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Reis, Diony Alves, Claúdia Liane Rodrigues de Lima, and Adilson Luís Bamberg. "Qualidade física e frações da matéria orgânica de um Planossolo sob sistema plantio direto." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 51, no. 9 (September 2016): 1623–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2016000900062.
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Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade física e as frações da matéria orgânica de um Planossolo sob sistema plantio direto (SPD), com diferentes tempos de implantação, no Sul do Brasil. Amostras de solo foram coletadas nas camadas de 0,00-0,03, 0,03-0,06, 0,06-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m, tendo-se determinado: a porosidade total (Pt); a macroporosidade (Ma); a microporosidade (Mi); a resistência do solo à penetração (Rp); a densidade (Ds); os macro e microagregados; o diâmetro médio ponderado dos agregados (DMP); o carbono orgânico total (COT); o carbono das frações leve livre (FLL), leve oclusa (FLO) e pesada (FP); os estoques de carbono (EstC), os índices de labilidade (ILC), de estoque (IEC) e de manejo do carbono (IMC). O tempo de implantação SPD aumentou a Pt, a Ma, os EstC, e diminuiu a Mi, a Rp e a Ds. O SPD promove os atributos DMP, ILC, IEC e IMC a partir do quinto ano de implantação, e, portanto, melhora a qualidade física do solo.
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Tawbi, H. A., S. Buch, P. Pancoska, Y. Lin, M. Saul, M. Romkes, R. Sobol, and J. M. Kirkwood. "Prediction of response to alkylator-based chemotherapy in metastatic melanoma (MM) using gene expression and promoter methylation signatures." Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2009): 9009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.9009.
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9009 Background: Temozolomide and dacarbazine (TMZ and DTIC) remain the mainstay of alkylator-based chemotherapy for MM, despite response rates of 10–15% and the absence of any impact on survival. Classification of patients according to responsiveness can guide the individualization of therapy and inform approaches to abrogate mechanisms of chemotherapy resistance. Epigenetic mechanisms play an important role in regulation of genes associated with resistance and were evaluated in tandem with gene expression profiling in biological samples from MM patients (pts) to refine our understanding of the epigenomic-genomic-phenotypic interplay. Methods: We examined promoter methylation and gene expression in tumor tissues of 21 pts with MM treated with TMZ or DTIC, using high throughput technologies (Illumina Inc). The cases were divided into responder (R) and non-responder (NR) groups based on clinical response. The data were analyzed using Prediction Analysis of Microarrays (PAM) from BRB array tools. Results: Differential promoter methylation analysis revealed that 63.6% of promoter sites were hypomethylated in tumors obtained from R pts (p<0.0001). PAM analysis of gene expression data revealed that a classifier set consisting of 82 genes was able to predict NRs from Rs with 83% sensitivity and 89% specificity. Promoter methylation profiling did not independently correlate with R status. A simultaneous analysis of the promoter methylation and gene expression values first stratified into 3 data-driven categories and then combined into a 3 by 3 matrix allowed us to identify a common gene expression/methylation signature of 15 genes that classified both NR and R groups accurately 100% of the time. Conclusions: Gene expression signatures independently predict response to chemotherapy in MM, however promoter methylation profiling alone does not. Analysis of combined gene expression and promoter methylation in a well- annotated clinical data set dichotomized according to response identified a highly predictive signature. The findings from this study are qualified by the relatively small sample size and are currently being validated in an expanded sample set. Supported in part by the ECOG Paul Carbone, MD, Fellowship Award. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Donnet, J. B., Y. J. Li, T. K. Wang, H. Balard, and G. T. Burns. "Surface Energy of Silica Xerogels and Fumed Silica by Inverse Gas Chromatography and Inverse Liquid Chromatography." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 75, no. 5 (November 1, 2002): 811–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547685.
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Abstract Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) and inverse liquid chromatography (ILC) have been used to detect the interaction energy between silicas (fumed silicas and silica xerogels) surfaces and probes molecules. The silica surfaces were modified chemically by trimethylsiloxane functions. Either IGC or ILC have detected the adsorption energy change following the surface modification. In IGC technique, the results with several probes show clearly the physico-chemical properties of the silica surfaces. ILC was developed to use bigger probe molecules which are more similar in structure to polymers. In this work, squalene, a non volatile molecule with 30 carbon atoms and several double bonds, was used in ILC to simulate elastomer molecules.
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Wiseman, Lesley. "What Animals Want: Expertise and Advocacy in Laboratory Animal Welfare Policy L Carbone (2004). Published by Oxford University Press Inc, 198 Madison Avenue, New York 10016, USA. 291 pp Hardback (ISBN 0 19 516196 3). Price £20.00." Animal Welfare 14, no. 4 (November 2005): 393–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600029808.
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Schettini, Bruno Leão Said, Carlos Moreira Miquelino Eleto Torres, Laércio Antônio Gonçalves Jacovine, Paulo Henrique Villanova, Samuel José Silva Soares da Rocha, Maria Paula Miranda Xavier Rufino, and Fillippe Tamiozzo Pereira Torres. "EFEITO DO FOGO NA ESTRUTURA E ESTOCAGEM DE CARBONO DE UM FRAGMENTO FLORESTAL DA MATA ATLÂNTICA." Nativa 7, no. 3 (April 30, 2019): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.31413/nativa.v7i3.6913.
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O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do fogo na estrutura e estocagem de carbono de uma capoeira, e comparar qual o impacto na vegetação da queima prescrita (QP) em relação ao incêndio não controlado (INC). O estudo foi conduzido em um fragmento florestal em estágio inicial de regeneração de 1,94 ha. INC’s foram observados no local entre os anos de 2014 e 2017. Em um desses incêndios, no ano de 2017, parte da capoeira (0,37 ha) foi atingida. O restante da área (1,57 ha) foi submetido ao procedimento de QP, para comparar a diferença entre as duas ações na vegetação. Foi realizado inventário florestal do tipo censo, nos anos de 2013, 2015 e 2017, e, posteriormente, realizadas avaliações de estrutura horizontal, volumetria e estoque de carbono. A densidade absoluta (DA), no ano de 2017 foi 64,37% inferior ao primeiro levantamento. A dominância absoluta (DoA) foi 74,24% inferior que no inventário de 2013. Mabea fistulifera Mart. foi a espécie de maior valor de cobertura (VC) nos três inventários. O INC afetou drasticamente a estrutura da floresta. O número de indivíduos ha-1 da QP foi 51,86% superior ao do INC. O impacto do incêndio trouxe danos a estrutura da floresta, bem como ao seu potencial de mitigação das mudanças climáticas enquanto a QP produziu impacto menor.Palavras-chave: degradação florestal, incêndio não controlado, queima prescrita. EFFECT OF FIRE ON THE STRUCTURE AND CARBONO STORAGE OF A FOREST FRAGMENTE OF THE ATLANTIC FOREST ABSTRACT:The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of fire on the structure and carbon storage of a capoeira, and to compare the impact on the vegetation of the prescribed burning (QP) in relation to uncontrolled fire (INC). The study was conducted in a forest fragment at the initial stage of regeneration of 1.94 ha. INC were observed at the site between the years 2014 and 2017. In one of these fires, in the year 2017, part of the capoeira (0,37 ha) was affected. The rest of the area (1.57 ha) was submitted to the QP procedure, for comparation between the two actions in the vegetation. A census-type forest inventory was carried out in the years 2013, 2015 and 2017, followed by assessments of horizontal structure, volumetry and carbon stock. The absolute density (AD) in 2017 was 64.37% lower than the first survey. The absolute dominance (DoA) was 74.24% lower than in the inventory of 2013. Mabea fistulifera Mart. was the species with the highest coverage value (CV) in all three inventories. The INC affected drastically the structure of the forest. The number of individuals ha-1 of QP was 51.86% higher than that of INC. The impact of the fire has damaged the forest structure as well as its potential to mitigate climate change and QP has a smaller impact on the forest than the INC.Keywords: forest degradation, uncontrolled fire, prescribed burning.
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Prasetyo, Imam, Rochmadi Rochmadi, Teguh Ariyanto, and Rakhmat Yunanto. "SIMPLE METHOD TO PRODUCE NANOPOROUS CARBON FOR VARIOUS APPLICATIONS BY PYROLYSIS OF SPECIALLY SYNTHESIZED PHENOLIC RESIN." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 13, no. 2 (August 23, 2013): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21290.
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Nanoporous carbon materials, a unique and useful material, have been widely used in many technologies such as separation processes, catalysis, energy storage, gas storage, energy conversion, etc. due to its high specific surface area and tunable porosity. In this research, nanoporous carbons were prepared using simple and innovative approach based on structural array of phenolic resin polymer without activation during carbonization process. The effect of phenolic reactant type and composition on pore structure and carbon surface morphologies was studied. Nanoporous carbon derived from resorcinol formaldehyde (RF) and from resorcinol phenol formaldehyde (RPF) polymers was suitable for electrode material supercapacitor and CO2 capture medium. RF-derived and RPF-derived carbons provide electrode material supercapacitor with specific capacitance up to 246 F/g, whereas carbonized RPF exhibited CO2 uptake of 10.63 mmol/g (at 3.5 MPa 298 K). Nanoporous carbon derived from resorcinol para-tert-butyl phenol formaldehyde (RTBPF) polymer exhibited attractive characteristics as methane storage media with methane uptake capacity as high as 8.98 mmol/g (at 3.5 MPa 298 K).
