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Journal articles on the topic 'Carbon'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 November 2024

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1

Zolotareva, O. K. "BIOCATALYTIC CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE PROMOTED BY CARBONIC ANHYDRASE." Biotechnologia Acta 16, no. 5 (October 31, 2023): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/biotech16.05.005.

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The rapid and steady increase in the concentration of CO2, the most abundant greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, leads to extreme weather and climate events. Due to the burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal and natural gas), the concentration of CO2 in the air has been increasing in recent decades by more than 2 ppm per year, and in the last year alone - by 3.29 ppm. To prevent the "worst" scenarios of climate change, immediate and significant reductions in CO2 emissions through carbon management are needed. Aim. Analysis of the current state of research and prospects for the use of carbonic anhydrase in environmental decarbonization programs. Results. Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is an enzyme that accelerates the exchange of CO2 and HCO3 in solution by a factor of 104 to 106. To date, 7 types of CAs have been identified in different organisms. CA is required to provide a rapid supply of CO2 and HCO3 for various metabolic pathways in the body, explaining its multiple independent origins during evolution. Enzymes isolated from bacteria and mammalian tissues have been tested in CO2 sequestration projects using carbonic anhydrase (CA). The most studied is one of the isoforms of human KAz - hCAII - the most active natural enzyme. Its drawbacks have been instability over time, high sensitivity to temperature, low tolerance to contaminants such as sulphur compounds and the impossibility of reuse. Molecular modelling and enzyme immobilisation methods were used to overcome these limitations. Immobilisation was shown to provide greater thermal and storage stability and increased reusability. Conclusions. Capturing carbon dioxide using carbonic anhydrase (CA) is one of the most cost-effective methods to mitigate global warming, the development of which requires significant efforts to improve the stability and thermal stability of CAs.

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Andreas, Roy, Uyi Sulaeman, and Tien Setyaningtyas. "PEMANFAATAN KARBON SABUT KELAPA TERIMPREGNASI UNTUK MENGURANGI TEMBAGA(II) DALAM MEDIUM AIR." Molekul 3, no. 2 (November 1, 2008): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jm.2008.3.2.53.

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This research is conducted to produce carbons from coconut fibre which approach to activated carbon clause continue with carbon surface modification and the adsorption examination to Cu(II) ions. The research consist of several phase. Carbon making of coconut fibre conducted by carbonization processes at 320-400oC with temperature interval 20oC. Carbon yielded in characterized moisture content, ash content and its adsoprtion to iodium. The carbon surface modification conducted by loaded 2-mercaptobenzotiazol (MBT) on carbon. The adsorpsibility of carbon-MBT tested by influence of contact time, pH, and the isoterm adsorption pattern. The result of the study showed carbonization of coconut fibre which approach the requirement of SII No.0258-89 gained at temperature 320oC. In the present study equilibrium time of 10 minute and pH was found to be optimum for both adsorbent. While type of isothermal adsorption from carban and carbon-MBT adsorbent followed the Langmuir adsorption pattern.

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Kessler, H., W. Bermel, and C. Griesinger. "Determination of carbon-carbon connectivities, assignment of quaternary carbons, and extraction of carbon-carbon coupling constants by carbon-relayed hydrogen-carbon spectroscopy." Journal of Magnetic Resonance (1969) 62, no. 3 (May 1985): 573–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2364(85)90231-8.

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Xu, Xian Feng, Ling Zhi Chai, Hui Li, and Ling Sheng Zeng. "Study on the Electric Properties of Carbon Fibers and its Application for the Preparation of Carbon/Carbon Composites." Materials Science Forum 809-810 (December 2014): 707–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.809-810.707.

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Acetylene (C2H2) was used as carbon source gas, nitrogen (N2) as dilution gas. The electric properties of carbon fibers was briefly discussed by energizing the carbon fibers in vacuum condition which were applied for the preparation of carbon/carbon composites by the method of chemical vapor deposition. The deposition mechanism and microstructure of pyrolytic carbons in carbon fibers under different deposition crafts were also discussed. Results indicate that the greater the initial voltage, the higher the temperature, we can change the deposition temperature by changing the initial voltage according to the relationship between the brightness and the surface temperature of carbon fibers. The surface of carbon fibers will be etched in the process of electrifying which would make the pyrolytic carbons preferred deposition on the etching point which became the growth center in the early deposition process. The pyrolytic carbons deposited with a spherical microcrystalline structure under the gas flow of C3H6/N2=2:3, When the rate of gas flow is C3H6/N2=1:2, The pyrolytic carbons deposited with a spherical microcrystalline structure after deposited for 0.5h, but after deposited for 1h, the deposition of large patches of molecular is dominant which lead to that: from a macro perspective, the pyrolytic carbons were a layered structure, From a microscopic perspective, they were a spherical microcrystalline structure with different size.

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5

Ramírez-Palma, Richard Iván, Alejandro Crisóstomo Véliz-Aguayo, Juan Francisco Garcés-Vargas, Lucrecia Cristina Moreno-Alcívar, Gerardo Antonio Herrera-Brunett, and Miguel Antonio Salvatierra-Barzola. "Reducción de trazas de materia orgánica en agua potable mediante la adsorción con Zeolita.//Reduction of organic matter traces in drinking water through adsorption with zeolite." CIENCIA UNEMI 12, no. 29 (January 31, 2019): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.29076/issn.2528-7737vol12iss29.2019pp51-62p.

