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Journal articles on the topic 'Carbonate weathering'
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1
Huang, Kang-Jun, Fang-Zhen Teng, Bing Shen, Shuhai Xiao, Xianguo Lang, Hao-Ran Ma, Yong Fu, and Yongbo Peng. "Episode of intense chemical weathering during the termination of the 635 Ma Marinoan glaciation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 52 (December 12, 2016): 14904–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1607712113.
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Cryogenian (∼720–635 Ma) global glaciations (the snowball Earth) represent the most extreme ice ages in Earth’s history. The termination of these snowball Earth glaciations is marked by the global precipitation of cap carbonates, which are interpreted to have been driven by intense chemical weathering on continents. However, direct geochemical evidence for the intense chemical weathering in the aftermath of snowball glaciations is lacking. Here, we report Mg isotopic data from the terminal Cryogenian or Marinoan-age Nantuo Formation and the overlying cap carbonate of the basal Doushantuo Formation in South China. A positive excursion of extremely high δ26Mg values (+0.56 to +0.95)—indicative of an episode of intense chemical weathering—occurs in the top Nantuo Formation, whereas the siliciclastic component of the overlying Doushantuo cap carbonate has significantly lower δ26Mg values (<+0.40), suggesting moderate to low intensity of chemical weathering during cap carbonate deposition. These observations suggest that cap carbonate deposition postdates the climax of chemical weathering, probably because of the suppression of carbonate precipitation in an acidified ocean when atmospheric CO2 concentration was high. Cap carbonate deposition did not occur until chemical weathering had consumed substantial amounts of atmospheric CO2 and accumulated high levels of oceanic alkalinity. Our finding confirms intense chemical weathering at the onset of deglaciation but indicates that the maximum weathering predated cap carbonate deposition.
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Ott, Richard, Sean F. Gallen, and David Helman. "Erosion and weathering in carbonate regions reveal climatic and tectonic drivers of carbonate landscape evolution." Earth Surface Dynamics 11, no. 2 (March 29, 2023): 247–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-247-2023.
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Abstract. Carbonate rocks are highly reactive and can have higher ratios of chemical weathering to total denudation relative to most other rock types. Their chemical reactivity affects the first-order morphology of carbonate-dominated landscapes and their climate sensitivity to weathering. However, there have been few efforts to quantify the partitioning of denudation into mechanical erosion and chemical weathering in carbonate landscapes such that their sensitivity to changing climatic and tectonic conditions remains elusive. Here, we compile bedrock and catchment-averaged cosmogenic calcite–36Cl denudation rates and compare them to weathering rates derived from stream water chemistry from the same regions. Local bedrock denudation and weathering rates are comparable, ∼20–40 mm ka−1, whereas catchment-averaged denudation rates are ∼2.7 times higher. The discrepancy between bedrock and catchment-averaged denudation is 5 times lower compared to silicate-rich rocks, illustrating that elevated weathering rates make denudation more spatially uniform in carbonate-dominated landscapes. Catchment-averaged denudation rates correlate well with topographic relief and hillslope gradients, and moderate correlations with runoff can be explained by concurrent increases in weathering rates. Comparing denudation rates with weathering rates shows that mechanical erosion processes contribute ∼50 % of denudation in southern France and ∼70 % in Greece and Israel. Our results indicate that the partitioning between largely slope-independent chemical weathering and slope-dependent mechanical erosion varies based on climate and tectonics and impacts the landscape morphology. This leads us to propose a conceptual model whereby in humid, slowly uplifting regions, carbonates are associated with low-lying, flat topography because slope-independent chemical weathering dominates denudation. In contrast, in arid climates with rapid rock uplift rates, carbonate rocks form steep mountains that facilitate rapid, slope-dependent mechanical erosion required to compensate for inefficient chemical weathering and runoff loss to groundwater systems. This result suggests that carbonates represent an end member for interactions between climate, tectonics, and lithology.
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Wu, Huaying, Zhongcheng Jiang, Qibo Huang, Funing Lan, Hongwei Liao, Tengfang Li, and Chenhui Huang. "Geochemistry of Weathering Cover and the Main Influencing Factors in Karst Area of Guilin, Southwest China." Water 15, no. 16 (August 15, 2023): 2944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15162944.
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The chemical weathering of carbonate rocks is the main form of interaction between earth spheres in the karst critical zone. The karst weathering cover, which is composed by residua from carbonate rocks weathering, contains important information about the climate environment and material cycle. We present the chemical composition of weathering covers in karst area of Guilin, Guangxi province, analyze their weathering process and strength, and compare them with the other weathering covers in other karst area in China, including Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan, and Qinghai Tibet Plateau. The results showed: (1) the chemical composition of Guilin weathering covers were similar to that of carbonate weathering covers in other areas of China, and had the common characteristics of uniform distribution of chemical composition in the profile and obvious enrichment of Fe, Al and trace elements. During the formation of carbonate weathering cover and the residua, the rapid dissolution of Ca and Mg had an important impact on the migration and enrichment of other elements. (2) The chemical index of alteration (CIA) of carbonate weathering covers in Guilin and other karst areas of China was much larger than that in the upper crust (UCC) (60.13), which showed strong chemical weathering characteristics of the humid and hot climate. (3) The weathering process of carbonate rock was different from that of silicate and loess. In the early stage of carbonate rock weathering, soluble components (calcite and dolomite) had been rapidly dissolved and leached. All the carbonate weathering residua was measured to be in the stage of K2O weathering and Al2O3 increasing. Therefore, the weathering degree of carbonate weathering cover was mainly determined by the leaching of K2O and the increase of Al2O3. As a result, there was no correlation between CIA and Na/K (molar ratio), but was a significant negative correlation between CIA and K/Al (molar ratio) in the carbonate weathering cover. (4) The CIA values of weathering residua and carbonate weathering cover in southern China were negatively correlated with latitude, reflecting the influence of climate factors. From the influence of lithology, the chemical compositions of parent rock can affect the CIA of weathering cover, and the content of insoluble matter in carbonate rock was negatively correlated with CIA. From the influence of topography, the CIA value of weathering residua decreased from the high to the low position and from the shallow to the deep part of the profile.
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Chen, Wenwen, Huanfang Huang, Haixiang Li, Jianhua Cao, Qiang Li, Yingjie Chen, Bing Bai, and Honghu Zeng. "Coupled nitrogen transformation and carbon sink in the karst aquatic system: a review." Blue-Green Systems 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/bgs.2021.120.
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Abstract Carbonate bedrock regions represent that 14% of Earth's continental surface and carbon (C) sink in karst water plays an important role in the global C cycle due to the CO2 consumption during carbonate mineral weathering. Intensive agriculture and urbanization have led to the excessive input of nitrogen (N) into aquatic systems, while the high concentrations of inorganic C in the karst water might affect the N cycle. This paper summarized the characteristics of water in karst regions and discussed the N transformation coupled with the C cycle in the condition of high Ca2+ content, high pH, and high C/N ratios. Carbonates can consume more atmospheric and pedologic CO2 than non-carbonates because of their high solubility and high rate of dissolution, resulting in the higher average CO2 sink in karst basins worldwide than that in non-karst basins. Therefore, carbonate mineral weathering and aquatic photosynthesis are the two dominant ways of CO2 absorption, which are termed as coupled carbonate weathering. As the alkalinity and high C/N content of karst water inhibit the denitrification and mineralization processes, the karst aquatic environment is also served as the N sink.
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Harbar, Vladyslav, and Andriy Lisovskiy. "Carbonations and carbonate profile forming processes of rendzinas of the Podilski Tovtry." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, no. 51 (December 27, 2017): 88–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2017.51.8741.
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The peculiarities of content and profile distribution of carbonates in rendzinas and soil-forming rocks of the Podilski Tovtry are investigated. It has been determined that the predominant process of weathering of carbonate rocks is a chemical dissolution, in which carbonates are converted into bicarbonates and, in the case of washing water regime, are applied from the soil (the process of decarbonization) and mechanical grinding and destruction of the remaining carbonate inclusions in the process of soil cultivation. The dissolution of carbonate rocks causes accumulation in the soil profile of an insoluble residue, the intensity of which depends on the composition of carbonate rocks, the rate of filtration of aqueous solutions, their aggressiveness and the concentration of destructive substances. The most intensive such accumulation occurs in acidic medium, at a low rate of infiltration of solutions and at high concentrations of CO2. It was established that the highest proportion of CaCO3 is characterized by lithotamium limestone (up to 90–93 %), and the lowest – carbonate polygenetic loams (up to 35–40 %). The feature of the profile distribution of the content of carbonates in rendzinas is its gradual growth in the upper part of the soil profile and rapid in the middle and lower parts. It is determined that the rendzinas of the Podilski Tovtry carbonates are represented predominantly in the form of wreckage of initial soil-forming rocks of different sizes and shapes, as well as amorphous solid-phase crude and finely dispersed products of weathering in the form of powdery and powdery carbonate dusting. It is established that in dense crystallized lithotamium limestones of the main strand, the carbonate mass weakly passes moisture, and the main process of weathering occurs due to surface corrosion. The accumulation of secondary carbonates in the form of mycelium and veins is characteristic on the slopes of the Tovtry (mostly in brown rendzinas and pararendzinas), due to the vertical and lateral migration flows of the dissolved forms of CaCO3. Key words: rendzinas, Podilski Tovtry, carbonates, carbonate profile.