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Maafa, D., H. Balard, and J. B. Donnet. "The Study of Adsorption of Iodine on Carbon Black by Inverse Liquid Chromatography." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 80, no. 5 (November 1, 2007): 895–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3539423.
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Abstract The study of iodine adsorption on carbon black samples was made using inverse liquid chromatographic frontal analysis (ILC). Unlike HPLC supports, the efficiency of the chromatographic column filled with a carbon black designed for rubber applications is low. Then the front boundaries of a non-adsorbed molecule, like heavy water (D2O) or acetone, was taken as reference for the calculation of the desorption isotherms. The monolayer capacity of adsorption, Langmuir's and Henry's constants were determined from the desorption isotherms. It was observed that 40% of the surface of the studied carbon black corresponds to a phenomenon of irreversible adsorption of the probe, and that the ILC also highlighted the heterogeneity of the studied carbon black. The adsorption energy distribution functions of iodine obtained by this method are similar to those which were already determined by IGC-FC with the heptane -like probe. The differences in behaviors between two families of carbon black could be attributed to the surface roughness.
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Niu, Shuhui, Shuwei Gao, Kai Zhang, Zhifei Li, Guangjun Wang, Hongyan Li, Yun Xia, et al. "Effects of hydraulic retention time and influent nitrate concentration on solid-phase denitrification system using wheat husk as carbon source." PeerJ 11 (July 24, 2023): e15756. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15756.
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Solid-phase denitrification shows promise for removing nitrate (NO3−-N) from water. Biological denitrification uses external carbon sources to remove nitrogen from wastewater, among which agriculture waste is considered the most promising source due to its economic and efficiency advantages. Hydraulic retention time (HRT) and influent nitrate concentration (INC) are the main factors influencing biological denitrification. This study explored the effects of HRT and INC on solid-phase denitrification using wheat husk (WH) as a carbon source. A solid-phase denitrification system with WH carbon source was constructed to explore denitrification performance with differing HRT and INC. The optimal HRT and INC of the wheat husk-denitrification reactor (WH-DR) were 32 h and 50 mg/L, respectively. Under these conditions, NO3−-N and total nitrogen removal rates were 97.37 ± 2.68% and 94.08 ± 4.01%, respectively. High-throughput sequencing revealed that the dominant phyla in the WH-DR operation were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Campilobacterota. Among the dominant genera, Diaphorobacter (0.85%), Ideonella (0.38%), Thiobacillus (4.22%), and Sulfurifustis (0.60%) have denitrification functions; Spirochaeta (0.47%) is mainly involved in the degradation of WH; and Acidovorax (0.37%) and Azospira (0.86%) can both denitrify and degrade WH. This study determined the optimal HRT and INC for WH-DR and provides a reference for the development and application of WH as a novel, slow-release carbon source in treating aquaculture wastewater.
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Ismail, Amri, Hanggara Sudrajat, and Desi Jumbianti. "ACTIVATED CARBON FROM DURIAN SEED BY H3PO4 ACTIVATION: PREPARATION AND PORE STRUCTURE CHARACTERIZATION." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 10, no. 1 (June 21, 2010): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21495.
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Activated carbons have been produced from the natural biomaterial durian (Durio zibethinus) seed, using phosphoric acid (H3PO4) as the activating agent. The effects of impregnation ratio, activation temperature, heating rate on the carbon surface area, porosity and mass yield are presented. A two step process has been used, the first step was a low temperature impregnation at 150 °C using phosphoric acid and the second step was the carbonization at high temperatures, namely, 600 and 900 °C. The most outstanding carbon with the highest surface area of 2123 m2/g was prepared using an impregnation ratio of 2, an activation temperature of 600 °C for 4 h and a heating rate of 1 °C/min. Keywords: activated carbon, durian seed, phosphoric acid activation
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Adlim, Muhammad, Ratu Fazlia Inda Rahmayani, Fitri Zarlaida, Latifah Hanum, Maily Rizki, Nurul Ummi Manatillah, and Omar Muktaridha. "Simple Preparations and Characterizations of Activated-Carbon- Clothes from Palm-Kernel-Shell for Ammonia Vapor Adsorption and Skim-Latex-Odor Removal." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 21, no. 4 (May 25, 2021): 920. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.63570.
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This study explored a simple preparation and characterization of the activated carbon and cloth from the palm kernel shell and compared it to the commercial-water-filter-carbon specification. A new pyrolysis chamber that is easily scaled up using the palm kernel shell itself as a heat source was tested. Two different steps were compared: the alkaline activation process performed before or after the carbonation process in the palm-kernel-shell carbon preparation. The palm-kernel-shell activated carbons prepared with the current method fulfilled the standard quality of activated charcoal except for the ash content. The sequencing step of the preparation affected the adsorption capacity. Instead of the reverse sequence, the soaking palm kernel shells in NaOH before the carbonation process lead to a higher adsorption capacity. The carbon particle stability on the cloth surface was affected by both the adhesive concentration and its size. The ammonia adsorption capacity of activated carbon cloth (ACC) was between 1–4 mg ammonia per g stuck carbon. The preparation and the carbon type source on ACC affected the adsorption capacity. The ACC absorbed and lessened the skim latex odor vapor, nearly odorless depending on the ACC area and the volume of odor vapor.
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Kawanishi, Hiroyuki, and Yoshinori Hayafuji. "Electronic Structures of X Level due to Indium-Carbon Dimers in Silicon." Applied Mechanics and Materials 187 (June 2012): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.187.205.
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Electronic structures of silicon with carbon, indium, or indium-carbon dimers were calculated to investigate the interaction between indium and carbon in X center due to the indium-carbon dimers. Ab initio calculations were carried out mainly for basic Si71H60, C-Si70H60, In-Si70H60, and InC-Si69H60 clusters. The results showed that : (i) the X level was observed at EHOMO + 0.42 eV in the InC-Si69H60 which was a little bit shallower than EHOMO + 0.44 eV of the corresponding substitutional In in the In-Si70H60, (ii) dominant constituents of density of states of the X level were the partial densities of states of In and Si, and (iii) the X level had the antibonding nature between In and C.
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Sahuri, Sahuri. "CARBON STOCK OF RUBBER BASED AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM." Jurnal Analisis Kebijakan Kehutanan 16, no. 2 (November 1, 2019): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/jakk.2019.16.2.105-115.
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Al-Hilfi, Raneen Salim, Najlaa Zaki Al-Ameri, and Mouhanad Jwad Al-Asadi. "Green Synthesis of New Heterocyclic Surfactant Compounds by Multicomponent Reactions and Their Antibacterial and Corrosion Inhibitor, Study on Carbon Steel Alloy in Acid Media 2 M HCl." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 23, no. 6 (December 6, 2023): 1500. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.80347.
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Heterocyclic 1,4-di(1,3,5-dithiazinan-5-yl)benzene (D) and two heterocyclic-cationic Gemini surfactant 5,5'-(1,4-phenylene)bis(5-decyl-1,3,5-dithiazinan-5-ium)bromide (E) and 5,5'-(1,4-phenylene)bis(5-tetradecyl-1,3,5-dithiazinan-5-ium)bromide (F) were prepared and identified by FTIR, 1H-NMR spectroscopies, and GC–MS. Then, they were tested as corrosion inhibitors against carbon steel corrosion in 2.0 M aggressive HCl medium at 25 and 50 °C. They have different carbon chain tails, i.e., E (10 carbons), and F (14 carbons). These new heterocyclic and surfactant categories as corrosion inhibitors. The corrosion process has been studied electrochemically (Tafel Plot). The inhibition efficiency clarified that the decrease in IE(%) is in the order of F > E > D. The biological activity of compounds D and F was investigated using the aforementioned drilling procedure with a cork drill. At a dosage of 3000 mcg/mL, the biological action of compound D demonstrated effective resistance against the two types of negative bacteria. The cation has a diameter of 20 mm against E. coli and 19 mm against S. epidermis bacteria. At the same concentration, the chemical F is solely effective against E. coli with an inhibition diameter of 14 mm.
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Osasona, Ilesanmi, and Ujiro Bestow Kanuhor. "Characterization and Utilization of Sulphuric Acid and Bitter Leaf Extract Activated Carbon from Rice Husk for Zn(II) Adsorption." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 21, no. 2 (March 22, 2021): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.54786.
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The world is clamoring for green synthetic modes of scientific and technological operations. From this point of view, an attempt was made to prepare activated carbon from rice husk using aqueous bitter leaf extract and a mineral acid (H2SO4) separately. The surface characteristics and the adsorption properties of the activated carbons from both methods were compared. The effects of adsorption variables on the adsorption of Zn(II) by bitter leaf extract activated carbon (RHAC1) and H2SO4 activated carbon (RHAC2) were conducted through batch studies. The morphological characterization revealed RHAC1 to be fibrous, more porous and contained finer particles than the chemical-activated counterpart. The role of hydroxyl and carbonyl groups in the adsorption of Zn(II) was pivotal. The optimum pH values for the adsorption of Zn(II) by both samples was 7. The adsorption kinetics and equilibrium isotherm obeyed Elovich and Freundlich models respectively while the evaluated Langmuir qmax were 71.47 and 67.12 mg g–1 for RHAC1 and RHAC2 respectively. The thermodynamic parameters revealed that the process was endothermic and spontaneous at all evaluated temperatures. Therefore, bitter leaf aqueous extract, as an activating agent for carbon production, could serve as a better or close substitute for the less environment-friendly H2SO4.
