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Journal articles on the topic 'Carbon xerogel'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Abdelwahab, Abdalla, Francisco Carrasco-Marín, and Agustín F. Pérez-Cadenas. "Carbon Xerogels Hydrothermally Doped with Bimetal Oxides for Oxygen Reduction Reaction." Materials 12, no. 15 (July 31, 2019): 2446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12152446.

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A total of two carbon xerogels doped with cobalt and nickel were prepared by the sol–gel method. The obtained carbon xerogels underwent further surface modification with three binary metal oxides namely: nickel cobaltite, nickel ferrite, and cobalt ferrite through the hydrothermal method. The mesopore volumes of these materials ranged between 0.24 and 0.40 cm3/g. Moreover, there was a morphology transformation for the carbon xerogels doped with nickel cobaltite, which is in the form of nano-needles after the hydrothermal process. Whereas the carbon xerogels doped with nickel ferrite and cobalt ferrite maintained the normal carbon xerogel structure after the hydrothermal process. The prepared materials were tested as electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction using 0.1 M KOH. Among the prepared carbon xerogels cobalt-doped carbon xerogel had better electrocatalytic performance than the nickel-doped ones. Moreover, the carbon xerogels doped with nickel cobaltite showed excellent activity for oxygen reduction reaction due to mesoporosity development. NiCo2O4/Co-CX showed to be the best electrocatalyst of all the prepared electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction application, exhibiting the highest electrocatalytic activity, lowest onset potential Eonset of −0.06 V, and the lowest equivalent series resistance (ESR) of 2.74 Ω.

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2

Canal-Rodríguez, Maria, Ana Arenillas, Sara F. Villanueva, Miguel A. Montes-Morán, and J. Angel Menénedez. "Graphitized Carbon Xerogels for Lithium-Ion Batteries." Materials 13, no. 1 (December 26, 2019): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13010119.

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Carbon xerogels with different macropore sizes and degrees of graphitization were evaluated as electrodes in lithium-ion batteries. It was found that pore structure of the xerogels has a marked effect on the degree of graphitization of the final carbons. Moreover, the incorporation of graphene oxide to the polymeric structure of the carbon xerogels also leads to a change in their carbonaceous structure and to a remarkable increase in the graphitic phase of the samples studied. The sample with the highest degree of graphitization (i.e., hybrid graphene-carbon xerogel) displayed the highest capacity and stability over 100 cycles, with values even higher than those of the commercial graphite SLP50 used as reference.

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3

Strachowski, Przemysław, Wojciech Kiciński, Maciej Fronczak, Waldemar Kaszuwara, Piotr Baranowski, and Michał Bystrzejewski. "An activation-free route to porous magnetic carbon adsorbents for the removal of phenolic compounds." New Journal of Chemistry 43, no. 27 (2019): 10792–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nj01981b.

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Magnetic composite carbon xerogels were synthesized via acidic gelation of resorcinol and furfural in the presence of carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles with subsequent carbonization of the as-obtained magnetic organic xerogel.

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4

Quach, Nguyen Khanh Nguyen, Wein-Duo Yang, Zen-Ja Chung, and Hoai Lam Tran. "The Influence of the Activation Temperature on the Structural Properties of the Activated Carbon Xerogels and Their Electrochemical Performance." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8308612.

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The effect of activation temperature on the structural properties and the electrochemical performance of KOH-activated carbon xerogel was investigated in range of 700 to 1000°C. At a high temperature (1000°C), the chemical activation regenerated a more crystalline network structure of activated carbon xerogels, which was observed by Raman, XRD, and TEM images. Additionally, SEM images, BET, BJH, and t-plot were used to study the structural properties of carbon xerogels. The carbon xerogel sample activated at 900°C was found with the most appropriate structure, which has the high micropore area and a more-balanced porosity between the micropores and mesopores, for using as an electrode material. The highest obtained specific capacitance value was 270 Fg−1 in 6 M KOH electrolyte at scan rate of 5 mVs−1 from the cyclic voltammetry.

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5

Eckert, Martin, Heena Suthar, and Jean-Francois Drillet. "Influence of Resorcinol to Sodium Carbonate Ratio on Carbon Xerogel Properties for Aluminium Ion Battery." Materials 15, no. 7 (April 1, 2022): 2597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15072597.

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Carbon xerogels were synthesized using a soft-template route with resorcinol as the carbon source and sodium carbonate as the catalyst. The influence of the resorcinol to catalyst ratio in the range of 500–20,000 on pore structure, graphitic domains, and electronic conductivity of as-prepared carbon xerogels, as well as their performance in an aluminium ion battery (AIB), was investigated. After carbonization steps of the polymers up to 800 °C, all carbon samples exhibited similar specific volumes of micropores (0.7–0.8 cm³ g−1), while samples obtained from mixtures with R/C ratios lower than 2000 led to carbon xerogels with significantly higher mesopore diameters up to 6 nm. The best results, in terms of specific surface (1000 m² g−1), average pore size (6 nm) and reversible capacity in AIB cell (28 mAh g−1 @ 0.1 A g−1), were obtained with a carbon xerogel sample synthetized at a resorcinol to catalyst ratio of R/C = 500 (CXG500). Though cyclic voltammograms of carbon xerogel samples did not exhibit any sharp peaks in the applied potential window, the presence of both oxidation and a quite wide reduction peak in CXG500–2000 cyclic voltammograms indicated pseudocapacitance behaviour induced by diffusion-controlled intercalation/de-intercalation of AlCl4− ions into/from the carbon xerogel matrix. This was confirmed by shifting of the (002) peak towards lower 2θ angle values in the XRD pattern of the CXG500 electrode after the charging step in AIB, whereas the contribution of pseudocapacitance, calculated from half-cell measurements, was limited to only 6% of overall capacitance.

