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1
Singh, Madhu, and Randy Vander Wal. "Nanostructure Quantification of Carbon Blacks." C 5, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/c5010002.
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Carbon blacks are an extensively used manufactured product. There exist different grades by which the carbon black is classified, based on its purpose and end use. Different properties inherent to the various carbon black types are a result of their production processes. Based on the combustion condition and fuel used, each process results in a carbon black separate from those obtained from other processes. These carbons differ in their aggregate morphology, particle size, and particle nanostructure. Nanostructure is key in determining the material’s behavior in bulk form. A variety of carbon blacks have been analyzed and quantified for their lattice parameters and structure at the nanometer scale, using transmission electron microscopy and custom-developed fringe analysis algorithms, to illustrate differences in nanostructure and their potential relation to observed material properties.
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Bibi, Amna, Aaditya Pallerla, Nyelia Williams, Caroline Wheeler, Rebecca Hoyd, Shankar Suman, Joseph Amann, et al. "Abstract 3523: A Black Raspberry dietary intervention to modify the gut microbiome and improve the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors." Cancer Research 82, no. 12_Supplement (June 15, 2022): 3523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-3523.
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Abstract Lung cancer kills more people annually worldwide than any other cancer. Outcomes have improved with the use of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment, however, only about 20% of tumors respond. Emerging data demonstrate that responses to ICI may depend on the host microbiome. The challenge is to identify strategies to manipulate the gut microbiome to improve response to ICIs. Here we explore a targeted dietary intervention to modify the microbiome and determine the response to ICIs. Studies in a preclinical murine model showed that freeze-dried black raspberry powder (AIN-76A synthetic diet containing 5% lyophilized black raspberry powder) increased the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, which has been associated with improved response to ICIs in melanoma. Next, we conducted a human intervention trial called the BEWELL Study (Black raspberry nEctar Working to prEvent Lung cancer NCT04267874). This placebo-controlled, randomized, cross-over trial examined the impact of 2x 80 mL black raspberry (BRB) nectar drink boxes per day for 4 weeks. There were 96 participants recruited and classified as being at high risk of developing lung cancer (eligibility criteria: >30 pack-year smoking history and 55-77 years old) in an attempt to match the phenotype of typical lung cancer patients but allowing us to clearly assess the impact of the intervention on the microbiome. Pre- and post-dietary intervention gut microbiome, blood, and urine samples were collected. Black raspberry dietary supplementation was not associated with a significant change in A. muciniphila (logistic regression with negative binomial Wald test p-value 0.056), however, changes in other taxa were observed. Finally, stool from participants in the BEWELL study was gavaged into C57BL/6J mice to create human microbiome avatar models. Mouse colon cancer cells (mc38) were injected subcutaneously and treated with anti-PD1 Ab (5mg/kg mouse; clone RMP1-14) or isotype control (clone 2A3). Preliminary experiments using avatar mice with post-BRB human microbiomes showed smaller tumors relative to mice receiving stool from that same individual pre-BRB dietary intervention, relative to isotype control (t-test, p-value 0.05). These results suggest that black raspberry nectar may modify the human gut microbiome in a way that promotes an improved response to immunotherapy. Citation Format: Amna Bibi, Aaditya Pallerla, Nyelia Williams, Caroline Wheeler, Rebecca Hoyd, Shankar Suman, Joseph Amann, Mounika Goruganthu, Tamio Okimoto, Yangyang Liu, Marisa Bittoni, Ni Shi, Shiqi Zhang, Alvin Anand, Kristen Heitman, Maxine Mendelson, Elizabeth M. Grainger, Madison Grogan, Carolyn J. Presley, Fred K. Tabung, Lang Li, Yael Vodovotz, Jiangjiang Zhu, David P. Carbone, Tong Chen, Steven K. Clinton, Daniel Spakowicz. A Black Raspberry dietary intervention to modify the gut microbiome and improve the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 3523.
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Gupta, Prem Kumari. "Effect of temperature and surface area on adsorption of chlorine on different adsorbent carbons." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2012): 284–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v4i2.265.
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Chlorine is used in several ways in industry. In such situations, where residual chlorine persists as pollutant, Activated carbons like animal charcoal, carbon black and coconut charcoal can serve as agents to remove residual pollutant “chlorine” by the process of adsorption. Five samples of Carbon black, six samples of active Carbons and two samples of charcoals were treated with a stream of chlorine @0.4 litre/hour at temperature varying from 300 to 1200 C. Chlorine is adsorbed partially physically and partially chemically. Percentage of the chemisorbed increases with rise in the temperature. Maximum percentages of chemisorptions occur at 1200 C while the maximum uptake, physical as well as chemical, takes place at 300 C, which was the lowest temperature. It is seen that activated carbon, carbon blacks and charcoal differ markedly by in their total chlorine uptake at 300 C. Activated carbons associated with high surface were seen to take up maximum chlorine. Fall in surface area is more in active carbons as compared to carbon black due to greater adsorption of chlorine. This probably shows that micro porous carbons are better adsorbent for chlorine adsorption. The unsaturated sites also play far dominant role and provide centres where the adsorption takes place predominantly. Uptake of chlorine is enhanced on evacuating the carbon samples at 6000 C and 10000 C. This is due to the creation of more unsaturated sites. Process of adsorption cum chemisorption takes place through different kinetic stages with different energetics. The activation energies keep on increasing with increasing amounts of chemisorption.
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Darmstadt, H., N.-Z. Cao, D. M. Pantea, C. Roy, L. Sümmchen, U. Roland, J.-B. Donnet, T. K. Wang, C. H. Peng, and P. J. Donnelly. "Surface Activity and Chemistry of Thermal Carbon Blacks." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 73, no. 2 (May 1, 2000): 293–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547592.
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Abstract The surface energy of thermal and furnace carbon blacks was determined by inverse gas chromatography (IGC) at infinite dilution. In general, the specific surface energy decreases with decreasing carbon black specific surface area. However, there is also an influence of the concentration of impurities during the carbon black production. The surface energy decreases with decreasing concentration of impurities. The carbon black surface and bulk chemistry was studied by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) and Raman spectroscopy. Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) was used for characterization of the surface morphology. Thermal grades of carbon black produced from high purity natural gas feedstock do not contain fewer surface functional groups than the other grades. No correlation between the concentration and nature of the oxygen and sulphur surface groups and the carbon black surface energy was found. Instead, a correlation between the surface energy and the polyaromatic character of the carbon black surface exists. Both increased in the order: thermal blacks from high purity natural gas feedstock < thermal black from oil feedstock < furnace blacks. The increase of the surface energy might be related to the formation of active sites which are formed upon removal of non-carbon elements during the carbon black formation. There was no principal difference in the surface morphology of thermal blacks from high purity gas feedstock and other blacks.
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Zhong, Ruipeng, Jinjia Xu, David Hui, Sanjana S. Bhosale, and Ruoyu Hong. "Pyrolytic preparation and modification of carbon black recovered from waste tyres." Waste Management & Research 38, no. 1 (August 30, 2019): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x19869987.