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Alviya, Iis, Muhammad Zahrul Muttaqin, Mimi Salminah, and Faridh Almuhayat Uhib Hamdani. "COMMUNITY-BASED CARBON EMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAM IN PROTECTION FOREST." Jurnal Analisis Kebijakan Kehutanan 15, no. 1 (May 31, 2018): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/jakk.2018.15.1.19-37.
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Xinchao, Ma, Tan Zhanming, Cheng Yunxia, Wang Tingting, Cao Man, Xuan Zhengying, and Du Hongbin. "Water-Nutrient Coupling Strategies That Improve the Carbon, Nitrogen Metabolism, and Yield of Cucumber under Sandy Cultivated Land." Land 13, no. 7 (June 29, 2024): 958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land13070958.
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The purpose of this study was to explore the carbon and nitrogen metabolism mechanisms of sand-cultivated cucumbers under different deficit irrigation–nitrogen management strategies and provide a theoretical basis for their greenhouse management. This study set up two factors, the deficit irrigation level and the nitrogen application rate, and conducted an experiment on deficit irrigation–nitrogen coupling of sand-cultivated cucumbers using a quadratic saturation D–optimal design. Seven treatments were set up in the experiment, to measure the soluble sugar and protein contents, as well as the activity of key enzymes for carbon and nitrogen metabolism at five different growth stages. The results indicate that the 80% irrigation with 623 kg N hm−2 (IN4) treatment significantly improved the soluble sugar, protein, and actual leaf nitrogen contents of cucumber at the five different growth stages and, as a result, achieved higher sucrose synthase (SS) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activities in the cucumber leaves. Furthermore, such improvements were due to the reduction in oxidative damage of sand–cultivated cucumber at various growth stages. The IN4 and 89% irrigation with 1250 kg N hm−2 (IN5) treatments significantly increased the activities of RuBisCO, catalase (CAT), peroxidise (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) at various growth stages of sand-cultivated cucumber. The higher activities of glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), glutamate synthase (GOGAT), nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthase (GS), acid invertase enzyme (AIE), neutral invertase enzyme (NIE), and better antioxidative enzyme activities were recorded under the IN4 treatments at various growth stages, which effectively improve (69.6%) cucumber yield. The soil properties, carbon and nitrogen metabolism, and antioxidant metabolism were positively correlated with sand-cultivated cucumber yield in a greenhouse. We concluded that the IN4 treatment was the better deficit irrigation–nitrogen management strategy because it considerably improves carbon and nitrogen metabolism, antioxidant enzyme activities, and sand–cultivated cucumber yield in a greenhouse.
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Milosavljević, A., E. Pfaf-Dolovac, M. Mitrović, J. Jović, I. Toševski, N. Duduk, and N. Trkulja. "First Report of Cercospora apii, Causal Agent of Cercospora Early Blight of Celery, in Serbia." Plant Disease 98, no. 8 (August 2014): 1157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-14-0135-pdn.
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Celery (Apium graveolens var. dulce) is a very important vegetable crop intensively cultivated in eastern and southern Serbia. During a field survey in August and September 2012, we observed symptoms similar to those of Cercospora early blight in eastern Serbia, with some of the affected fields showing up to 80% disease severity. The lesions on leaves were amphigenous, subcircular to angular and more or less confluent. Lesions enlarged and merged with age, followed by the development of necrotic area causing a continuous deterioration of the plant. Conidiophores arising from the stromata formed dense fascicles, sometimes appearing solitary, brown at the base, paler toward the apex, simple, straight to slightly curved, and rarely geniculate (dimensions 40 to 90 × 5 to 8 μm). Conidia were solitary, hyaline, at first cylindro-obclavate then acicular to acicular-obclavate, straight to slightly curved, subacute to obtuse at the apex, while truncated and thickened at the base (dimensions 45 to 160 × 4 to 5 μm), 5 to 13 septate. Based on the morphological features, we identified the pathogen as Cercospora apii Fresen. (2). In order to obtain monosporic isolates of the fungus, single conidia were cultivated on potato dextrose agar (PDA). To confirm the pathogenicity of the isolates, 5 mm-diameter mycelial plugs from the PDA plates were placed upside down on the adaxial leaf surface of 2-week-old celery seedlings of cv. Yuta. Control plants were inoculated with a sterile PDA plug. Three leaves per plant were disinfected with 70% ethanol, epidermis was scratched with a sterile needle to promote the infection, and inoculated. A total of 12 plants were inoculated with the mycelial plugs and 12 were used as control plants. Inoculated and control plants were kept in a moist chamber for 48 h and then transferred to a greenhouse at 25 ± 2°C. After 2 weeks, the first necrotic spots appeared on inoculated leaves, similar to the symptoms manifested in the field, while control plants remained symptomless. The pathogen was re-isolated and its identity was verified based on morphological and molecular features. To confirm the pathogen's identity, three isolates (CAC4-1, CAC24, and CAC30) were subjected to molecular identification based on the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) using the ITS1/ITS4 universal primers (5), a partial calmodulin gene (CAL) using CAL-228F/CAL2Rd primers (1,4), and partial histone H3 gene (H3) using CYLH3F/CYLH3R primers (3). Sequences of the amplified regions were deposited in GenBank under accessions KJ210596 to KJ210604. The BLAST analyses of the ITS sequences revealed 100% identity with several Cercospora species (e.g., C. apii [JX143532], C. beticola [JX143556], and C. zebrina [KC172066]), while sequences of CAL and H3 showed 100% identity solely with sequences of C. apii (JX142794 and JX142548). Based on combined morphological and molecular data, the pathogen infecting celery was identified as C. apii, which to our knowledge represents the first report of the presence of the causal agent of Cercospora early blight disease in Serbia. References: (1) I. Carbone and L.M. Kohn. Mycologia 91:553, 1999. (2) P. W. Crous and U. Braun. CBS Biodivers. Ser. 1:1, 2003. (3) P. W. Crous et al. Stud. Mycol. 50:415, 2004. (4) J. Z. Groenewald. Stud. Mycol. 75:115, 2013. (5) T. J. White et al. PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, CA, 1990.
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Leang, Ching, Toshiyuki Ueki, Kelly P. Nevin, and Derek R. Lovley. "A Genetic System for Clostridium ljungdahlii: a Chassis for Autotrophic Production of Biocommodities and a Model Homoacetogen." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, no. 4 (November 30, 2012): 1102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02891-12.
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ABSTRACTMethods for genetic manipulation ofClostridium ljungdahliiare of interest because of the potential for production of fuels and other biocommodities from carbon dioxide via microbial electrosynthesis or more traditional modes of autotrophy with hydrogen or carbon monoxide as the electron donor. Furthermore, acetogenesis plays an important role in the global carbon cycle. Gene deletion strategies required for physiological studies ofC. ljungdahliihave not previously been demonstrated. An electroporation procedure for introducing plasmids was optimized, and four different replicative origins for plasmid propagation inC. ljungdahliiwere identified. Chromosomal gene deletion via double-crossover homologous recombination with a suicide vector was demonstrated initially with deletion of the gene for FliA, a putative sigma factor involved in flagellar biogenesis and motility inC. ljungdahlii. Deletion offliAyielded a strain that lacked flagella and was not motile. To evaluate the potential utility of gene deletions for functional genomic studies and to redirect carbon and electron flow, the genes for the putative bifunctional aldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenases,adhE1andadhE2, were deleted individually or together. Deletion ofadhE1, but notadhE2, diminished ethanol production with a corresponding carbon recovery in acetate. The double deletion mutant had a phenotype similar to that of theadhE1-deficient strain. Expression ofadhE1intranspartially restored the capacity for ethanol production. These results demonstrate the feasibility of genetic investigations of acetogen physiology and the potential for genetic manipulation ofC. ljungdahliito optimize autotrophic biocommodity production.
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Xu, Wensha, Kaiwen Zhou, Sifan Hu, Yang Yang, Pinghan Liang, Rong Pan, Yan Sun, and Tien Ming Lee. "Low-carbon lifestyle revolution: China’s recent progress toward a personal carbon market." PLOS Sustainability and Transformation 2, no. 10 (October 4, 2023): e0000079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pstr.0000079.
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Meeting climate change targets requires inclusive carbon policies to encourage mass public participation. As a bottom-up strategy allows participation from all walks of society, personal carbon market may promote low-carbon behavior and further encourage technological innovation. We analyze the advantages of Personal Carbon Trading (PCT), examples of its application in other countries, and its limitations. To promote a low carbon emissions lifestyle, China has proposed and rapidly developed Inclusive carbon credits (ICC), which is a voluntary PCT scheme. We compare the government-led and enterprise-led ICC platforms with relevant examples in China and highlighted the need for academic-industry-government partnerships. Furthermore, we identify the barriers, opportunities, and the path forward with integrating ICC into the carbon market regarding technology and public participation. We hope that the understanding of ICC and China’s recent exploration of the personal carbon market could serve as an example to revolutionize the low-carbon lifestyle worldwide.
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Oliveira Junior, Geraldo Gomes de, Viviane da Silva Ribeiro, Lucas Eduardo de Oliveira Aparecido, Felipe Campos Figueiredo, Raphael Nogueira Rezende, Ana Paula da Silva Rezende, and Joao Paulo Custodio de Brito. "Balanço do dióxido de carbono equivalente em lavouras cafeeiras." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 7 (May 22, 2022): e25311729966. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i7.29966.
