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Journal articles on the topic 'Carbothermal reduction and nitridation'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Mylinh, Dang Thy, Dae-Ho Yoon, and Chang-Yeoul Kim. "Aluminum Nitride Formation From Aluminum Oxide/Phenol Resin Solid-Gel Mixture By Carbothermal Reduction Nitridation Method." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 1551–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0171.

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Abstract Hexagonal and cubic crystalline aluminum nitride (AlN) particles were successfully synthesized using phenol resin and alpha aluminum oxide (α-Al2O3) as precursors through new solid-gel mixture and carbothermal reduction nitridaton (CRN) process with molar ratio of C/Al2O3 = 3. The effect of reaction temperature on the decomposition of phenol resin and synthesis of hexagonal and cubic AlN were investigated and the reaction mechanism was also discussed. The results showed that α-Al2O3 powder in homogeneous solid-gel precursor was easily nitrided to yield AlN powder during the carbothermal reduction nitridation process. The reaction temperature needed for a complete conversion for the precursor was about 1700°C, which much lower than that when using α-Al2O3 and carbon black as starting materials. To our knowledge, phenol resin is the first time to be used for synthesizing AlN powder via carbothermal reduction and nitridation method, which would be an efficient, economical, cheap assistant reagent for large scale synthesis of AlN powder.

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2

Yang, Tao, Yan Gai Liu, Ding Yun Ye, Qi Wang, Zhao Hui Huang, and Ming Hao Fang. "Phase Behavior Analysis of Low-Grade Bauxite and Rutile by Carbothermal Reduction-Nitridation." Advanced Materials Research 624 (December 2012): 239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.624.239.

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In this study, β-Sialon/Al2O3/TiN diphase powder was synthesized using low-grade bauxite and rutile via carbothermal reduction-nitridation. The phase transitions of low-grade bauxite and rutile in the carbothermal reduction and nitridation process were analyzed by XRD, SEM and EDS. The effects of different reaction parameters such as reaction temperature, rutile addition on the phase composition and microstructure of products were analyzed. The results showed that β-Sialon/Al2O3/TiN powder was prepared using low-grade bauxite and rutile as raw materials and coke as reducing agent by carbothermal reduction-nitridation reaction in flowing nitrogen atmosphere of 0.03 MPa at 1350-1375 °C, for 4 h.

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3

Sugahara, Yoshiyuki, Kazuyuki Kuroda, and Chuzo Kato. "Nitridation of sepiolite by carbothermal reduction." Journal of Materials Science Letters 4, no. 7 (July 1985): 928–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00720542.

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4

Ma, Bei Yue, Ying Li, Li Bing Xu, and Yu Chun Zhai. "In Situ Synthesis of β-Sialon Powder from Fly Ash." Advanced Materials Research 194-196 (February 2011): 2179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.194-196.2179.

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β-Sialon powder was synthesized by in-situ carbothermal reduction-nitridation process, with fly ash and carbon black as raw materials. The influence of raw materials composition on synthesis process was investigated, and the phase composition and microstructure of the synthesized products were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electronic microscope. The carbothermal reduction-nitridation reaction process was also discussed. It was found that increasing carbon content in a sample could promote the decomposition of mullite in fly ash and the formation of β-Sialon. The β-Sialon could be synthesized at 1550°C for 6h by heating the sample with the mass ratio of fly ash to carbon black of 100:56. The β-Sialon as-received in this study existed as granular with an average particle size of about 2μm. The carbothermal reduction-nitridation reaction process consisted of the nitridation processes of mullite, SiO2and Al2O3in fly ash as well as the conversion process of X-Sialon to β-Sialon.

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5

Liu, Ran, Yong Liang Gao, Xing Juan Wang, Qing Lu, and Xiang Xin Xue. "Volatilization of MgO from Ludwigite in Carbothermal Reduction-Nitridation Process." Advanced Materials Research 295-297 (July 2011): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.295-297.31.

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Based on thermodynamic analysis, the reduction and volatilization of magnesium in ludwigite were studied using carbothermal reduction-nitridation method. The experimental result show that the total mass loss rate of samples increase with temperature rising, which the maximum is 52.88 wt% in the range from 1440°C to 1470°C. Magnesia in ludwigite was reduced and volatilized as gaseous magnesium vapour in the process of carbothermal reduction, and its mass loss rate go up to 98.138%. Part of the volatilized matter formed white powder deposited at the opening of furnace tube and adhered to tube wall together with boride/silicon volatilized. It was proved that there is volatilization of MgO from ludwigite in the process of carbothermal reduction-nitridation.