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The medium temperature pyrolysis process using a fixed-bed reactor at atmospheric pressure was utilised to recover carbon black from motorcycle and automobile tyres. Experimental results have shown that the ash and volatile contents of several recovered carbon blacks are high, the elongation at break of the vulcanised natural rubber filled with recovered carbon blacks from motorcycle tyres is better than that from motorcycle tyres and standard carbon black 7#, while the other mechanical properties are worse. In order to improve the reinforcing effect of recovered carbon blacks, the modification of recovered carbon black was performed by high-energy electron bombardment and non-oxidising acid. The specific surface area of the pyrolytic carbon blacks increased after high-energy electron bombardment. The ash content of the pyrolytic carbon black was reduced from 22.5% to 8.4% after rinsing with hydrochloric acid, and the tensile stress at 300% was increased by about 2.2 MPa.
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Dai, Shuang Ye, Ge You Ao, and Myung Soo Kim. "Properties of CB/Rubber Composites Filled by Carbon Black Used as Catalysts for Hydrocarbon Decomposition." Advanced Materials Research 26-28 (October 2007): 301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.26-28.301.
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Carbon blacks were used as catalysts for hydrogen production through hydrocarbon decomposition. The aim of this work is to find suitable conditions for decomposition reaction to cut down the net cost of hydrogen production. Carbon blacks after hydrocarbon decomposition under different operation conditions were mixed with NBR rubber. The surface area of carbon black increased with low weight gain in methane decomposition caused by carbon deposits on the surface of carbon black aggregates, and the decrease of surface area with further weight gain might be due to the carbon deposits adhering to each other and forming bigger aggregates. The same results were gotten from decomposition of mixture gas of methane and propane. The surface area of carbon black always decreased with the development of propane decomposition reaction. With the same carbon black loading, the composites filled by carbon blacks with low weight gain in methane and methane-propane mixture gas decompositions showed higher tensile strength than those mixed with raw carbon blacks, but there were no significant differences in 300% modulus. With the increase of carbon blacks loading in all composites, 300% modulus and tensile strength always increased. The surface resistivity of composites showed that it was much easier for carbon blacks with low weight gain in methane and methane-propane mixture gas decompositions to dissipate well in the in rubber system.
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Pantea, Dana, Hans Darmstadt, Serge Kaliaguine, Silvia Blacher, and Christian Roy. "Surface Morphology of Thermal, Furnace and Pyrolytic Carbon Blacks by Nitrogen Adsorption - Relation to the Electrical Conductivity." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 75, no. 4 (September 1, 2002): 691–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3544995.
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Abstract The surface morphology of various carbon blacks was studied by low-pressure nitrogen adsorption. The shape of their low-pressure nitrogen isotherm depends on the concentration of surface defects. This defect concentration on the surface is different for thermal blacks, even for those of the same grade. Different surface morphologies were also observed for carbon blacks obtained by pyrolysis of truck tires. The concentration of defects increased with pyrolysis pressure. For the various furnace blacks, however, similar surface morphologies were observed. The electrical conductivity of thermal and pyrolytic carbon blacks decreases with increasing defect concentration. However, in spite of a similar surface morphology, different conductivities were observed for furnace blacks. The carbon black surface morphology is therefore not a determining factor for the electrical conductivity. Furthermore, the graphitic character of the carbon black surface was studied by secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). For thermal, furnace and pyrolytic carbon blacks, the conductivity increased with increasing graphitic character of the carbon black surface, thus underlining the importance of this parameter.
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Fu, Qing Shan, Jian Chen, Zu Xiao Yu, and Rui Song Yang. "Study on the Structures and Surface Forces of Different Carbon Blacks by Atomic Force Microscopy." Applied Mechanics and Materials 496-500 (January 2014): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.496-500.106.
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Carbon blacks are used universally as fillers in polymer matrix for mechanical, electronical and thermal properties improvement. Plenty of studies show that the structure and surface properties affect the function of carbon blacks in polymer matrix intensively. However, the reinforcing mechanism is still controversial. In this study, we studied the structure of three carbon blacks by Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) absorption and atomic force microscopy (AFM) and analyzed the absorption/desorption forces of the three carbon blacks surface by force-distance curves. The results show that the carbon black with relatively high structure possesses more branches and bigger aggregation morphologies and shows the highest surface absorption/desorption forces, which may increase the reaction between carbon black and polymer matrix.
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Probst, N., E. Grivei, F. Fabry, L. Fulchéri, G. Flamant, X. Bourrat, and A. Schröder. "Quality and Performance of Carbon Blacks from Plasma Process." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 75, no. 5 (November 1, 2002): 891–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547690.
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Abstract Plasma carbon black, a new material? For several years already, the Plasma process for carbon black production has been promoted and considered as a threat to the furnace black production. After a brief introduction to the fundamental differences between a partial combustion process and plasma process, plasma blacks have been compared with partial combustion blacks. The plasma blacks have not been optimised but are more a selection of materials based on feedstock and operating conditions. Physico-chemical properties as well as SEM and high resolution TEM micrographs illustrate differences and similarities. Surface heterogeneity of those carbon blacks has been characterised by static gas adsorption. This way the more graphitic nature of the selection of plasma blacks could be demonstrated, explaining the specific behaviour of those blacks in rubber compounds. The specificity of the carbon blacks investigated is not only in the production technique, namely plasma torch, but also in the variety of the row materials used, demonstrating the flexibility of the process. Methane, ethylene, pyrolysis fuel oil and even a renewable vegetable oil have been used.
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Bevan, David R., and Nancy T. Yonda. "Elution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons From Carbon Blacks Into Biomembranes in Vitro." Toxicology and Industrial Health 1, no. 1 (January 1985): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074823378500100106.
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Elution of endogenous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from four carbon blacks into biomembranes was investigated in vitro. Membrane systems employed were phospholipid vesicles composed of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC), rat lung homogenate, and simulated lung surfactant. Amounts of benzo[a]-pyrene which were eluted from carbon blacks were not dependent on the type of membrane, but elution was dependent on the type of carbon black. Elution of B[a]P was detected from only 2 of the carbon blacks and amounts eluted represented only 0.2% to 0.6% of total B[a]P associated with those carbon blacks. The largest amount of B[a]P was eluted from the carbon black with lowest surface area and highest endogenous B[a]P content. Benzo[ghi]perylene also was eluted from carbon blacks though amounts eluted again represented extremely small fractions (0.1-0.2%) of the total on the particles. From these experiments, it appears that only very small quantities of B[a]P and other PAH on carbon blacks are bioavailable.
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Wang, Meng-Jiao, Siegfried Wolff, and Burkhard Freund. "Filler-Elastomer Interactions. Part XI. Investigation of the Carbon-Black Surface by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 67, no. 1 (March 1, 1994): 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538665.