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Objetivou-se no presente estudo realizar o balanço do carbono equivalente em lavouras cafeeiras ocupadas por duas diferentes cultivares. O estudo foi conduzido no ano de 2021, em propriedade agrícola localizada dentro dos municípios de Guaxupé - MG e Tapiratiba - SP, Brasil. Foram avaliadas duas glebas (A e B), plantadas no ano de 2018 com espaçamento 3,5 x 0,7 m. A gleba A ocupada com a cultivar Acaia IAC 474-19 e a gleba B cultivar Catuaí IAC - 99. A estimativa de emissões foi calculada utilizando-se das metodologias GHG Protocol, Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação e Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). O carbono presente na biomassa foi quantificado a partir do abate das plantas, determinação da umidade (%), teor de carbono (C) e estimativa do dióxido de carbono equivalente (CO2 eq). O balanço do carbono equivalente por hectare (CO2 eq ha-1) foi obtido pela diferença entre o carbono sequestrado e as emissões estimadas. Os resultados demonstraram que o sequestro de carbono equivalente na biomassa do cafeeiro em 3,5 anos foi de aproximadamente 3,6 vezes maior que as emissões. A remoção de CO2 eq aos 3,5 anos foi estimada em 15,15 e 24,92 Mg CO2 eq ha-1 para a cultivar Catuai IAC-99 e Acaia IAC 474-19 respectivamente. As emissões ao longo do período avaliado foram de 5,05 e 5,77 Mg CO2 eq ha-1 para as glebas cultivadas com Catuaí IAC-99 e Acaia IAC 474-19, portanto o sistema de produção avaliado aos 3,5 anos pode ser considerado carbono neutro.
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Fauzi, Ridwan, and Chairil Anwar Siregar. "CONSERVATION CARBON PRICE ESTIMATION OF A/R CDM ACTIVITY USING FOREST ECONOMIC VALUE APPROACH IN SEKAROH PROTECTION FOREST, EAST LOMBOK." Jurnal Penelitian Sosial dan Ekonomi Kehutanan 16, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/jpsek.2019.16.1.1-12.
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Jabłoński, Mirosław. "Halogen Bond to Experimentally Significant N-Heterocyclic Carbenes (I, IMe2, IiPr2, ItBu2, IPh2, IMes2, IDipp2, IAd2; I = Imidazol-2-ylidene)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 10 (May 21, 2023): 9057. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24109057.
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The subjects of the article are halogen bonds between either XCN or XCCH (X = Cl, Br, I) and the carbene carbon atom in imidazol-2-ylidene (I) or its derivatives (IR2) with experimentally significant and systematically increased R substituents at both nitrogen atoms: methyl = Me, iso-propyl = iPr, tert-butyl = tBu, phenyl = Ph, mesityl = Mes, 2,6-diisopropylphenyl = Dipp, 1-adamantyl = Ad. It is shown that the halogen bond strength increases in the order Cl < Br < I and the XCN molecule forms stronger complexes than XCCH. Of all the carbenes considered, IMes2 forms the strongest and also the shortest halogen bonds with an apogee for complex IMes2⋯ICN for which D0 = 18.71 kcal/mol and dC⋯I = 2.541 Å. In many cases, IDipp2 forms as strong halogen bonds as IMes2. Quite the opposite, although characterized by the greatest nucleophilicity, ItBu2 forms the weakest complexes (and the longest halogen bonds) if X ≠ Cl. While this finding can easily be attributed to the steric hindrance exerted by the highly branched tert-butyl groups, it appears that the presence of the four C-H⋯X hydrogen bonds may also be of importance here. Similar situation occurs in the case of complexes with IAd2.
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Sugiarti, Sri, and Noviyan Darmawan. "Synthesis of Fluorescence Carbon Nanoparticles from Ascorbic Acid." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 15, no. 2 (July 13, 2015): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21207.
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Carbon nanoparticles (C-dot) are materials that belong to a class of 0-dimensional nanoparticles with a photoluminescence property. C-dot can be synthesized from a variety of organic acids through bottom-up synthetic methods or from other source of inorganic carbons through top-down synthetic methods. Herein, we report a simple and fast synthesis method for the formation of C-dot from ascorbic acid using microwave heating technique. The success of this synthesis was shown by visual analysis, UV-Vis spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Visual analysis showed an increased in fluorescence intensity with the addition of urea as a passivation agent. The maximum fluorescence emission of the C-dot was a blue green color at wavelength 500 nm, after the C-dot was excited at a wavelength of 400 nm. The TEM analysis showed that the synthesized C-dot had an average size of 18 nm. We also conducted a preliminary study on the synthesized C-dot as a heavy ion metal sensor and found selective identification of Cr metal.
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Ozório, Jefferson Matheus Barros, Jean Sérgio Rosset, Jolimar Antonio Schiavo, Camila Beatriz da Silva Souza, Paulo Guilherme da Silva Farias, Roniedison Da Silva Menezes, Naelmo De Souza Oliveira, and Elói Panachuki. "Frações físicas da matéria orgânica e carbono mineralizável do solo em fragmentos florestais do bioma Cerrado." Revista Ibero-Americana de Ciências Ambientais 11, no. 7 (August 10, 2020): 48–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.6008/cbpc2179-6858.2020.007.0005.
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O objetivo do estudo foi quantificar as frações físicas-granulométricas da matéria orgânica e o carbono mineralizável do solo de fragmentos florestais do bioma Cerrado nos municípios de Aquidauana e Anastácio, MS. Foram coletadas amostras de solo em dois fragmentos florestais e áreas de pastagem permanente (PP) ao entorno. Para os fragmentos, as amostras foram coletadas em 3 pontos internos: borda do fragmento (BO), metade do raio (MR) e centro do fragmento (CF), além de um ponto no entorno dos fragmentos, em áreas de pastagem permanente (PP). Foram determinados os teores de carbono orgânico total (COT), carbono da matéria orgânica particulada (C-MOP) e mineral (C-MOM), com posteriores cálculos de seus respectivos estoques, além do índice de estoque de carbono (IEC), labilidade (L), índice de labilidade (IL) e índice de manejo de carbono (IMC), e análise de carbono mineralizável (C-CO2). Os maiores teores de COT foram apresentados no ponto MR 23,77 g kg-1 no fragmento 1, e nos pontos BO 16,41 g kg-1 e CF 16,18 g kg-1 do fragmento 2. Os maiores teores de C-MOP foram observados na camada superficial, com aumento de C-MOM em função do aumento da profundidade, chegando a 86% de representatividade. A emissão total de C-CO2 indicou as maiores emissões nos pontos BO no fragmento 1 e BO e MR no fragmento 2. A conversão de áreas nativas em PP não influenciou no COT. Houve maior representatividade de C-MOM em relação a C-MOP, porém a conversão de áreas nativas em PP comprometeu a atividade microbiana do solo.
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Pantoja-Suárez, Fernando, Luis Felipe Urquiza, Carlos Hernández-Chulde, and Enric Bertran-Serra. "Modificación de la conductividad eléctrica de tinta comercial para impresión inkjet utilizando nanotubos de carbono multipared." Revista de Investigación en Tecnologías de la Información 7, no. 14 (December 31, 2019): 282–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.36825/riti.07.14.024.
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Bickler, Philip E., John R. Feiner, and John W. Severinghaus. "Effects of Skin Pigmentation on Pulse Oximeter Accuracy at Low Saturation." Anesthesiology 102, no. 4 (April 1, 2005): 715–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200504000-00004.
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Background It is uncertain whether skin pigmentation affects pulse oximeter accuracy at low HbO2 saturation. Methods The accuracy of finger pulse oximeters during stable, plateau levels of arterial oxygen saturation (Sao2) between 60 and 100% were evaluated in 11 subjects with darkly pigmented skin and in 10 with light skin pigmentation. Oximeters tested were the Nellcor N-595 with the OxiMax-A probe (Nellcor Inc., Pleasanton, CA), the Novametrix 513 (Novametrix Inc., Wallingford, CT), and the Nonin Onyx (Nonin Inc., Plymouth, MN). Semisupine subjects breathed air-nitrogen-carbon dioxide mixtures through a mouthpiece. A computer used end-tidal oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations determined by mass spectrometry to estimate breath-by-breath Sao2, from which an operator adjusted inspired gas to rapidly achieve 2- to 3-min stable plateaus of desaturation. Comparisons of oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry (Spo2) with Sao2 (by Radiometer OSM3) were used in a multivariate model to determine the interrelation between saturation, skin pigmentation, and oximeter bias (Spo2 - Sao2). Results At 60-70% Sao2, Spo2 (mean of three oximeters) overestimated Sao2 (bias +/- SD) by 3.56 +/- 2.45% (n = 29) in darkly pigmented subjects, compared with 0.37 +/- 3.20% (n = 58) in lightly pigmented subjects (P < 0.0001). The SD of bias was not greater with dark than light skin. The dark-light skin differences at 60-70% Sao2 were 2.35% (Nonin), 3.38% (Novametrix), and 4.30% (Nellcor). Skin pigment-related differences were significant with Nonin below 70% Sao2, with Novametrix below 90%, and with Nellcor at all ranges. Pigment-related bias increased approximately in proportion to desaturation. Conclusions The three tested pulse oximeters overestimated arterial oxygen saturation during hypoxia in dark-skinned individuals.
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Braga, Rafael Malfitano, Francisco de Assis Braga, and Nelson Venturin. "Carbono orgânico no solo sob mata nativa e florestas plantadas em longo prazo." Pesquisa Florestal Brasileira 42 (September 16, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4336/2022.pfb.42e202002121.