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6

Leng, Xian Feng, Yan Gai Liu, Ming Hao Fang, and Zhao Hui Huang. "Synthesis of Rod-Like α-SiAlON by Carbothermal Reduction-Nitridation." Key Engineering Materials 368-372 (February 2008): 888–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.368-372.888.

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Rod-like α-sialon was synthesized successfully using pure SiO2 and AlN as the starting materials, carbon black as reductant, CaF2 and Y2O3 as addition agent by carbothermal reduction-nitridation. The effects of reaction temperature (1450°C, 1500°C, 1600°C and 1700°C) and additive (Li2CO3, CaF2, Y2O3 and Y2O3+CaF2) on phases and microstructure of the final products were studied by XRD and SEM. The results showed that α-sialon was synthesized by carbothermal reduction-nitridation at 1700°C for 3 hours. The morphology of the synthesized α-sialon was rod-like.

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7

Duan, Feng, Ai Qiong Ma, Guo Qing Xiao, Xiao Hui Zhang, and Ren Hong Yu. "Influencing Factors of Coal Gangue Carbothermal Reduction and Nitridation Reaction." Advanced Materials Research 815 (October 2013): 886–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.815.886.

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nfluencing factors of target products such as X phase, β-SiAlON phase and O-SiAlON phase of Inner Mongolia coal gangue carbothermal reduction and nitridation were researched by calculating the loss rate on ignition of specimens, and by means of XRD and SEM. During the carbothermal reduction and nitridation reaction of coal gangue, the loss rate on ignition of specimens rises with carbon reducer increasing, and keeping time has a little influence on the loss rate on ignition of specimens. If β-SiAlON is target phase, the yield from corundum is much higher than that from special grade bauxite. Corundum or bauxite is used as starting material, the yield of X phase is low and the highest yield is only 12.88%. For the carbothermal reduction and nitridation reaction of coal gangue, the appropriate addition of reducer carbon is 10%-16%, and temperature influence is larger. The reaction temperature over 1420°C and keeping time of 6h are beneficial to the formation of X phase, β-SiAlON and O-SiAlON.

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8

Yin, Hong Feng, and Yun Tang. "Preparation of Ca-α-Sialon-SiC Multiphase Ceramics from Gasification Slag." Materials Science Forum 695 (July 2011): 328–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.695.328.

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The chemical composition, phase constituents and microstructure of gasification slag from Texaco gasifier, the carbothermal reduction nitridation of gasification slag were investigated by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, X-ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy. The effect of nitridation temperature on the phase composition and morphology of nitridation reaction products was studied. Ca-α-sialon—SiC multiphase ceramics were fabricated and characterized. The results showed that: The coal gasification slag was an ideal raw material to synthesize Sialon powder. When introducing 3wt%Y2O3+2wt% MgO into sialon powder carbothermally synthesized at 1450°C, the Vickers hardness and fracture toughness of Sialon-SiC multiphase ceramics hot-pressed at 1650 °C were 18.6 GPa and 5.2 MPa·m1/2, respectively.

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9

Tseng, Wen-Hong, and Chun-I. Lin. "Carbothermal reduction and nitridation of aluminium hydroxide." Journal of Materials Science 31, no. 13 (July 1996): 3559–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00360762.

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10

Rezan, Sheikh Abdul, Guangqing Zhang, and Oleg Ostrovski. "Carbothermal Reduction and Nitridation of Ilmenite Concentrates." ISIJ International 52, no. 3 (2012): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.52.363.

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11

Yin, Li, Zhao Hui Huang, You Guo Xu, Yue Tong Li, Yang Gai Liu, and Ming Hao Fang. "Effect of Temperature on the Phase Behaviors of Zircon by Carbothermal Reduction-Nitridation." Key Engineering Materials 492 (September 2011): 480–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.492.480.

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Phase behaviors of zircon at different temperatures via carbothermal reduction-nitridation were investigated in this study. By using zircon as raw material, with carbon coke as reducing agent, the influence of reaction temperatures (1450, 1500, 1550 and 1600 °C, respectively) on phase behaviors and microstructure of the products was characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results shows that by carbothermal reduction-nitridation, the main phases in the final products of zircon are m-ZrO2, c-ZrO2, β-SiC, ZrN and β-Si3N4at different temperatures for 4 hours.

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12

Chen, Kai, Zhaohui Huang, Minghao Fang, and Yan-Gai Liu. "Synthesis of TiN-Si3N4 composites from rutile and quartz by carbothermal reduction nitridation." Science of Sintering 44, no. 1 (2012): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1201057c.