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6

Abdelwahab, Abdalla, Francisco Carrasco-Marín, and Agustín F. Pérez-Cadenas. "Binary and Ternary 3D Nanobundles Metal Oxides Functionalized Carbon Xerogels as Electrocatalysts toward Oxygen Reduction Reaction." Materials 13, no. 16 (August 10, 2020): 3531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13163531.

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A series of carbon xerogels doped with cobalt, nickel, and iron have been prepared through the sol–gel method. The doped carbon xerogels were further functionalized with binary and ternary transition metal oxides containing Co, Ni, and Zn oxides by the hydrothermal method. A development in the mesopore volume is achieved for functionalized carbon xerogel doped with iron. However, in the functionalization of carbon xerogel with ternary metal oxides, a reduction in pore diameter and mesopore volume is found. In addition, all functionalized metal oxides/carbon are in the form of 3D nanobundles with different lengths and widths. The prepared samples have been tested as electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in basic medium. All composites showed excellent oxygen reduction reaction activity; the low equivalent series resistance of the Zn–Ni–Co/Co–CX composite was especially remarkable, indicating high electronic conductivity. It has been established that the role of Zn in this type of metal oxides nanobundles-based ORR catalyst is not only positive, but its effect could be enhanced by the presence of Ni.

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7

Kraiwattanawong, Kriangsak. "Porous Properties of Carbon/Carbon Composite Xerogels." Materials Science Forum 928 (August 2018): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.928.62.

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Carbon/carbon composite xerogels are prepared by a vacuum drying technique whereas a carbon cryogel is synthesized by a freeze drying technique to compare the effect of these drying methods at the selective synthesis condition. Resorcinol and formaldehyde are used to prepare a matrix phase and cotton fibers are acted as a disperse phase of the carbon/carbon composite xerogels. Here resorcinol and formaldehyde is utilized to synthesize the carbon cryogel only. The carbon/carbon composite xerogels and the carbon cryogel were analyzed by a nitrogen adsorption apparatus and a field emission scanning electron microscope. The results support that the vacuum drying can decrease the pore shrinkage despite of the gas-liquid interface. The porous properties of the carbon xerogel is quite equivalent to the porous properties of the carbon cryogel. When the porous properties of carbon xerogels are considered, their porous properties can be preserved at the high porosity until 0.15 g/g of the cotton fibers/resorcinol ratio. At 0.25 g/g of this ratio, the porous properties start decreasingly.

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8

Ayu Lestari, Riani, Muthia Elma, Erdina Lulu Atika Rampun, Anna Sumardi, Adhe Paramitha, Aptar Eka Lestari, Sadidan Rabiah, Zaini Lambri Assyaifi, and Gesit Satriaji. "Functionalization of Si-C Using TEOS (Tetra Ethyl Ortho Silica) as Precursor and Organic Catalyst." E3S Web of Conferences 148 (2020): 07008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014807008.

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Silica network was tailored configuring siloxane (Si-O-Si) and silanol (Si-OH) groups which are essential to produce porous-structured materials. As silanols are hydrophilic, react with water to form fouling. This research address to actualize strategy for synthesizing highly functionalized silica carbon (Si-C) using hybrid organic-inorganic structures as the primary method for improving hydro-stability by employing precursor TEOS and organic catalyst through a sol-gel process. Catalysis employs citric acid or citric acid-ammonia whereas carbon templated into silica network. The synthesis scheme involves: a) sol-gel process at 0°C and b) calcination. Silica sol dried into xerogels were prepared and calcined at 200°C and 250°C. Characterization of xerogels showed the infrared band areas of the organic groups to evaluate the thermal stability. For xerogel employed single (pH 5.5) and dual (pH 7.65) catalyst, infrared spectra showed mostly look similar Si-C area at similar wavelength. Silica xerogel is more effectively prepared from TEOS with one-step single acid catalyst including calcination.

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9

Wolfs, Cédric, Stéphanie D. Lambert, Alexandre F. Léonard, and Julien G. Mahy. "Custom-Shaped Carbon Xerogel Materials by 3D Printing." Processes 10, no. 10 (October 1, 2022): 1979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10101979.

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Sol–gel-based carbon xerogels possess very promising properties for pollution abatement, using processes that associate adsorption and on-site electrochemical oxidation. However, combining a high exterior surface area (for efficient diffusion) and a monolithic shape (necessary for electrochemical processes) poses challenges. In this work, the shape of monolithic carbon xerogels was contrived by the use of 3D-printed molds. Several parameters were optimized: the choice of mold design, the choice of plastic, the 3D printer parameters, the solvent, and the process of dissolving the plastic. A design combining fine sticks and plates made of ABS was printed; a sol–gel carbon xerogel monolith was synthesized in it, and the mold was removed by using a combination of acetone and pyrolysis. Dissolving the plastic could be carried out by placing the material on a metallic net and leaving the dissolved ABS to settle. The resulting carbon material exhibits a high exterior surface area and good strength, leading to potential uses in the aforementioned process. The research shows that 3D printing is an efficient method of parameter optimization in pre-industrialization research, thanks to its flexibility, low cost, and ease of use.