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Song, Chao, Changli Liu, Guilin Han, and Congqiang Liu. "Impact of different fertilizers on carbonate weathering in a typical karst area, Southwest China: a field column experiment." Earth Surface Dynamics 5, no. 3 (September 26, 2017): 605–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-605-2017.
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Abstract. Carbonate weathering, as a significant vector for the movement of carbon both between and within ecosystems, is strongly influenced by agricultural fertilization, since the addition of fertilizers tends to change the chemical characteristics of soil such as the pH. Different fertilizers may exert a different impact on carbonate weathering, but these discrepancies are as yet not well-known. In this study, a field column experiment was conducted to explore the response of carbonate weathering to the addition of different fertilizers. We compared 11 different treatments, including a control treatment, using three replicates per treatment. Carbonate weathering was assessed by measuring the weight loss of limestone and dolostone tablets buried at the bottom of soil-filled columns. The results show that the addition of urea, NH4NO3, NH4HCO3, NH4Cl and (NH4)2CO3 distinctly increased carbonate weathering, which was attributed to the nitrification of NH4+. The addition of Ca3(PO4)2, Ca–Mg–P and K2CO3 induced carbonate precipitation due to the common ion effect. The addition of (NH4)3PO4 and NaNO3 had a relatively small impact on carbonate weathering in comparison to those five NH4-based fertilizers above. The results of NaNO3 treatment raise a new question: the negligible impact of nitrate on carbonate weathering may result in an overestimation of the impact of N fertilizer on CO2 consumption by carbonate weathering on the regional/global scale if the effects of NO3 and NH4 are not distinguished.
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Xie, Yincai, Yupei Hao, Jun Li, Yongli Guo, Qiong Xiao, and Fen Huang. "Influence of Anthropogenic Sulfuric Acid on Different Lithological Carbonate Weathering and the Related Carbon Sink Budget: Examples from Southwest China." Water 15, no. 16 (August 14, 2023): 2933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15162933.
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Accurate estimate of carbonate weathering and the related carbon sink flux induced by anthropogenic H2SO4 is of great significance for improving understanding of the hydrogeochemical evolution and the global carbon cycle. Here, to quantitatively evaluate the influence of anthropogenic H2SO4 on different lithological carbonate weathering and the related carbon sink budget, karst spring water in the typical limestone and mixed limestone–dolomite catchments in Yaji and Beidiping affected by acid precipitation in southwest China were sampled monthly for the analysis of hydrochemical and δ13CDIC characteristics. Results show for the period of sampling (August 2013 to December 2014) that the average contribution rates of atmospheric inputs and carbonate weathering to total dissolved cations are 2.24% and 97.8%, and 3.09% and 96.9% in Yaji and Beidiping, respectively. The δ13CDIC values (−17.0% to −14.7‰) and the [Ca2+ + Mg2+]/[HCO3−] (0.98 to 1.25) and [Ca2+ + Mg2+]/[HCO3− + SO42−] (approximately 1) equivalent ratios of samples prove that H2CO3 and H2SO4 simultaneously participate in carbonate weathering. The contribution rates of H2SO4 to [Ca2+ + Mg2+] and [HCO3−] produced by carbonate weathering in Yaji and Beidiping are 0–30% and 0–18%, and 0–37% and 0–23%, with average values of 14% and 7%, and 19% and 11%, respectively, suggesting that the influence of H2SO4 on different lithological carbonate weathering is different. H2SO4 precipitation participating in carbonate weathering increases the weathering rate by 14–19%, whereas it decreases the flux of karst carbon sink by 7–11% in Southwest China. Therefore, anthropogenic acids have influenced the global carbon cycle and climate change by carbonate weathering due to the large karst areas in the world, and their influences on different lithological carbonate weathering should not be ignored in the regional and global carbon cycles in future studies.
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DA ROSA, ÁTILA AUGUSTO STOCK, NUNO LAMAS VALENTE PIMENTEL, and UBIRATAN FERRUCIO FACCINI. "Paleoalterações e Carbonatos em Depósitos Aluviais na Região de Santa Maria, Triássico Médio a Superior do Sul do Brasil." Pesquisas em Geociências 31, no. 1 (June 30, 2004): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1807-9806.19561.
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Five types of paleo-weathering and carbonate precipitation were recognized in fine-grained deposits of the Alemoa Member, Santa Maria Formation, Middle to Upper Triassic of southern Brazil. The fauna and flora found in these lithologies are important dating tools, but only in a generic way, misleading the time involved in periods of deposition and non deposition. The identified types of deposits are (i) reddish mudstones, with none or little paleo-weathering, (ii) mottled mudstones, with incipient pedogenesis, mainly mottling, destratification, animal and vegetal colonization, (iii) carbonate veins, with more evidences of exposure and root action, (iv) carbonate siltstones/sandstones, where restricted fluvial deposits are cemented by phreatic carbonate, and (v) carbonate nodules and lenses, in which small lenses of a very compact calcrete are at the top and in the center of carbonated siltstone/sandstone beds, distinguished by its crystalinity, hardness and brighter color. The recorded microfacies point to a cyclic variation of the mainly high phreatic level, forming cracks and pedotubules (pedogenesis) filled with carbonate and Fe and Mn oxides (phreatic). The identification of five distinct pedofacies and the stratigraphic correlation in the sedimentary package of the Alemoa Member (base, middle or topmost position) suggest a probable association of paleo-weathering processes and vertebrate preservation. Near channel facies, mainly at the base and top, present smaller exposure periods and higher variations on the phreatic level, and consequently, the best preserved vertebrate fossils. On the other hand, facies which are far from the channel, record more subaerial exposure and more significant phreatic variation, leading to more advanced (although still incipient) paleo-weathering and carbonate precipitation, and to a worst fossil preservation.
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Cao, Yingjie, Yingxue Xuan, Changyuan Tang, Shuai Guan, and Yisheng Peng. "Temporary and net sinks of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> due to chemical weathering in subtropical catchment with mixing carbonate and silicate lithology." Biogeosciences 17, no. 14 (July 31, 2020): 3875–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3875-2020.
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Abstract. The study provided the major ion chemistry, chemical weathering rates and temporary and net CO2 sinks in the Bei Jiang, which was characterized as a hyperactive region with high chemical weathering rates, carbonate and silicate mixing lithology, and abundant sulfuric acid chemical weathering agent of acid deposition and acid mining drainage (AMD) origins. The total chemical weathering rate of 85.46 t km−2 a−1 was comparable to that of other rivers in the hyperactive zones between the latitudes 0 and 30∘. A carbonate weathering rate of 61.15 t km−2 a−1 contributed to about 70 % of the total. The lithology, runoff, and geomorphology had a significant influence on the chemical weathering rate. The proportion of carbonate outcrops had a significant positive correlation with the chemical weathering rate. Due to the interaction between dilution and compensation effect, a significant positive linear relationship was detected between runoff and total carbonate and silicate weathering rates. The geomorphology factors such as catchment area, average slope, and hypsometric integral value (HI) had nonlinear correlation with chemical weathering rate and showed significant scale effect, which revealed the complexity in chemical weathering processes. Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) apportionment showed that CCW (carbonate weathering by CO2) was the dominant origin of DIC (35 %–87 %). SCW (carbonate weathering by H2SO4) (3 %–15 %) and CSW (silicate weathering by CO2) (7 %–59 %) were non-negligible processes. The temporary CO2 sink was 823.41×103 mol km−2 a−1. Compared with the temporary sink, the net sink of CO2 for the Bei Jiang was approximately 23.18×103 mol km−2 a−1 of CO2 and was about 2.82 % of the “temporary” CO2 sink. Human activities (sulfur acid deposition and AMD) dramatically decreased the CO2 net sink, even making chemical weathering a CO2 source to the atmosphere.
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Liu, Zaihua, Wolfgang Dreybrodt, and Huan Liu. "Atmospheric CO2 sink: Silicate weathering or carbonate weathering?" Applied Geochemistry 26 (June 2011): S292—S294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2011.03.085.
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Li, Xiaoqiang, Guilin Han, Man Liu, Kunhua Yang, and Jinke Liu. "Hydro-Geochemistry of the River Water in the Jiulongjiang River Basin, Southeast China: Implications of Anthropogenic Inputs and Chemical Weathering." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 3 (February 2, 2019): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030440.