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TiN-Si3N4 composite powders were prepared by carbothermal reduction nitridation using rutile and quartz as raw materials. The influence of temperature and carbon addition on the phase evolution and microstructure of the products were investigated. The equilibrium phase diagram of Si-C-N-O and Ti-C-N-O system at different temperatures under 0.2 MPa nitrogen pressure was drew. The results show that the optimum parameters for synthesizing TiN-Si3N4 by carbothermal reduction nitridation process are carbon addition of stoichiometric content, temperature of 1873 K for 4 h and nitrogen pressure of 0.2 MPa. The produced TiN-Si3N4 in this experiment exist in granular and hexagonal columnar shape, and the average particle size of the synthesized powders is 2 ~ 10 ?m.

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13

Saidin, Hanizam Shah, S. Aishah Syed Salim, Norlia Baharun, S. A. Rezan, and Hussin Hashim. "An Assessment of the Carbothermal Reduction of Malaysian Ilmenite by Statistical Design." Advanced Materials Research 858 (November 2013): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.858.221.

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Statistical design analysis (factorial design) was utilized to verify the significance and the interaction between the studied factors include temperature, reduction time and catalyst amount. Carbothermal reduction of iron ore sample was carried out at temperature between 1000°C to 1200°C. The effects of operating parameters studied were extent of reduction (X), carbon consumed (Cconsumed ) and nitridation (XN). Temperature was the most influential parameter that showed strong interaction with the operating parameters, meanwhile, reduction time and catalyst have showed the contrary results and had a very low percentage of contribution. The results of the experimental design showed that the extent of reduction reached up to 93% at 1200°C using 10 wt. % catalysts after 180 minutes reduction. The use of 0-10 wt % catalyst at 1200°C for 180 min reduction significantly affect the X but did not for Cconsumed and XN.Keywords: Carbothermal Reduction, Factorial Design, Malaysian Ilmenite, Nitridation.

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14

Yang, Dexin, Yan-gai Liu, Hao Ding, Jian Chen, Zhaohui Huang, and Dingyun Ye. "Synthesis of β-sialon/Ti(C, N) powders from mineral waste residue via carbothermal reduction nitridation." RSC Adv. 4, no. 59 (2014): 31493–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra03127j.

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15

Gao, Fu, Ran Liu, and Xing Juan Wang. "A Preliminary Study on Preparation of MgAlON Refractory." Advanced Materials Research 750-752 (August 2013): 2191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.2191.

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MgAlON is a new type of refractory material. This article summarized the advantages and disadvantages of the preparative technique through different methods including aluminothermic reduction, carbothermal reduction-nitridation, reaction sintering, spark plasma sintering and so on. The future development was also discussed.

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16

KOMEYA, Katsutoshi, Etsuo MITSUHASHI, and Takeshi MEGURO. "Synthesis of AlN Powder by Carbothermal Reduction-Nitridation Method." Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan 101, no. 1172 (1993): 377–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2109/jcersj.101.377.

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17

Křest'an, J., P. Šajgalı́k, and Z. Pánek. "Carbothermal reduction and nitridation of powder pyrophyllite raw material." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 24, no. 5 (May 2004): 791–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0955-2219(03)00335-2.

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18

Qi, Shen, Xiaojian Mao, Xiaokai Li, Minghui Feng, Benxue Jiang, and Long Zhang. "Synthesis of AlN hexagonal bipyramids by carbothermal reduction nitridation." Materials Letters 174 (July 2016): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2016.03.121.

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19

Li, Wen-Juan, Zhao-Hui Huang, Yan-Gai Liu, Ming-Hao Fang, Xin Ouyang, and Sai-Fang Huang. "Phase behavior of serpentine mineral by carbothermal reduction nitridation." Applied Clay Science 57 (March 2012): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2012.01.006.

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20

Jiang, Tao, Xiangxin Xue, Peining Duan, Xin Liu, Shuhui Zhang, and Ran Liu. "Carbothermal reduction–nitridation of titania-bearing blast furnace slag." Ceramics International 34, no. 7 (September 2008): 1643–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2007.07.005.

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21

Wan, Jieqiong, Qian Liu, Guanghui Liu, Zhenzhen Zhou, and Rong-Jun Xie. "Y2Si4N6C:Ce3+ carbidonitride green-yellow phosphors: novel synthesis, photoluminescence properties, and applications." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 5, no. 24 (2017): 6061–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7tc01010a.

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The carbidonitride Y₂Si₄N₆C:Ce³⁺ green-yellow phosphor was synthesized via a novel acid-driven carbonization and carbothermal reduction nitridation method (ADC–CRN).

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22

Kusunose, Takafumi, Nobuaki Sakayanagi, Tohru Sekino, and Yoichi Ando. "Fabrication and Characterization of Aluminum Nitride/Boron Nitride Nanocomposites by Carbothermal Reduction and Nitridation of Aluminum Borate Powders." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 11 (November 1, 2008): 5846–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.261.

