has increased rapidly, and the content of electric arc furnace dust has increased. Through comprehensive recovery of electric arc furnace dust, the harm of metallurgical solid waste can be reduced and economic value can be created. In this paper, it gives a common outline about the known recycling techniques from electric arc furnace dusts and presents the carbothermal reduction under vacuum. The evolution in reduction products in the process of vacuum carbothermal reduction of zinc-containing electric arc furnace dust is studied using the X-ray diffraction (XRD) phase and micro-morphology analysis. The thermodynamic conditions for reduction are computed using Factsage 7.1 program. Through thermodynamic study, it is found that the initial temperature of reducing zinc oxide decreases as the pressure of the system drops. In the process of the vacuum carbothermal reduction experiment, the type of reducing agent, reduction temperature, carbon content, and reaction time are studied. According to the test results, the optimum process parameters are determined as follows: reduction time 30 min, reduction temperature 1273 K. The dezincification effect of electric arc furnace dust can reach over 99%.

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30

Yuan, Zhiyang, Yanfen Xue, Lingna Sun, Yongliang Li, Hongwei Mi, Libo Deng, Weiliang Hong, Xiangzhong Ren, and Peixin Zhang. "LiFePO4/RGO composites synthesized by a solid phase combined with carbothermal reduction method." Ferroelectrics 528, no. 1 (May 19, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2018.1448185.

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31

Chai, Chunfang, Zaiyin Huang, Dankui Liao, Xuecai Tan, Jian Wu, and Aiqun Yuan. "Synthesis of solid and hollow ATO spheres by carbothermal reduction of ATO nanoparticles." Nanotechnology 18, no. 5 (January 9, 2007): 055703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/18/5/055703.

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32

Pan, Zi He, Zhao Hui Huang, Wen Juan Li, Yan Gai Liu, and Ming Hao Fang. "Synthesis of Fiber-Like SiС by Carbothermal Reduction of Used Silica Bricks." Key Engineering Materials 512-515 (June 2012): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.512-515.7.

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Fiber-like SiC had been synthesized using used silica bricks and carbon powder as raw materials by carbothermal reduction. A new kind of beaded SiC also had been found in the specimen. The result showed that well-crystallized β-SiC fibers began to appear at 1550 °C with excessive of 100 wt% content of carbon. While at 1600 °C for 6 h with excessive of 100 wt% content of carbon, the as-synthesized SiC fibers were grown with some beads in the fiber strings. The beaded SiC consisted of strings with diameters of less than 0.5 μm (or even 0.1μm) and periodic beads with diameters of 0.5-1.0 μm. Vapor-solid (VS) mechanism and vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) mechanism were also discussed in the synthesizing process of fiber-like SiC. This kind of fiber-like SiC may used as reinforce materials in ceramic composites, the fracture toughness of brittle ceramics can be effectively improved via the incorporation of strong SiC fibers into the matrix due to crack deflection, bridging and fiber pull-out. Moreover, these toughening mechanisms do not diminish as temperature increases.

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Xie, Xiumin, Ying Wang, Jianqi Qi, Nian Wei, Qiwu Shi, Shanshan Wang, Huajun Wu, and Tiecheng Lu. "Gas-Phase and Solid-State Simultaneous Mechanism for Two-Step Carbothermal AlON Formation." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 98, no. 6 (March 27, 2015): 1965–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jace.13565.

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Sugahara, Yoshiyuji, Ken-Ichi Sugimoto, Hiroyuki Takagi, Kazuyuki Kuroda, and Chuzo Kato. "The formation of SiC-AlN solid solution by the carbothermal reduction process of montmorillonite." Journal of Materials Science Letters 7, no. 7 (July 1988): 795–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00722105.

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Lee, Gil-Geun, and Gook-Hyun Ha. "Carbothermal Reduction of Oxide Powder Prepared from Waste WC/Co Hardmetal by Solid Carbon." Journal of Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute 12, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4150/kpmi.2005.12.2.112.

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Grudinskii, P. I., D. V. Zinoveev, A. F. Semenov, A. S. Zakunov, V. G. Dyubanov, and A. L. Petelin. "Advanced Method for Recycling Red Mud by Carbothermal Solid-Phase Reduction Using Sodium Sulfite." Metallurgist 63, no. 9-10 (January 2020): 889–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11015-020-00906-z.

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37

Byeun, Yun Ki, Rainer Telle, Kyong Sop Han, and Sang Whan Park. "The Effect of Phenol Resin Types and Mixing Ratios on the Synthesis of High-Purity β-SiC Powder by the Sol-Gel Method." Materials Science Forum 645-648 (April 2010): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.645-648.71.