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This study focuses on the chemical weathering process under the influence of human activities in the Jiulongjiang River basin, which is the most developed and heavily polluted area in southeast China. The average total dissolved solid (TDS) of the river water is 116.6 mg/L and total cation concentration ( TZ + ) is 1.5 meq/L. Calcium and HCO 3 − followed by Na + and SO 4 2 − constitute the main species in river waters. A mass balance based on cations calculation indicated that the silicate weathering (43.3%), carbonate weathering (30.7%), atmospheric (15.6%) and anthropogenic inputs (10.4%) are four reservoirs contributing to the dissolved load. Silicates (SCW) and carbonates (CCW) chemical weathering rates are calculated to be approximately 53.2 ton/km2/a and 15.0 ton/km2/a, respectively. When sulfuric and nitric acid from rainfall affected by human activities are involved in the weathering process, the actual atmospheric CO 2 consumption rates are estimated at 3.7 × 105 mol/km2/a for silicate weathering and 2.2 × 105 mol/km2/a for carbonate weathering. An overestimated carbon sink (17.4 Gg C / a ) is about 27.0% of the CO 2 consumption flux via silicate weathering in the Jiulongjiang River basin, this result shows the strong effects of anthropogenic factors on atmospheric CO 2 level and current and future climate change of earth.
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Roland, M., P. Serrano-Ortiz, A. S. Kowalski, Y. Goddéris, E. P. Sánchez-Cañete, P. Ciais, F. Domingo, et al. "Atmospheric turbulence triggers pronounced diel pattern in karst carbonate geochemistry." Biogeosciences 10, no. 7 (July 24, 2013): 5009–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-5009-2013.
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Abstract. CO2 exchange between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere is key to understanding the feedbacks between climate change and the land surface. In regions with carbonaceous parent material, CO2 exchange patterns occur that cannot be explained by biological processes, such as disproportionate outgassing during the daytime or nighttime CO2 uptake during periods when all vegetation is senescent. Neither of these phenomena can be attributed to carbonate weathering reactions, since their CO2 exchange rates are too small. Soil ventilation induced by high atmospheric turbulence is found to explain atypical CO2 exchange between carbonaceous systems and the atmosphere. However, by strongly altering subsurface CO2 concentrations, ventilation can be expected to influence carbonate weathering rates. By imposing ventilation-driven CO2 outgassing in a carbonate weathering model, we show here that carbonate geochemistry is accelerated and does play a surprisingly large role in the observed CO2 exchange pattern of a semi-arid ecosystem. We found that by rapidly depleting soil CO2 during the daytime, ventilation disturbs soil carbonate equilibria and therefore strongly magnifies daytime carbonate precipitation and associated CO2 production. At night, ventilation ceases and the depleted CO2 concentrations increase steadily. Dissolution of carbonate is now enhanced, which consumes CO2 and largely compensates for the enhanced daytime carbonate precipitation. This is why only a relatively small effect on global carbonate weathering rates is to be expected. On the short term, however, ventilation has a drastic effect on synoptic carbonate weathering rates, resulting in a pronounced diel pattern that exacerbates the non-biological behavior of soil–atmosphere CO2 exchanges in dry regions \\mbox{with carbonate soils}.
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Roland, M., P. Serrano-Ortiz, A. S. Kowalski, Y. Goddéris, E. P. Sánchez-Cañete, P. Ciais, F. Domingo, et al. "Atmospheric turbulence triggers pronounced diel pattern in karst carbonate geochemistry." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 1 (January 28, 2013): 1207–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-1207-2013.
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Abstract. CO2 exchange between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere is key to understanding the feedbacks between climate change and the land surface. In regions with carbonaceous parent material, CO2 exchange patterns occur that cannot be explained by biological processes, such as disproportionate outgassing during daytime or nighttime CO2 uptake during periods when all vegetation is senescent. Neither of these phenomena can be attributed to carbonate weathering reactions, since their CO2 exchange rates are too small. Soil ventilation induced by high atmospheric turbulence is found to explain atypical CO2 exchange between carbonaceous systems and the atmosphere. However, by strongly altering subsurface CO2 concentrations, ventilation can be expected to influence carbonate weathering rates. By imposing ventilation-driven CO2 outgassing in a carbonate weathering model, we show here that carbonate geochemistry is accelerated and does play a surprisingly large role in the observed CO2 exchange patterns. We found that by rapidly depleting soil CO2 during daytime, ventilation disturbs soil carbonate equilibria and therefore strongly magnifies daytime carbonate precipitation and associated CO2 production. At night, ventilation ceases and the depleted CO2 concentrations increase steadily. Dissolution of carbonate is now enhanced, which consumes CO2 and largely compensates for the enhanced daytime carbonate precipitation. This is why only a relatively small effect on global carbonate weathering rates is to be expected. On the short term, however, ventilation has a drastic effect on synoptic carbonate weathering rates, resulting in a pronounced diel pattern that exacerbates the non-biological behavior of soil-atmosphere CO2 exchanges in dry regions with carbonate soils.
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Marinoni, L., M. Setti, C. Salvi, and A. López-Galindo. "Clay minerals in late Quaternary sediments from the south Chilean margin as indicators of provenance and palaeoclimate." Clay Minerals 43, no. 2 (June 2008): 235–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2008.043.2.07.
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AbstractAn investigation of bulk-rock and clay-fraction compositions of two sedimentary cores from southern Chile was performed to evaluate the record of temporal climatic changes during the late Quaternary (11 ky and 30 ky BP). The bulk mineralogy shows an abundance of feldspars, mica and quartz, with lesser chlorite, amphibole and pyroxene, and variable amounts of carbonates. The clay fraction consists of illite, chlorite and scarce smectite. Smectite shows platy morphology, an Al-Fe beidellite chemical composition, and is detrital. Smectite, together with biogenic carbonate, increases in levels diagnostic of warmer phases. Increases in smectite are attributed either to the beginning of chemical weathering, allowed by the glacial retreat, or to ice extension and sea-level variations. Warmer climates also favoured the increase of carbonate productivity. Levels diagnostic of colder phases show a large decrease in carbonate, small amounts of smectite and large amounts of chlorite and mica, as the abundance of glaciers reduced the productivity and prevented chemical weathering.
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Bufe, Aaron, Niels Hovius, Robert Emberson, Jeremy K. C. Rugenstein, Albert Galy, Hima J. Hassenruck-Gudipati, and Jui-Ming Chang. "Co-variation of silicate, carbonate and sulfide weathering drives CO2 release with erosion." Nature Geoscience 14, no. 4 (April 2021): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00714-3.
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AbstractGlobal climate is thought to be modulated by the supply of minerals to Earth’s surface. Whereas silicate weathering removes carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere, weathering of accessory carbonate and sulfide minerals is a geologically relevant source of CO2. Although these weathering pathways commonly operate side by side, we lack quantitative constraints on their co-variation across erosion rate gradients. Here we use stream-water chemistry across an erosion rate gradient of three orders of magnitude in shales and sandstones of southern Taiwan, and find that sulfide and carbonate weathering rates rise with increasing erosion, while silicate weathering rates remain steady. As a result, on timescales shorter than marine sulfide compensation (approximately 106–107 years), weathering in rapidly eroding terrain leads to net CO2 emission rates that are at least twice as fast as CO2 sequestration rates in slow-eroding terrain. We propose that these weathering reactions are linked and that sulfuric acid generated from sulfide oxidation boosts carbonate solubility, whereas silicate weathering kinetics remain unaffected, possibly due to efficient buffering of the pH. We expect that these patterns are broadly applicable to many Cenozoic mountain ranges that expose marine metasediments.
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Wen, Hang, Pamela L. Sullivan, Gwendolyn L. Macpherson, Sharon A. Billings, and Li Li. "Deepening roots can enhance carbonate weathering by amplifying CO<sub>2</sub>-rich recharge." Biogeosciences 18, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 55–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-55-2021.
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Abstract. Carbonate weathering is essential in regulating atmospheric CO2 and carbon cycle at the century timescale. Plant roots accelerate weathering by elevating soil CO2 via respiration. It however remains poorly understood how and how much rooting characteristics (e.g., depth and density distribution) modify flow paths and weathering. We address this knowledge gap using field data from and reactive transport numerical experiments at the Konza Prairie Biological Station (Konza), Kansas (USA), a site where woody encroachment into grasslands is surmised to deepen roots. Results indicate that deepening roots can enhance weathering in two ways. First, deepening roots can control thermodynamic limits of carbonate dissolution by regulating how much CO2 transports vertical downward to the deeper carbonate-rich zone. The base-case data and model from Konza reveal that concentrations of Ca and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) are regulated by soil pCO2 driven by the seasonal soil respiration. This relationship can be encapsulated in equations derived in this work describing the dependence of Ca and DIC on temperature and soil CO2. The relationship can explain spring water Ca and DIC concentrations from multiple carbonate-dominated catchments. Second, numerical experiments show that roots control weathering rates by regulating recharge (or vertical water fluxes) into the deeper carbonate zone and export reaction products at dissolution equilibrium. The numerical experiments explored the potential effects of partitioning 40 % of infiltrated water to depth in woodlands compared to 5 % in grasslands. Soil CO2 data suggest relatively similar soil CO2 distribution over depth, which in woodlands and grasslands leads only to 1 % to ∼ 12 % difference in weathering rates if flow partitioning was kept the same between the two land covers. In contrast, deepening roots can enhance weathering by ∼ 17 % to 200 % as infiltration rates increased from 3.7 × 10−2 to 3.7 m/a. Weathering rates in these cases however are more than an order of magnitude higher than a case without roots at all, underscoring the essential role of roots in general. Numerical experiments also indicate that weathering fronts in woodlands propagated > 2 times deeper compared to grasslands after 300 years at an infiltration rate of 0.37 m/a. These differences in weathering fronts are ultimately caused by the differences in the contact times of CO2-charged water with carbonate in the deep subsurface. Within the limitation of modeling exercises, these data and numerical experiments prompt the hypothesis that (1) deepening roots in woodlands can enhance carbonate weathering by promoting recharge and CO2–carbonate contact in the deep subsurface and (2) the hydrological impacts of rooting characteristics can be more influential than those of soil CO2 distribution in modulating weathering rates. We call for colocated characterizations of roots, subsurface structure, and soil CO2 levels, as well as their linkage to water and water chemistry. These measurements will be essential to illuminate feedback mechanisms of land cover changes, chemical weathering, global carbon cycle, and climate.