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10

Mahato, Nihar Ranjan, Kamala Mandy Hansda, Ajit Das, Jayanta Banerjee, Sridhar Mondal, and Nagendranath Mahata. "Synthesis of Mesoporous Carbon Xerogel and Activation by Oxidative Treatment." Asian Journal of Chemistry 31, no. 10 (August 30, 2019): 2139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2019.22009.

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Synthesis of carbon xerogel and modification of its surface by various oxidative treatments are explored. Organic gel was synthesized by following the conventional sol-gel approach using formaldehyde and resorcinol. The wet gel was dried under subcritical condition and then carbonized, leading to carbon xerogel. Subsequently, the carbon xerogel was subjected to surface activation by means of oxidative treatment with nitric acid, sulphuric acid as well as aerial oxidation. Surface acid/base properties of the carbon xerogel have been strongly altered by treatments with nitric acid as well as with sulphuric acid. On the other hand, total surface area and pore volume have been significantly modified by air activation.

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11

Labban, Najwa, Mulugeta Wayu, Ciara Steele, Tess Munoz, Julie Pollock, William Case, and Michael Leopold. "First Generation Amperometric Biosensing of Galactose with Xerogel-Carbon Nanotube Layer-By-Layer Assemblies." Nanomaterials 9, no. 1 (December 29, 2018): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9010042.

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A first-generation amperometric galactose biosensor has been systematically developed utilizing layer-by-layer (LbL) construction of xerogels, polymers, and carbon nanotubes toward a greater fundamental understanding of sensor design with these materials and the potential development of a more efficient galactosemia diagnostic tool for clinical application. The effect of several parameters (xerogel silane precursor, buffer pH, enzyme concentration, drying time and the inclusion of a polyurethane (PU) outer layer) on galactose sensitivity were investigated with the critical nature of xerogel selection being demonstrated. Xerogels formed from silanes with medium, aliphatic side chains were shown to exhibit significant enhancements in sensitivity with the addition of PU due to decreased enzyme leaching. Semi-permeable membranes of diaminobenzene and resorcinol copolymer and Nafion were used for selective discrimination against interferent species and the accompanying loss of sensitivity with adding layers was countered using functionalized, single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Optimized sensor performance included effective galactose sensitivity (0.037 μA/mM) across a useful diagnostic concentration range (0.5 mM to 7 mM), fast response time (~30 s), and low limits of detection (~80 μM) comparable to literature reports on galactose sensors. Additional modification with anionic polymer layers and/or nanoparticles allowed for galactose detection in blood serum samples and additional selectivity effectiveness.

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12

Abdelrazek, Ghada M., Mohamed M. EL-Deeb, Ahmed A. Farghali, Agustín F. Pérez-Cadenas, and Abdalla Abdelwahab. "Design of Self-Supported Flexible Nanostars MFe-LDH@ Carbon Xerogel-Modified Electrode for Methanol Oxidation." Materials 14, no. 18 (September 13, 2021): 5271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14185271.

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Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have emerged as promising electrodes materials for the methanol oxidation reaction. Here, we report on the preparation of different LDHs with the hydrothermal process. The effect of the divalent cation (i.e., Ni, Co, and Zn) on the electrochemical performance of methanol oxidation was investigated. Moreover, nanocomposites of LDHs and carbon xerogels (CX) supported on nickel foam (NF) substrate were prepared to investigate the role of carbon xerogel. The results show that NiFe-LDH/CX/NF is an efficient electrocatalyst for methanol oxidation with a current density that reaches 400 mA·m−2 compared to 250 and 90 mA·cm−2 for NiFe-LDH/NF and NF, respectively. In addition, all LDH/CX/NF nanocomposites show excellent stability for methanol oxidation. A clear relationship is observed between the electrodes crystallite size and their activity to methanol oxidation. The smaller the crystallite size, the higher the current density delivered. Additionally, the presence of carbon xerogel in the nanocomposites offer 3D interconnected micro/mesopores, which facilitate both mass and electron transport.

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13

Khamkure, Sasirot, Prócoro Gamero-Melo, Sofía Esperanza Garrido-Hoyos, Audberto Reyes-Rosas, Daniella-Esperanza Pacheco-Catalán, and Arely Monserrat López-Martínez. "The Development of Fe3O4-Monolithic Resorcinol-Formaldehyde Carbon Xerogels Using Ultrasonic-Assisted Synthesis for Arsenic Removal of Drinking Water." Gels 9, no. 8 (July 30, 2023): 618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels9080618.

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Inorganic arsenic in drinking water from groundwater sources is one of the potential causes of arsenic-contaminated environments, and it is highly toxic to human health even at low concentrations. The purpose of this study was to develop a magnetic adsorbent capable of removing arsenic from water. Fe3O4-monolithic resorcinol-formaldehyde carbon xerogels are a type of porous material that forms when resorcinol and formaldehyde (RF) react to form a polymer network, which is then cross-linked with magnetite. Sonication-assisted direct and indirect methods were investigated for loading Fe3O4 and achieving optimal mixing and dispersion of Fe3O4 in the RF solution. Variations of the molar ratios of the catalyst (R/C = 50, 100, 150, and 200), water (R/W = 0.04 and 0.05), and Fe3O4 (M/R = 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2), and thermal treatment were applied to evaluate their textural properties and adsorption capacities. Magnetic carbon xerogel monoliths (MXRF600) using indirect sonication were pyrolyzed at 600 °C for 6 h with a nitrogen gas flow in the tube furnace. Nanoporous carbon xerogels with a high surface area (292 m2/g) and magnetic properties were obtained. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of As(III) and As(V) was 694.3 µg/g and 1720.3 µg/g, respectively. The incorporation of magnetite in the xerogel structure was physical, without participation in the polycondensation reaction, as confirmed by XRD, FTIR, and SEM analysis. Therefore, Fe3O4-monolithic resorcinol-formaldehyde carbon xerogels were developed as a potential adsorbent for the effective removal of arsenic with low and high ranges of As(III) and As(V) concentrations from groundwater.