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Abstract Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) has recently been demonstrated to be a powerful and versatile tool to image the microstructure of the surface of carbonaceous materials. In this study, the surfaces of carbon blacks, both graphitized and nongraphitized, were investigated with this technique. The STM images show that the carbon-black surface can be classified into two domains, an organized and an unorganized one. The degree of carbon atom organization varies with the carbon-black grade and increases drastically upon graphitization. The surface energies and energy distributions of graphitized and nongraphitized carbon blacks, measured by inverse gas chromatography, correlate well with their surface microstructure. Mapping of the carbon-black topography showed that although the surface is not smooth, there is no significant porosity either.
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Chen, Jian, Maoyuan Hu, Yuming Li, Rui Li, and Long Qing. "Significant Influence of Bound Rubber Thickness on the Rubber Reinforcement Effect." Polymers 15, no. 9 (April 26, 2023): 2051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15092051.
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In this work, the contribution of different types of carbon blacks (N115, N330, N550, N660) and their primary and secondary thermally cracked recovered carbon blacks to the mechanical properties of NR composites was evaluated. The thermally cracked recovered carbon blacks were prepared by cracking the rubber composites at 500 °C and de-hybridizing them at 900 °C. The characterization of the thermally cracked recovered carbon blacks by scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that carbon blacks after primary and secondary thermal cracking recovery were more prone to aggregation and exhibited a higher degree of carbon defects. The number and type of functional groups on the surface of these carbon blacks were significantly reduced. For NR composites with pristine samples added, the mechanical properties and the bound rubber content tests showed that the mechanical properties of the NR composites became weaker with the increase in carbon black particle size. The bound rubber content also decreased with increased carbon black particle size. The mechanical properties of the NR composites reinforced with carbon black recovered by primary and secondary thermal cracking would therefore decrease. The results of AFM and DSC tests further confirmed the decreasing trend of bound rubber. The present work demonstrates the effect of bound rubber content variation on the mechanical properties of rubber, demonstrates the morphology of bound rubber more visually, and provides new insights into the reinforcement theory of CB.
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Darmstadt, Hans, Christian Roy, Serge Kaliaguine, and Helga Cormier. "Surface Energy of Commercial and Pyrolytic Carbon Blacks by Inverse Gas Chromatography." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 70, no. 5 (November 1, 1997): 759–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538458.
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Abstract The surface properties of carbon blacks obtained by vacuum pyrolysis of different used rubbers (CBp) and of commercial carbon blacks were measured by inverse gas chromatography (IGC). The dispersive component of the surface energy (γsd) and the specific interaction (Isp) of the recovered CBp were lower than γsd and Isp of the virgin carbon black initially present in the rubber. However, γsd and Isp of recovered medium surface area carbon black and of virgin low-surface-area carbon black were comparable. During the pyrolysis, carbonaceous deposits are formed on the CBp surface. A correlation between γsd and Isp and the amount of the carbonaceous deposits, measured by ESCA, was found, suggesting that the formation of these deposits is responsible for the decrease of γsd and Isp.
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Rodriguez, J., and G. R. Hamed. "Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Filled with Fluorinated Carbon Black." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 66, no. 2 (May 1, 1993): 286–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538312.
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Abstract A comparison is made of the properties of an SBR 1502 containing twenty volume percent of conventional furnace black, or one of three fluorinated blacks. Fluorination slows the rate at which the filler incorporates and disperses into the rubber. Final mixing torque decreases as the degree of fluorination increases, apparently due to a reduction in surface energy of the filler. Compositions with fluorinated blacks have reduced scorch times and decreased cure rates relative to compositions with normal furnace black. This is attributed to acidity of the fluorinated blacks. Scorch time increases in a linear fashion with pH of the filler. Tensile strengths of samples containing fluorinated blacks are about seven times that of a gum composition, but about 30% less than vulcanizates with regular furnace black.
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Nakajima, N., and R. A. Miller. "Processing Ease and Rubber—Carbon-Black Interaction." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 61, no. 2 (May 1, 1988): 362–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536193.
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Abstract Two samples of poly(ethyl acrylate) rubber, different in their mill processability and their manner of accepting carbon black were examined. This is a case history of how we differentiated Theological behavior of gum elastomers and how we characterized the rubber—carbon-black interaction in the compound. For the former objective, the dynamic mechanical properties were measured over the temperature range of interest. This information was used to interpret the difference in mill processability. For the latter objective, several carbon blacks in different particle size and structure were compounded with these samples. The effect of the different carbon blacks on these elastomers was examined with tensile stress-strain measurements. At least a part of the differences in behavior could be interpreted as the differences in the interaction between rubber and carbon black.
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Oh, Sang-Hwa, Qi Wu, Dong-Ik Song, and Won-Sik Shin. "Sorption and Desorption Kinetics of Naphthalene and Phenanthrene on Black Carbon in Sediment." Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment 16, no. 6 (December 31, 2011): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.7857/jsge.2011.16.6.079.
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Wampler, Wesley A., Krishnan Rajeshwar, R. G. Pethe, R. C. Hyer, and S. C. Sharma. "Composites of polypyrrole and carbon black: Part III. Chemical synthesis and characterization." Journal of Materials Research 10, no. 7 (July 1995): 1811–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1995.1811.
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A new class of molecular composites of carbon black and an electronically conducting polymer, namely polypyrrole, has been synthesized by chemically polymerizing pyrrole in an aqueous dispersion of carbon black. The carbon black content of these composites can be varied from ∼5% to ∼85% (by weight). The surface area and density of these composites were compared to corresponding mixtures of carbon black and polypyrrole. The influence of carbon black on the efficiency of polymerization of pyrrole is described. The effect of carbon black content on the electronic conductivity of the composite has been mapped, and compared with the corresponding behavior of a mixture of carbon black and polyvinylchloride. The influence of the parent black characteristics (porosity, void volume, surface area) on the electronic conductivity of the resultant composite has been probed by comparing the behavior of composites derived from six commercial and experimental blacks. The temperature dependence of the composites has been studied as a function of the carbon black content. Finally, the application of these new materials is an environmental remediation scenario is demonstrated for Cr(vi) as a model pollutant.
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López Manchado, M. A., M. Arroyo, B. Herrero, and R. Vicente. "Organobentonita como sustituto de negro de carbono en formulaciones de caucho." Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio 43, no. 2 (April 30, 2004): 514–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/cyv.2004.v43.i2.582.
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Macías García, Antonio, Mª Ángeles Díaz Díez, and Vicente Gómez Serrano. "Preparación y caracterización de carbones activados obtenidos a partir de la retama." Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio 44, no. 6 (December 30, 2005): 379–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/cyv.2005.v44.i6.332.
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Sartore, Luciana, Andrea Sassi, and Marzia Barbaglio. "Properties of Multifunctional Polymers – Carbon Black Composite Vapor Detectors." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 5, no. 1 (March 15, 2011): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht05.01.067.
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Lüchow, H., E. Breier, and W. Gronski. "Characterization of Polymer Adsorption on Disordered Filler Surfaces by Transversal 1H NMR Relaxation." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 70, no. 5 (November 1, 1997): 747–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538457.