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Chang, Cheng, Howard Omar Beckford, and Hongbing Ji. "Indication of Sr Isotopes on Weathering Process of Carbonate Rocks in Karst Area of Southwest China." Sustainability 14, no. 8 (April 18, 2022): 4822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14084822.
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Based on the determination of the major and trace element content, and the Sr isotope composition of soils from limestone and dolomite profiles in the karst area of Southwest (SW) China, this study discussed the distribution and migration characteristics of the elements and the influencing factors of Sr isotope fractionation, in order to better understand the chemical weathering and pedogenesis process, as well as to explore the material source of laterite. The chemical weathering analysis results (Chemical Index of Alteration, mass balance coefficient, and A-CN-K ternary) indicate that the weathering intensity of dolomite profile PB is higher than that of limestone profiles CZ and CY. The correlation analysis between Sr isotopes and P2O5 suggests that in addition to illite, apatite in the dolomite profile also affects the 87Sr/86Sr composition. Sr content and 87Sr/86Sr demonstrate two stages in the weathering process of the carbonate, carbonate dissolution stage, and residual silicate weathering stage. As the carbonate minerals dissolve at the beginning of weathering, the Sr content decreases and 87Sr/86Sr increases slightly. After the decomposition of carbonate, the Sr content remains unchanged and 87Sr/86Sr increases. Finally, the study suggests that the material source of laterite is more likely to be underlying bedrock rather than the aeolian source.
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Romero-Mujalli, G., J. Hartmann, and J. Börker. "Temperature and CO2 dependency of global carbonate weathering fluxes – Implications for future carbonate weathering research." Chemical Geology 527 (November 2019): 118874. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.08.010.
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BREEMEN, N. VAN, and R. PROTZ. "RATES OF CALCIUM CARBONATE REMOVAL FROM SOILS." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 68, no. 2 (May 1, 1988): 449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss88-042.
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Mean annual rates of calcium carbonate removal from soils in a subarctic climate estimated from data on two chronosequences of calcareous storm ridges, appeared to be relatively constant through time. Concentrations of dissolved calcium carbonate in the soil solution in the study sites calculated from the rates of weathering of CaCO3 and of water drainage are in the range expected for equilibrium with calcite. The same conclusion could be drawn from published studies elsewhere. Over a wide range of conditions, the dissolution rate of calcite appears to be high enough to maintain equilibrium concentrations in water percolating calcareous soils and rocks. Consequently, the rate of calcium carbonate weathering can be predicted from (1) the solubility of CaCO3 and (2) the water drainage rate. Key words: Calcium carbonate weathering, soil chronosequence, subarctic soils
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van der Ploeg, Robin, Bernard P. Boudreau, Jack J. Middelburg, and Appy Sluijs. "Cenozoic carbonate burial along continental margins." Geology 47, no. 11 (September 6, 2019): 1025–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g46418.1.
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Abstract Marine carbonate burial represents the largest long-term carbon sink at Earth’s surface, occurring in both deep-sea (pelagic) environments and shallower waters along continental margins. The distribution of carbonate accumulation has varied over geological history and impacts the carbon cycle and ocean chemistry, but it remains difficult to quantitatively constrain. Here, we reconstruct Cenozoic carbonate burial along continental margins using a mass balance for global carbonate alkalinity, which integrates independent estimates for continental weathering and pelagic carbonate burial. Our results indicate that major changes in marginal carbonate burial were associated with important climate and sea-level change events, including the Eocene-Oligocene transition (ca. 34 Ma), the Oligocene-Miocene boundary Mi-1 glaciation (ca. 23 Ma), and the middle Miocene climate transition (ca. 14 Ma). In addition, we find that a major increase in continental weathering from ca. 10 Ma to the present may have driven a concomitant increase in pelagic carbonate burial. Together, our results show that changes in global climate, sea level, and continental weathering have all impacted carbonate burial over the Cenozoic, but the relative importance of these processes may have varied through time.
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Bufe, Aaron, Kristen L. Cook, Albert Galy, Hella Wittmann, and Niels Hovius. "The effect of lithology on the relationship between denudation rate and chemical weathering pathways – evidence from the eastern Tibetan Plateau." Earth Surface Dynamics 10, no. 3 (June 7, 2022): 513–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-513-2022.
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Abstract. The denudation of rocks in mountain belts exposes a range of fresh minerals to the surface of the Earth that are chemically weathered by acidic and oxygenated fluids. The impact of the resulting coupling between denudation and weathering rates fundamentally depends on the types of minerals that are weathering. Whereas silicate weathering sequesters CO2, the combination of sulfide oxidation and carbonate dissolution emits CO2 to the atmosphere. Here, we combine the concentrations of dissolved major elements in stream waters with 10Be basin-wide denudation rates from 35 small catchments in eastern Tibet to elucidate the importance of lithology in modulating the relationships between denudation rate, chemical weathering pathways, and CO2 consumption or release. Our catchments span 3 orders of magnitude in denudation rate in low-grade flysch, high-grade metapelites, and granitoid rocks. For each stream, we estimate the concentrations of solutes sourced from silicate weathering, carbonate dissolution, and sulfide oxidation using a mixing model. We find that for all lithologies, cation concentrations from silicate weathering are largely independent of denudation rate, but solute concentrations from carbonates and, where present, sulfides increase with increasing denudation rate. With increasing denudation rates, weathering may therefore shift from consuming to releasing CO2 in both (meta)sedimentary and granitoid lithologies. For a given denudation rate, we report dissolved solid concentrations and inferred weathering fluxes in catchments underlain by (meta)sedimentary rock that are 2–10 times higher compared to catchments containing granitoid lithologies, even though climatic and topographic parameters do not vary systematically between these catchments. Thus, varying proportions of exposed (meta)sedimentary and igneous rocks during orogenesis could lead to changes in the sequestration and release of CO2 that are independent of denudation rate.
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Zolkos, Scott, Suzanne E. Tank, Robert G. Striegl, Steven V. Kokelj, Justin Kokoszka, Cristian Estop-Aragonés, and David Olefeldt. "Thermokarst amplifies fluvial inorganic carbon cycling and export across watershed scales on the Peel Plateau, Canada." Biogeosciences 17, no. 20 (October 26, 2020): 5163–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5163-2020.
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Abstract. As climate warming and precipitation increase at high latitudes, permafrost terrains across the circumpolar north are poised for intensified geomorphic activity and sediment mobilization that are expected to persist for millennia. In previously glaciated permafrost terrain, ice-rich deposits are associated with large stores of reactive mineral substrate. Over geological timescales, chemical weathering moderates atmospheric CO2 levels, raising the prospect that mass wasting driven by terrain consolidation following thaw (thermokarst) may enhance weathering of permafrost sediments and thus climate feedbacks. The nature of these feedbacks depends upon the mineral composition of sediments (weathering sources) and the balance between atmospheric exchange of CO2 vs. fluvial export of carbonate alkalinity (Σ[HCO3-, CO32-]). Working in the fluvially incised, ice-rich glacial deposits of the Peel Plateau in northwestern Canada, we determine the effects of slope thermokarst in the form of retrogressive thaw slump (RTS) activity on mineral weathering sources, CO2 dynamics, and carbonate alkalinity export and how these effects integrate across watershed scales (∼ 2 to 1000 km2). We worked along three transects in nested watersheds with varying connectivity to RTS activity: a 550 m transect along a first-order thaw stream within a large RTS, a 14 km transect along a stream which directly received inputs from several RTSs, and a 70 km transect along a larger stream with headwaters that lay outside of RTS influence. In undisturbed headwaters, stream chemistry reflected CO2 from soil respiration processes and atmospheric exchange. Within the RTS, rapid sulfuric acid carbonate weathering, prompted by the exposure of sulfide- and carbonate-bearing tills, appeared to increase fluvial CO2 efflux to the atmosphere and propagate carbonate alkalinity across watershed scales. Despite covering less than 1 % of the landscape, RTS activity drove carbonate alkalinity to increase by 2 orders of magnitude along the largest transect. Amplified export of carbonate alkalinity together with isotopic signals of shifting DIC and CO2 sources along the downstream transects highlights the dynamic nature of carbon cycling that may typify glaciated permafrost watersheds subject to intensification of hillslope thermokarst. The balance between CO2 drawdown in regions where carbonic acid weathering predominates and CO2 release in regions where sulfides are more prevalent will determine the biogeochemical legacy of thermokarst and enhanced weathering in northern permafrost terrains. Effects of RTSs on carbon cycling can be expected to persist for millennia, indicating a need for their integration into predictions of weathering–carbon–climate feedbacks among thermokarst terrains.