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In order to fabricate aluminum nitride/boron nitride (AlN/BN) nanocomposites by pressureless sintering, the present study investigated the synthesis of AlN-BN nanocomposite powders by carbothermal reduction and nitridation of aluminum borate powders. Homogeneous mixtures of alumina (Al2O3), boric acid (H3BO3), and carbon powder were used to synthesize AlN/BN nanocomposite powders containing 10 and 20 vol% BN. Aluminum borate was produced by reacting Al2O3 and B2O3 above 800 °C, and AlN and turbostratic BN (t-BN) were produced by reacting aluminum borate with carbon powder and nitrogen gas at 1500 °C. Carbothermal reduction followed by nitridation yielded an AlN/BN nanocomposite powder composed of nanosized AlN and t-BN. By pressureless sintering nanocomposite AlN/BN powders containing 5 wt% Y2O3, AlN/BN nanocomposites were obtained without compromising the high thermal conductivity and high hardness.

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23

Hao, Hong Shun, Hui Li Wang, Fang Lian, Gui Shan Liu, Zhi Qiang Hu, and Li Hua Xu. "Synthesis of Sialon-Based Eco-Materials from Gold Mineral Tailings." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 902–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.902.

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Sialon-based eco-materials were synthesized by using the gold mineral tailings that containing abundant Si and Al elements as the major raw material with minor additives through the carbothermal reduction nitridation route. This study realized the conversion of eco-materials from solid waste, gold mineral tailings. The effects of sintering temperature, holding time and x value during carbothermal reduction nitridation process on the phase composition and microstructure of as-fabricated Sialon-based materials were explored. The XRD results indicated that when sintering temperature is 1550°C, holding time is 6h, and x value is 1.0, Ca-α-Sialon/SiC/Fe3Si composites was successfully synthesized. The relative contentSubscript textof each phase in the products is I(α-Sialon): I(SiC): I(Fe3Si)=82:10:8. The SEM images showed the densificated microstructure and uniform grains with the long column shape.

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24

Wang, Xi Tang, Zhou Fu Wang, Bao Guo Zhang, and Cheng Ji Deng. "Fabrication of Vanadium Nitride by Carbothermal Nitridation Reaction." Key Engineering Materials 280-283 (February 2007): 1463–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.280-283.1463.

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Vanadium nitride is produced from V2O5 by carbon-thermal reduction and nitridation. When the sintered temperature is above 1273K, VN can be formed, and the nitrogen content of the products increased with the firing temperature raised, and then is the largest when the sintered temperature is 1573K. The C/V2O5 mass ratio of the green samples is the other key factor affecting on the nitrogen contents of the products. The nitrogen content of the products reaches the most when the C/V2O5 mass ratio is 0.33, which is the theoretical ratio of the carbothermal nitridation of V2O5.

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25

Huang, Jun Tong, Ming Hao Fang, Yan Gai Liu, and Zhao Hui Huang. "Preparation of β-Sialon from Fly Ash by Carbothermal Reduction-Nitridation Reaction." Key Engineering Materials 368-372 (February 2008): 910–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.368-372.910.

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Single phase Sialon was synthesized successfully from fly ash by carbothermal reductionnitridation reaction in this paper. The effects of synthesizing temperature (1200°C, 1300°C, 1400°C and 1450°C) and carbon content (stoichiometric content, exceeding 10%, 50% and 100%) on the final production were studied by XRD and SEM. Synthesis mechanism of β-Sialon was also analysized. The results indicated that single phase β-Sialon with z=3 was obtained using fly ash as raw materials and carbon black of stoichiometric content as reducer by carbothermal reduction- nitridation reaction in flow nitrogen at 1450°C for 3h. Temperature and content of carbon had significant effect on the synthesis of β-Sialon.

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26

Rezan, Sheikh A., Guangqing Zhang, and Oleg Ostrovski. "Phase Development in Carbothermal Reduction and Nitridation of Ilmenite Concentrates." High Temperature Materials and Processes 31, no. 4-5 (October 30, 2012): 381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2012-0070.