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In this study, we carried out a sol-gel processing to synthesize two types of phenol resin and TEOS sol with fluoric acid as the catalysts, and fabricated the β-SiC powder by carbothermal reduction of the obtained precursor gels. The gels were observed to be cross linked between TEOS and phenol resins by FT-IR and TG-DTA. After pyrolyzed at 1000oC in Ar to obtain the precursor, to confirm the phase transition and morphologies by XRD, and SEM were measured. Finally, the light green colored SiC powder was obtained after carbothermal reduction process up to 1800oC. The residual condensed SiO(v) phase and free carbons as a role of impurities for final products using the solid type phenol resin was observed in the surface of powder by BSE.

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Hao, Hong Shun, Hui Li Wang, Fang Lian, Gui Shan Liu, Zhi Qiang Hu, and Li Hua Xu. "Synthesis of Sialon-Based Eco-Materials from Gold Mineral Tailings." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 902–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.902.

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Sialon-based eco-materials were synthesized by using the gold mineral tailings that containing abundant Si and Al elements as the major raw material with minor additives through the carbothermal reduction nitridation route. This study realized the conversion of eco-materials from solid waste, gold mineral tailings. The effects of sintering temperature, holding time and x value during carbothermal reduction nitridation process on the phase composition and microstructure of as-fabricated Sialon-based materials were explored. The XRD results indicated that when sintering temperature is 1550°C, holding time is 6h, and x value is 1.0, Ca-α-Sialon/SiC/Fe3Si composites was successfully synthesized. The relative contentSubscript textof each phase in the products is I(α-Sialon): I(SiC): I(Fe3Si)=82:10:8. The SEM images showed the densificated microstructure and uniform grains with the long column shape.

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Zhang, Guopeng, Weihao Xiong, Zhenhua Yao, Shan Chen, Xiao Chen, and Qingqing Yang. "Synthesis of ultrafine (Ti,W,Nb)C solid solution powders by microwave-assisted carbothermal reduction." Ceramics International 40, no. 5 (June 2014): 7621–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.12.031.

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Kosova, N. V., E. T. Devyatkina, A. B. Slobodyuk, and S. A. Petrov. "Submicron LiFe1−yMnyPO4 solid solutions prepared by mechanochemically assisted carbothermal reduction: The structure and properties." Electrochimica Acta 59 (January 2012): 404–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2011.10.082.

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Wu, Y. D., G. H. Zhang, and K. C. Chou. "Preparation of high quality ferrovanadium nitride by carbothermal reduction nitridation process." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 53, no. 3 (2017): 383–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb170208025w.

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High quality ferrovanadium nitride was prepared successfully by carbothermal reduction nitridation process by using V2O5 and Fe as the raw materials. The effects of reaction temperature and C/O molar ratio (content of O is defined as the oxygen in V2O5) on the quality of ferrovanadium nitride were investigated in detail. It was demonstrated that C/O molar ratio had a great influence on the residue carbon, as well as the nitrogen content in the final products. It was found that the nitrogen content of the final product achieved 11.52% when the C/O molar ratio was 90% of the stoichiometric value. However, the nitrogen contents of the final products decreased with the further increase of C/O molar ratio. For the temperature higher than 1773 K, Fe became liquid phase and surrounded the solid V(C, N, O) particles tightly. The formation of liquid Fe was beneficial for the further removal of oxygen atoms left in the V(C, N, O) lattice, since it provided a liquid tunnel for carbon diffusion which greatly enhanced the reaction kinetics. From the results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermodynamic calculations, phase evolution sequence of V2O5 can be obtained as: V2O5?VO2?V2O3?V(C, N, O). Moreover, the kinetic process from V2O3 to VN was studied and the results shown that the reaction rate can be described by Jander diffusion model with the extracted activation energy of 188.173 kJ/mol.

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Johnsson, M., and M. Nygren. "Carbothermal synthesis of TaC whiskers via a vapor-liquid-solid growth mechanism." Journal of Materials Research 12, no. 9 (September 1997): 2419–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1997.0320.

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Tantalum carbide whiskers have been synthesized via a vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth mechanism in the temperature region 1200–1300 °C in nitrogen or argon. The starting materials consisted of Ta2O5, C, Ni, and NaCl. Carbon was added to reduce tantalum pentoxide, via a carbothermal reduction process, and Ni was used to catalyze the whisker growth. Thermodynamic calculations showed that tantalum is transported in the vapor phase as an oxochloride rather than as a chloride. An alkali metal chloride such as NaCl can be used as a source of Cl. The formation of TaC whiskers was found to be strongly dependent on the processing conditions used, on the choice of precursor materials, e.g., their particle sizes, and on the mixing procedure. So far we have obtained TaC whisker in a yield of 75–90 vol %. These whiskers are 0.1–0.6 μm in diameter and 10–30 μm in length, and they are straight and exhibit smooth surfaces. The main impurities are TaC particles, minor amounts of unreacted carbon, and remnants of the Ni catalyst.