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Ehlmann, Bethany L., John F. Mustard, Scott L. Murchie, Francois Poulet, Janice L. Bishop, Adrian J. Brown, Wendy M. Calvin, et al. "Orbital Identification of Carbonate-Bearing Rocks on Mars." Science 322, no. 5909 (December 19, 2008): 1828–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1164759.
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Geochemical models for Mars predict carbonate formation during aqueous alteration. Carbonate-bearing rocks had not previously been detected on Mars' surface, but Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter mapping reveals a regional rock layer with near-infrared spectral characteristics that are consistent with the presence of magnesium carbonate in the Nili Fossae region. The carbonate is closely associated with both phyllosilicate-bearing and olivine-rich rock units and probably formed during the Noachian or early Hesperian era from the alteration of olivine by either hydrothermal fluids or near-surface water. The presence of carbonate as well as accompanying clays suggests that waters were neutral to alkaline at the time of its formation and that acidic weathering, proposed to be characteristic of Hesperian Mars, did not destroy these carbonates and thus did not dominate all aqueous environments.
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Kim, John H., Esteban G. Jobbágy, Daniel D. Richter, Susan E. Trumbore, and Robert B. Jackson. "Agricultural acceleration of soil carbonate weathering." Global Change Biology 26, no. 10 (July 26, 2020): 5988–6002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15207.
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Wang, Di, Guilin Han, Bogen Li, Mingming Hu, Yuchun Wang, Jinke Liu, Jie Zeng, and Xiaoqiang Li. "Characteristics of Ions Composition and Chemical Weathering of Tributary in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region: The Perspective of Stratified Water Sample from Xiaojiang River." Water 14, no. 3 (January 27, 2022): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14030379.
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River water chemistry offers information on watershed weathering and responds to the global carbon cycle. Watershed weathering processes and water chemistry in stratified water are still unclear in Xiaojiang River, as a major tributary of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) which is the largest reservoir in the world. Major ions of river water at different depths were measured to reveal the ionic composition and chemical weathering properties by principal component analysis and stoichiometry in Xiaojiang River. Ca2+−HCO3− dominated the hydrochemical facies of river. Surface river water had the lowest total dissolved solid (146 mg/L) compared to other layers of water. According to principal component analysis, the major ions were divided into two principal components. PC1 was the weathering end-member of rocks, including the main ions except K+ and NO3–N, and PC2 may be the mixed end-member of atmospheric input and anthropogenic input. From stoichiometry, carbonate weathering dominated the cationic composition, with a contribution ratio of 56.7%, whereas atmospheric input (15.2%) and silicates weathering (13.9%) had similar extent of contribution. Compared with other major tributaries of TGR, Xiaojiang had more intense chemical weathering processes. The weathering rates of carbonates and silicates were 19.33 ± 0.68 ton/km2/year and 3.56 ± 0.58 ton/km2/year, respectively. Sulfuric acid as a proton may have participated less in the weathering processes of Xiaojiang River. The CO2 consumption budgets for silicates and carbonates weathering were 0.8 ± 0.2 × 109 mol/year and 2.8 ± 0.2 × 109 mol/year, respectively. These results enrich the watershed weathering information of TGR tributaries and provide data support for understanding the global carbon cycle.
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Zhao, Yanpu, Jan R. Wijbrans, Hua Wang, Pieter Z. Vroon, Jianghao Ma, and Yanqiong Zhao. "Chemical Weathering and CO2 Consumption Inferred from Riverine Water Chemistry in the Xi River Drainage, South China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 2 (January 13, 2023): 1516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021516.
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Hydrochemistry and strontium isotope data were analysed in water samples from the Xi River Drainage system to reveal the spatial and seasonal variations in chemical weathering, associated CO2 consumption fluxes, and their control factors. The main ions were Ca2+, Mg2+, and HCO3−, which are characteristic of a drainage system on carbonate-dominated bedrock. The dissolved loads were derived from four major end-member reservoirs: silicate, limestone, dolomite, and atmosphere. The silicate weathering rates (SWRs) increased downstream from 0.03 t/km2/year to 2.37 t/km2/year. The carbonate weathering rates (CWRs) increased from 2.14 t/km2/year in the upper reaches, to 32.65 t/km2/year in the middle reaches, and then decreased to 23.20 t/km2/year in the lower reaches. The SWR values were 281.38 and 113.65 kg/km2/month during the high- and low-water periods, respectively. The CWR values were 2456.72 and 1409.32 kg/km2/month, respectively. The limestone weathering rates were 2042.74 and 1222.38 kg/km2/month, respectively. The dolomite weathering rates were 413.98 and 186.94 kg/km2/month, respectively. Spatial and seasonal variations in chemical weathering were controlled mainly by lithology, vegetation, and climate (temperature, water discharge, and precipitation). The CO2 consumption flux by chemical weathering was estimated at 189.79 × 109 mol/year, with 156.37 × 109 and 33.42 × 109 mol/year for carbonate and silicate weathering, respectively. The CO2 fluxes by chemical weathering are substantially influenced by sulfuric acid in the system. The CO2 flux produced by sulfuric acid weathering was estimated at 30.00 × 109 mol/year in the basin. Therefore, the Xi River Basin is a CO2 sink with a net consumption of CO2 flux of 3.42 × 109 mol/year.
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Lehmann, Nele, Hugues Lantuit, Michael Ernst Böttcher, Jens Hartmann, Antje Eulenburg, and Helmuth Thomas. "Alkalinity generation from carbonate weathering in a silicate-dominated headwater catchment at Iskorasfjellet, northern Norway." Biogeosciences 20, no. 16 (August 18, 2023): 3459–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3459-2023.
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Abstract. The weathering rate of carbonate minerals is several orders of magnitude higher than for silicate minerals. Therefore, small amounts of carbonate minerals have the potential to control the dissolved weathering loads in silicate-dominated catchments. Both weathering processes produce alkalinity under the consumption of CO2. Given that only alkalinity generation from silicate weathering is thought to be a long-term sink for CO2, a misattributed weathering source could lead to incorrect conclusions about long- and short-term CO2 fixation. In this study, we aimed to identify the weathering sources responsible for alkalinity generation and CO2 fixation across watershed scales in a degrading permafrost landscape in northern Norway, 68.7–70.5∘ N, and on a temporal scale, in a subarctic headwater catchment on the mountainside of Iskorasfjellet, characterized by sporadic permafrost and underlain mainly by silicates as the alkalinity-bearing lithology. By analyzing total alkalinity (AT) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations, as well as the stable isotope signature of the latter (δ13C-DIC), in conjunction with dissolved cation and anion loads, we found that AT was almost entirely derived from weathering of the sparse carbonate minerals. We propose that in the headwater catchment the riparian zone is a hotspot area of AT generation and release due to its enhanced hydrological connectivity and that the weathering load contribution from the uphill catchment is limited by insufficient contact time of weathering agents and weatherable materials. By using stable water isotopes, it was possible to explain temporal variations in AT concentrations following a precipitation event due to surface runoff. In addition to carbonic acid, sulfuric acid, probably originating from oxidation of pyrite or reduced sulfur in wetlands or from acid deposition, is shown to be a potential corrosive reactant. An increased proportion of sulfuric acid as a potential weathering agent may have resulted in a decrease in AT. Therefore, carbonate weathering in the studied area should be considered not only as a short-term CO2 sink but also as a potential CO2 source. Finally, we found that AT increased with decreasing permafrost probability, and attributed this relation to an increased water storage capacity associated with increasing contact of weathering agent and rock surfaces and enhanced microbial activity. As both soil respiration and permafrost thaw are expected to increase with climate change, increasing the availability of weathering agents in the form of CO2 and water storage capacity, respectively, we suggest that future weathering rates and alkalinity generation will increase concomitantly in the study area.
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Yang, Yibo, Xiaomin Fang, Erwin Appel, Albert Galy, Minghui Li, and Weilin Zhang. "Late Pliocene–Quaternary evolution of redox conditions in the western Qaidam paleolake (NE Tibetan Plateau) deduced from Mn geochemistry in the drilling core SG-1." Quaternary Research 80, no. 3 (November 2013): 586–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2013.07.007.