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Abstract The transversal 1H NMR relaxation of the bound rubber shell of carbon black loaded elastomers can be decomposed into three relaxation regimes corresponding to the loosely bound rubber, the rubber that is immobilized on the carbon black surface and a third component of intermediate mobility. The relaxation time T2 of the intermediate component is related to the end-to-end distance of polymer segments between adsorption sites on the carbon black surface, by converting the relaxation times to length scales on the basis of recent work on NMR relaxation of elastomeric networks. From measurements on SBR loaded with carbon black N 220, a distance of 2.3 nm was obtained in agreement with characteristic dimensions of crystallite sizes and surface roughness as determined by atomic force and scanning tunneling microscopy. The analysis was applied to novel inversion blacks which give lower tan δ/60°C, and rolling resistance without affecting tan δ/0°C and wet skid behavior. These blacks were found to possess a higher density of adsorption sites and a greater surface roughness as compared to standard carbon blacks. In addition to the surface characterization, the analysis of the mobile component of the compound allowed the estimation of the density of entanglement couplings between the rubber matrix and the bound rubber shell.
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Kim, Seog-Jun, and Darrell H. Reneker. "Scanning Tunneling Microscopy of Carbon Blacks." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 66, no. 4 (September 1, 1993): 559–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538328.
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Abstract Three kinds of carbon black, HAF (high abrasion furnace, N330), MT (medium thermal, N990), and graphitized MT were observed with the scanning tunneling microscope (STM), the transmission electron microscope (TEM), and the scanning electron microscope (SEM) All the STM images are formed from measurements of the x, t, and z position of points on the surface of the particle. The STM images of carbon blacks were compared to transmission electron microscope (TEM) photographs. Pitted and stepped bumps were observed on the surface of HAF carbon black. The surface of MT carbon black was more rough and disorganized At the atomic scale, ordered structure was found on the surface of HAF carbon-black particles Graphitized MT carbon-black particles were faceted polyhedra. Some facets were smooth while others had multiple terraces. The surface of graphitized MT carbon black was so well ordered that a lattice of carbon atoms similar to HOPG (highly ordered pyrolytic graphite) was observed on the smooth facets.
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No, Tae-Kyeong, Dong-Guk Kang, Jae-Sik Seo, Kyung-Mo Yang, and Kwan-Ho Seo. "Effect of Carbon Black on Mechanical and Damping Properties of EPDM/Carbon Black System." Elastomers and Composites 47, no. 3 (September 30, 2012): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7473/ec.2012.47.3.231.
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Fukahori, Y., A. A. Hon, V. Jha, and J. J. C. Busfield. "MODIFIED GUTH–GOLD EQUATION FOR CARBON BLACK–FILLED RUBBERS." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 86, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 218–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.13.87995.
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ABSTRACT The modulus increase in rubbers filled with solid particles is investigated in detail here using an approach known widely as the Guth–Gold equation. The Guth–Gold equation for the modulus increase at small strains was reexamined using six different species of carbon black (Printex, super abrasion furnace, intermediate SAF, high abrasion furnace, fine thermal, and medium thermal carbon blacks) together with model experiments using steel rods and carbon nanotubes. The Guth–Gold equation is only applicable to such systems where the mutual interaction between particles is very weak and thus they behave independently of each other. In real carbon black–filled rubbers, however, carbon particles or aggregates are connected to each other to form network structures, which can even conduct electricity when the filler volume fraction exceeds the percolation threshold. In the real systems, the modulus increase due to the rigid filler deviates from the Guth–Gold equation even at a small volume fraction of the filler of 0.05–0.1, the deviation being significantly greater at higher volume fractions. The authors propose a modified Guth–Gold equation for carbon black–filled rubbers by adding a third power of the volume fraction of the blacks to the equation, which shows a good agreement with the experimental modulus increase (G/G0) for six species of carbon black–filled rubbers, where G and G0 are the modulus of the filled and unfilled rubbers, respectively; ϕeff is the effective volume fraction; and S is the Brunauer, Emmett, Teller surface area of the blacks. The modified Guth–Gold equation indicates that the specific surface volume ()3 closely relates to the bound rubber surrounding the carbon particles, and therefore this governs the reinforcing structures and the level of the reinforcement in carbon black–filled rubbers.
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Kim, Jeongeun, Taeha Ryu, and Myungpyo Hong. "Characterization of Carbon Black-filled Liner." Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers 18, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.6108/kspe.2014.18.2.067.
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Saixiyaletu, Saixiyaletu, Jin Young Kim, Shang-Gyoo Shim, Hyoun Cher Jin, and Jong Soo Kim. "Physico-Chemical Characterization of Black Carbon Emitted from Coal-fired Power Plant, Charcoal Kiln and Diesel Vehicle." Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment 29, no. 2 (April 30, 2013): 152–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5572/kosae.2013.29.2.152.
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Zhang, Bao Hua, Hui Jie Tan, Hui Hui Suo, Hong Da Li, and A. Jun Wan. "Preparation and Modification of Carbon Blacks from Wastes." Advanced Materials Research 666 (February 2013): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.666.111.
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It is one of the focuses of the world today to save resources and avoid pollutions by waste recycling and reusing. Pyrolysis of rubbers, plastics and plants is an economical and reliable method of recycling to produce carbon blacks and other products. But the carbon blacks are useless before modification. This paper summarizes the preparation and modification of carbon blacks from wastes. The modification methods of carbon black include removing impurities and improving the surface activities. A lot of application examples were given here.
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Kim, Min Il, Jong Hoon Cho, Byong Chol Bai, and Ji Sun Im. "The Control of Volume Expansion and Porosity in Carbon Block by Carbon Black (CB) Addition for Increasing Thermal Conductivity." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17 (September 1, 2020): 6068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10176068.
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The graphite block as a phase change materials (PCMs) was manufactured by graphitization of a carbon block. Carbon blocks were prepared by filler (cokes or graphite) and binder (pitch). The binder-coated filler was thermally treated for carbonization. The gases generated from the evaporation of low molecular weight components in the binder pitch during the carbonization process were not released to the outside. Consequently, porosity and volume expansion were increased in artificial graphite, and thereby the thermal conductivity decreased. In this study, to prevent the decrease of thermal conductivity in the artificial graphite due to the disadvantages of binder pitch, the carbon block was prepared by the addition of carbon black, which can absorb low molecular weight compounds and release the generated gas. The properties of the prepared carbon blocks were analyzed by SEM, TGA, and thermal conductivity. The addition of carbon black (CB) decreased the porosity and volume expansion of the carbon blocks by 38.3% and 65.9%, respectively, and increased the thermal conductivity by 57.1%. The CB absorbed the low molecular weight compounds of binder pitch and induced the release of generated gases during the carbonization process to decrease porosity, and the thermal conductivity of the carbon block increased.
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Kabat, Oleg, Vladimir Sytar, and Konstiantin Sukhyy. "Antifrictional Polymer Composites Based on Aromatic Polyamide and Carbon Black." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 12, no. 3 (September 15, 2018): 326–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht12.03.326.