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Hao, Hong Shun, Li Hua Xu, Ming Liu, Xiao Meng Zhang, Jian Ying Yang, and Yu Juan Guo. "Synthesis of O'-SiAlON/SiC Ecomaterials by Using Non-Traditional Resources: Yangtze River Sand." Materials Science Forum 610-613 (January 2009): 267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.610-613.267.

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O'-SiAlON/SiC ecomaterials were synthesized by using the Yangtze River sand that containing abundant Si and Al elements as the major raw material with minor additives through the carbothermal reduction nitridation route combined with colloidal process. This study realized the conversion of ecomaterials from non-traditional resources, Yangtze River sand. Orthogonal design was adopted to optimize the colloidal process parameters. The green compact with the largest bulk density was obtained when the solid volume loading is 50%, the addition mass fraction of SL is 0.8%, the addition mass fraction of CMC is 0.05%, the ball milling time is 10 h, the pH value is 9 and particle size distribution is multi-peak in the colloidal process. The effects of reduction agent, flowing rate of N2, sintering temperature during carbothermal reduction nitridation process on the microstructure of as-fabricated SiAlON materials were explored. The XRD results indicated that when sintering temperature is 1450°C, maintaining time is 6 h, flowing rate of N2 is 1.0 L/min and carbon black is selected as reduction agent, O-SiAlON/SiC composites was successfully synthesized. The SEM images showed the densificated microstructure and uniform grains with the short column shape.

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Liu, Shui-Shi, Yu-Feng Guo, Guan-Zhou Qiu, and Tao Jiang. "Mechanism of vanadic titanomagnetite solid-state reduction." Rare Metals 39, no. 11 (May 31, 2014): 1348–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12598-014-0294-3.

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Kucukkaragoz, C. S., and R. H. Eric. "Solid state reduction of a natural ilmenite." Minerals Engineering 19, no. 3 (March 2006): 334–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2005.09.015.

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Chen, George Z. "Solid State Electro-Reduction in Liquid Salts." ECS Transactions 16, no. 49 (December 18, 2019): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3159324.

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Foroughi, Paniz, Cheng Zhang, Arvind Agarwal, and Zhe Cheng. "Controlling phase separation of Ta x Hf1−x C solid solution nanopowders during carbothermal reduction synthesis." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 100, no. 11 (July 13, 2017): 5056–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jace.15065.

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Arico, E., F. Tabuti, F. C. Fonseca, D. Z. de Florio, and A. S. Ferlauto. "Carbothermal reduction of the YSZ–NiO solid oxide fuel cell anode precursor by carbon-based materials." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 97, no. 1 (July 2009): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-009-0248-4.

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Grudinskii, P. I., D. V. Zinoveev, A. F. Semenov, A. S. Zakunov, V. G. Dyubanov, and A. L. Petelin. "Correction to: “Advanced Method for Recycling Red Mud by Carbothermal Solid-Phase Reduction Using Sodium Sulfate”." Metallurgist 63, no. 11-12 (March 2020): 1345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11015-020-00958-1.

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Amroune, A., and G. Fantozzi. "Synthesis of Al2O3–SiC from kyanite precursor." Journal of Materials Research 16, no. 6 (June 2001): 1609–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2001.0223.

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Carbothermal reduction of kyanite, a natural aluminosilicate with high alumina content (Al2O3 · SiO2), was used as a way to synthesize SiC–Al2O3 powder. Carbon black was mixed with the mineral precursor in a molar ratio of (C/SiO2) = 5.5. The Carbothermal reaction sequence was studied in the temperature range 1260–1550 °C. Completion of the reaction at 1550 °C gave β–SiC-whiskers and α–Al2O3 particles as final products. From observations, the impurities contained in the mineral precursor behave as catalysts for the vapor–liquid–solid whisker growth mechanism. When the specific surface area of the starting carbon was increased from 330 to 996 m2/g, the carbothermal reaction rate increased but the morphology of the SiC-whiskers became very irregular. This study aimed to identify the main reaction conditions for obtaining a favorable morphology of the synthesized powder for elaborating Al2O3–SiC-whisker composite materials by using low cost starting materials and a relatively simple in situ synthesis route in comparison to the conventional way of separately preparing the phases SiC (whiskers) and Al2O3 before elaborating composites.

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