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Manganese (Mn) in lake sediments reacts strongly to changes of redox conditions. This study analyzed Mn concentrations in oxides, carbonates, and bulk phases of the calcareous lacustrine sediments of a 938.5-m-long core (SG-1) taken from the western Qaidam Basin, well dated from 2.77 Ma to 0.1 Ma. Comparisons of extractions from diluted hydrochloric acid, acetic acid and citrate"bicarbonate"dithionite demonstrate that variations of Mn concentrations from acetic acid leaching (MnHOAc) are mostly responsible for Mn (II) fluctuations in the carbonate phase. Taking into account the relevant processes during weathering, transportation, deposition and post-deposition of Mn-bearing rocks, we conclude that Mn input from catchment weathering and paleolake redox condition provide the primary controls on variations in the Mn records of carbonate and oxide phases. We propose MnHOAc as a new sensitive indicator of paleolake redox evolution and catchment-scale climate change. The MnHOAc variations show a long-term upward decreasing trend, indicating a long-term decrease of Mn input from catchment weathering associated with increasing oxygen content in the paleolake bottom water. The great similarities of the MnHOAc record with other regional and global records suggest that paleolake redox changes and climatic drying in the Qaidam Basin may be largely related to global cooling.
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Wu, W. H., H. B. Zheng, and J. D. Yang. "Sr isotopic characteristics in two small watersheds draining typical silicate and carbonate rocks: implication for the studies on seawater Sr isotopic evolution." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 6 (June 21, 2013): 8031–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-8031-2013.
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Abstract. We systematically investigated Sr isotopic characteristics of small silicate watershed – the tributary Xishui River of the Yangtze River, and small carbonate watershed – the tributary Guijiang River of the Pearl River. The results show that the Xishui River has relatively high Sr concentrations (0.468–1.70 μmol L−1 in summer and 1.30–3.17 μmol L−1 in winter, respectively) and low 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.708686–0.709148 in summer and 0.708515–0.709305 in winter), which is similar to the characteristics of carbonate weathering. The Guijiang River has low Sr concentrations (0.124–1.098 μmol L−1) and high 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.710558–0.724605), being characterized by silicate weathering. In the Xishui River catchment, chemical weathering rates in summer are far higher than those in winter, indicating significant influence of climate regime. However, slight differences of 87Sr/86Sr ratios between summer and winter show that influence of climate on Sr isotope is uncertainty owing to very similar Sr isotope values in silicate and carbonate bedrocks. As 87Sr/86Sr ratios in the Xishui River are lower than those in seawater, they will decrease 87Sr/86Sr ratio of seawater after transported into oceans. Previous studies also showed that some basaltic watersheds with extremely high chemical weathering rates reduced the seawater Sr isotope ratios. In other words, river catchments with high silicate weathering rates do not certainly transport highly radiogenic Sr into oceans. Therefore, it may be questionable that using the variations of seawater 87Sr/86Sr ratio to indicate the continental silicate weathering intensity. In the Guijiang River catchment, 87Sr/86Sr ratios of carbonate rocks and other sources (rainwater, domestic and industrial waste water, and agricultural fertilizer) are lower than 0.71. In comparison, some non-carbonate components, such as, sand rocks, mud rocks, shales, have relatively high Sr isotopic compositions. Moreover, granites accounted for only 5% of the drainage area have extremely high 87Sr/86Sr ratios with an average of over 0.8. Therefore, a few silicate components contained in carbonate rocks obviously increases the Sr isotopic compositions of the river water, and results in a positive effect on the rise of 87Sr/86Sr ratio of seawater. Therefore, the relation between Sr isotope evolution of seawater and continental weathering rate is complex, 87Sr/86Sr ratios of underlying bedrock in catchment could be an important controlling factors.
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Liu, Jinke, Guilin Han, Man Liu, Jie Zeng, Bin Liang, and Rui Qu. "Distribution, Sources and Water Quality Evaluation of the Riverine Solutes: A Case Study in the Lancangjiang River Basin, Tibetan Plateau." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 23 (November 23, 2019): 4670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234670.
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To examine the chemical composition, potential sources of solutes, and water quality of Lancangjiang River, the concentrations of major ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3−, SO42−, Cl− and NO3−) in 45 river water samples collected in July and August 2019 were determined. Ca2+ and HCO3− are the predominant ions in river water. The extremely low K+ and NO3− concentrations and the sparse population suggest that the anthropogenic inputs are limited. The Pearson correlation coefficients and the elemental ratios Ca2+/Na+ versus Mg2+/Na+, Ca2+/Na versus HCO3−/Na+, [Ca2+ + Mg2+]/[HCO3−] versus [SO42−]/[HCO3−] reveal the mixing processes of different sources; the chemical composition of the river water is controlled by the mixture of carbonate weathering, evaporite weathering and silicate weathering inputs. To quantify the contributions of atmospheric input and rock dissolution, the forward method is employed in this study, which is based on the mass balance equation. The calculation results suggest the carbonate weathering inputs and gypsum dissolution make up the majority of the riverine cations, while silicate weathering and halite dissolution constitutes a relatively small proportion, the contributions of the atmospheric input are limited. The fast dissolution rate of evaporite and carbonate minerals and their lithologic distributions should be the key factor. To evaluate the water quality for drinking and irrigation purposes, the drinking water quality guidelines and the calculated parameters were employed, including sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), soluble sodium percentage (Na%,) and residual sodium carbonate (RSC). The assessments indicate that the river waters in the middle-lower reaches are generally suitable for irrigation and drinking purpose, and will not lead to health and soil problems, such as soil compaction and salinization. While in the upper reaches, the dissolution of carbonate and gypsum minerals transport abundant ions into river water and the river waters are not appropriate to use directly. This result highlights that the water quality status can also be affected by natural weathering processes in the area without anthropogenic inputs, where the long-time monitoring of water quality is also necessary.
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Berner, Robert A. "The carbon cycle and carbon dioxide over Phanerozoic time: the role of land plants." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 353, no. 1365 (January 29, 1998): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0192.
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A model (GEOCARB) of the long–term, or multimillion year, carbon cycle has been constructed which includes quantitative treatment of (1) uptake of atmospheric CO 2 by the weathering of silicate and carbonate rocks on the continents, and the deposition of carbonate minerals and organic matter in oceanic sediments; and (2) the release of CO 2 to the atmosphere via the weathering of kerogen in sedimentary rocks and degassing resulting from the volcanic–metamorphic–diagenetic breakdown of carbonates and organic matter at depth. Sensitivity analysis indicates that an important factor affecting CO 2 was the rise of vascular plants in the Palaeozoic. A large Devonian drop in CO 2 was brought about primarily by the acceleration of weathering of silicate rock by the development of deeply rooted plants in well–drained upland soils. The quantitative effect of this accelerated weathering has been crudely estimated by present–day field studies where all factors affecting weathering, other than the presence or absence of vascular plants, have been held relatively constant. An important additional factor, bringing about a further CO 2 drop into the Carboniferous and Permian, was enhanced burial of organic matter in sediments, due probably to the production of microbially resistant plant remains (e.g. lignin). Phanerozoic palaeolevels of atmospheric CO 2 calculated from the GEOCARB model generally agree with independent estimates based on measurements of the carbon isotopic composition of palaeosols and the stomatal index for fossil plants. Correlation of CO 2 levels with estimates of palaeoclimate suggests that the atmospheric greenhouse effect has been a major factor in controlling global climate over the past 600 million years.
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Kasioptas, A., C. Perdikouri, C. V. Putnis, and A. Putnis. "Pseudomorphic replacement of single calcium carbonate crystals by polycrystalline apatite." Mineralogical Magazine 72, no. 1 (February 2008): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2008.072.1.77.
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AbstractDuring chemical weathering and natural hydrothermal reactions, apatite can form by replacing calcium carbonates. In hydrothermal experiments in which aragonite and calcite single crystals have been reacted with phosphate solutions, the carbonates are replaced by polycrystalline hydroxylapatite (HAP). In both cases the crystals have retained their overall morphology while their compositions have changed significantly. The HAP appears to have a crystallographic relationship to the parent carbonate crystals. The textural relationships are consistent with an interface-coupled dissolution-precipitation mechanism. Structural relationships and relative molar volumes and solubilities appear to be factors that greatly affect replacement reactions.
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Linzmeier, Benjamin J., Andrew D. Jacobson, Bradley B. Sageman, Matthew T. Hurtgen, Meagan E. Ankney, Sierra V. Petersen, Thomas S. Tobin, Gabriella D. Kitch, and Jiuyuan Wang. "Calcium isotope evidence for environmental variability before and across the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction." Geology 48, no. 1 (October 28, 2019): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g46431.1.