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A matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) exerce papel fundamental para a sustentabilidade de ecossistemas florestais. O estudo das frações da MOS possibilita avaliar a qualidade do solo sob florestas nativas ou plantadas. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi comparar o carbono orgânico sob mata nativa e florestas plantadas, em longo prazo. Foram avaliados os estoques de carbono orgânico total (COT), as frações leve (COL) e pesada (COP) e o índice de manejo do carbono (IMC) da camada superficial de Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, sob plantios de quatro espécies de eucaliptos australianos - Eucalyptus grandis, E. pilularis, E. cloeziana e Corymbia maculata - e Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis, com 40 anos de idade, e sob Floresta Estacional Semidecidual. C. maculata manteve estoques de COT, COP e de COL e o IMC em níveis similares aos encontrados sob a mata nativa, sendo considerada a espécie mais eficiente na ciclagem e estocagem de carbono no solo, seguida por E. cloeziana. E. pilularis e o pinus apresentaram os menores estoques de carbono e IMC.
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Eguiguren, Paúl, Richard Fischer, and Sven Günter. "Degradation of Ecosystem Services and Deforestation in Landscapes With and Without Incentive-Based Forest Conservation in the Ecuadorian Amazon." Forests 10, no. 5 (May 22, 2019): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10050442.
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Anthropogenic activities such as logging or forest conversion into agricultural lands are affecting Ecuadorian Amazon forests. To foster private and communal conservation activities an economic incentive-based conservation program (IFC) called Socio Bosque was established. Existing analyses related to conservation strategies are mainly focused on deforestation; while degradation and the role of IFC to safeguard ecosystem services are still scarce. Further on, there is a lack of landscape-level studies taking into account potential side effects of IFC on different forest types. Therefore we assessed ecosystem services (carbon stocks, timber volume) and species richness in landscapes with and without IFC. Additionally, we evaluated potential side-effects of IFC in adjacent forest types; hypothesizing potential leakage effects of IFC. Finally, we tested if deforestation rates decreased after IFC implementation. Forest inventories were conducted in 72 plots across eight landscapes in the Ecuadorian Central Amazon with and without IFC. Plots were randomly selected within three forest types (old-growth, logged and successional forests). In each plot all individuals with a diameter at breast height greater than 10 cm were measured. Old-growth forests in general showed higher carbon stocks, timber volume and species richness, and no significant differences between old-growth forests in IFC and non-IFC landscapes were found. Logged forests had 32% less above-ground carbon (AGC) and timber volume in comparison to old-growth forests. Surprisingly, logged forests near IFC presented higher AGC stocks than logged forests in non-IFC landscapes, indicating positive side-effects of IFC. Successional forests contain 56% to 64% of AGC, total carbon and timber volume, in comparison to old-growth forests, and 82% to 87% in comparison to logged forests. Therefore, successional forests could play an important role for restoration and should receive more attention in national climate change policies. Finally, after IFC implementation deforestation rate decreased on parish level. Our study presents scientific evidence of IFC contribution to conserving ecosystem services and species richness. In addition IFC could help indirectly to reduce degradation effects attributed to logging, indicating potential compatibility of conservation aims with forest activities at a landscape level.
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Haryadi, Winarto, Muchalal Muchalal, and Robby Noor Cahyono. "PREPARATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON FROM SILK COTTON WOOD AND COCONUT SHELL BY PYROLISIS WITH CERAMIC FURNACE." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 5, no. 2 (June 14, 2010): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21817.
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Preparation of activated carbon from silk cotton wood and coconut shell has been done. Carbon was made by pyrolysis process in the Muchalal furnace with 3000 watt electric power. The electric power was increased gradually from 1000, 2000 and then 3000 watt with interval 2 hours during 7 hours. Carbon was activated in Muchalal furnace with 4000 watt electric power during 2 hours and flowed with nitrogen gas. Product of the activated carbon was compared to standart product with several analysis including the surface area, acetic acid adsorption, iod adsorption and vapour adsorption. The results of analysis showed that surface area for silk cotton wood carbon, coconut shell carbon, and E.Merck product were 288.8072 m2/g, 222.9387 m2/g and 610.5543 m2/g, respectively. Acetic acid adsorption for silk cotton wood carbon, coconut shell carbon, and standart product were 157.391 mg/g, 132.791 mg/g, and 186.911 mg/g, respectively. Iodine adsorption for cotton wood carbon, coconut shell carbon, and standart product were 251.685 mg/g, 207.270 mg/g and 310.905 mg/g, respectively. Vapour adsorption for cotton wood carbon, coconut shell carbon and standart product were 12%, 4%,and 14%., respectively Key words : Activated carbon, pyrolysis, Muchalal furnace
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Gashevskaya, A. S., A. O. Gusar, Ye V. Dorozhko, K. V. Dyorina, and S. O. Kenzhetayeva. "Voltammetric determination of carbaryl in some cereals on an impregnated graphite electrode modified with carbon ink." Bulletin of the Karaganda University. "Chemistry" series 94, no. 2 (June 28, 2019): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2019ch2/45-50.
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Lal, Ashutosh, Kristen Yen, Lasandra Patterson, Alisa Goldrich, Anne M. Marsh, and Anish Bhatnagar. "Elevated End-Tidal Carbon Monoxide Concentration in Children with Sickle Cell Anemia." Blood 124, no. 21 (December 6, 2014): 1390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.1390.1390.
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Abstract Background: Carbon monoxide (CO) produced during oxygen-dependent cleavage of porphyrin ring of heme is excreted in exhaled breath. The catabolism of heme is increased when red blood cells are destroyed at an accelerated rate. Thus, quantifying CO in exhaled breath could serve as an indicator of hemolysis. However, the requirement for forced breath sample has limited the measurement of exhaled CO in young children. Objective: To assess end-tidal CO concentration (ETCOc) in children with sickle cell anemia (SCA). Design/Methods: ETCOc was measured using the CoSense ETCO Monitor (Capnia Inc. Palo Alto, CA). Children between 5-14 years with SCA (Hb SS) who were not on chronic transfusions were eligible. Healthy children served as age-matched controls. Children with exposure to second-hand smoke, acute respiratory infection or symptomatic asthma were excluded. End-tidal breath samples were collected by placing the tip of a nasal cannula 5 mm into the nares. Up to 3 measurements were taken for each subject and the highest ETCOc value was used for analysis. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01848691) Results: The mean (range) age of 16 children with SCA and 16 controls was 9.7 years (5-14 years) and 9.9 years (5-14 years), respectively. The mean (± s.d.) ETCOc for SCA was 4.85 ± 2.24 ppm versus 0.96 ± 0.54 ppm for control group (p<0.001). The ETCOc in the control group ranged from 0.2 to 2.3 ppm, but was ≤1.2 ppm in 14/16, which is suggested as the upper limit of normal for healthy children. In the SCA group, the ETCOc range was 1.8 to 9.7 ppm, with values ≥2.4 ppm in 15/16 subjects. A threshold ETCOc value of >2.1 ppm provided both sensitivity and specificity equal to 93.8% (69.8-99.8%) for distinguishing SCA from healthy children. Children with SCA who had higher absolute reticulocyte count also demonstrated higher ETCOc (r=0.62, p=0.011). Patients with severe anemia (hemoglobin <8 g/dL) had a higher mean ETCOc (5.43 ppm) than the rest (4.40 ppm) but the difference was not significant. ETCOc level tended to increase with age in SCA (r=0.45, p=0.08). Conclusions: Carbon monoxide in exhaled breath can be measured in young children in the clinic using a portable monitor. ETCOc may be a valuable tool for non-invasive monitoring of the severity of hemolysis in SCA. The mean ETCOc was 5-fold higher in SCA compared with controls, with little overlap seen between the groups. This suggests a potential use for ETCOc as a point-of-care screening test for SCA in children. Figure 1 Figure 1. Figure 2 Figure 2. Disclosures Lal: Capnia, Inc: Research Funding. Yen:Capnia, Inc. : Employment. Bhatnagar:Capnia, Inc: Employment.
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Nir, Ido, Vladislav Shepelev, Lilach Rosh, Amir Lybman, Liat Aviram, Tal Amitay-Rosen, and Hadar Rotter. "Regeneration of Impregnated Activated Carbon after Aging." Environments 10, no. 12 (December 4, 2023): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments10120214.
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Impregnated activated carbon (IAC) is an efficient adsorbent for the filtration of hazardous gases from the air. However, it tends to lose its efficiency after exposure to high humidity, where it adsorbs water molecules. Water adsorption causes changes in metal impregnation, resulting in a loss of adsorption efficiency for certain toxic gases, particularly gases that are adsorbed via chemisorption. Here, an innovative method was developed for the regeneration and reactivation of aged IAC. The method is based on dripping a regeneration solution composed of ammonium hydroxide and ammonium carbonate onto the aged IAC. The developed regeneration method was applied to ASZMT, a common commercially used IAC, that had undergone accelerated aging for six months. After the regeneration process, the protection capacity of the IAC against cyanogen chloride (CK) and toluene was almost fully restored to its initial value. Elemental analysis by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed that after the regeneration procedure, the concentrations of zinc and copper on the external surface of the IAC were decreased. This provides evidence that they were partially incorporated back into the pores. It is reasonable to believe that the developed method can be applied to IACs other than ASZMT impregnated with different kinds of materials. The implementation of this method has economic and environmental consequences. In the future, it may allow the reuse of aged IAC and even the restoration of filters.
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Hadži-Skerlev, Anđela, Veronika Haramija, Dijana Vrsaljko, and Božena Musulin. "CARBON MONOXIDE AND CARBON DIOXIDE IN CLOSED-TYPE POWER TRANSFORMERS." Journal of Energy - Energija 61, no. 1-4 (July 19, 2022): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/2012611-4235.