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AbstractThe phase development in the course of carbothermal reduction and nitridation of ilmentie concentrates and synthetic rutile was studied in temperature programmed reduction (623–1873 K) and isothermal reduction experiments. Ilmenites and synthetic rutile were reduced in a tube reactor with continuously flowing hydrogen-nitrogen mixture or pure nitrogen. The rate and extent of reduction were monitored by online off-gas analysis. Samples reduced to different extent were subjected to XRD and SEM/BSE analyses. Pseudorutile and ilmenite were the main phases in ilmenite concentrates; rutile was the main phase in synthetic rutile. Pseudorutile was first converted to ilmenite and titania which occurred at temperatures below 623 K; iron oxides in ilmenite were quickly reduced to metallic iron. Titania was reduced to titanium suboxides and further to titanium oxycarbonitride. Reduction of ilmenites and synthetic rutile in hydrogen-nitrogen mixture was much faster than in pure nitrogen. The rate of conversion of titanium oxides to oxycarbonitride was affected by iron content in the ilmenites. The rate of reduction increased with increasing iron content in ilmenite (decreasing grade) when ilmenites were reduced in the hydrogen-nitrogen gas mixture, but decreased with decreasing ilmenite grade in reduction experiments in nitrogen; reduction in nitrogen was the fastest for synthetic rutile. The difference in the reduction behaviour was attributed to different chemical compositions and morphologies of ilmenites of different grades.

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27

Zhang, Meng, Zhi Chen, Juntong Huang, Saifang Huang, Zhihui Hu, Zhijun Feng, Qingming Xiong, and Xibao Li. "β-Si3N4 Microcrystals Prepared by Carbothermal Reduction-Nitridation of Quartz." Materials 12, no. 21 (November 4, 2019): 3622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12213622.

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Single phase β-Si3N4 with microcrystals was synthesized via carbothermal reduction-nitridation (CRN) of quartz and carbon coke powder as starting materials. The effects of reaction parameters, i.e., heating temperature, holding time, C/SiO2 ratio, Fe2O3 additive and β-Si3N4 seeds on the phase transformation and morphology of products were investigated and discussed. Rather than receiving a mixture of both α- and β- phases of Si3N4 in the products, we synthesized powders of β-Si3N4 single polymorph in this work. The mechanism for the CRN synthesis of β-Si3N4 from quartz and the formation mechanism of Fe3Si droplets were discussed. We also firstly reported the formation of Fe3Si Archimedean solids from a CRN process where Fe2O3 was introduced as additive. Comparing to the gear-like short columnar morphology observed in samples without β-Si3N4 seeding, the addition of β-Si3N4 seeds led to an elongated morphology of final products and much finer widths. In addition, the β-Si3N4 microcrystals exhibited a violet‒blue spectral emission range, which could be highly valuable for their future potential optoelectronic applications.

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28

Yu, Cheng-Kuo, and Chun-I. Lin. "Carbothermal Reduction and Nitridation of Titanium Dioxide-Intermediates and Products." JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 31, no. 5 (1998): 804–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/jcej.31.804.

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29

Mitomo, M., M. Takeuchi, and M. Ohmasa. "Preparation of α-sialon powders by carbothermal reduction and nitridation." Ceramics International 14, no. 1 (January 1988): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-8842(88)90017-x.

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30

Hao, Hong Shun, Li Hua Xu, Ming Liu, Xiao Meng Zhang, Jian Ying Yang, and Yu Juan Guo. "Synthesis of O'-SiAlON/SiC Ecomaterials by Using Non-Traditional Resources: Yangtze River Sand." Materials Science Forum 610-613 (January 2009): 267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.610-613.267.

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O'-SiAlON/SiC ecomaterials were synthesized by using the Yangtze River sand that containing abundant Si and Al elements as the major raw material with minor additives through the carbothermal reduction nitridation route combined with colloidal process. This study realized the conversion of ecomaterials from non-traditional resources, Yangtze River sand. Orthogonal design was adopted to optimize the colloidal process parameters. The green compact with the largest bulk density was obtained when the solid volume loading is 50%, the addition mass fraction of SL is 0.8%, the addition mass fraction of CMC is 0.05%, the ball milling time is 10 h, the pH value is 9 and particle size distribution is multi-peak in the colloidal process. The effects of reduction agent, flowing rate of N2, sintering temperature during carbothermal reduction nitridation process on the microstructure of as-fabricated SiAlON materials were explored. The XRD results indicated that when sintering temperature is 1450°C, maintaining time is 6 h, flowing rate of N2 is 1.0 L/min and carbon black is selected as reduction agent, O-SiAlON/SiC composites was successfully synthesized. The SEM images showed the densificated microstructure and uniform grains with the short column shape.

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31

Demir, Adem, and F. Caliskan. "Fabrication of Porous β-SiAlON Preforms from Kaolin for Liquid Metal Infiltration." Materials Science Forum 554 (August 2007): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.554.85.