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14

Alegre, C., M. E. Gálvez, D. Sebastián, R. Moliner, and M. J. Lázaro. "Influence of Synthesis pH on Textural Properties of Carbon Xerogels as Supports for Pt/CXs Catalysts for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells." International Journal of Electrochemistry 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/267893.

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Carbon xerogels (CXs) have been prepared by polycondensation of resorcinol and formaldehyde. Two synthesis pHs were studied in order to evaluate its influence on the electrochemical behaviour of Pt catalysts supported on previous carbon xerogels, synthesized by conventional impregnation method. Catalysts were also synthesized over a commercial carbon black (Vulcan-XC-72R) for comparison purposes. Characterization techniques included nitrogen physisorption, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Catalysts electrochemical activity towards the oxidation of carbon monoxide and methanol was studied by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry to establish the effect of the carbon support on the catalysts performance. Commercial Pt/C catalyst (E-TEK) was analyzed for comparison purposes. It was observed that the more developed and mesopore-enriched porous structure of the carbon xerogel synthesized at a higher initial pH resulted in an optimal utilization of the active phase and in an enhanced and promising catalytic activity in the electrooxidation of methanol, in comparison with commercial catalysts.

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15

Quach, Nguyen Khanh Nguyen, Wein-Duo Yang, Zen-Ja Chung, Hoai Lam Tran, and Rui Liu. "Investigation of the Characteristic Properties of Glacial Acetic Acid-Catalyzed Carbon Xerogels and Their Electrochemical Performance for Use as Electrode Materials in Electrical Double-Layer Capacitors." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5851841.

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Glacial acetic acid was used as a catalyst in the preparation process of carbon xerogels from the condensation of resorcinol and formaldehyde for shortening significantly the gelation time. The effect of the resorcinol/catalyst ratio over a large range of 2 to 500, the solvent exchange manner with acetone, and the pyrolysis temperature of 700 to 1000°C on the characteristic properties of the carbon xerogels were investigated. A resorcinol/catalyst ratio of 2 and a pyrolysis temperature at 800°C were found to be the optimal condition for the preparation of carbon xerogels with a well-balanced porosity between micro- and mesopores, high surface area (577.62 m2g−1), and large pore volume (0.97 cm3g−1), which are appropriate for use as electrode materials in an electrical double-layer capacitor. The carbon xerogel electrodes that were prepared under these optimal conditions exhibited a good electrochemical performance with the highest specific capacitance of 169 Fg−1 in 6 M KOH electrolyte at a scan rate of 5 mVs−1 from cyclic voltammetry.

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16

Grishechko, L. I., G. Amaral-Labat, V. Fierro, A. Szczurek, B. N. Kuznetsov, and A. Celzard. "Biosourced, highly porous, carbon xerogel microspheres." RSC Advances 6, no. 70 (2016): 65698–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra09462g.

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17

Orge, C. A., J. J. M. Órfão, and M. F. R. Pereira. "Carbon xerogels and ceria–carbon xerogel materials as catalysts in the ozonation of organic pollutants." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 126 (September 2012): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2012.06.029.

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18

Sumardi, Anna, Muthia Elma, Aptar Eka Lestari, Zaini Lambri Assyaifi, Adi Darmawan, Isna Syauqiah, Erdina Lulu Atika Rampun, Yanti Mawaddah, and Linda Suci Wati. "Deconvolution of TEOS/TEVS Xerogel by Single or Dual Organic Catalyst Addition." Jurnal Kimia Valensi 6, no. 2 (February 25, 2021): 208–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jkv.v6i2.17597.

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Currently, xerogel has been applied as a filtration material, especially in membrane desalination. However, the xerogel matrix structure for desalination have to be designed properly in order to allow rejection of salt and obtain good hydro-stability, thus, silica precursor in the form of TEOS (tetraethyl orthosilicate)/TEVS (triethoxy vinyl silane) and organic acid catalyst are suitable material for fabrication. The aim of this study is therefore to fabricate and perform deconvolution of TEOS/TEVS xerogel by adding single or dual catalyst, using FTIR (Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy) and Fityk software. The xerogel was fabricated by dried silica sol and calcined using RTP technique (rapid thermal processing) at 450 °C. Prior to this fabrication, the silica sol was synthesized by sol gel method, using a mixture of silica precursor TEOS/TEVS, ethanol solvent, and varied addition of single catalyst (citric acid) as well as dual catalyst (citric acid + ammonia) for 2 hours, at 50 °C. Subsequently, the xerogel was characterized by FTIR and the deconvolution was obtained through Gaussian approach, with Fityk software. All TEOS/TEVS xerogel samples indicated existence of silanol (Si-OH), siloxane (Si-O-Si) and silica-carbon (Si-C) functional groups. The xerogel deconvolution of TEOS/TEVS using single catalyst exhibit a peak area ratio of Si-OH/Si-O-Si, and this is similar to the dual catalyst counterpart of 0.24 (unit area) and 1.86 (unit area), for Si-C area ratio. This shows the addition of single catalyst was enough to produce deconvolution in TEOS/TEVS xerogel, dominated by siloxane functional group and carbon bonds with the ability to enhance membrane material hydro-stability’s fabrication.