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Gases carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are formed in transformers in larger quantities as a product of degradation of cellulose, than by oxidation of oil. In transformers with closed-type breathing system, without any indication of failure or fault, it was observed that the concentrations of CO are higher than the typical values according to IEC 60599 and CO2/CO ratios lower than 3 frequently have been found. This paper presents results of laboratory investigation of some influence parameters on formation gases CO and CO2. The typical values for CO as well scheme concerning their ratios need to be revised in standard IEC 60599. The criteria need to be established separately for closed type transformers.
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Baumgartner, Lana Cristina, Renato Campello Cordeiro, Renato De Aragão Ribeiro Rodrigues, Ciro Augusto de Souza Magalhães, and Eduardo Da Silva Matos. "Estoque e Mecanismo de Proteção Física do Carbono no Solo em Manejos Agrícolas." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 14, no. 6 (December 31, 2021): 3341. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v14.6.p3341-3354.
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O compartimento terrestre é o maior reservatório de carbono no solo e armazena cerca de três vezes mais que o compartimento atmosférico. Porém, a atmosfera tem aumentado suas concentrações, devido as elevadas emissões de gases de efeito estufa, decorrente principalmente do consumo de combustíveis fosseis e queimadas das florestas. O Brasil é um dos maiores emissores, especialmente de dióxido de carbono, pelo qual o setor de mudanças do uso da terra e florestas são responsáveis majoritariamente pelas emissões. O solo em condições naturais tem um equilíbrio entre a entrada e saída de carbono, no entanto quando o solo é cultivado, principalmente com sistemas convencionais, há uma perda significativa dos estoques de carbono do solo. No entanto, quando é adotado manejos conservacionistas ocorre o mecanismo de proteção física do carbono através da formação e estabilização dos agregados, que dificulta o acesso dos microrganismos a decomposição e mantém estocado no solo, o que mitiga a emissão para atmosfera. Diante do exposto, este trabalho teve como objetivo mostrar como os manejos influenciam no estoque de carbono no solo, e como é atuação do mecanismo de proteção física de agregados em sistemas conservacionistas, demostrando como foram os avanços na pesquisa da interação da matéria orgânica com a formação e estabilização de agregados. Stock and Mechanism of Physical Protection of Soil Carbon in Agricultural Managements A B S T R A C TThe terrestrial compartment is the largest carbon reservoir in the soil and stores about three times as much as the atmospheric compartment. However, the atmosphere has increased its concentrations, due to the high emissions of greenhouse gases, mainly due to the consumption of fossil fuels and forest fires. Brazil is one of the largest emitters, especially of carbon dioxide, for which the sector of land use change and forests are responsible for the majority of emissions. Soil under natural conditions has a balance between carbon input and output, however when the soil is cultivated, mainly with conventional systems, there is a significant loss of soil carbon stocks. However, when conservation management is adopted, there is a mechanism for the physical protection of carbon through the formation and stabilization of aggregates, which hinders the access of microorganisms to decomposition and keeps them stored in the soil, which mitigates the emission into the atmosphere. In view of the above, this study aimed to show how the management influences the carbon stock in the soil, and how the mechanism of physical protection of aggregates in conservationist systems works, demonstrating how advances were made in researching the interaction of organic matter with formation and stabilization of aggregates.Key words: aggregates, carbon dioxide, greenhouse effect, crop-livestock-forest integration, organic matter
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Wang, Xihao, Xiaojun Wang, Yuqing Liu, Chun Xiao, Rongsheng Zhao, Ye Yang, and Zhao Liu. "A Sustainability Improvement Strategy of Interconnected Data Centers Based on Dispatching Potential of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations." Sustainability 14, no. 11 (June 2, 2022): 6814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116814.
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With the rapid development of information technology, the electricity consumption of Internet Data Centers (IDCs) increases drastically, resulting in considerable carbon emissions that need to be reduced urgently. In addition to the introduction of Renewable Energy Sources (RES), the joint use of the spatial migration capacity of IDC workload and the temporal flexibility of the demand of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations (EVCSs) provides an important means to change the carbon footprint of the IDC. In this paper, a sustainability improvement strategy for the IDC carbon emission reduction was developed by coordinating the spatial-temporal dispatch flexibilities of the IDC workload and the EVCS demand. Based on the Minkowski sum algorithm, a generalized flexible load model of the EVCSs, considering traffic flow and Road Impedance (RI) was formulated. The case studies show that the proposed method can effectively increase the renewable energy consumption, reduce the overall carbon emissions of multi-IDCs, reduce the energy cost of the DCO, and utilize the EV dispatching potential. Discussions are also provided on the relationship between workload processing time delay and the renewable energy consumption rate.
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Nelson, Cassandra E., and Jeffrey G. Gardner. "In-Frame Deletions Allow Functional Characterization of Complex Cellulose Degradation Phenotypes in Cellvibrio japonicus." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 17 (June 26, 2015): 5968–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00847-15.
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ABSTRACTThe depolymerization of the recalcitrant polysaccharides found in lignocellulose has become an area of intense interest due to the role of this process in global carbon cycling, human gut microbiome nutritional contributions, and bioenergy production. However, underdeveloped genetic tools have hampered study of bacterial lignocellulose degradation, especially outside model organisms. In this report, we describe an in-frame deletion strategy for the Gram-negative lignocellulose-degrading bacteriumCellvibrio japonicus. This method leverages optimized growth conditions for conjugation andsacBcounterselection for the generation of markerless in-frame deletions. This method produces mutants in as few as 8 days and allows for the ability to make multiple gene deletions per strain. It is also possible to remove large sections of the genome, as shown in this report with the deletion of the nine-gene (9.4-kb)gspoperon inC. japonicus.We applied this system to study the complex phenotypes of cellulose degradation inC. japonicus. Our data indicated that a Δcel5BΔcel6Adouble mutant is crippled for cellulose utilization, more so than by either single mutation alone. Additionally, we deleted individual genes in the two-genecbp2EDoperon and showed that both genes contribute to cellulose degradation inC. japonicus. Overall, these described techniques substantially enhance the utility ofC. japonicusas a model system to study lignocellulose degradation.
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Oliveira, Mikelle Silva, Juliana Dos Santos Patrício, Jorge Almeida de Menezes, José Cézar Frozzi, and José Martins Gomes. "Variabilidade Temporal do Efluxo de CO2 em Áreas de Floresta Secundária e Campo Natural na Região Sudoeste da Amazônia." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 16, no. 3 (June 1, 2023): 1466. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v16.3.p1466-1480.
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O Bioma Amazônico vem sofrendo com a supressão de sua cobertura vegetal, alterando dessa forma o fluxo de carbono na interface solo-atmosfera. O desequilíbrio desse fluxo de carbono por sua vez altera as propriedades físicas e químicas do solo. Para verificar o impacto que esse processo gera em determinada área, foi monitorado atividade microbiana durante um ano de estudo por meio da variabilidade do efluxo de CO2 entre a interface solo-atmosfera. Para tal, utilizou-se a metodologia de Grisi desenvolvida em 1978 em que se utiliza uma solução alcalina de KOH para capturar CO2 produzido no solo por meio da atividade microbiana e radicular no solo. Buscou-se analisar as variáveis físicas e variáveis relacionadas a quantidade de carbono no solo juntamente com a textura do solo em cada área, desse modo verificando as mudanças dessas variáveis de forma sazonal. A área de campo natural registrou as maiores temperaturas, menores umidade, menores quantidades de carbono e menor efluxo de CO2 no solo reflexo da supressão de sua cobertura vegetal. A área de floresta secundária que possui solos menos exposto a radiação solar registrou menores temperaturas, maiores umidades, maiores quantidades de carbono e maior efluxo de CO2 no solo. A presente pesquisa sugere a preservação de áreas de florestas, pois é uma área rica em biodiversidade e que auxilia na ciclagem de carbono, visto que a quantidade de carbono no solo dessa área não se difere estatisticamente quando analisados sazonalmente, além de manter do conforto térmico em seu entorno. Palavras-chave: efluxo de CO2, estoque de carbono, variáveis sazonais. Temporal Variability of CO2 Efflux in Areas of Secondary Forest and Natural Grassland in the Southwest Region of the Amazon A B S T R A C TThe Amazon Biome has been perishing due to the influence of its vegetation coverture, thus altering the carbon flux in the soil-atmosphere interface. The unbalance of this carbon flux in turn alters the physical and chemical properties of the soil. To verify the impact that this process generates in a certain area, microbial activity was monitored during a year of study through the variability of the CO2 efflux between the soil-atmosphere interface. For such task, the Grisi methodology developed in 1978 was used, in which an alkaline KOH solution is used to capture CO2 produced in the soil through microbial and root activity in the soil. We sought to analyze the physical variables and variables related to the amount of carbon in the soil together with the soil texture in each area, thus verifying the changes in these seasonally variables. The natural grassland area recorded the highest temperatures, lowest humidity, lowest carbon heights and lowest CO2 efflux in the soil, reflecting the influence of its vegetation coverture. The area of secondary forest that has soils less exposed to solar radiation, registered lower temperatures, higher humidity, higher volumes of carbon and higher efflux of CO2 in the soil. The present research suggests the preservation of forest areas, since it is an area rich in biodiversity and that helps in carbon cycling, since the amount of carbon in the soil of this area did not differ statistically when analyzed seasonally, in addition to maintaining the comfort heat in its surroundings.Keywords: CO2 efflux, carbon stock, seasonal variables
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Nakada, Masayuki, Yasushi Miyano, Yoko Morisawa, Takeharu Isaki, Taiki Hirano, and Kiyoshi Uzawa. "Statistical life prediction of unidirectional carbon fiber/polypropylene tape under creep tension load." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 39, no. 7-8 (January 16, 2020): 278–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684419900319.