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In this study, the production of β-Si6-zAlzOzN8-z (z =3) powders by the carbothermal reduction and nitridation of kaolin (Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O) of Turkish origin (Can-Canakkale) was carried out with different processing parameters. It was found that the morphology of the produced SiAlON powder was mixture of irregular and whisker like grains. Therefore this morphology is suitable for liquid metal infiltration since the powders are already high porous. The kaolin powder containing stoichiometric rate carbon black and 30 % charcoal were pressed and reacted under nitrogen flow (2 lt/min) between 1400-1475°C for 4 h. After a carbothermal reduction and nitridation (CRN) process, porous β- SiAlON ceramic was produced from natural kaolin. Residual carbon and charcoal in the produced ß-SiAlON ceramic were fired at 1000°C giving extra porosity. The porous ß-SiAlON ceramics were sintered under N2 atmosphere at 1550°C for 2 h to make preform for infiltration process. SEM image analyses were carried out to determine preform and pore morphology and XRD analysis were performed for phase transformation.

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32

Xue, Yao Hui, Yuan Lu, Bo Wang, Jian Feng Yang, Wei Zhong Lu, and Ji Qiang Gao. "Porous Silicon Nitride Ceramics Prepared by Reduction – Nitridation of Diatomite." Materials Science Forum 620-622 (April 2009): 753–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.620-622.753.

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In this paper, porous Si3N4 ceramics were fabricated by carbothermal reduction between carbon black and diatomite. Diatomite is a siliceous, sedimentary rock consisting principally of the fossilized skeletal remains of diatom, a unicellular aquatic plant related to the algae. The main ingredient of diatomite is the amorphous active silicon dioxide. The influence of diatomite particle size on the microstructure of sintering bodies was analyzed. XRD analysis demonstrated the formation of Si3N4 except for minor of glass phase. SEM analysis showed that the resultant porous β-Si3N4 ceramics occupied fine microstructure and uniform pore structure.

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33

Demir, Adem, Zafer Tatli, F. Caliskan, and A. O. Kurt. "Carbothermal Reduction and Nitridation of Quartz Mineral for the Production of Alpha Silicon Nitride Powders." Materials Science Forum 554 (August 2007): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.554.163.

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In this study, α-Si3N4 powder was produced by carbothermal reduction and nitridation (CRN) of quartz from Can-Canakkale. Carbon with a specific surface area of 110 m2g−1 and quartz powders were mixed then the powder mix was placed in an alumina tube furnace and reacted in between 1300-1500°C for 4 hours under nitrogen flow. The quartz powder was carbothermally reduced and nitrided to form silicon nitride powders. XRD results showed that the reaction product was mainly α-Si3N4 and contained some β-Si3N4 and residual quartz. In order to reduce amount of unreacted quartz, the raw materials mixture was grinded either with carbon black or with no carbon. After CRN reactions of separate grinded quartz powders with carbon, residual quartz was disappeared, reaction temperature was decreased and α-Si3N4 rate was increased. Hence, a better mixing of carbon and fine silica enhanced the α phase formation. SEM images and XRD pattern showed that sub micron particles (0.6–0.87m), high α-phase content Si3N4 powders can be produced at 1450°C for 4 h in flowing nitrogen gas during the CRN process.

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Wang, Lin Jiang, Da Qing Wu, Xiang Li Xie, Wen Feng Zhu, and Li Gao. "Processing and Characterization of Carbothermal Reduction and Nitridation from Kaolinite-Polyacrylamide Intercalation Compound." Key Engineering Materials 336-338 (April 2007): 1093–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.336-338.1093.

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The kaolinite-polyacrylamide intercalation compound was prepared by the displacement reaction of the kaolinite-formamide intercalation precursor with acrylamide and the polymerization under 140°C for 15h with the catalysis of dibenzoyl peroxide. Sialon was synthesized from kaolinite-polyacrylamide intercalation compound by carbothermal reduction and nitridation (CRN) processing at 1400°C. The kaolinite-carbon mixture and its CRN product were also prepared for the comparison with the CRN result of intercalation compound. XRD, FT-IR, and TEM were used to characterize the phases, structure and morphology of products. In the CRN product from the intercalation compound, β′-sialon is the main phase. And the reduction and nitridation rate from the intercalation compound was greater than that from the mixture. There was higher sialon phase’s content and lower mullite phase’s content in the CRN product from the intercalation compound than that from the mixture. The CRN processing of kaolinite intercalation compound is a novel and effective method of sialon synthesis.

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DAI, Wenbin, Wei LIN, Akira YAMAGUCHI, Jyunji OMMYOJI, Jingkun YU, and Zongshu ZOU. "Synthesis of Magnesium Aluminum Oxynitride by Carbothermal Reduction and Nitridation Process." Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan 115, no. 1337 (2007): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2109/jcersj.115.42.

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LIU, Xue-Jian, Xian-Yang YUAN, Fang ZHANG, Zheng-Ren HUANG, and Shi-Wei WANG. "Fabrication of Aluminum Oxynitride Transparent Ceramics by Carbothermal Reduction Nitridation Processing." Journal of Inorganic Materials 25, no. 7 (June 30, 2010): 678–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1077.2010.00678.