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19

Sousa, Juliana P. S., Manuel F. R. Pereira, and José L. Figueiredo. "Carbon Xerogel Catalyst for NO Oxidation." Catalysts 2, no. 4 (October 17, 2012): 447–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal2040447.

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20

Liu, Chunling, and Sridhar Komarneni. "Carbon-silica xerogel and aerogel composites." Journal of Porous Materials 1, no. 1 (1995): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00486526.

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21

Sarkar, Tamal, Kamla Rawat, Pratima R. Solanki, and H. B. Bohidar. "Carbon dots-embedded fluorescent silica xerogel." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 583 (December 2019): 123844. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.123844.

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22

A. Wasfey, Madlin, Abdalla Abdelwahab, Francisco Carrasco-Marín, Agustín F. Pérez-Cadenas, H. H Abdullah, I. S. Yahia, and Ahmed Ali Farghali. "Nickel Cobaltite Functionalized Silver Doped Carbon Xerogels as Efficient Electrode Materials for High Performance Symmetric Supercapacitor." Materials 13, no. 21 (October 31, 2020): 4906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13214906.

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Introducing new inexpensive materials for supercapacitors application with high energy density and stability, is the current research challenge. In this work, Silver doped carbon xerogels have been synthesized via a simple sol-gel method. The silver doped carbon xerogels are further surface functionalized with different loadings of nickel cobaltite (1 wt.%, 5 wt.%, and 10 wt.%) using a facile impregnation process. The morphology and textural properties of the obtained composites are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and nitrogen physisorption analysis. The silver doped carbon xerogels display a higher surface area and larger mesopore volume compared to the un-doped carbon xerogels and hierarchically porous structure is obtained for all materials. The hybrid composites have been utilized as electrode materials for symmetric supercapacitors in 6 M KOH electrolyte. Among all the hybrid composites, silver doped carbon xerogel functionalized with 1 wt.% nickel cobaltite (NiCo1/Ag-CX) shows the best supercapacitor performance: high specific capacitance (368 F g−1 at 0.1 A g−1), low equivalent series resistance (1.9 Ω), high rate capability (99% capacitance retention after 2000 cycles at 1 A g−1), and high energy and power densities (50 Wh/Kg, 200 W/Kg at 0.1 A g−1). It is found that the specific capacitance does not only depend on surface area, but also on others factors such as particle size, uniform particle distribution, micro-mesoporous structure, which contribute to abundant active sites and fast charge, and ion transfer rates between the electrolyte and the active sites.

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23

LIU, LIHONG. "SINGLE-STEP SYNTHESIS OF COBALT-OXIDE SHELLED NANOCARBONS." International Journal of Nanoscience 04, no. 04 (August 2005): 591–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x05003255.

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In this paper, we report a simple solid-state method for fabricating cobalt-oxide–carbon core-shell nanostructures. With this technique, various forms of nanocarbons such as nanotubes, polyhedrons and onions can be generated via pyrolyzing cobalt–complex xerogels at 150 ~ 340°C. The thus-formed nanocarbons can be protected by cobalt-oxide matrix up to 1000°C in air atmosphere. Cobalt-oxide shelled or unshelled nanocarbons can be controlled by choosing a suitable complexing agent for the xerogel precursors. In particular, glycine has been proven to be a good complexing agent for low-temperature formation of unshelled nanocarbons and high-temperature generation of shelled nanocarbons.

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24

Šljukić, B., M. Vujković, L. Amaral, D. M. F. Santos, R. P. Rocha, C. A. C. Sequeira, and J. L. Figueiredo. "Carbon-supported Mo2C electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 30 (2015): 15505–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta02346g.

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Molybdenum carbide (Mo₂C) nanoparticles supported on carbon nanotubes and on carbon xerogel were evaluated as electrocatalysts for HER in acid media, showing good performance and stability.

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25

Amaral-Labat, Gisele, Manuella Gobbo C. Munhoz, Beatriz Carvalho da Silva Fonseca, Alan Fernando Ney Boss, Patricia de Almeida-Mattos, Flavia Lega Braghiroli, Hassine Bouafif, Ahmed Koubaa, Guilherme F. B. Lenz e Silva, and Maurício Ribeiro Baldan. "Xerogel-like Materials from Sustainable Sources: Properties and Electrochemical Performances." Energies 14, no. 23 (November 29, 2021): 7977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14237977.

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Energy storage is currently one of the most significant technological challenges globally, and supercapacitor is a prominent candidate over batteries due to its ability for fast charging and long lifetime. Supercapacitors typically use porous carbon as electrodes, because of both the high conductivity and surface area of the material. However, the state-of-the-art porous carbon described in the literature uses toxic chemicals and complex procedures that enhance costs and pollute the environment. Thus, a more sustainable procedure to produce porous carbon is highly desirable. In this context, xerogel-like carbons were prepared by a new, cheap, simple route to polymerization reactions of tannin-formaldehyde in a bio-oil by-product. Using bio-oil in its natural pH allowed a cost reduction and avoided using new reactants to change the reactional medium. Textural properties and electrochemical performances were improved by fast activating the material per 20 min. The non-activated carbon xerogel presented a capacitance of 92 F/g, while the activated one had 132 F/g, given that 77% of the components used are eco-friendly. These results demonstrate that renewable materials may find applications as carbon electrodes for supercapacitors. Overhauling the synthesis route with a different pH or replacing formaldehyde may enhance performance or provide a 100% sustainable carbon electrode.