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Recently, a carbon fiber/polypropylene unidirectional sheet has been developed by Mitsui Chemicals, Inc. from a new polyolefin-based sizing agent for carbon fiber. Its effective polypropylene modification brings good compatibility with polypropylene to improve the fiber matrix adhesion. This study examines the prediction of the statistical lifetime of this developed carbon fiber/polypropylene unidirectional sheet under creep tension loading. First, a tensile test method for static and creep strengths at elevated temperatures was developed for carbon fiber/polypropylene unidirectional tape cut from a carbon fiber/polypropylene unidirectional sheet. Second, the static tensile strengths of carbon fiber/polypropylene tape were measured statistically at various constant temperatures under a constant strain rate. The statistical creep failure times under tension loading for carbon fiber/polypropylene tape were predicted at a constant temperature by substituting the statistical static strengths into the formulation based on the matrix resin viscoelasticity. Third, the validity of the predicted results was clarified by comparison with the creep failure times measured statistically using creep tests for carbon fiber/polypropylene tape. Finally, the relation between the failure probability and creep failure times for carbon fiber/polypropylene unidirectional tape at various loads and temperature conditions was discussed.
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Verret-Hamelin, Antoine. "Carbone Inc. : risques et promesses du marché du carbone." Éthique publique, no. 21, n° 2 (December 15, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/ethiquepublique.4987.
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Carbone, Nora Cecilia, and Gastón Pablo Piazze. "Lenguaje irrelevante y metafórico en el autismo infantil temprano." Revista de Psicología, May 18, 2023, 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.24215/2422572xe164.
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Este artículo apareció por primera vez en 1946 en la revista American Journal of Psychiatry con el título de “Irrelevant and metaphorical language in early infantile autism”. En 1973 se publicó en Childhood psychosis: initial studies and new insights (pp. 45-50), editado por V.H. Winston & Sons Inc., en la ciudad de Washington D.C. La presente traducción al español corresponde a esta última fuente y estuvo a cargo de Nora Carbone y Gastón Piazze. Los autores de la misma obtuvieron el permiso correspondiente de carácter no exclusivo para esta publicación electrónica por parte de John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Copyright © 1973 V. H. Winston & Sons, inc. Todos los derechos reservados.
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Carbone, Nora Cecilia, and Gastón Pablo Piazze. "La concepción de los todos y las partes en el autismo infantil temprano." Revista de Psicología, May 17, 2023, 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.24215/2422572xe163.
Full textAbstract:
Este artículo apareció por primera vez en 1951 en la revista American Journal of Psychiatry con el título de “The conception of wholes and parts in early infantile autism”. En 1973 se publicó en Childhood psychosis: initial studies and new insights (pp. 63-68), editado por V.H. Winston & Sons Inc., en la ciudad de Washington D.C. La presente traducción al español corresponde a esta última fuente y estuvo a cargo de Nora Carbone y Gastón Piazze. Los autores de la misma obtuvieron el permiso correspondiente de carácter no exclusivo para esta publicación electrónica por parte de John Wiley & Sons.
Copyright © 1973 V. H. Winston & Sons Inc. Todos los derechos reservados.
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Carbone, Nora Cecilia, and Gastón Pablo Piazze. "Problemas nosológicos y psicodinámicos en el autismo infantil temprano." Revista de Psicología, May 18, 2023, 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.24215/2422572xe165.
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Este artículo apareció por primera vez en 1949 en la revista American Journal of Orthopsychiatry con el título de “Problems of nosology and psychodynamics in early infantile autism”. En 1973 se publicó en Childhood psychosis: initial studies and new insights (pp. 51-62), editado por V.H. Winston & Sons Inc. en la ciudad de Washington, D.C. La presente traducción al español corresponde a esta última fuente y estuvo a cargo de Nora Carbone y Gastón Piazze. Los autores de la misma obtuvieron el permiso correspondiente de carácter no exclusivo para esta publicación electrónica por parte de John Wiley & Sons.
Copyright © 1973, by V. H. Winston & Sons, inc. Todos los derechos reservados.
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Quintana del Solar, Martín, Marisol Castilla Camacho, and Carlos Matta Morales. "Resistencia a la fractura frente a carga estática transversal en piezas dentarias restauradas con espigo-muñón colado, postes de fibra de carbono y de aleación de titanio." Revista Estomatológica Herediana 15, no. 1 (September 26, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.20453/reh.v15i1.1969.
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El propósito del presente estudio fue determinar la resistencia a la fractura frente a cargaestática transversal de piezas dentarias tratadas endodonticamente, restauradas con espigomuñóncolado, postes de fibra de carbono(C-Post®, ©Bisco Inc) y postes de aleación de titanio(Parapost®, ©Coltène/Whaledent Inc.). Se utilizó el adhesivo All Bond 2® (©Bisco, Inc) comomaterial adhesivo y el cemento de resina Duolink® (©Bisco Inc) para cementar los postes. Laprueba de anova unifactorial encontró que las piezas dentarias restauradas con espigo-muñóncolado tuvieron una mayor resistencia frente a carga estática transversal que las piezas dentariasrestauradas con postes de fibra de carbono(C-Post®, ©Bisco Inc) y postes de aleación de titanio(Parapost ®, ©Coltène/Whaledent Inc).
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Klein-Gordon, Jeannie M., Ross Joaquin Hatlen, and Timothy D. Miles. "First report of stem blight caused by Diaporthe eres on highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) in Michigan." Plant Disease, April 20, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-23-0463-pdn.
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The U.S. is the world’s leading producer of highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.), and Michigan is ranked in the top five production states (USDA NASS, 2022). In June and July of 2021, 268 blueberry stem blight samples were collected for a pathogen survey across 22 total fields in Van Buren and Ottawa counties in Michigan. Current season stems with symptoms of necrosis and wilting were collected. Stems were cut just below the necrotic area and cross-sections (2-3 mm long) were surface disinfested in 10% bleach for 1 min, rinsed twice in sterile distilled water, and dried on sterile paper towels. Stem cross-sections were plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with 100 µg/ml streptomycin sulfate and 50 µg/ml ampicillin. Plates were incubated at 21°C under a 12-h photoperiod for 5-6 days. Outgrowing fungi with morphology similar to Diaporthe spp. were transferred to new PDA plates 2 consecutive times after 7 days of similar incubation to ensure single colony isolation. After 7 days, colonies consisted of white and light brown mycelia that were mostly flat, with some isolates that had partially raised mycelia towards the center of the plate. After 3-4 weeks, colonies turned brown and gray and produced dark brown pycnidia. Aseptate, hyaline, fusiform to ellipsoid, biguttulate alpha conidia measuring 5.4 to 7.6 x 2.6 to 3.7 µm (n = 60) were produced. No beta conidia were observed. In total, 3 isolates, representing 3 different farms (37-95 km apart) and cultivars (‘Duke’, ‘Jersey’, and ‘Bluecrop’), as well as 2 counties, were identified as Diaporthe through colony morphology (Gomes et al. 2013, Udayanga et al. 2014). Amplification and subsequent Sanger sequencing were performed for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and portions of the translation elongation factor (TEF) 1-α, β-tubulin (TUB), and histone H3 (HIS) genes using primers ITS5/ITS4 (White et al. 1990), EF1-728F/EF1-986R (Carbone and Kohn 1999), T1/Bt-2b (Glass and Donaldson 1995), and CYLH3F/H3-1b (Glass and Donaldson 1995), respectively. Representative sequences were deposited in NCBI GenBank (accession no. OQ507870-OQ507872 for ITS, and OQ550272-OQ550278 for TEF, HIS, and TUB). BLASTn results revealed 97-100% identity for all 4 genes across other established D. eres isolates reported in Gomes et al. (2013). For example, JMK047 had 99.8% (577/578 bp), 99.7% (327/328 bp), 100% (701/701 bp), and 100% (439/439 bp) homology with ITS, TEF, TUB, and HIS sequences, respectively, of D. eres CBS 439.82 (accession no. KC343090, KC343816, KC344058, KC343574). Koch’s Postulates were fulfilled via pathogenicity tests on 2-year-old potted ‘Blueray’ plants with 2 isolates. Stems were surface sterilized with 1% bleach then 8-mm long pieces of bark were removed using a sterile razor blade to expose the cambium. Plugs of sterile PDA (negative control) or mycelia from 7-day old cultures on PDA (5-mm diameter) were placed onto the cambium layer and sealed with Parafilm. Six stems on unique plants were inoculated per treatment. Plants were grown in a 20.5°C greenhouse with a 14-hr photoperiod. After 3 weeks, the stems inoculated with D. eres isolates showed similar stem blight symptoms to those observed in the field while control stems remained healthy. Re-isolation and sequencing of the ITS region of 3 replicates per treatment with the protocol described above confirmed symptoms correlated with D. eres isolates. This is the first report of D. eres associated with stem blight of highbush blueberry in Michigan, and the second report in the U.S. (Lombard et al. 2014). Increasing prevalence of D. eres in U.S. blueberries may affect disease management programs. References Carbone, I., and Kohn, L. M. 1999. Mycologia 91:553. 10.1080/00275514.1999.12061051. Glass, N. L., and Donaldson, G. C. 1995. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:1323. 10.1128/aem.61.4.1323-1330.1995. Gomes, R. R., et al. 2013. Persoonia 31:1. 10.3767/003158513x666844. Lombard, L., et al. 2014. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 51(2):287. 10.14601/Phytopathol_Mediterr-14034. Udayanga, D., Castlebury, L. A., Rossman, A. Y., Chukeatirote, E., and Hyde, K. D. 2014. Fungal Divers. 67:203-229. 10.1007/s13225-014-0297-2. USDA NASS. 2022. Noncitrus Fruits and Nuts 2021 Summary. White, T. J., et al. 1990. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, California, USA.