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Qin, Xing, Hui Chen, Jihong Pang, Lei Zhao, and Jinhua Zhang. "Preparation of nano-TiN powders by Ni-catalysed carbothermal reduction nitridation." Advanced Powder Technology 33, no. 3 (March 2022): 103489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2022.103489.

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Li, Fengjin, Junichi Tatami, Takeshi Meguro, and Katsutoshi Komeya. "Synthesis of β-SiAlON Powder by Carbothermal Reduction-Nitridation of Zeolite." Key Engineering Materials 247 (August 2003): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.247.109.

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Liou, Tzong-Horng, and Feg-Wen Chang. "Kinetics of Carbothermal Reduction and Nitridation of Silicon Dioxide/Carbon Mixture." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 34, no. 1 (January 1995): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie00040a009.

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Chen, Kai, Zhaohui Huang, Yan-gai Liu, Minghao Fang, Juntong Huang, and Youguo Xu. "Synthesis of β-Si3N4 powder from quartz via carbothermal reduction nitridation." Powder Technology 235 (February 2013): 728–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2012.11.036.

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Wu, Y. D., G. H. Zhang, and K. C. Chou. "Preparation of high quality ferrovanadium nitride by carbothermal reduction nitridation process." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 53, no. 3 (2017): 383–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb170208025w.

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High quality ferrovanadium nitride was prepared successfully by carbothermal reduction nitridation process by using V2O5 and Fe as the raw materials. The effects of reaction temperature and C/O molar ratio (content of O is defined as the oxygen in V2O5) on the quality of ferrovanadium nitride were investigated in detail. It was demonstrated that C/O molar ratio had a great influence on the residue carbon, as well as the nitrogen content in the final products. It was found that the nitrogen content of the final product achieved 11.52% when the C/O molar ratio was 90% of the stoichiometric value. However, the nitrogen contents of the final products decreased with the further increase of C/O molar ratio. For the temperature higher than 1773 K, Fe became liquid phase and surrounded the solid V(C, N, O) particles tightly. The formation of liquid Fe was beneficial for the further removal of oxygen atoms left in the V(C, N, O) lattice, since it provided a liquid tunnel for carbon diffusion which greatly enhanced the reaction kinetics. From the results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermodynamic calculations, phase evolution sequence of V2O5 can be obtained as: V2O5?VO2?V2O3?V(C, N, O). Moreover, the kinetic process from V2O3 to VN was studied and the results shown that the reaction rate can be described by Jander diffusion model with the extracted activation energy of 188.173 kJ/mol.

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Wang, Qi, Wei Cui, Yiyao Ge, Kexin Chen, and Zhipeng Xie. "Preparation of Spherical AlN Granules Directly by Carbothermal Reduction-Nitridation Method." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 98, no. 2 (November 6, 2014): 392–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jace.13324.

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Topateş, Gülsüm, and Ayse Kalemtaş. "Production of Si3N4 porous beads via carbothermal reduction and nitridation technique." Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies 8, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 1197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21870764.2020.1833415.

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Ma, Bin, Zhaohui Huang, Lefu Mei, Minghao Fang, Yangai Liu, Xiaowen Wu, and Xiaozhi Hu. "Preparation of Si3N4 Form Diatomite via a Carbothermal Reduction-Nitridation Process." JOM 68, no. 5 (November 13, 2015): 1456–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-015-1705-0.

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45

Sharifah, Aishah Syed Salim, Hanizam Shah Saidin, Norlia Baharun, S. A. Rezan, and Hussin Hashim. "Microstructural Study of Reduced Malaysian Ilmenite by Carbothermal Reduction and Nitridation in Nitrogen Atmosphere." Advanced Materials Research 858 (November 2013): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.858.265.

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The reduction of Malaysia Ilmenite (FeTiO3) with coal by carbothermal reduction under N2 atmosphere was studied. Characterization of raw materials was done by XRD, XRF, Optical Microscopy (OM) and SEM analysis. Isothermal experiments were carried out using the pellets in a horizontal tube reactor with continuously flowing gas. From the experiments, 0-10 wt. % of FeCl3 was added in the ilmenite-coal mixtures before reduction. The mixture was reduced at 1100°C for 60, 120 and 180 minutes. The addition of FeCl3 acted as a catalyst and increased the rate of reduction. The microstructures of the reduced sample were porous with the addition of FeCl3. Furthermore, defects were observed due to increase release of Cl2 and CO during reduction. FeCl3 acted as catalyst in the gasification of coal by the Boudouard reaction. SEM analysis indicates that the microstructure of the particles was coarsened due to the addition of catalyst. Besides that, there was less agglomeration of metallic iron particles at higher addition of FeCl3. The effect of FeCl3 on the morphology iron was the nucleation of microscopic iron rich zones in the reduced sample. Keywords: Carbothermal Reduction, Iron Chloride, Malaysian Ilmenite, Nitridation, Titanium Oxycarbonitride.