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Shin, Soon-Gi. "Effect of the Temperature on Resistivity of Carbon Black-Polyethylene Composites Below and Above Percolation Threshold." Korean Journal of Materials Research 19, no. 12 (December 27, 2009): 644–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3740/mrsk.2009.19.12.644.
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Cotten, George R., and Lawrence J. Murphy. "Mixing of Carbon Black with Rubber. VI. Analysis of NR/SBR Blends." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 61, no. 4 (September 1, 1988): 609–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536207.
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Abstract The distribution of carbon black in NR/SBR blends was determined through the analysis of bound rubber. The NR/SBR blends were found to be very different from the previously studied SBR/BR compounds: these differences were assigned to mutual insolubility of the two polymers and a very high molecular weight of NR. In NR/SBR blends, it was found that changes in molecular weight of the polymer has no effect on the carbon black distribution in the blend. While the “activity” of carbon black did not affect the distribution, the loading of the black in NR decreased linearly with increasing surface area of the black. Approximately 35% of normal tread blacks (surface area 80–100 m2/g) was found in the NR phase. However, the bond between NR and carbon black is quite weak, and black continues to migrate into the SBR phase on prolonged mixing or during blending of NR and SBR masterbatches.
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Hess, W. M., C. R. Herd, and P. C. Vegvari. "Characterization of Immiscible Elastomer Blends." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 66, no. 3 (July 1, 1993): 329–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538316.
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Abstract Considerable improvements have been made in the analysis of elastomer blends for composition, morphology and filler inter-phase distribution. GC, IR, NMR and thermal analysis (DTG, DSC, TG) techniques can provide quantitative information on composition. The latter three methods, along with SAXS, SANS, DMTA and microscopy (LM phase contrast, TEM, SEM, AFM) are also useful for resolving differences in blend homogeneity. The microscopical techniques are the most useful for characterizing morphology. TEM, in conjunction with cryosectioning and staining techniques, has provided the best means of resolving filler distribution to date. However, new AFM scanning modes may provide improved analyses in the future. Carbon black inter-phase distribution in blends of NR, SBR and BR can be controlled reasonably well by blending Banbury mixed masterbatches containing the desired carbon black loading in each polymer. Transfer of carbon black from one elastomer to another is favored by low unsaturation for the polymer originally containing the black, or a low heat history (e.g. solution and latex mixing) during preparation of the masterbatch. The overall polymer interaction with carbon black increases in the order: IIR, EPDM, NR, BR, SBR, the latter two being fairly close. Commercial carbon blacks will transfer extensively from an IIR Banbury masterbatch to NR, but not from EPDM to NR. Significant transfer to SBR occurs from both IIR and EPDM. Inert (partially graphitized) carbon blacks tend to distribute more evenly between the blend components regardless of which polymer contained them initially. Carbon black phase distributional variations can cause significant changes in unvulcanized and vulcanized rubber properties. For NR/BR and NR/SBR blends, reduced hysteresis generally occurs with a higher carbon black loading in the NR phase. Tear strength and cut growth tend to be maximized with higher carbon black in the continuous polymer phase, particularly when that phase is the higher strength polymer. The smaller the carbon black particle size, the greater the improvement in tear strength as a function of phase distribution. NR/BR fatigue life was maximized with about an equal distribution of carbon black in each polymer. This type of carbon black distribution also produced the greatest resistance to ozone cracking for NR/EPDM blends, which were further improved with very small domain size for the EPDM (disperse) phase. The abrasion resistance of NR/BR blends has indicated some improvement in the direction of higher carbon black in the BR. These results have been variable, however, and further study is needed for clarification.
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Palanivel, C., L. D. Prabhakar, and M. Emayavaramban. "Comparative Study of Adsorption Phenomena of Direct Dye Black E by Palm Nut Shell Carbon and Treated Flyash Residue with Respect to Activated Charcoal Carbon." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 7 (September 2013): 80–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.7.80.
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Many researchers aimed to study the removal of colouring matter from textile dyeing industrial effluent using the carbon derived from natural sources. Because adsorption of the dyes on carbon is easily, cost effective when comparing to the other techniques. Hence we aimed at the preparation and characterization of the carbon from the natural sources like palm nut shell and flyash. These carbons have been used for adsorption of direct dye Black E. The effect of pH, carbon dose and equilibration period were examined along within the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm studies. The application of these carbons was investigated on adsorption and colour removal from effluent and synthetic samples, which consists of commercial direct dye Black E.
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Palanivel, C., L. D. Prabhakar, and M. Emayavaramban. "Comparative Study of Adsorption Phenomena of Direct Dye Black E by Palm Nut Shell Carbon and Treated Flyash Residue with Respect to Activated Charcoal Carbon." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 7 (January 31, 2013): 80–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-qqh52u.
Full textAbstract:
Many researchers aimed to study the removal of colouring matter from textile dyeing industrial effluent using the carbon derived from natural sources. Because adsorption of the dyes on carbon is easily, cost effective when comparing to the other techniques. Hence we aimed at the preparation and characterization of the carbon from the natural sources like palm nut shell and flyash. These carbons have been used for adsorption of direct dye Black E. The effect of pH, carbon dose and equilibration period were examined along within the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm studies. The application of these carbons was investigated on adsorption and colour removal from effluent and synthetic samples, which consists of commercial direct dye Black E.
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Ayala, J. A., W. M. Hess, F. D. Kistler, and G. A. Joyce. "Carbon-Black-Elastomer Interaction." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 64, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 19–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538537.
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Abstract A number of different techniques were applied to measure carbon-black-surface reactivity and the level of black-polymer interaction in four different elastomer systems (SBR, IIR, NR, and NBR) representing differences in unsaturation, crystallinity and polarity. Known within-grade surface activity variations were based on partial graphitization of an N121-type carbon black. The surface activity of different black grades was studied as a function of variations in both surface area and DBPA. Direct measurements of carbon-black-surface reactivity were based on hydrogen analysis, SIMS, IGC, and moisture adsorption. In-rubber measurements included bound rubber, SIMS of cut surfaces, and an interaction parameter, σ/η, which is derived from the slope (σ) of the stress-strain curve at low elongations, and (η), the ratio of dynamic modulus (E′) at 1% and 25% DSA. The following trends were observed: 1. The σ/η values provided a good measure of black-polymer interaction in all four polymer systems for either the within-grade or across-grade comparisons. 2. Higher σ/η values were indicated for SBR and NBR, followed by NR and IIR in that order. 3. SBR indicated the greatest sensitivity for bound-rubber measurements in terms of distinguishing within-grade variations in black-polymer interaction, followed by IIR, NR, and NBR in that order. 4. Positive SIMS on dry carbon black indicates the presence of complex hydrocarbon structures suitable for chemical reactivity at the carbon-black surface. 5. SIMS analyses on the dry carbon blacks exhibited intensity variations in the negative hydrocarbon fragments which were in line with the within-grade variations in hydrogen content. 6. SIMS analyses on the cut-rubber compound surfaces showed overall variations in intensity which were proportional to the range and level of the bound-rubber measurements. The most meaningful variations were recorded for SBR and IIR. 7. Heats of adsorption derived from IGC measurements with different adsorbates showed an excellent correlation with black-polymer interaction for the within-grade studies. Measurements across grades did not correlate as well with the in-rubber measurements, but the best results were obtained using styrene as the adsorbate. 8. The within-grade moisture adsorption measurements showed excellent agreement with IGC and the other techniques for the N121 series of heat-treated carbon blacks.