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El objetivo de esta investigación fue la reducción de las trazas de materia orgánica en el agua potable por medio del uso de zeolita natural, zeolita activada y la comparación con la eficiencia de la adsorción del carbón activado. Se utilizó agua suministrada por la compañía AGUAPEN E.P. y materiales adsorbentes zeolita natural, zeolita activada y carbón activado. La zeolita se activó térmicamente a 600ªC. Se realizaron pruebas en columnas de adsorción a escala (RSSCT – Rapid Small-Scale Column Test) para carbón activado granular (GAC) de acuerdo a la norma ASTM 6586 para determinar la eficiencia de la adsorción de las trazas de materia orgánica en el agua potable. Se determinó la eficiencia en base al parámetro de carbono orgánico total en muestras simple del afluente y efluente del agua tratada cada 3 horas durante 24 horas. El incremento de la presión de trabajo evidencia el punto de ruptura o colmatación del adsorbente. La concentración del Carbón Orgánico Total (COT) se determinó mediante el análisis de la combustión de la muestra con el detector infrarrojo no dispersivo de dióxido de carbono (CO2). Los resultados mostraron reducción de materia orgánica con el uso de zeolita natural y zeolita activada, con respecto al carbón activado.AbstractThe objective of this research was the reduction of organic matter traces in drinking water through the use of natural and activated zeolite, and the comparison with the efficiency of activated carbon adsorption. Water supplied by the company AGUAPEN E.P. was used, and adsorbent materials as natural zeolite, activated zeolite and activated carbon were utilized. The zeolite was thermally activated at 600 ° C. Tests were performed on scale adsorption columns (RSSCT - Rapid Small Scale Column Test) for Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) according to ASTM 6586 to determine the efficiency of the adsorption of traces of organic matter in drinking water. Efficiency was determined based on the total organic carbon parameter in simple affluent and effluent samples of treated water every 3 hours during 24 hours. The increase in working pressure shows the point of rupture or clogging of the adsorbent. The concentration of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) was determined by analyzing the sample combustion with a non-dispersive infrared carbon dioxide (CO2) detector. The results showed the reduction of organic matter in natural zeolite and activated zeolite compared to activated carbon.

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6

Rahmawati, Fitria, Viona Natalia, Agung T. Wijayanta, Siti Rondiyah, Koji Nakabayashi, and Jin Miyawaki. "Carbon Waste Powder Prepared from Carbon Rod Waste of Zinc-Carbon Batteries for Methyl Orange Adsorption." Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 15, no. 1 (September 3, 2019): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.15.1.5148.66-73.

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A research on the preparation of Carbon Waste Powder, CWP, was conducted and made from carbon rod waste which was extracted from used zinc-carbon batteries. This research was an effort to overcome environmental problem caused by battery waste by converting into adsorbent for methyl orange (MO) that frequently used by textile industries. The prepared powder was then analyzed to understand its characteristic peaks, crystallinity, and to compare the properties with other carbonaceous forms, i.e. a commercial Carbon Paper (CP), and a commercial meso- carbon micro-beads (MCMB). The analysis found that CWP is dominated by graphitic carbon. An adsorption experiment was then conducted to study their adsorption ability to methyl orange solution. The result found that those three carbonaceous materials have the ability to adsorb methyl orange with different activities. MCMB has the highest adsorption capacity of 0.197 mg.g-1. Meanwhile, CWP and CP show adsorption capacity of 0.066 mg.g-1 and 0.062 mg.g-1, respectively. Methyl orange adsorption on CWP and CP were under second order, which means the adsorption could be four times faster as the MO solution doubled. Moreover, the rate constant of MO adsorption on CWP is 8×10-4 min-1, which was higher than the rate constant of MO adsorption on CP. It confirmed that the CWP can be used as a promising adsorbent for dye waste water. Copyright © 2020 BCREC Group. All rights reserved

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Zhang, Xiuwei, and Feihai Yu. "Physical disturbance accelerates carbon loss through increasing labile carbon release." Plant, Soil and Environment 66, No. 11 (November 2, 2020): 584–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/257/2020-pse.

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Labile carbon (C) is a major source of C loss because of its high vulnerability to environmental change. Yet its potential role in regulating soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics remains unclear. In this study, we tested the effect of physical disturbance on SOC decomposition using soils from two abandoned farmlands free of management practice for more than 28 years. The soil respiration rate was measured in undisturbed and disturbed soil columns and was inversely modeled using the two-compartment model. We found that the C loss was 16.8~74.1% higher in disturbed than in undisturbed soil columns. Physical disturbance increased the total amount of labile C (C<sub>1</sub>) loss by 136~241%, while had no effect on the kinetic decomposition rate constants of both labile (k<sub>1</sub>) and stable (k<sub>2</sub>) SOC decomposition. Physical disturbance fragmented the large macroaggregates into small macroaggregates, microaggregates, and free silt and clay-sized fractions. This indicates that C loss was derived from the initially protected labile C, and there was no change of SOC fraction being decomposed. Our results give insights into the understanding of the extent of labile C loss to physical disruption and demonstrate the potential effect of physical disturbance on SOC dynamics.

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8

Li, Zhong, Hongjuan Wang, Hongxia Xi, Qibin Xia, Jinglei Han, and Lingai Luo. "Estimation of Activation Energy of Desorption of n-Hexanol from Activated Carbons by the TPD Technique." Adsorption Science & Technology 21, no. 2 (March 2003): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/026361703769013862.