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Rames, P. D., and K. J. Rao. "Preparation of β-SiAION from silica-alumina gel." Journal of Materials Research 9, no. 8 (August 1994): 1929–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1994.1929.

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Amorphous aluminosilicate gel powders have been subjected to carbothermal reduction and nitridation reaction at high temperature (1673 K). The influence of Al2O3 content in the gel powder on the nature and structure of the product phases has been examined. Between 5% and 9% Al2O3 in the gel powder, it is found that only β-SiAION is formed as the product of CTR/N reaction.

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Yang, Qing Hua, Huan Ping Wang, Wen Juan Zhang, Shi Feng Wang, and Shi Qing Xu. "Synthesis and Characterization of Nano-Sized AlN Powders by CRN Route from a Sol-Gel Low Temperature Combustion Precursor." Advanced Materials Research 557-559 (July 2012): 644–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.557-559.644.

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Nano-sized aluminum nitride (AlN) powders were synthesized through a carbothermal reduction nitridation (CRN) route from a sol-gel low temperature combustion precursor. The precursor was precalcined at 600-1200 °C and then nitrided at 1400-1550 °C for different holding time to obtain AlN powders. During the whole preparation process, the amorphous alumina in the precursors first transformed to γ-Al2O3, then to α-Al2O3, and AlN was obtained through the nitridation of α-Al2O3with the reduction of carbon. The results show that the appropriate precalcination benefits the activity of precursors and promotes the formation of AlN phase due to the transition of amorphous alumina to γ-Al2O3, and the optimum precalcination temperature is 1000 °C. The effects of different nitridation parameters on the microstructure of AlN powders were also investigated. By being nitrided at 1500-1550 °C for 2 h, the AlN powders present a good distribution and small particle size of 30-90 nm from the precursor precalcinated at 1000 °C.

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Liu, Yongjie, Yue Wang, Zhixiong You, and Xuewei Lv. "Reduction and Nitridation of Iron/Vanadium Oxides by Ammonia Gas: Mechanism and Preparation of FeV45N Alloy." Metals 10, no. 3 (March 9, 2020): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10030356.

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The steel micro-alloyed with ferrovanadium nitride has extremely superior properties that make it widely utilized in structural components, construction and aircraft. The conventional methods for synthesizing ferrovanadium nitride include nitridation of pure ferrovanadium alloy or carbothermal nitridation of metallic oxides, using nitrogen or ammonia gas as nitrogen sources. In this study, ferrovanadium nitride (FeV45N) was prepared by direct reduction and nitridation of the corresponding metal oxides with ammonia as the reductant and nitrogen source. This method avoids the introduction of other impurity elements, except the negligible trace elements accompanied with the raw materials. The thermodynamics of the reduction and nitridation process were initially analyzed. During the subsequent ammonia reduction process, the FeV45N powders were successfully obtained at 1273 K for 6 h. The obtained powders were pressed into cylindrical briquettes by hot pressing (HP) at 1473 K for 1 h in vacuum. In the investigation, the X-ray diffraction and morphological analysis of the products was also carried out, and the reaction mechanisms were discussed in detail. The nitrogen content of the final product can reach 11.85 wt. %, and the residual oxygen content can be reduced to 0.25 wt. %. By sintering, the density of the alloy can reach 5.92 g/cm3.

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Guo, Yu Juan, Fang Lian, Li Hua Xu, and Hong Shun Hao. "Preparation of Ca-Substituted α-Sialon Eco-Materials by Utilizing Tungsten Molybdenum Bismuth Polymetallic Tailings." Materials Science Forum 610-613 (January 2009): 142–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.610-613.142.

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This presented a route to utilize the Tungsten Molybdenum Bismuth Polymetallic Tailings in Shizhuyuan of Hunan province to fabricate Ca-substitued α-Sialon eco-materials. The reaction mechanism in carbothermal reduction nitridation process was widely studied by separately considering the effect of sintering temperature and soaking time. Based on the optimized conditions, a composite containing 78% Ca-based α-Sialon has been fabricated at 1600°C for 8h.

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Zhang, L. F., J. L. Bu, H. Y. Wei, Y. Cui, H. X. Liu, and M. Chen. "Effects of polyvinylpyrrolidone on carbothermal reduction and nitridation of titanium nitride powder." Materials Research Innovations 19, sup9 (November 2015): S9–73—S9–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1432891715z.0000000001923.

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