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Abstract Carbon dioxide release during Deccan Traps volcanism and the Chicxulub impact likely contributed to the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction; however, the intensity and duration of CO2 input differed between the two events. Large and rapid addition of CO2 to seawater causes transient decreases in pH, [CO32–], and carbonate mineral saturation states. Compensating mechanisms, such as dissolution of seafloor sediment, reduced biomineralization, and silicate weathering, mitigate these effects by increasing the same parameters. The calcium isotope ratios (δ44/40Ca) of seawater and marine carbonates are hypothesized to respond to these perturbations through weathering/carbonate deposition flux imbalances and/or changes in fractionation between carbonate minerals and seawater. We used a high-precision thermal ionization mass spectrometry method to measure δ44/40Ca values of aragonitic bivalve and gastropod mollusk shells from the K-Pg interval of the López de Bertodano Formation on Seymour Island, Antarctica. Well-preserved shells spanning the late Maastrichtian (ca. 67 Ma) to early Danian (ca. 65.5 Ma) have δ44/40Ca values ranging from −1.89‰ to −1.57‰ (seawater [sw]). Shifts in δ44/40Ca inversely correlate with sedimentological indicators of saturation state. A negative excursion begins before and continues across the K-Pg boundary. According to a simple mass-balance model, neither input/output flux imbalances nor change in the globally integrated bulk carbonate fractionation factor can produce variations in seawater δ44/40Ca sufficient to explain the measured trends. The data are consistent with a dynamic molluscan Ca isotope fractionation factor sensitive to the carbonate geochemistry of seawater. The K-Pg extinction appears to have occurred during a period of carbonate saturation state variability caused by Deccan volcanism.
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Moresi, M., and G. Mongelli. "The relation between the terra rossa and the carbonate-free residue of the underlying limestones and dolostones in Apulia, Italy." Clay Minerals 23, no. 4 (December 1988): 439–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1988.023.4.10.
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AbstractA statistical comparison has been made of chemical data for terra rossa and carbonate-free residues of Cretaceous limestones and dolostones in Apulia in order to evaluate the hypothesis that the terra rossa is a product of weathering of the underlying carbonate rocks. It has been shown that the differences in chemical composition between the residue of the carbonate rocks and the terra rossa are consistent with the former being the parent material of the latter. The transformation from carbonate rock residue to terra rossa was governed mainly by chemical weathering which produced a marked decrease in the K2O/Al2O3 (i.e. illite/kaolinite) ratio. The geochemical pattern of the Apulian terra rossa has been influenced by sedimentary processes which have led to a characteristic distribution of mineralogical components and a moderate contamination by biogenic silica.
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LIAN, Bin, Ye CHEN, Lijun ZHU, and Ruidong YANG. "Effect of Microbial Weathering on Carbonate Rocks." Earth Science Frontiers 15, no. 6 (November 2008): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1872-5791(09)60009-9.
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Gaillardet, Jérôme, Damien Calmels, Gibran Romero-Mujalli, Elena Zakharova, and Jens Hartmann. "Global climate control on carbonate weathering intensity." Chemical Geology 527 (November 2019): 118762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.05.009.
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Godard, Vincent, Vincent Ollivier, Olivier Bellier, Cécile Miramont, Esmaeil Shabanian, Jules Fleury, Lucilla Benedetti, and Valéry Guillou. "Weathering-limited hillslope evolution in carbonate landscapes." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 446 (July 2016): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.04.017.
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Négrel, Philippe, Anna Ladenberger, Clemens Reimann, Alecos Demetriades, Manfred Birke, and Martiya Sadeghi. "GEMAS: adaptation of weathering indices for European agricultural soil derived from carbonate parent materials." Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis 22, no. 1 (December 2, 2021): geochem2021–059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/geochem2021-059.
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Carbonate rocks are very soluble and export elements in dissolved form, and precipitation of secondary phases can occur on a large scale. They leave a strong chemical signature in soil that can be quantified and classified by geochemical indices, and which is useful for evaluating chemical weathering trends (e.g. the Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) or the Mafic Index of Alteration (MIA)). Due to contrasting chemical compositions and high Ca content, a special adaptation of classical weathering indices is necessary to interpret weathering trends in carbonate-derived soil. In fact, this adaptation seems to be a good tool for distinguishing weathering grades of source-rock types at the continental scale, and allows a more robust interpretation of soil parent-material weathering grade and its impact on the current chemical composition of soil. An increasing degree of weathering results in Al enrichment and Mg loss in addition to Fe loss and Si enrichment, leaching of mobile cations such as Ca and Na, and precipitation of Fe-oxides and hydroxides. The relation between soil weathering status and its spatial distribution in Europe provides important information about the role played by climate and terrain. The geographical distribution of soil chemistry contributes to a better understanding of soil nutritional status, element enrichment, degradation mechanisms, desertification, soil erosion and contamination.
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Liu, Wenjing, Zhifang Xu, Huiguo Sun, Tong Zhao, Chao Shi, and Taoze Liu. "Geochemistry of the dissolved loads during high-flow season of rivers in the southeastern coastal region of China: anthropogenic impact on chemical weathering and carbon sequestration." Biogeosciences 15, no. 16 (August 22, 2018): 4955–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-4955-2018.
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Abstract. The southeastern coastal region is one of the most developed and populated areas in China. Meanwhile, it has been severely impacted by acid rain over many years. The chemical compositions and carbon isotope compositions of dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13CDIC) in river water in the high-flow season were investigated to estimate the chemical weathering and associated atmospheric CO2 consumption rates as well as the acid-deposition disturbance. Mass balance calculations indicated that the dissolved loads of major rivers in the Southeast Coastal River Basin (SECRB) were contributed to by atmospheric (14.3 %, 6.6 %–23.4 %), anthropogenic (15.7 %, 0 %–41.1 %), silicate weathering (39.5 %, 17.8 %–74.0 %) and carbonate weathering inputs (30.6 %, 3.9 %–62.0 %). The silicate and carbonate chemical weathering rates for these river watersheds were 14.2–35.8 and 1.8–52.1 t km−2 a−1, respectively. The associated mean CO2 consumption rate by silicate weathering for the whole SECRB was 191×103 mol km−2 a−1. The chemical and δ13CDIC evidence indicated that sulfuric and nitric acid (mainly from acid deposition) were significantly involved in the chemical weathering of rocks. There was an overestimation of CO2 consumption at 0.19×1012 g C a−1 if sulfuric and nitric acid were ignored, which accounted for about 33.6 % of the total CO2 consumption by silicate weathering in the SECRB. This study quantitatively highlights the role of acid deposition in chemical weathering, suggesting that the anthropogenic impact should be seriously considered in estimations of chemical weathering and associated CO2 consumption.
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Zhang, Liankai, Xiaoqun Qin, Qibo Huang, and Pengyu Liu. "Role of sulfuric acid in chemical weathering of carbonate rocks for evaluating of carbon sinks in the Yangtze River Basin, China." E3S Web of Conferences 98 (2019): 06015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199806015.
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Chemical weathering of rock by river systems is an important process in the global carbon cycle. Sulfuric acid produced from anthropogenic sources in the Yangtze River basin of China has the potential to change rock weathering processes and the carbon cycle. Monitoring and analysis of the dissolved constituents of the main channel and major tributaries of the Yangtze River indicate that the sulfuric acid has enhanced the carbonate rock weathering rate by an average of 28% and reduced the CO2 consumption rate by 12%. Analysis of dissolved sources for SO42- in the Yangtze River indicates that 36% of SO42- can be attributed to rainwater, 26% to dissolution of evaporitic rocks, and 38% to input from coal. Calculations indicate that the annual output flux of CO2 from the Yangtze River Basin to the sea is 3495×104 tons, 80% of which is attributed to the weathering of carbonate rocks. Whilst the average consumption rate of atmospheric CO2 is 20.6 t/km2 y-1.
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Mansour, Ahmed, Thomas Gentzis, Ibrahim M. Ied, Mohamed S. Ahmed, and Michael Wagreich. "Paleoenvironmental Conditions and Factors Controlling Organic Carbon Accumulation during the Jurassic–Early Cretaceous, Egypt: Organic and Inorganic Geochemical Approach." Minerals 12, no. 10 (September 26, 2022): 1213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12101213.