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Activated carbon and five kinds of metal-ion-substituted activated carbons, viz. Ag+-activated carbon, Cu2+-activated carbon, Fe3+-activated carbon, Ba2+-activated carbon and Ca2+-activated carbon, were prepared. A model for estimating the activation energy of desorption was established. Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) experiments were conducted to measure the TPD curves of n-hexanol and hence estimate the activation energy for n-hexanol desorption from the various activated carbons. The results showed that the activation energies for n-hexanol desorption from the Ag+-activated carbon, the Cu2+-activated carbon and the Fe3+-activated carbon were higher than those from the unsubstituted activated carbon, the Ca2+-activated carbon and the Ba2+-activated carbon.

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9

Rivera–Utrilla, J., and M. A. Ferro–García. "Effect of Carbon–Oxygen and Carbon–Nitrogen Surface Complexes on the Adsorption of Cations by Activated Carbons." Adsorption Science & Technology 3, no. 4 (December 1986): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026361748600300409.

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Adsorption studies of Na+, Cs+, Ag+, Sr2+ and Co2+ from aqueous solutions by surface-treated activated carbons are reported. Carbon–oxygen and carbon–nitrogen surface complexes were formed on an activated carbon from almond shells by treating it with either oxidizing reagents or ammonia. In order to discover the surface acidity and/or basicity of each carbon, selective neutralization techniques were carried out. Both Na+ and Cs+ are adsorbed by only those carbons containing strong acidic functional groups; however, Ag+, Sr2+ and Co2+ are adsorbed not only by these latter carbons but also by those with predominance of basic groups. The results suggest that some of these carbons can be used to remove, separate and pre-concentrate all the cations studied.

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10

Reed, Lawrence A., Juin Tang Huang, Michael McGregor, and Leon Goodman. "Stereospecific carbon-carbon bond formation at secondary carbons in cyclic sugars." Carbohydrate Research 254 (February 1994): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-6215(94)84247-7.

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11

Kim, Young In, and Soo Yong Lee. "A Study on the Erosion of Thermal-Insulation Materials Made of Carbon-Carbon Composites and Graphite." Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers - A 43, no. 5 (May 31, 2019): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/ksme-a.2019.43.5.307.

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12

OHMAE, Nobuo. "PL01 RECENT EXPERIMENTAL WORK ON TRIBOLOGY OF CARBON ONIONS AND SOME TOPICS RELATED TO NANO-CARBONS." Abstracts of ATEM : International Conference on Advanced Technology in Experimental Mechanics : Asian Conference on Experimental Mechanics 2011.10 (2011): _PL01–1_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeatem.2011.10._pl01-1_.

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13

OHMAE, Nobuo. "PLF001 RECENT EXPERIMENTAL WORK ON TRIBOLOGY OF CARBON ONIONS AND SOME TOPICS RELATED TO NANO-CARBONS." Abstracts of ATEM : International Conference on Advanced Technology in Experimental Mechanics : Asian Conference on Experimental Mechanics 2011.10 (2011): _PLF001–1_—_PLF001–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeatem.2011.10._plf001-1_.

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14

Nindhia, Tjokorda Gde Tirta, I. Wayan Surata, I. Ketut Adi Atmika, Dewa Ngakan Ketut Putra Negara, and I. Putu Gede Artana. "Processing Carbon Rod from Waste of Zing-Carbon Battery for Biogas Desulfurizer." Journal of Clean Energy Technologies 3, no. 2 (2015): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/jocet.2015.v3.179.

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15

Marcondes, C. G. N., and M. H. F. Medeiros. "Análisis de la dispersión de soluciones conteniendo nanotubos de carbono para su uso en concretos de Cemento Portland." Revista ALCONPAT 6, no. 2 (May 31, 2016): 84–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.21041/ra.v6i2.131.

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Análisis de la dispersión de soluciones conteniendo nanotubos de carbono para su uso en concretos de Cemento PortlandRESUMENLos nanotubos de carbono (NTC) son estructuras nanométricas de carbono en formas cilíndricas. Para su uso en hormigón, una de las dificultades es su dispersión, enfoque de este trabajo. Se utilizó una herramienta conocida como análisis jerárquico para investigar la eficiencia de dispersión de los NTC en el agua de la mezcla de hormigón. Fueron estudiados 12 maneras de dispersiones en medio acuoso que contiene diferentes productos químicos. Se usaron los nanotubos de carbono de pared múltiple en forma de polvo y los ya procesados, dispersos en agua. El estudio mostró que la herramienta de análisis jerárquico podría constituir una alternativa eficaz para la elección de una mejor dispersión, teniendo en cuenta los factores que influyen en forma sistémica.Palabras clave: Proceso de análisis jerárquico; hormigón; nanotubos de carbón. Analyzing the dispersion of carbon nanotubes solution for use in Portland cement concreteABSTRACTCarbon nanotubes (CNTs) are nanometric carbon structures with cylindrical formats. For use in concretes, one of the difficulties is in its dispersion, focus this work. It used a tool known as hierarchical analysis to investigate the efficiency of the dispersion of carbon nanotubes in concrete kneading water. Were studied 12 forms of dispersions in aqueous medium containing hum Miscellaneous Chemicals. Carbon nanotubes multi-walled in powder form and Processed already dispersed in water were used. The study showed that the hierarchical analysis tool might constitute an alternative to the election of the best choice among the available options, considering the factors of influence in a systemic way.Keywords: Analytical hierarchy process; concrete; carbon nanotubes. Análise da dispersão de soluções contendo nanotubos de carbono para uso em concretos de Cimento PortlandRESUMOOs nanotubos de carbono (NTC) são estruturas nanometricas de carbono com formatos cilindricos. Para uso em concretos, uma das dificuldades está na sua dispersão, foco deste trabalho. Foi usada uma ferramenta conhecida como análise hierárquica. Para investigar a eficiência da dispersão dos nanotubos de carbono na água de amassamento do concreto, foram estudados 12 formas de dispersões em um meio aquoso contendo diversos produtos químicos. Foram utilizados os nanotubos de carbono de paredes múltiplas em forma de pó e os industrializados, já dispersos em água. O trabalho demonstrou que a ferramenta de análise hierárquica poderia se constituir em uma alternativa eficiente para a eleição da melhor dispersão, considerando os fatores de influência de forma sistêmica.Palavras-chave: Análise Hierárquica; concreto; nanotubos de carbono.

