Dissertations / Theses: 'Carbon taxes'

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Sandu, Suwin. "Assessment of carbon tax as a policy option for reducing carbon-dioxide emissions in Australia." Electronic version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2100/535.

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University of Technology, Sydney. Faculty of Engineering.
This research has analysed the economy-wide impacts of carbon tax as a policy option to reduce the rate of growth of carbon-dioxide emissions from the electricity sector in Australia. These impacts are analysed for energy and non energy sectors of the economy. An energy-oriented Input–Output framework, with ‘flexible’ production functions, based on Translog and Cobb-Douglas formulations, is employed for the analysis of various impacts. Further, two alternative conceptions of carbon tax are considered in this research, namely, based on Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) and Shared Responsibility Principle (SRP). In the first instance, the impacts are analysed, for the period 2005–2020, for tax levels of $10 and $20 per tonne of CO2, in a situation of no a-priori limit on CO2 emissions. The analysis shows that CO2 emissions from the electricity sector, when carbon tax is based on PPP, would be 211 and 152 Mt, for tax levels of $10 and $20, respectively (as compared to 250 Mt in the Base Case scenario, that is, the business-as-usual-case). The net economic costs, corresponding with these tax levels, expressed in present value terms, would be $27 and $49 billion, respectively, over the period 2005-2020. These economic costs are equivalent to 0.43 and 0.78 per cent of the estimated GDP of Australia. Further, most of the economic burden, in this instance, would fall on the electricity sector, particularly coal-fired electricity generators – large consumers of direct fossil fuel. On the other hand, in the case of a carbon tax based on SRP, CO2 emissions would be 172 and 116 Mt, for tax levels of $10 and $20, respectively. The corresponding net economic costs would be $47 (0.74 per cent of GDP) and $84 (1.34 per cent of GDP) billion, respectively, with significant burden felt by the commercial sector – large consumers of indirect energy and materials whose production would contribute to CO2 emissions. Next, the impacts are analysed by placing an a-priori limit on CO2 emissions from the electricity sector – equivalent to 108 per cent of the 1990 level (that is, 138 Mt), by the year 2020. Two cases are analysed, namely, early action (carbon tax introduced in 2005) and deferred action (carbon tax introduced in 2010). In the case of early action, the analysis suggests, carbon tax of $25 and $15, based on PPP and SRP, respectively, would be required to achieve the above noted emissions target. The corresponding tax levels in the case of deferred action are $51 and $26, respectively. This research also shows that the net economic costs, in the case of early action, would be $32 billion (for PPP) and $18 billion (for SRP) higher than those in the case of deferred action. However, this research has demonstrated, that this inference is largely due to the selection of particular indicator (that is, present value) and the relatively short time frame (that is, 2005–2020) for analysis. By extending the time frame of the analysis to the year 2040, the case for an early introduction of carbon tax strengthens. Overall, the analysis in this research suggests that an immediate introduction of carbon tax, based on SRP, is the most attractive approach to reduce the rate of growth of CO2 emissions from the electricity sector and to simultaneously meet economic and social objectives. If the decision to introduce such a tax is deferred, it would be rather difficult to achieve not only environmental objectives but economic and social objectives as well.

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Sundqvist, Patrik. "Do energy taxes decrease carbon dioxide emissions?" Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8034.

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This paper investigates the environmental effectiveness of the Swedish energy taxes. That is, whether these have decreased the CO2 emissions and how they have changed the structure of the energy consumption. Time series data for the years 1960-2002 is used. The results show that the oil and coal taxes seem to favour a substitution towards less CO2 intensive energy sources. For the natural gas tax however, the opposite is true. An energy saving effect is found for the oil tax and the petrol tax, but the electricity tax seems to increase energy consumption. Regarding the total effect on CO2 emissions, the oil and coal taxes seem to decrease CO2 emissions while the natural gas tax seems to increase them.

Cross-country regressions are also made to examine if countries with a higher petrol tax have lower a lower rate of CO2 emissions on average. The results show that a higher petrol tax is significantly correlated to lower CO2 emissions.