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Bashir, M. A., M. Shahid, R. A. Alvi, and A. G. Yahya. "Effect of Carbon Black on Curing Behavior, Mechanical Properties and Viscoelastic Behavior of Natural Sponge Rubber-Based Nano-Composites." Key Engineering Materials 510-511 (May 2012): 532–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.510-511.532.
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Natural rubber (polymer designation cis-1-4 polyisoprene, is obtained from the sap ("latex") of several rubber-yielding plants (e.g.,HeveaBrasiliensisandPartheniaargentatum) by coagulation with chemicals, drying, electrical coagulation, and other processes. Foamy or sponge structure of natural rubber (NR) is very useful in aerospace and as auxetic materials (exhibiting negative poisons ratio) for use in application of homeland security.The main aim of this research to estimate the influence of carbon black on mechanical properties, curing and viscosity variation behaviors of the natural rubber based composites. Different amounts of carbon black were used along with other fillers. The influence of carbon black on curing behavior and mechanicalproperties of natural rubber foams was investigated at different feedingratios of the carbon black. The physical properties of the foamed NRs were then measured as a function of carbon blacks content. The mechanical properties of the foamed NRs such as tensile strength,strength at break and modulus,were gradually increased with increasingcarbon black content whereas elongation decreasedat break.
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Mandal, Nilkanta, Saikat Das Gupta, and R. Mukhopadhyaya. "Regeneration of Carbon Black from Waste Automobile Tyres and its Use in Carcass Compound." Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology 21, no. 1 (February 2005): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147776060502100104.
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Post-consumer tyre provide a real challenge for recovery and re-use, since they must be disposed of in an environmentally sound and sustainable manner. Pyrolysis has proved an attractive method. The authors have already established a process of pyrolysis to regenerate the carbon black from waste tyres; it was elaborated in an earlier paper. The regenerated blacks(RB) have now been characterized by various methods. They were mixed in a typical virgin carcass compound, the required properties of the mixed compounds were measured, and then the compounds were cured under standard conditions of time and temperature. The physico-mechanical properties of the cured specimens were measured and compared to those of samples made using virgin (VB) and heat-treated blacks (HTB). It was concluded that the regenerated black has a higher surface area, and gives a higher elongation at break, with a higher heat build up, lower cure rate and lower modulus than virgin blacks, but a comparable state of cure, dispersion, hardness, tensile strength, tear strength and high adhesion strength. It was also found that regenerated black had a slightly different structure and agglomerate size. Some polar groups were incorporated into the carbon black, either during pyrolysis or during heat treatment. The regenerated black gave better ageing properties than the virgin or heat-treated blacks.
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Herd, Charles R., Gerard C. McDonald, Randolph E. Smith, and William M. Hess. "The Use of Skeletonization for the Shape Classification of Carbon-Black Aggregates." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 66, no. 4 (September 1, 1993): 491–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538323.
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Abstract A specialized image analysis erosion technique, termed skeletonization, has been used for the first quantitative and direct measurement of branching in carbon-black aggregates. Twenty different carbon-black grades were analyzed using transmission-electron-microscopy/automated-image analysis (TEM/AIA). The skeletonization data were used in a discrimination analysis program for detailed shape classification of carbon-black aggregates into four different shape categories that included spheroidal (Type 1), ellipsoidal (Type 2), linear (Type 3) and branched (Type 4). These data were used to examine differences in the aggregate shape distributions between and within grades. Skeletonization and conventional TEM/AIA analyses were also conducted to examine aggregate breakdown as a result of high-shear mixing in rubber (SBR) and cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) paint chip compounds. It was found that the number of aggregate branches decreased by as much as 50% in rubber and 70% in CAB compounds, and the distributions became narrower. Aggregate breakdown increases in the direction of the larger particle size carbon blacks which contain more linear (Type 3) aggregates. In rubber, an N650 (131 DBPA) and N330 (102 DBPA) carbon blacks were found to be similar in overall aggregate shape properties. Therefore, the significantly higher vulcanizate modulus for N650 appears to be related to a higher level of carbon-black—polymer interaction, as opposed to high amounts of polymer occluded and immobilized within the aggregate structure.
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Watanabe, Shinichi, Misako Fujii, and Makoto Okano. "Impact Of Carbon Black Aggregates On The Optical Properties Of Black Rubber Samples In The Terahertz Frequency Range." Advanced Materials Letters 10, no. 1 (December 10, 2018): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5185/amlett.2019.2157.
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Hjelm, Rex P., Philip A. Seeger, and Wesley A. Wampler. "Microstructure of Composite Materials Using Small-Angle Neutron Scattering and Contrast Variation: Approaches toward Understanding the Structure of Carbon Black-Elastomer Mixtures." Engineering Plastics 1, no. 1 (January 1993): 147823919300100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147823919300100107.
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Mixed composites of rubber and carbon black are of fundamental importance to rubber technology, and neutron scattering provides a unique view of structure in these interesting and complex systems. This is due, in part, to the nature of the interaction of the neutron with nuclei, which is a function of the specific nucleus, not on atomic number, per se. This allows neutrons to be used to probe fluctuations in chemical and isotopic composition and density in a manner that is a distinct from x-rays or electrons. This aspect of neutron scattering has been used extensively in the study of multicomponent systems, even when components have elements of similar atomic numbers. The large difference in scattering from some isotopes—hydrogen and deuterium being the most important example—can be used to enhance fluctuations in these systems and thus to probe structures that are not accessible by other methods. We describe the use of small-angle neutron scattering in carbon black, elastomer and carbon black elastomer mixtures using the method of contrast variation. In this approach the sample is suspended in solvents containing different proportions of perdeuterated and protonated molecules. The variation in scattering observed as a function of solvent scattering power gives information on the distribution of components within the sample. Our first experiences using this approach show the potentials of the technique. The use of solvents near the average scattering length density of the carbon black allows observation of non-uniformity in carbon black particles that has not been previously noted. Further, we have established that the shape of the scattering curves in N762 carbon black can be explained as scattering from spherical particles of size and polydispersity measured by electron microscopy. In N121, in which the particle sizes are smaller than N762, contribution to the scatter from the carbon black particle interactions is observable. In gels of solvent extracted carbon black and elastomer we find that the scattering is dominated by carbon black density fluctuations. We find further that the elastomer coats the carbon black particles, at least in N762. There are differences in the association of the carbon blacks in solvent extracted mixtures compared to the carbon blacks suspended in cyclohexane. There may be changes, as well, in the elastomer conformation in the mixtures compared to the polymer alone in cyclohexane. These differences are small in gels containing low concentrations of polyisoprene and carbon black, but are quite profound in a gel containing styrene butadiene rubber with high concentrations of components. Further measurements and modelling of die data will be needed to come to a more satisfactory picture of carbon black morphology and elastomer conformation in the solvent extracted mixtures.