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Kaiser, Katharina, Lorel M. Scriven, Fabian Schulz, Przemyslaw Gawel, Leo Gross, and Harry L. Anderson. "An sp-hybridized molecular carbon allotrope, cyclo[18]carbon." Science 365, no. 6459 (August 15, 2019): 1299–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aay1914.

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Carbon allotropes built from rings of two-coordinate atoms, known as cyclo[n]carbons, have fascinated chemists for many years, but until now they could not be isolated or structurally characterized because of their high reactivity. We generated cyclo[18]carbon (C18) using atom manipulation on bilayer NaCl on Cu(111) at 5 kelvin by eliminating carbon monoxide from a cyclocarbon oxide molecule, C24O6. Characterization of cyclo[18]carbon by high-resolution atomic force microscopy revealed a polyynic structure with defined positions of alternating triple and single bonds. The high reactivity of cyclocarbon and cyclocarbon oxides allows covalent coupling between molecules to be induced by atom manipulation, opening an avenue for the synthesis of other carbon allotropes and carbon-rich materials from the coalescence of cyclocarbon molecules.

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No, Tae-Kyeong, Dong-Guk Kang, Jae-Sik Seo, Kyung-Mo Yang, and Kwan-Ho Seo. "Effect of Carbon Black on Mechanical and Damping Properties of EPDM/Carbon Black System." Elastomers and Composites 47, no. 3 (September 30, 2012): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7473/ec.2012.47.3.231.

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Lodha, Dr Gaurav. "Accounting For Carbon Credits." Indian Journal of Applied Research 1, no. 5 (October 1, 2011): 146–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/feb2012/55.

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19

Khandaker, Tasmina, Muhammad Sarwar Hossain, Palash Kumar Dhar, Md Saifur Rahman, Md Ashraf Hossain, and Mohammad Boshir Ahmed. "Efficacies of Carbon-Based Adsorbents for Carbon Dioxide Capture." Processes 8, no. 6 (May 30, 2020): 654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8060654.

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Carbon dioxide (CO2), a major greenhouse gas, capture has recently become a crucial technological solution to reduce atmospheric emissions from fossil fuel burning. Thereafter, many efforts have been put forwarded to reduce the burden on climate change by capturing and separating CO2, especially from larger power plants and from the air through the utilization of different technologies (e.g., membrane, absorption, microbial, cryogenic, chemical looping, and so on). Those technologies have often suffered from high operating costs and huge energy consumption. On the right side, physical process, such as adsorption, is a cost-effective process, which has been widely used to adsorb different contaminants, including CO2. Henceforth, this review covered the overall efficacies of CO2 adsorption from air at 196 K to 343 K and different pressures by the carbon-based materials (CBMs). Subsequently, we also addressed the associated challenges and future opportunities for CBMs. According to this review, the efficacies of various CBMs for CO2 adsorption have followed the order of carbon nanomaterials (i.e., graphene, graphene oxides, carbon nanotubes, and their composites) < mesoporous -microporous or hierarchical porous carbons < biochar and activated biochar < activated carbons.

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Tomaszewski, Damian, and Krzysztof Tadyszak. "Electron Spin Relaxation in Carbon Materials." Materials 15, no. 14 (July 16, 2022): 4964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15144964.

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This article focuses on EPR relaxation measurements in various carbon samples, e.g., natural carbons—anthracite, coal, higher anthraxolites, graphite; synthetically obtained carbons—glassy carbons, fullerenes, graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, graphite monocrystals, HOPG, nanoribbons, diamonds. The short introduction presents the basics of resonant electron spin relaxation techniques, briefly describing the obtained parameters. This review presents gathered results showing the processes leading to electron spin relaxation and typical ranges of electron spin relaxation rates for many different carbon types.

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Diamadopoulos, E., P. Samaras, and G. P. Sakellaropoulos. "The Effect of Activated Carbon Properties on the Adsorption of Toxic Substances." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0023.

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The objectives of this work were to relate the activated carbon properties to its adsorptive capacity. The activated carbon needed was produced in the lab from Greek lignite coal. Subsequently, adsorption studies were performed in order to evaluate the efficiency of the various activated carbons to remove toxic substances from water. Two organic substances were used. These were phenol and fulvic acid. Additionally, the adsorption of arsenic (V) was, also, investigated. It was found that the adsorptive capacity of the activated carbons depended primarily on the ash content and the compound. The capacity of the carbon to remove phenol, expressed as mg of phenol removed per g of activated carbon (carbon loading), decreased linearly as the amount of ash in the activated carbon increased. Ash-free activated carbons could adsorb 4 times as much phenol as the activated carbons with a high ash content. On the other hand, fulvic acid and arsenic adsorbed poorly on the ash-free activated carbons. Even for the high surface area activated carbons (over 1000 m2/g), the quantity of fulvic acid or arsenic adsorbed was significantly less than that exhibited by the high ash activated carbons (maximum surface area measured hardly exceeded 300 m2/g). As the amount of ash in the carbon increased, the carbon loading increased as well, up to a certain level, beyond which the amount of ash played no significant role. The beneficial role of ash was explained by the ability of the fulvic acid and arsenic to interact with metal oxides and metal ions, which constitute a significant fraction of the ash.