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Santos, Gabriela Spirandelli dos, Clarice Moreira Goes, Juliana Giancoli Martins de Sousa, Nicolas Perciani de Moraes, Livia Chaguri, and Liana Alvares Rodrigues. "Evaluation of ZnO/Carbon Xerogel Composite as a Photocatalyst for Solar and Visible Light Degradation of the Rhodamine B Dye." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 2292–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.18962.

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This study is focused on the evaluation of the Rhodamine B photodegradation using ZnO/carbon xerogel composite as a photocatalyst, in order to enhance the photocatalytic process efficiency under visible light. The proposed synthesis employs tannin as a precursor for the carbon xerogel, which enhances the economic and environmental aspect of the composite. The synthesized materials have the hexagonal structure of the zinc oxide (wurtzite), which is homogeneously distributed on the carbonaceous matrix. The diffuse reflectance test shows that light absorption was significantly enhanced for the composite. The solar light-driven photodegradation results revealed that the synthesized composite achieved virtually complete degradation of the dye present in the solution in less than 3 h, in all concentrations tested. The results of visible light driven photocatalysis showed that the carbonaceous material presents better photoactivity than the pure oxide (70% and 40% degradation of Rhodamine B, respectively), due to the synergistic effect between the carbon xerogel and zinc oxide on the properties of the composite. The photocatalytic mechanism main active species are the photogenerated vacancies and superoxide radicals.

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Safri, Anam, and Ashleigh Jane Fletcher. "Concentration Dependence of TiO2 Nanoparticles in Carbon Xerogels on Adsorption–Photodegradation Applications." Gels 9, no. 6 (June 7, 2023): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels9060468.

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A suite of composite materials comprising carbon xerogel content and TiO2 was synthesised via a modified sol–gel method. The textural, morphological, and optical properties of the composites were extensively characterised and correlated with the observed adsorption and photodegradation performances. The homogeneity and porous structure of the composites depended on the amount of TiO2 deposited in the carbon xerogel. During polymerisation, Ti-O-C linkages were formed, which favoured the adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of the target methylene blue dye. Adsorption was deemed favourable, and most accurately fitted by the Sips model, exhibiting a maximum uptake of 209 mg g−1 estimated for the sample containing 50% TiO2. However, the synergistic effect of adsorption and photocatalytic degradation for each composite depended on the amount of TiO2 deposited in the carbon xerogel. The dye degradation process for the composites with 50%, 70%, and 90% TiO2 improved by 37%, 11%, and 2%, respectively, after exposure to visible light after adsorption. Repeated runs demonstrated over 80% of activity was retained after four cycles. Thus, this paper provides insight into the optimal amount of TiO2 required within such composites for maximum removal efficiency via adsorption and visible light photocatalysis.

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Rastegar, Ayoob, Mitra Gholami, Ahmad Jonidi Jafari, Ahmad Hosseini-Bandegharaei, Majid Kermani, and Yeganeh Kosar Hashemi. "Use of NH4Cl for activation of carbon xerogel to prepare a novel efficacious adsorbent for benzene removal from contaminated air streams in a fixed-bed column." Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering 18, no. 2 (October 4, 2020): 1141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40201-020-00533-5.

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Abstract Background Ammonium chloride as an explosive salt has proved to be a prominent activation agent for adsorbents and increase the specific surface area and volume of cavities. In this work, the ability of this substance was scrutinized for activation of carbon aerogel to prepare an efficient adsorbent for benzene removal from air streams. Methods A carbon xerogel was fabricated from Novallac polymer and activated by ammonium chloride.The changes in structure and morphology were considered via Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses. Also, comprehensive studies were conducted to vouchsafe the properties of the new adsorbent for benzene removal, using a fixed-bed column mode. Results The results showed both the successful synthesis and the suitability of the activation process. ACX possessed a higher specific surface area (1008 g/m3), compared to the parent carbon xerogel (CX; 543.7 g/m3) and organic xerogel (OX; 47 g/m3), as well as a higher adsorption capacity. Conclusion NH4CL is a very beneficial for modifying the structure and morphology of carbon aerogel, and the dynamic behavior of the column with respect inlet benzene concentration can be explained by Yan-Nelson model.

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Ptaszkowska-Koniarz, Magdalena, Joanna Goscianska, Aleksandra Bazan-Wozniak, and Robert Pietrzak. "Amine-Modified Carbon Xerogels as Effective Carbon-Based Adsorbents of Anionic Dye from Aqueous Solutions." Materials 15, no. 16 (August 19, 2022): 5736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15165736.

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Carbon xerogels were obtained by polycondensation of resorcinol and formaldehyde in a water medium. Their surface was oxidized by ammonium persulfate and then modified with amine groups. Four amines were used: methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine, and ethylenediamine, differing in carbon chain length and number of amine groups. The materials were characterized by low-temperature nitrogen sorption, elemental analysis, thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and determination of the surface oxygen group content with the use of the Boehm method. The final carbon adsorbents had surface areas ranging from 172–663 m2/g and acid–base nature. They were applied for adsorption of thymol blue from water solution. The sorption capacities of the studied adsorbents ranged from 83 to 140 mg/g. The presence of amine groups on the xerogel surface was found to increase its sorption capacity towards the dye studied. The dye adsorption process is endothermic and spontaneous, as indicated by the positive values of ΔH and the negative values of ΔG, respectively. The kinetics of adsorption of thymol blue was established to be described by the pseudo-second-order model. The equilibrium data were analyzed by the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The character of thymol blue adsorption is much better described by the Langmuir isotherm.

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Pelech, Iwona, O. S. G. P. Soares, Manuel F. R. Pereira, and José L. Figueiredo. "Oxidative dehydrogenation of isobutane on carbon xerogel catalysts." Catalysis Today 249 (July 2015): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2014.10.007.