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Hjelm, Rex P., Philip A. Seeger, and Wesley A. Wampler. "Microstructure of Composite Materials Using Small-Angle Neutron Scattering and Contrast Variation: Approaches toward Understanding the Structure of Carbon Black-Elastomer Mixtures." Polymers and Polymer Composites 1, no. 1 (January 1993): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739119300100107.
Full textAbstract:
Mixed composites of rubber and carbon black are of fundamental importance to rubber technology, and neutron scattering provides a unique view of structure in these interesting and complex systems. This is due, in part, to the nature of the interaction of the neutron with nuclei, which is a function of the specific nucleus, not on atomic number, per se. This allows neutrons to be used to probe fluctuations in chemical and isotopic composition and density in a manner that is a distinct from x-rays or electrons. This aspect of neutron scattering has been used extensively in the study of multicomponent systems, even when components have elements of similar atomic numbers. The large difference in scattering from some isotopes—hydrogen and deuterium being the most important example—can be used to enhance fluctuations in these systems and thus to probe structures that are not accessible by other methods. We describe the use of small-angle neutron scattering in carbon black, elastomer and carbon black elastomer mixtures using the method of contrast variation. In this approach the sample is suspended in solvents containing different proportions of perdeuterated and protonated molecules. The variation in scattering observed as a function of solvent scattering power gives information on the distribution of components within the sample. Our first experiences using this approach show the potentials of the technique. The use of solvents near the average scattering length density of the carbon black allows observation of non-uniformity in carbon black particles that has not been previously noted. Further, we have established that the shape of the scattering curves in N762 carbon black can be explained as scattering from spherical particles of size and polydispersity measured by electron microscopy. In N121, in which the particle sizes are smaller than N762, contribution to the scatter from the carbon black particle interactions is observable. In gels of solvent extracted carbon black and elastomer we find that the scattering is dominated by carbon black density fluctuations. We find further that the elastomer coats the carbon black particles, at least in N762. There are differences in the association of the carbon blacks in solvent extracted mixtures compared to the carbon blacks suspended in cyclohexane. There may be changes, as well, in the elastomer conformation in the mixtures compared to the polymer alone in cyclohexane. These differences are small in gels containing low concentrations of polyisoprene and carbon black, but are quite profound in a gel containing styrene butadiene rubber with high concentrations of components. Further measurements and modelling of die data will be needed to come to a more satisfactory picture of carbon black morphology and elastomer conformation in the solvent extracted mixtures.
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HUANG, C. D., Z. T. XIONG, J. Y. LIN, and K. L. TAN. "INVESTIGATION OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL BEHAVIOR OF HEAT-TREATED CARBON BLACKS AND Pt/C CATALYSTS." Surface Review and Letters 09, no. 03n04 (June 2002): 1443–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x02004001.
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In this paper we report the electrochemical behavior of heat-treated carbon blacks and Pt/C catalysts. Cyclic voltammetry indicates that the heat-treated carbon black as catalyst support does not improve the Pt/C catalyst's activity for methanol oxidation. An XPS study of a Pt-loaded carbon black indicates that the amounts of oxidized platinum and oxygen-functional groups on catalysts are decreased when the platinum particles are deposited on the heat-treated carbon surface. These changes in the surface and crystalline structural properties of carbon materials lead to the catalytic activity change in methanol electro-oxidation.
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Wang, Meng-Jiao, Siegfried Wolff, and Ewe-Hong Tan. "Filler-Elastomer Interactions. Part VIII. The Role of the Distance between Filler Aggregates in the Dynamic Properties of Filled Vulcanizates." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 66, no. 2 (May 1, 1993): 178–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538305.
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Abstract Based on the concepts of the occlusion of rubber and random packing of spheres whose volume is equivalent to that permeated by individual aggregates, an equation was deduced to estimate the distance between carbon-black aggregates in filled rubber. It was found that when the interaggregate distance reaches a critical point which is approximately identical for all carbon blacks investigated (furnace blacks), the elastic modulus measured at very low strain deviates from the modified Guth-Gold equation. Tan δ and resilience are mainly determined by the distance between aggregates. These phenomena are related to filler networking which is determined by the attractive potential and the distance between individual aggregates. Since the factor Sf, used to characterize the strength of secondary filler networks in hydrocarbon rubbers and measured by means of inverse gas chromatography, is approximately the same for all furnace blacks, the interaggregate distance seems to determine filler networking. A comparison of fillers with different Sf (graphitized vs. nongraphitized carbon blacks, carbon black vs. silica) shows that at the same interaggregate distance, a lower Sf leads to higher tan δ of the filled vulcanizates.
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Funt, J. M. "Dynamic Testing and Reinforcement of Rubber." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 61, no. 5 (November 1, 1988): 842–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536222.
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Abstract A series of experiments have been run to determine which mechanisms dominate carbon black reinforcement of rubber. A broad range of compounds using oil-extended and non-oil-extended rubbers and carbon blacks covering the spectrum of tread blacks have been tested. The results for measurements made in an all-SBR formulation are reported here. The primary experiment consisted of measurement of the dynamic modulus and hysteresis of the cured and uncured compounds over a broad range of frequencies, temperatures, and strains. Ternperatures ranged from −70°C to +90°C; frequencies varied from 0.01 to 10 Hz; double strain amplitudes varied from 0.5% to 35%. From a discussion of the literature and evaluation of the experimental results, two mechanisms have been found to control the primary effects of carbon black on rubber reinforcement, where reinforcement refers to a general enhancement of properties, such as modulus, as well as the tensile strength of the compound. Hydrodynamic interaction, which is the increase in properties caused by the modification of strain fields in the region of an aggregate, dominates the large-strain dynamic and tensile properties of the compound. The primary carbon black variable in this mechanism is the effective aggregate size, such as measured by tint, which controls the effective volume loading of the carbon black at a given weight loading of carbon black. At low strains, the modulus is even higher than that predicted from the hydrodynamic-interaction/effective-volume model. This additional reinforcement is caused by the entanglement network formed between the tightly absorbed bound rubber on the carbon black surface and the bulk rubber far removed from the surface. The main carbon black variables in this mechanism are surface area and surface chemistry. The strain dependence of modulus is caused by the breaking and reforming of effective crosslinks in the rubber forming a transition zone between the bound rubber and the bulk rubber. To a large extent, this mechanism is dominated by the rubber properties, such as molecular weight and molecular-weight distribution. However, the dynamics of the entanglement network may be modified by altering specific interactions between carbon black and rubber.
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Graves, Daniel F. "Benzofuroxans as Rubber Additives." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 66, no. 1 (March 1, 1993): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3557522.