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Kumar, Ponnusamy Senthil, and G. Janet Joshiba. "Carbon Nanotube Composites." Diffusion Foundations 23 (August 2019): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/df.23.75.

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The discovery of carbon nanotubes is one of the remarkable achievement in the field of material science and it is a great advancement of Nanotechnology. A carbon nanotube is an expedient material used in several domains and paves way for the welfare of humans in many ways. Carbon nanotubes are nanosized tubes made from graphitic carbons and it is well known for its exclusive physical and chemical properties. The market demand for the nanotubes has increased progressively due to its size dependent, structure and mechanical properties. The carbon nanotubes possess high tensile strength and it is also found to be the durable fibre ever known. It is also found to possess exceptional electrical properties. The carbon nanotube composites have an excellent young’s modulus and higher tensile strength same as graphite carbon. This review plots the properties of carbon nanotubes and portrays the planning and properties of carbon nanotube composites. The wide application of carbon nanotube composites is also explained.

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Gamby, J., P. L. Taberna, P. Simon, J. F. Fauvarque, and M. Chesneau. "Studies and characterisations of various activated carbons used for carbon/carbon supercapacitors." Journal of Power Sources 101, no. 1 (October 2001): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7753(01)00707-8.

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24

Jang, Kil-Chan, and Tae-Gyu Kim. "Tribological Characteristics of Si-Diamond-Like Carbon Films in a Condition with Carbon Nanotube Ink Lubricant." Korean Journal of Materials Research 21, no. 3 (March 27, 2011): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3740/mrsk.2011.21.3.149.

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Liu, Zhouhan, and Shigang Shen. "Evaluation methods, progress and prospect of carbon budget system under dual carbon background." Information 26, no. 1 (March 15, 2023): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.47880/inf2601-03.

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In September 2020, China declared to it to achieve carbon peaks by 2030 and carbon neutralization by 2060. Based on the literature review, this paper analyzes the current status of the carbon revenue and expenditure system. It expouds on the methods and progress of the carbon revenue and expenditure system. On this basis, some suggestions are put forward from four aspects: primary data, accounting methods, and technical means. The current research progress and existing problems were reviewed, and suggestions for future research ideas were put forward, in order to provide a methodology reference for accurate estimation of carbon sinks in terrestrial ecosystems in China, and provide scientific support for the development of carbon neutral emission reduction policies in China.

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Zhang, Su, Lei Qin, Huaihe Song, Xiaohong Chen, Jisheng Zhou, and Zhaokun Ma. "From solid carbon sources to carbon nanotubes: a general water-assisted approach." RSC Adv. 4, no. 97 (2014): 54244–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra09957e.

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Doğan, E. E., P. Tokcan, and B. K. Kizilduman. "Storage of Hydrogen in Activated Carbons and Carbon Nanotubes." Advances in Materials Science 18, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/adms-2017-0045.

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AbstractActivated carbons and carbon nanotube were synthesized with chemical and microwave processes of olive leaf in media with and without ultrasonic waves, and chemical vapor deposition method, respectively. The samples were characterized by x-ray diffraction, calorimetry, Brunauer, Emmett and Teller method, scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray, and zetasizer nano S90 instruments. The activated carbon synthesized in the ultrasonic bath had a higher surface area. The hydrogen adsorption capacity of carbon structures including activated carbons and carbon nanotube was measured as a function of pressure at 77 K. The hydrogen storage capacity of the carbon nanotube is 300% and 265% higher than the hydrogen storage capacity of activated carbons synthesized in medium without and with ultrasonic waves, respectively. Results showed the correlation between hydrogen storage capacity and specific surface area. The highest H2 storage value was obtained with carbon nanotube at 77 K. As a result, activated carbon and carbon nanotube can be used in hydrogen storage and therefore, the olive leaf can be converted into a high added value product in the energy field.

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Otani, Sugio. "Nano-carbons formed from carbon monoxide." TANSO 2004, no. 215 (2004): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7209/tanso.2004.221.

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Liu, J., S. M. Colburn, R. L. Ornberg, and J. R. Ebner. "Studies of surface and structural heterogeneity of carbon supports and carbon-supported catalysts." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 53 (August 13, 1995): 418–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100138464.

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Activated carbons are generally used as support materials for precious metal catalysts. Properties of carbon that are important to catalyst preparation and application include composition, surface area, microstructure and pore shape and size distribution. Macropores (> 50 nm), mesopores (2-50 nm) and micropores (<2 nm) generally coexist in activated carbons. The accessibility of metal particles dispersed in microporous systems is of predominant importance, especially for large molecules that exhibit slow diffusion transport in narrow pores. It is desirable to have metal particles highly dispersed in readily accessible locations. As part of an on-going program of the characterization of carbonsupported catalysts we report some preliminary observations of the microstructure of carbon supports by a variety of electron microscopy techniquesCommercial carbon supports and carbon-supported Pt catalysts were used in this study. High resolution secondary electron (SE) microscopy, low voltage backscattered electron (LVBE) microscopy and high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) microscopy techniques were employed to extract surface and structural information.