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Rodrigues, Liana Alvares, Tiago Moreira Bastos Campos, Manoel Orlando Alvarez-Mendes, Aparecido dos reis Coutinho, Kumiko Koibuchi Sakane, and Gilmar Patrocínio Thim. "Phenol removal from aqueous solution by carbon xerogel." Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 63, no. 2 (March 20, 2012): 202–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10971-012-2745-3.

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Hristea, Gabriela, Mihai Iordoc, and Andreea Culcea. "Nanocarbon Type Xerogel Materials Designed for Water Desalination." Materials 14, no. 17 (August 30, 2021): 4932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14174932.

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The relative performance of different porous solids in different applications is highly dependent on the internal pore structure of each material. Highly porous carbon materials can be prepared by evaporative drying and the pyrolysis of resorcinol-formaldehyde gels. By determining the correct synthesis parameters, the pore system of such materials can be reshaped. Depending on some important processing factors such as the dilution ratio or the initial pH of the precursor solution, various porous or non-porous carbon materials can be synthesized. This paper addresses carbon xerogels (CX) designed as a material electrode in capacitive deionization (CDI) systems for water desalination. In this work CX materials were synthesized via poly-condensation reactions of resorcinol with formaldehyde (RF) on a carbon felt sheet followed by pyrolysis. The resulting sheets were used as electrodes to develop a CDI experimental multi-cell laboratory system. The initial pH of the RF solution and the dilution ratio effect on the resulting carbon surface area and structure were analyzed. Surface area measurements using the BET method and an electrochemical capacitance evaluation of the obtained xerogels through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were also performed. Finally, using our experimental CDI multi-cell laboratory system based on the obtained CX, we discuss the experimental data for the desalination rate as a function of the voltage and salt concentration. As a result, the developed model’s efficiency is demonstrated. The main goal of this work was to develop an efficient electrode-based novel carbon that could be commercially competitive, as well as to create guidelines for future desalination research using CX electrode materials.

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Yoon, Hyoung-Ju, Jae Young Lee, Jae-Suk Lee, and Tae-Ho Yoon. "Monolithic carbon xerogel with co-continuous hierarchical porosity via one-step, template- and catalyst-free hydrothermal reaction with resorcinol and formaldehyde." RSC Advances 9, no. 17 (2019): 9480–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra00904c.

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Monolithic carbon xerogel (MCX) with co-continuous hierarchical porosity was prepared via a one-step, template- and catalyst-free hydrothermal polycondensation reaction with resorcinol, formaldehyde and distilled water.

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34

Barbosa, Mariana Botelho, Jefferson Patricio Nascimento, Patricia B. Martelli, Clascidia Aparecida Furtado, Nelcy Della Santina Mohallem, and H. F. Gorgulho. "Electrochemical properties of carbon xerogel containing nitrogen in a carbon matrix." Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 162 (November 2012): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2012.02.005.

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35

Huang, Minhu, Seung Joon Yoo, Jae-Suk Lee, and Tae-Ho Yoon. "Electrochemical properties of an activated carbon xerogel monolith from resorcinol–formaldehyde for supercapacitor electrode applications." RSC Advances 11, no. 53 (2021): 33192–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra06462b.

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A monolithic carbon xerogel electrode for supercapacitors was prepared from resorcinol–formaldehyde, providing a specific capacitance of 323 F g−1via GCD at 1 A g−1 and 100% retention upon 5000 cycling tests.

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Yang, Bin, Chengxiang Yu, Qingni Yu, Xingwang Zhang, Zhongjian Li, and Lecheng Lei. "N-doped carbon xerogels as adsorbents for the removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution." RSC Advances 5, no. 10 (2015): 7182–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra12441c.

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The adsorption capacity for Pb, Zn and Cu ions in aqueous solution can be significantly improved by the introduction of N into the carbon xerogel (CX) matrix in the basis of the extraordinary textural property.

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37

Kakunuri, Manohar, Sheetal Vennamalla, and Chandra S. Sharma. "Synthesis of carbon xerogel nanoparticles by inverse emulsion polymerization of resorcinol–formaldehyde and their use as anode materials for lithium-ion battery." RSC Advances 5, no. 7 (2015): 4747–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra15171b.

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Resorcinol–formaldehyde (RF) derived carbon xerogel nanoparticles synthesized by inverse emulsification followed by drying and pyrolysis exhibited excellent electrochemical characteristics and thus find potential use as high capacity anode materials for Li ion battery.

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Kim, Jae Won, Seoung Soo Lee, Sung Kang Hur, Yeon Gil Jung, and Chang Yong Jo. "Synthesis of Heterogeneous β-SiC Nano-Particles and Nano-Whisker from TEOS/SiO₂ Bead/PMMA Ternary Xerogel." Materials Science Forum 486-487 (June 2005): 522–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.486-487.522.

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A modified sol-gel method is proposed for the preparation of silicon carbide nano-particles and nano-whisker. Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), SiO2 bead, and PMMA as precursor of carbon source were used for preparing a ternary carbonaceous silicon xerogel, and morpholine is employed in the sol-gel process as a catalyst reagent. SiC nano-particles and nano-whisker were obtained from carbothermal reduction and vapor-solid (VS) reaction of the ternary xerogel at 1300°C for 9h in a dynamic argon atmosphere (flow rate; 600 cm3/min), and then purified by removing excess silica, residual carbon, and other impurities. The purified SiC sample was characterized by TG/DTA, XRD, SEM, and HRTEM. The nano-particles and the nano-whisker were synthesized by different growth mechanisms, with an initial nucleation via a VS reaction between SiO vapor and carbon precursor (PMMA) and a partially subsequent growth via a vapor-vapor (VV) reaction between SiO and CO, respectively.