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Abstract Benzofurazan 1-oxide, commonly called benzofuroxan (BFO), was shown to decrease hysteresis of carbon black-filledrubber vulcanizates by as much as 30%. Presumably, BFO promotes increased bonding between the elastomerand carbon black resulting in reduced “Payne Effect” in the vulcanizate. BFO was added during the mixing of themasterbatch at various temperatures. It was found that high temperature mixing was necessary to achieve maximumhysteresis reduction and that more effect was noted with high surface area blacks. Nickel salts were found to modifythe reaction between BFO and the elastomer/black.
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Ayala, J. A., W. M. Hess, A. O. Dotson, and G. A. Joyce. "New Studies on the Surface Properties of Carbon Blacks." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 63, no. 5 (November 1, 1990): 747–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538287.
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Abstract A series of carbon blacks of widely varying morphology and microstructure were analyzed for surface compositional properties employing SIMS, XPS/ESCA, and GC-MS. These studies were supported by bulk analyses for hydrogen and oxygen content. Surface reactivity was assessed by means of inverse gas chromatography, moisture adsorption, and oxidation in an oxygen plasma. To directly assess carbon-black-polymer interaction, the carbon blacks were evaluated in SBR and IIR compounds for stress-strain and dynamic properties as well as bound rubber. The major findings of these studies are: 1. The combined results of hydrogen content, SIMS, and pyrolysis-GC-MS suggest a complex hydrogen functionality at the carbon-black surface, which governs the level of interaction with elastomers. 2. SIMS analyses have shown that the hydrogen functionality at the carbon-black surface is preserved after an 1173 K heat treatment in an inert atmosphere. 3. Gas-solid chromatography results indicate that this technique may be very useful to determine the degree of heterogeneity of a carbon-black surface. It also provides a tool to characterize the nature of the surface sites which are responsible for such a heterogeneity. 4. Moisture-adsorption rates provides a means to explore the reactivity of carbon-black-surface sites. Initial rates of adsorption can be well explained by a second-order-rate mechanism. 5. Bound-rubber development (SBR) and oxygen content per square meter of carbon-black-surface area were directly proportional to the hydrogen content of the black. The hydrogen content is considered to be the primary compositional factor relating to carbon-black-surface activity, while bound rubber and oxygen levels are specific measures of surface reactivity. 6. The slope of the stress-strain curves (or the modulus value) in the λ=1 to 3 region divided by the black networking factor, η (E′ at 2% ptp ÷ at 25% ptp), is sensitive to changes in black-polymer interaction. This ratio (σ/η or M/η) shows an excellent correlation with black hydrogen content and bound rubber (SBR). 7. The σ/η values for SBR and IIR are highly correlated, although the values for SBR are two to three times higher, and there was no measurable bound rubber for any of the IIR compounds. 8. The σ/η values for IIR (λ=2−3) and the oxygen/m2 values were found to be the best discriminators for black-polymer interaction in explaining within-grade treadwear variations in SBR/BR multisection radial-passenger treads.
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Ayala, J. A., W. M. Hess, G. A. Joyce, and F. D. Kistler. "Carbon-Black-Elastomer Interaction II: Effects of Carbon Black Surface Activity and Loading." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 66, no. 5 (November 1, 1993): 772–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538344.
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Abstract Carbon black morphology, surface activity and loading have been varied systematically to study the effects on an SBR formulation. The surface activity of five commercial grades of carbon black was varied by heat treating the standard grade samples at 1100°C and 1500°C in an inert atmosphere. Measurements on carbon black-elastomer interaction were based on a parameter I, defined elsewhere. The parameter I exhibited the previously reported correlation with known indicators of the surface activity of carbon blacks. The heats of adsorption by inverse gas chromatography at infinite dilution have been found useful as a measure of the carbon-black surface energy related to rubber interaction. These measurements have been employed in conjunction with carbon-black morphology and loading to develop a surface-area-modified and a surface energy-modified effective volume fraction V′ and ψ, respectively. The parameter V′ was utilized to explain the variation of the dynamic elastic modulus E′ at 1 % double strain amplitude (DSA) for all rubber compounds. The parameter ψ was used to explain the variation of E′ at 25% DSA and the factor σ in the calculation of I. The parameters V′ and ψ provide a model for the estimation of I from fundamental carbon-black morphological properties and surface energy.
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Choma, J., and M. Jaroniec. "Estimation of the Surface Properties of Unmodifed and Strongly Oxidized Active Carbons on the Basis of Water Vapour Adsorption Isotherms." Adsorption Science & Technology 16, no. 4 (April 1998): 295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026361749801600406.
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Water vapour adsorption isotherms were measured for a series of commercial active carbons and one carbon black oxidized with concentrated nitric acid at its boiling temperature. A comparative analysis of the surface properties of the unmodified and strongly oxidized active carbons was performed on the basis of the adsorption potential distributions (APDs) calculated from these adsorption isotherms. It was shown that the APDs for oxidized carbons exhibit some extra details (e.g., peaks) in the range of high adsorption potentials which can be assigned to interactions of water molecules with oxygen surface groups formed during the oxidation process. This is especially visible for oxidized carbon black. The observed sensitivity of the APDs obtained from water vapour adsorption isotherms make them attractive functions for monitoring the surface changes in active carbons due to their oxidation.
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Mohapatra, Sunita, and Golok Bihari Nando. "ANALYSIS OF CARBON BLACK–REINFORCED CARDANOL-MODIFIED NATURAL RUBBER COMPOUNDS." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 88, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 289–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.15.85941.
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ABSTRACT Carbon black is advantageous for rubber as a reinforcing filler. Carbon blacks at higher loadings require process aids for easier processing and improved filler dispersion. Aromatic oils have been used so far in the rubber industry as plasticizer and process aids. The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in these oils has raised concerns, and they have been banned. Rubber industries are looking for alternate sources of process aids from renewable resources. Cardanol (m-pentadecenyl phenol), an agricultural by-product of the cashew industry, is cheap and abundantly available. It was proved recently to be a plasticizer and a multifunctional additive. The dispersion of carbon black in natural rubber (NR) grafted chemically with cardanol (CGNR) is investigated and compared with that of oil plasticized natural rubber. The physico-mechanical properties of the carbon black–filled CGNR vulcanizates are better than that of the aromatic oil plasticized NR vulcanizates. The cross-link density and bound rubber content are higher and the Payne effect is lower for the carbon black–filled CGNR vulcanizates as compared with oil plasticized NR vulcanizates. Dispersion of carbon black in the CGNR matrix is uniform and better than the aromatic oil plasticized NR.
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Qi, Xin, Berislav Blizanac, Aurelien DuPasquier, Paul Meister, Tobias Placke, Miodrag Oljaca, Jie Li, and Martin Winter. "Investigation of PF6− and TFSI− anion intercalation into graphitized carbon blacks and its influence on high voltage lithium ion batteries." Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, no. 46 (2014): 25306–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cp04113e.
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At high potentials of >4.5 V vs. Li/Li+, graphitic structures in carbon black can provide host sites for the partially reversible intercalation of electrolyte salt anions. To avoid this reaction, the graphitization degree of carbon blacks must be optimized.