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Bandosz, T. J. "Importance of Carbon Porosity for Energy-Related Applications." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 21, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj859.

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Nanoporous carbons have many advantages over other adsorbents. This includes their high surface area, pore volume and also conductivity of a carbon matrix. The latter is very important for electrocatalysis. In recent years carbon materials have gained a lot of attention as metal-free catalysts. Their catalytic centers have been linked mainly to nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms incorporated to the carbon matrix. So far, the research efforts have focused mainly on nanoforms of carbons such a graphene and carbon nanotube (CNT). Inspired by those results, we have performed CO2 and O2 electroreduction on nanoporous carbons assuming that small pores, similar in sizes to target molecules, can enhance the efficiency of these catalytic processes. Indeed, the results suggested that even though the N- and S- based catalytic centers are important, adsorption of O2 or CO2/CO2-/CO/H2 in pores has a positive effect on these overall reduction processes. This minireview summarizes our recent results on the role of porosity in electrocatalysis on porous carbons.

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El-Nabarawy, Th, G. A. Fagal, and L. B. Khalil. "Removal of Ammonia from Aqueous Solution Using Activated Carbons." Adsorption Science & Technology 13, no. 1 (February 1996): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026361749601300102.

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The surface areas of non-activated, activated and modified activated carbons were determined from the adsorption of nitrogen at −196°C and of carbon dioxide at 25°C. The base neutralization capacities were determined from the adsorption of NaOH, Na2CO3, NaHCO3 and NH4OH. The amount of oxygen combined to the carbon surface was estimated by measuring the pressure of CO and CO2 obtained on outgassing the carbon sample in the temperature range 300–1000°C. The surface area of activated carbon is not a determining factor in its ammonia adsorption. The surface acidity of the active carbon is a good measure of its capacity for ammonia removal. Ammonia adsorption increases appreciably upon surface oxidation of carbons with oxidizing gases and solutions. The acidic groups on the surface of carbons differ in their strength. Only a fraction of the surface covered by the carbon–oxygen groups is responsible for the capacity of the carbon towards ammonia. Most of the adsorbed ammonia is recovered upon treatment with dilute hydrochloric acid leaving the surface free for successive ammonia adsorption cycles.

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32

Best, Steven, Jake B. Wasley, Carla de Tomas, Alireza Aghajamali, Irene Suarez-Martinez, and Nigel A. Marks. "Evidence for Glass Behavior in Amorphous Carbon." C — Journal of Carbon Research 6, no. 3 (July 30, 2020): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/c6030050.

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Amorphous carbons are disordered carbons with densities of circa 1.9–3.1 g/cc and a mixture of sp2 and sp3 hybridization. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we simulate diffusion in amorphous carbons at different densities and temperatures to investigate the transition between amorphous carbon and the liquid state. Arrhenius plots of the self-diffusion coefficient clearly demonstrate that there is a glass transition rather than a melting point. We consider five common carbon potentials (Tersoff, REBO-II, AIREBO, ReaxFF and EDIP) and all exhibit a glass transition. Although the glass-transition temperature (Tg) is not significantly affected by density, the choice of potential can vary Tg by up to 40%. Our results suggest that amorphous carbon should be interpreted as a glass rather than a solid.

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Dobrevski, I., and L. Zvezdova. "Biological Regeneration of Activated Carbon." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 141–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0017.

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This paper reports the results of investigations into the effect of activated carbon pore structure on the process of carbon regeneration. The suitability of several different commercial activated carbons for biological regeneration was investigated. The pore volume, pore radii, and surface area of the carbons were determined by mercury intrusion and BET methods. The adsorption capacities of the carbons were measured in completely mixed batch reactor systems. Heterogeneous micro-organism cultures and crude cell extract were used for bioregeneration of the carbons. The comparative adsorption and bioregeneration studies showed that there was no correlation between the original adsorption capacity and the regenerated adsorption capacity of activated carbons under the range of conditions used. This is due to the pore structure characteristics of the carbons. It has been found that the regenerated adsorption capacity depends on the volume of the pores with radii, r, of 5 - 50 nm (50 - 500 Å). On the basis of substrate bio-oxidation reactions and the results obtained from identification of some exo-enzymes involved in this bio-oxidation process, the probable mechanism of bioregeneration is discussed.

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34

Liu, Lei, Chang-Ce Ke, Tian-Yi Ma, and Yun-Pei Zhu. "When Carbon Meets CO2: Functional Carbon Nanostructures for CO2 Utilization." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 19, no. 6 (June 1, 2019): 3148–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2019.16590.

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Major fossil fuel consumption associated with CO2 emission and socioeconomic instability has received much concern within the global community regarding the long-term sustainability and security of these commodities. The capture, sequestration, and conversion of CO2 emissions from flue gas are now becoming familiar worldwide. Nanostructured carbonaceous materials with designed functionality have been extensively used in some key CO2 exploitation processes and techniques, because of their excellent electrical conductivity, chemical/mechanical stability, adjustable chemical compositions, and abundant active sites. This review focuses on a variety of carbonaceous materials, like graphene, carbon nanotubes, amorphous porous carbons and carbon hybrid composites, which have been demonstrated promising in CO2 capture/separation and conversion (electrocatalysis and photocatalysis) to produce value-added chemicals and fuels. Along with the discussion and concerning synthesis strategies, characterization and conversion and capture/separation techniques employed, we further elaborate the structure-performance relationships in terms of elucidating active sites, reaction mechanisms and kinetics improvement. Finally, challenges and future perspectives of these carbon-based materials for CO2 applications using well-structured carbons are remarked in detail.