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The Jurassic–Early Cretaceous was a time of variable organic carbon burial associated with fluctuations of marine primary productivity, weathering intensity, and redox conditions in the pore and bottom water at paleo-shelf areas in north Egypt. This time interval characterized the deposition of, from old to young, the Bahrein, Khatatba, Masajid, and Alam El Bueib Formations in the north Western Desert. Although several studies have been devoted to the excellent source rock units, such as the Khatatba and Alam El Bueib Formations, studies on paleoenvironmental changes in redox conditions, paleoproductivity, and continental weathering and their impact on organic carbon exports and their preservation for this interval are lacking. This study presents organic and inorganic geochemical data for the Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous sediments from the Almaz-1 well in the Shushan Basin, north Western Desert. A total of 32 cuttings samples were analyzed for their major and trace elements, carbonates, and total organic carbon (TOC) contents. Data allowed the reconstruction of paleoenvironmental conditions in the southern Tethys Ocean and assessment of the changes in paleo-redox, paleo-weathering, and marine primary productivity, and the role of sediment supply. Additionally, factors that governed the accumulation of organic matter in the sediment were interpreted. Results showed that the Khatatba Formation was deposited during a phase of enhanced marine primary productivity under prevalent anoxia, which triggered enhanced organic matter production and preservation. During the deposition of the Khatatba Formation, significant terrigenous sediment supply and continental weathering were followed by a limited contribution of coarse clastic sediment fluxes due to weak continental weathering and enhanced carbonate production. The Bahrein, Masajid, and Alam El Bueib Formations were deposited during low marine primary productivity and prevalent oxygenation conditions that led to poor organic matter production and preservation, respectively. A strong terrigenous sediment supply and continental weathering predominated during the deposition of the Bahrein Formation and the lower part of the Alam El Bueib Formation compared to the limited coarse clastic supply and continental weathering during the deposition of the carbonate Masajid Formation and the upper part of the Alam El Bueib Formation. Such conditions resulted in the enhanced dilution and decomposition of labile organic matter, and, thus, organic carbon-lean accumulation in these sediments.
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Wei, Zilin, Tianfu Xu, Songhua Shang, Hailong Tian, Yuqing Cao, Jiamei Wang, Zhenya Shi, and Xiao Liu. "Laboratory Experimental Study on the Formation of Authigenic Carbonates Induced by Microbes in Marine Sediments." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 5 (April 29, 2021): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9050479.
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Authigenic carbonates are widely distributed in marine sediments, microbes, and anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) play a key role in their formation. The authigenic carbonates in marine sediments have been affected by weathering and diagenesis for a long time, it is difficult to understand their formation process by analyzing the samples collected in situ. A pore water environment with 10 °C, 6 MPa in the marine sediments was built in a bioreactor to study the stages and characteristics of authigenic carbonates formation induced by microbes. In experiments, FeCO3 is formed preferentially, and then FeCO3-MgCO3 complete isomorphous series and a small part of CaCO3 isomorphous mixture are formed. According to this, it is proposed that the formation of authigenic carbonates performed by AOM and related microbes needs to undergo three stages: the rise of alkalinity, the preferential formation of a carbonate mineral, and the formation of carbonate isomorphous series. This work provides experimental experience and reference basis for further understanding the formation mechanism of authigenic carbonates in marine sediments.
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Vasarevičius, Saulius, Jurgita Seniūnaitė, and Vaidotas Vaišis. "Impact of Natural Weathering on Stabilization of Heavy Metals (Cu, Zn, and Pb) in MSWI Bottom Ash." Applied Sciences 12, no. 7 (March 28, 2022): 3419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12073419.
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Bottom ash (BA) is the main residue left by municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI). As the circular economy is strengthened, the use of BA in civil engineering is increasing, but its successful use is hampered by heavy metal leaching. In this study, we investigated the influence of natural weathering (6 months) on the stabilization of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, and Pb) with different particle sizes in MSWI BA. Natural weathering is the most popular and cost-effective treatment method for BA. During this process, calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is produced, which causes a reduction in heavy metal leaching. We used the following methods in the analysis: The fractionation of BA, XRF, and XRD; an extraction test (LST EN 12457-2:2003); and AAS. The results showed that the concentrations of all elements in BA decreased during natural weathering. An analysis of the mineralogical composition showed a very high (>20%) content of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The calcium carbonate content increased by 3.2% during weathering because the Ca(OH)2 in fractions <5.6 mm and <40.0 mm was hydrolyzed to CaCO3. Our analysis showed that the metal concentrations (Cu and Pb) in untreated MSWI bottom ash eluate exceeded the limit values, and thus it cannot be used in civil engineering. After three months of stabilization, the heavy metal concentrations were less than the limit values.
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Zinchuk, N. N. "SPECIFIC FEATURES OF CLAY MINERALS IN ANCIENT CRUSTS OF WEATHERING OF VARIOUS ROCKS IN DIAMONDIFEROUS REGIONS." Мінеральні ресурси України, no. 2 (July 10, 2019): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31996/mru.2019.2.13-20.
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Results of complex research of different age ancient weathering crusts in various rocks (terrigenous-carbonate rocks of Lower Paleozoic, dolerites, tuffs and tufogene formations, kimberlites) within the main diamondiferous regions of the Siberian platform indicated that complicated multicomponent composition of initial formations (with the exception of terrigenous-carbonate rocks), containing di- and trioctahedral minerals, the structure of which has tri- and bivalent rock-forming elements, stipulated decelerated transformation of the initial material. Development of incomplete weathering profiles is first of all caused by weak ejection of bivalent cations from primary minerals. That is why newly emerging phases will be dioctahedral and often preserve mixed composition of cations. The most important typomorphic indications of clay formations in the studied weathering crusts are as follows: a) omnipresent dioctahedral hydromica (2М1) in the weathering crust of terrigenouscarbonate rocks and its association in the most mature profiles with kaolinite of relatively ordered structure, than of kaolinite, having been formed at the expense of other rocks; b) constant availability of trappean formation (tuffs, tufogene rocks, dolerites) in sections of crusts of weathering together with di- and trioctahedral montmorillonite, as well as disordered vermiculite-montmorillonite mixed-layered formation, to this or that degree disordered kaolinite, associated in the weathering crust of tufogene rocks with halloysite (at complete absence of micaceous minerals in the products of weathering); c) the content in the crust of weathering of kimberlites together with polycationic montmorillonite of a significant quantity of trioctahedral chlorite (packets δ and δ'), serpentine (structural types A and B) and altered to various degree phlogopite, including related with it hydromica 1M.
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Qin, Xiaoqun, Zhongcheng Jiang, Liankai Zhang, Qibo Huang, and Pengyu Liu. "Effects of atmospheric CO2 consumption on rock weathering in the Pearl River basin, China." E3S Web of Conferences 98 (2019): 06011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199806011.
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Atmospheric CO2 is absorbed and dissolved in water via karst processes not only in carbonate rock areas, but in all rock areas of the earth. The chemical and isotopic analysis results, particularly of strontium, for water samples collected from eleven stations along the Pearl River, four times over the course of one year, showed that due to weathering by carbonate or silicate rocks, HCO3-, Ca2+, and Mg2+ have become the main ions in the river water. Through river ion stoichiometric and flux calculations, the carbonate rock weathering rate and atmospheric CO2 consumption were found to be 27.6 mm/ka and 540 x 103 mol/km2.a, which are 10.8 and 6.7 times the corresponding values for silicate rock. With the beneficial climatic conditions for rock erosion and large areas of carbonate rock in the Pearl River Basin, the atmospheric CO2 consumption value is about 2.6 times the average value for the 60 major rivers in the world.
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Shtober-Zisu, Nurit, and Lea Wittenberg. "Wildfires as a Weathering Agent of Carbonate Rocks." Minerals 11, no. 10 (October 4, 2021): 1091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11101091.
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While most of the scientific effort regarding wildfires has predominantly focused on fire effects on vegetation and soils, the role of fire as an essential weathering agent has been largely overlooked. This study aims to evaluate rock decay processes during wildfires, in relation to ground temperatures and rock morphologies of limestone, dolomite, and chalk. In 2010, a major forest fire in Israel caused massive destruction of the exposed rocks and accelerated rock weathering over the burned slopes. While a detailed description of the bedrock exfoliation phenomenon was previously reported, here, we conducted an experimental open fire to determine the temperature and gradients responsible for boulder shattering. The results show ground temperatures of 700 °C after 5 min from ignition, while the peak temperature (880 °C) was reached after 9 min. Temperature gradients show a rapid increase during the first 5 min (136 °C/min), moderate increase during the next 4 min (43 °C/min), and slow decrease for the next 9 min (25 °C/min). After 12 min, all boulders of all formations were cracked or completely shattered. The behaviour of carbonate rocks upon heating was studied to identify the erosive effects of fire, namely the formation of new cracks and matrix deterioration.
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Kryza, Ryszard, Marta Prell, Franciszek Czechowski, and Malgorzata Domaradzka. "Acidic weathering of carbonate building stones: experimental assessment." Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Geologia 54, no. 1 (June 2009): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1937-8602.54.1.7.
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Viles, H. A., and C. A. Moses. "Experimental production of weathering nanomorphologies on carbonate stone." Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 31, no. 4 (November 1998): 347–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.qjeg.1998.031.p4.08.
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Varghese, Jobi Kodiyan, Sung Jae Na, Ji Hae Park, Dongjin Woo, Inmo Yang, and Bun Yeoul Lee. "Thermal and weathering degradation of poly(propylene carbonate)." Polymer Degradation and Stability 95, no. 6 (June 2010): 1039–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.03.006.
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Dubois, Caroline, John Deceuster, Olivier Kaufmann, and Matt D. Rowberry. "A New Method to Quantify Carbonate Rock Weathering." Mathematical Geosciences 47, no. 8 (February 13, 2015): 889–935. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11004-014-9581-7.
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