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Rodríguez, Nicolás, Yazmin Yaneth Agámez-Pertuz, Eduard Romero, Jose de Jesús Díaz-Velásquez, José Antonio Odriozola, and Miguel Ángel Centeno. "Effect of starch as binder in carbon aerogel and carbon xerogel preparation." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 522 (October 2019): 119554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2019.119554.

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Fernández, Pablo Sebastián, Elida Beatriz Castro, Silvia Graciela Real, Arnaldo Visintin, Ana Arenillas, Esther G. Calvo, Emilio J. Juárez-Pérez, Angel J. Menéndez, and Maria Elisa Martins. "Electrochemical behavior and capacitance properties of carbon xerogel/multiwalled carbon nanotubes composites." Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 16, no. 3 (July 12, 2011): 1067–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10008-011-1487-4.

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41

Ordeñana-Martínez, A. S., M. E. Rincón, M. Vargas, A. Estrada-Vargas, N. Casillas, M. Bárcena-Soto, and E. Ramos. "Carbon nanotubes/carbon xerogel-nafion electrodes: a comparative study of preparation methods." Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 16, no. 12 (July 19, 2012): 3777–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10008-012-1819-z.

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42

Mladenović, Dušan, Milica Vujković, Slavko Mentus, Diogo M. F. Santos, Raquel P. Rocha, Cesar A. C. Sequeira, Jose Luis Figueiredo, and Biljana Šljukić. "Carbon-Supported Mo2C for Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrocatalysis." Nanomaterials 10, no. 9 (September 10, 2020): 1805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10091805.

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Molybdenum carbide (Mo2C)-based electrocatalysts were prepared using two different carbon supports, commercial carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and synthesised carbon xerogel (CXG), to be studied from the point of view of both capacitive and electrocatalytic properties. Cation type (K+ or Na+) in the alkaline electrolyte solution did not affect the rate of formation of the electrical double layer at a low scan rate of 10 mV s−1. Conversely, the different mobility of these cations through the electrolyte was found to be crucial for the rate of double-layer formation at higher scan rates. Molybdenum carbide supported on carbon xerogel (Mo2C/CXG) showed ca. 3 times higher double-layer capacity amounting to 75 mF cm−2 compared to molybdenum carbide supported on carbon nanotubes (Mo2C/CNT) with a value of 23 mF cm−2 due to having more than double the surface area size. The electrocatalytic properties of carbon-supported molybdenum carbides for the oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline media were evaluated using linear scan voltammetry with a rotating disk electrode. The studied materials demonstrated good electrocatalytic performance with Mo2C/CXG delivering higher current densities at more positive onset and half-wave potential. The number of electrons exchanged during oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was calculated to be 3, suggesting a combination of four- and two-electron mechanism.

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43

Zhang, Yan, Haitao Wang, Yangfang Wu, and Min Li. "Effects of carbon nanomaterials on the aggregation of a bi-oxadiazole derivative (BOXD-T8) in DMF and its gel properties." New J. Chem. 38, no. 10 (2014): 4823–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4nj00605d.

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Chen, Ling, Junqian Deng, Yang Yuan, Shu Hong, Bing Yan, Shuijian He, and Hailan Lian. "Hierarchical porous graphitized carbon xerogel for high performance supercapacitor." Diamond and Related Materials 121 (January 2022): 108781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2021.108781.

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45

da Cunha, Raíra, Walker Vinícius Ferreira do Carmo Batista, Hanna Leijoto de Oliveira, Ana Cláudia dos Santos, Patrícia Moreira dos Reis, Keyller Bastos Borges, Patrícia Benedini Martelli, Clascídia Aparecida Furtado, and Honória de Fátima Gorgulho. "Carbon Xerogel/TiO2 composites as photocatalysts for acetaminophen degradation." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 412 (May 2021): 113248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113248.

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46

Cotet, L. C., C. I. Fort, V. Danciu, and A. Maicaneanu. "Cu and Cd Adsorption on Carbon Aerogel and Xerogel." E3S Web of Conferences 1 (2013): 25007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20130125007.

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Coteţ, L. Cosmin, Andrada Măicăneanu, C. Ioana Forţ, and Virginia Danciu. "Alpha-Cypermethrin Pesticide Adsorption on Carbon Aerogel and Xerogel." Separation Science and Technology 48, no. 17 (November 22, 2013): 2649–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2013.805782.

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48

Muehlemann, Samuel E., Lukas Huber, Shanyu Zhao, Santhosh K. Matam, and Matthias M. Koebel. "Facile synthesis of resorcinol-melamine-formaldehyde based carbon xerogel." Materials Today: Proceedings 5, no. 5 (2018): 13776–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.02.018.

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Arbizzani, Catia, Sabina Beninati, Elisa Manferrari, Francesca Soavi, and Marina Mastragostino. "Cryo- and xerogel carbon supported PtRu for DMFC anodes." Journal of Power Sources 172, no. 2 (October 2007): 578–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.05.041.

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Gomes, Helder T., Bruno F. Machado, Adrián M. T. Silva, Goran Dražić, and Joaquim L. Faria. "Photodeposition of Pt nanoparticles on TiO2–carbon xerogel composites." Materials Letters 65, no. 6 (March 2011): 966–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2010.12.028.

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