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Sen, Rahul, R. Sumathy, and C. N. R. Rao. "Diamond-graphite hybrids and the nature of amorphous carbon and diamond-like carbon." Journal of Materials Research 10, no. 10 (October 1995): 2531–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1995.2531.

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The nature of amorphous carbon has been explored by molecular mechanics by examining the structures of species such as C84Hx and C150Hx, wherein the percentage of sp3 carbons is progressively increased in a graphitic network. The nature of diamond-like carbon has been similarly investigated by examining the structures of C84Hx and C102Hx where the percentage of sp2 carbons is varied in an sp3 network. The dependence of the average coordination number as well as the sp3/sp2 atom ratio on the atom fraction of hydrogen has been investigated in light of the random covalent network model.

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Kim, Hyun-Chul, and Seong Huh. "Porous Carbon-Based Supercapacitors Directly Derived from Metal–Organic Frameworks." Materials 13, no. 18 (September 22, 2020): 4215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13184215.

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Numerously different porous carbons have been prepared and used in a wide range of practical applications. Porous carbons are also ideal electrode materials for efficient energy storage devices due to their large surface areas, capacious pore spaces, and superior chemical stability compared to other porous materials. Not only the electrical double-layer capacitance (EDLC)-based charge storage but also the pseudocapacitance driven by various dopants in the carbon matrix plays a significant role in enhancing the electrochemical supercapacitive performance of porous carbons. Since the electrochemical capacitive activities are primarily based on EDLC and further enhanced by pseudocapacitance, high-surface carbons are desirable for these applications. The porosity of carbons plays a crucial role in enhancing the performance as well. We have recently witnessed that metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) could be very effective self-sacrificing templates, or precursors, for new high-surface carbons for supercapacitors, or ultracapacitors. Many MOFs can be self-sacrificing precursors for carbonaceous porous materials in a simple yet effective direct carbonization to produce porous carbons. The constituent metal ions can be either completely removed during the carbonization or transformed into valuable redox-active centers for additional faradaic reactions to enhance the electrochemical performance of carbon electrodes. Some heteroatoms of the bridging ligands and solvate molecules can be easily incorporated into carbon matrices to generate heteroatom-doped carbons with pseudocapacitive behavior and good surface wettability. We categorized these MOF-derived porous carbons into three main types: (i) pure and heteroatom-doped carbons, (ii) metallic nanoparticle-containing carbons, and (iii) carbon-based composites with other carbon-based materials or redox-active metal species. Based on these cases summarized in this review, new MOF-derived porous carbons with much enhanced capacitive performance and stability will be envisioned.

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Irie, Kazutomo, and Yuko Tanaka. "APEC Low-Carbon Model Town Project: Progress and Prospect — Focusing on Low-Carbon Building*." Modern Environmental Science and Engineering 2, no. 08 (August 2016): 514–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15341/mese(2333-2581)/08.02.2016/002.

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REED, L. A. III, J. T. HUANG, M. MCGREGOR, and L. GOODMAN. "ChemInform Abstract: Stereospecific Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation at Secondary Carbons in Cyclic Sugars." ChemInform 25, no. 27 (August 19, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199427231.

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Cook, Nick. "Zero-carbon carbon." Physics World 35, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 26ii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/35/01/25.

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Sheehan, J. E., K. W. Buesking, and B. J. Sullivan. "Carbon-Carbon Composites." Annual Review of Materials Science 24, no. 1 (August 1994): 19–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ms.24.080194.000315.

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41

Frackowiak, Elzbieta, Qamar Abbas, and François Béguin. "Carbon/carbon supercapacitors." Journal of Energy Chemistry 22, no. 2 (March 2013): 226–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2095-4956(13)60028-5.

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42

Camp, Michael. "Carbon, Carbon Everywhere." Reviews in American History 47, no. 3 (2019): 472–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rah.2019.0066.

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Mays, Tim. "Carbon-carbon composites." Composites Science and Technology 51, no. 3 (January 1994): 463–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0266-3538(94)90115-5.

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44

Gu, Q., and P. Kettunen. "Carbon-carbon composite." Materials Science and Engineering: A 234-236 (August 1997): 223–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-5093(97)00225-6.

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45

Tsai, Wen-Hsien. "Carbon Emission Reduction—Carbon Tax, Carbon Trading, and Carbon Offset." Energies 13, no. 22 (November 23, 2020): 6128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13226128.

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The Paris Agreement was signed by 195 nations in December 2015 to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change following the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) and the 1997 Kyoto Protocol [...]

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46

Strauss, Volker, Johannes T. Margraf, Timothy Clark, and Dirk M. Guldi. "A carbon–carbon hybrid – immobilizing carbon nanodots onto carbon nanotubes." Chemical Science 6, no. 12 (2015): 6878–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5sc02728d.

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The thrust of this work is to integrate small and uniformly sized carbon nanodots (CNDs) with single-walled carbon nanotubes of different diameters as electron acceptors and electron donors, respectively, and to test their synergetic interactions in terms of optoelectronic devices.