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Sandai, Doblin, Zhikang Yin, Laura Selway, David Stead, Janet Walker, Michelle D. Leach, Iryna Bohovych, et al. "The Evolutionary Rewiring of Ubiquitination Targets Has Reprogrammed the Regulation of Carbon Assimilation in the Pathogenic Yeast Candida albicans." mBio 3, no. 6 (December 11, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mbio.00495-12.
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ABSTRACTMicrobes must assimilate carbon to grow and colonize their niches. Transcript profiling has suggested thatCandida albicans, a major pathogen of humans, regulates its carbon assimilation in an analogous fashion to the model yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae, repressing metabolic pathways required for the use of alterative nonpreferred carbon sources when sugars are available. However, we show that there is significant dislocation between the proteome and transcriptome inC. albicans. Glucose triggers the degradation of theICL1andPCK1transcripts inC. albicans, yet isocitrate lyase (Icl1) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (Pck1) are stable and are retained. Indeed, numerous enzymes required for the assimilation of carboxylic and fatty acids are not degraded in response to glucose. However, when expressed inC. albicans,S. cerevisiaeIcl1 (ScIcl1) is subjected to glucose-accelerated degradation, indicating that likeS. cerevisiae, this pathogen has the molecular apparatus required to execute ubiquitin-dependent catabolite inactivation.C. albicansIcl1 (CaIcl1) lacks analogous ubiquitination sites and is stable under these conditions, but the addition of a ubiquitination site programs glucose-accelerated degradation of CaIcl1. Also, catabolite inactivation is slowed inC. albicans ubi4cells. Ubiquitination sites are present in gluconeogenic and glyoxylate cycle enzymes fromS. cerevisiaebut absent from theirC. albicanshomologues. We conclude that evolutionary rewiring of ubiquitination targets has meant that following glucose exposure,C. albicansretains key metabolic functions, allowing it to continue to assimilate alternative carbon sources. This metabolic flexibility may be critical during infection, facilitating the rapid colonization of dynamic host niches containing complex arrays of nutrients.IMPORTANCEPathogenic microbes must assimilate a range of carbon sources to grow and colonize their hosts. Current views about carbon assimilation in the pathogenic yeastCandida albicansare strongly influenced by theSaccharomyces cerevisiaeparadigm in which cells faced with choices of nutrients first use energetically favorable sugars, degrading enzymes required for the assimilation of less favorable alternative carbon sources. We show that this is not the case inC. albicansbecause there has been significant evolutionary rewiring of the molecular signals that promote enzyme degradation in response to glucose. As a result, this major pathogen of humans retains enzymes required for the utilization of physiologically relevant carbon sources such as lactic acid and fatty acids, allowing it to continue to use these host nutrients even when glucose is available. This phenomenon probably enhances efficient colonization of host niches where sugars are only transiently available.
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"Toray increasing regular tow carbon fiber production capacity and recycling glass-fiber-reinforced polyphenylene sulfide resin waste." Additives for Polymers 2023, no. 8 (August 1, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/s0306-3747(23)70163-2.
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On July 13, 2023, Toray Industries, Inc. announced plans to increase regular tow carbon fiber production capacity at two facilities. Capital investments will add lines to the Spartanburg plant in South Carolina, USA of Toray Composite Materials America, Inc. and the Gumi plant in Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea of Toray Advanced Materials Korea Inc. These investments will increase the Toray Group's annual capacity by over 20% to 35,000 metric tons beginning in 2025.
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Mizoguchi, Hakaru, Hiroaki Nakarai, Tamotsu Abe, Krzysztof M. Nowak, Yasufumi Kawasuji, Hiroshi Tanaka, Yukio Watanabe, et al. "Performance of 100-W HVM LPP-EUV source." Advanced Optical Technologies 4, no. 4 (January 1, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aot-2015-0025.
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Prasiwi, Andaru Dena, Wega Trisunaryanti, Triyono Triyono, Iip Izul Falah, Darma Santi, and Muhammad Fajar Marsuki. "Synthesis of Mesoporous Carbon from Merbau Wood (Intsia spp.) by Microwave Method as Ni Catalyst Support for α-Cellulose Hydrocracking." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry, April 11, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.34189.
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Synthesis of mesoporous carbon from Merbau wood (Intsia spp.) waste by microwave method as nickel catalyst support for α-cellulose hydrocracking had been carried out. The Merbau wood sawdust was carbonized at 800 °C to produce C800 and the C800 was treated by microwave irradiation (399 W) for 5 min to produce C800MW. The Merbau wood flakes, which were only treated by microwave irradiation (399 Watts) for 30 min produced CMW. Wet impregnation technique was carried out to disperse the Ni metal (1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 wt.%) onto the best mesoporous carbon. The mesoporous carbons were analyzed by Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR), Surface Area Analyzer (SAA) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The hydrocracking of pyrolyzed α-cellulose was carried out at 400 °C. The liquid product was analyzed by Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS). The results showed that the C800MW was the best performance carbon and it had a specific surface area, total pore volume, average pore diameter and acidity of 364.12 m2/g, 0.28 cm3/g, 3.03 nm, and 2.18 mmol/g, respectively. The Ni1.5/C800MW catalyst produced the highest conversion of liquid product (58.76 wt.%) than the Ni1/C800MW (57.51 wt.%) and Ni2/C800MW (34.18 wt.%).
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Hu, Jiahuai. "First Report of Geotrichum candidum Causing Rubbery Rot on Potato in Arizona." Plant Disease, January 19, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-23-1171-pdn.
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In January 2023, stand loss due to seed decay (<3% incidence) was reported in a commercial seed potato field in Cochise County, Arizona. Several rotted 'Ciklamen' tubers with wilting shoots were submitted to the University of Arizona Extension Plant Pathology Laboratory for diagnosis. External symptoms included sunken black-colored lesions on affected tubers; white fungal-like growth was also present on the surface of the more severely affected tubers. Internal tissues were watery, rubbery-textured, and spongy with slight gray discoloration. Isolation from the necrotic tubers on PDA yielded yeast-like fungal colonies. Two derived fungal isolates were subcultured on PDA at room temperature for three days, and colonies had a white, dense, and creamy appearance. Hyphae were hyaline, septate, dichotomously branched, and broken into chains of cylindrical to oval-shaped, single-celled arthrospores ranging in size from 3.8-5.3 μm × 5.4-12.5 μm (n = 20). These morphological characteristics matched those of Geotrichum candidum (Carmichael, 1957). Other common potato pathogens, including Pythium, Phytophthora, and Fusarium, were not detected in the samples. For molecular identification, genomic DNA was extracted from the mycelia of two isolates using the DNeasy Plant Pro Kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Partial DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA and elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1α) gene were amplified and sequenced using primers ITS1/ITS4 (White et al., 1990), EF1-728F/EF1-1567R (Carbone and Kohn 1999) and EF1-1018/EF1-1620R (Stielow et al., 2015). The resulting sequences showed no difference between the isolates and were deposited under the GenBank Accession Numbers OQ690039 and OQ981192. Based on BLASTn analysis, ITS sequence OQ690039 (369-bp) had a 99.46% match with Geotrichum candidum accessions MN861070 and KY103456. EF-1α sequence OQ981192 (843-bp) showed 100% identity with G. candidum accessions MT346368 of the G. candidum isolates responsible for sour rot of strawberries in Florida (Alonzo et al., 2020). A pathogenicity test was conducted twice on ten healthy 'Ciklamen' tubers, surface sterilized using 10% sodium hypochlorite solution, and rinsed copiously in sterilized water. A conidial suspension (106 conidia/ml) of the isolated fungus was sprayed onto the surface of the tubers. The control consisted of ten tubers that were mock-sprayed with sterilized water. All tubers were incubated in separate sterilized plastic bags in the dark at room temperature for four weeks and examined daily for symptom development. Symptoms of rubbery texture and fluid leaking when cut, and a distinctive smell, were produced on the inoculated tubers. In contrast, the controls did not show any symptoms. These symptoms were similar to those observed on naturally infected tubers. The fungus was re-isolated from symptomatic tissues of inoculated tubers and identified by PCR as G. candidum, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of G. candidum as a potato pathogen in Arizona. Rubbery rot of potatoes by G. candidum has been reported previously in Idaho (Duellman et al., 2020) and Michigan (Willbur et al., 2021). Arizona annually grows approximately 1,000 hectares of seed potatoes shipped to various states. Therefore, growers must obtain a correct diagnosis to avoid spreading the disease despite the low incidence of disease.
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"Tests verify high durability of all-carbon CO2 separation membrane." Membrane Technology 2023, no. 3 (May 1, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/s0958-2118(23)70025-6.
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Tests conducted recently have shown that an all-carbon carbon dioxide separation membrane developed by Toray Industries Inc is highly durable – enabling it to be employed in applications that involve harsh environments. According to the Japanese firm, the membrane can be used to help cut natural gas production emissions.