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47

Kwon, Eunkwang, Soohyung Park, and Wontae Lee. "Comparison of Coal-, Coconut-, and Wood-Based Activated Carbons for Removal of Organic Matters in Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 43, no. 4 (April 30, 2021): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2021.43.4.257.

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Objectives : This study investigated the removal of dissolved organic materials by coal-, coconut-, and wood-based activated carbons to assess the addition of an activated carbon process to a publicly owned treatment works (POTW).Methods : We assessed the removal of total organic carbon (TOC) by each process in the POTW, and examined the removal of TOC and UVA254 upon adding different amounts of coal-, coconut- and wood-based activated carbons (50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg/L) with various contact time (10, 20, 30, 60, 120 min).Results and Discussion : Approximately 80% of TOC was removed throughout the POTW compared to the influent. The activated carbon adsorption tests of coagulated wastewater revealed that the removal rate of TOC and UVA254 from coal-based activated carbon was higher than those of coconut-based and wood-based activated carbons. The removal rate of dissolved organic materials was highest in ozone treated wastewater in all types of activated carbons, followed by ultraviolet disinfected wastewater and coagulated wastewater.Conclusions : It was possible to remove an additional 35-55% of dissolved organic materials upon addition of activated carbon to the treated wastewater although the removal depends on the material of the activated carbon, the injection amount, and the contact time. If an activated carbon process is adopted to the POTW, it can meet the effluent water quality standards (TOC).

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Liu, Yujia, Edmund Lau, Dario Mager, Marc J. Madou, and Maziar Ghazinejad. "Distinct Roles of Tensile and Compressive Stresses in Graphitizing and Properties of Carbon Nanofibers." Micromachines 12, no. 9 (September 11, 2021): 1096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12091096.

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It is generally accepted that inducing molecular alignment in a polymer precursor via mechanical stresses influences its graphitization during pyrolysis. However, our understanding of how variations of the imposed mechanics can influence pyrolytic carbon microstructure and functionality is inadequate. Developing such insight is consequential for different aspects of carbon MEMS manufacturing and applicability, as pyrolytic carbons are the main building blocks of MEMS devices. Herein, we study the outcomes of contrasting routes of stress-induced graphitization by providing a comparative analysis of the effects of compressive stress versus standard tensile treatment of PAN-based carbon precursors. The results of different materials characterizations (including scanning electron microscopy, Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies, as well as high-resolution transmission electron microscopy) reveal that while subjecting precursor molecules to both types of mechanical stresses will induce graphitization in the resulting pyrolytic carbon, this effect is more pronounced in the case of compressive stress. We also evaluated the mechanical behavior of three carbon types, namely compression-induced (CIPC), tension-induced (TIPC), and untreated pyrolytic carbon (PC) by Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) of carbon samples in their as-synthesized mat format. Using DMA, the elastic modulus, ultimate tensile strength, and ductility of CIPC and TIPC films are determined and compared with untreated pyrolytic carbon. Both stress-induced carbons exhibit enhanced stiffness and strength properties over untreated carbons. The compression-induced films reveal remarkably larger mechanical enhancement with the elastic modulus 26 times higher and tensile strength 2.85 times higher for CIPC compared to untreated pyrolytic carbon. However, these improvements come at the expense of lowered ductility for compression-treated carbon, while tension-treated carbon does not show any loss of ductility. The results provided by this report point to the ways that the carbon MEMS industry can improve and revise the current standard strategies for manufacturing and implementing carbon-based micro-devices.

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Liu, Gui Yang, Yan Nan Li, Jun Ming Guo, and Bao Sen Wang. "Porous Carbon Prepared by a Template-Like Method Using Non-Porous Pumice Mineral as Template." Advanced Materials Research 160-162 (November 2010): 1028–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.160-162.1028.

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Porous carbons have been prepared by a template-like method using non-porous pumice mineral as a “template”, and sucrose and furfuralcohol as carbon sources. Nitrogen adsorption and scanning electric microscope (SEM) have been used to investigate the pore structure and morphology of the samples. The study results indicate that the surface areas of the carbons prepared from sucrose and furfuralcohol are 208 and 268 m2/g, respectively. The carbon prepared from sucrose is microporous, and the carbon prepared from furfuralcohol is a carbon with both micropores and mesopores.

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50

Cui, Xiangyu, Penghui Li, Baohua Hu, Teng Yang, Haichao Fu, Shuai Chen, and Xiaolai Zhang. "Simulation Study for the Adsorption of Carbon Disulfide on Hydroxyl Modified Activated Carbon." Molecules 28, no. 12 (June 7, 2023): 4627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28124627.

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In this study, grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations (GCMC) and molecular dynamics simulations (MD) were used to construct models of activated carbon with hydroxyl-modified hexachlorobenzene basic unit contents of 0%, 12.5%, 25%, 35% and 50%. The mechanism of adsorption of carbon disulfide (CS2) by hydroxyl-modified activated carbon was then studied. It is found that the introduction of hydroxyl functional groups will improve the adsorption capacity of activated carbon for carbon disulfide. As far as the simulation results are concerned, the activated carbon model containing 25% hydroxyl modified activated carbon basic units has the best adsorption performance for carbon disulfide molecules at 318 K and atmospheric pressure. At the same time, the changes in the porosity, accessible surface area of the solvent, ultimate diameter and maximum pore diameter of the activated carbon model also led to great differences in the diffusion coefficient of carbon disulfide molecules in different hydroxyl-modified activated carbons. However, the same adsorption heat and temperature had little effect on the adsorption of carbon disulfide molecules.

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