The results thus indicate that energy taxes do decrease CO2 emissions. They also show that caution should be used before implementing a natural gas tax since it can have adverse effects on the CO2 emissions.

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Lee, Joon-Hee. "Fossil fuel taxation for climate sustainability perspectives of mainstream and ecological economics applied to the case of South Korea /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 304 p, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1251905711&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Worden, Sandy. "The case against carbon tax : the Industry Greenhouse Network's 1994/95 campaign." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1998. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36316/1/36319_Lilarit_1997.pdf.

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In late 1994, the Australian Industry Greenhouse Network began receiving intelligence that the Federal Government was examining the feasibility of establishing a carbon tax to reduce the nation's greenhouse gas emissions. This intelligence prompted the network to begin an urgent lobbying campaign against the introduction of carbon tax in Australia. This thesis adds to the body of Australian public policy literature by analysing the lobbying strategies and tactics of a power group (the Industry Greenhouse Network) in a controversial issue (carbon tax) with global significance (the question of climate change). I use rhetorical analysis to evaluate the persuasive strength of the network's campaign. I conclude that the campaign's success was predominantly the result of: The strength and diversity of opposition to carbon tax fostered bv the network. The network's abilitv to offer an alternati\·e to carbon tax - voluntary cooperative action. The strength of the network's economic argument.

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He, Miaofen 1976. "Assessing the economic feasibility of a carbon tax on energy inputs in Ontario's pulp and paper industry : an econometric analysis." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31232.

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Knowledge of price responsiveness of energy is important for designing effective price-based controls to curb the GHG emissions in Canada. The translog and logit models are developed in this study to analyze the demand for four types of energy inputs: coal, electricity, natural gas and refined petroleum products in Ontario's pulp and paper industry. The results suggest that the industry is inelastic to price change of energy consumed. Tests indicate that the translog model behaves slightly better than the logit model. The translog model was then applied to study the feasibility of imposing a carbon tax on energy inputs on Ontario's pulp and paper industry, which indicated that this sector does not seem to response to changes in energy inputs prices. Therefore, a carbon tax does not seem to be a good policy option for decreasing greenhouse gas emissions in this sector.

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De, Wet Theunis Jacobus. "The Effect of a tax on coal in South Africa a CGE analysis /." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2003. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06302004-143319.

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Santos, Karen Arieli Mello dos. "Mecanismo de desenvolvimento limpo e a proteção dos bens comuns ambientais : a disciplina jurídica dos créditos de carbono lida no contexto da cúpula das américas e da adesão ao ajuste estrutural do Estado." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2016. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/1194.

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O patrimônio ecológico, assim como outros bens de titularidade coletiva correspondentes a direitos humanos, tornou-se passível de mercantilização no contexto neoliberal. O meio ambiente, bem integrante do rol de direitos e deveres fundamentais previstos pela Constituição de 1988, é de uso comum de todos, voltado à satisfação das necessidades mais elementares relacionadas à vida e à dignidade. Nessa perspectiva, a temática dos créditos de carbono remete à temática geopolítica de fundo, que é o conflito entre a via da privatização dos recursos naturais e a via da proteção do meio ambiente enquanto patrimônio comum. Dessa forma, mediante o direcionamento teórico analítico baseado no método dialético e na metodologia denominada análise de conteúdo procurou-se responder às questões de pesquisa: os mecanismos de desenvolvimento limpo e o comércio de créditos de carbono se constituem como um arranjo estrutural do Estado? E, ainda, tais mecanismos ofereceram, desde a sua criação, uma contribuição importante ou imprescindível para o controle das mudanças climáticas, a ponto de serem tomados como medida suficiente de preservação ambiental nessa vertente? Em poucas palavras, quais as vantagens e as limitações destes mecanismos desde o ponto de vista jurídico, considerando sua potencial eficácia? Através da análise dos documentos provenientes das reuniões de Cúpula das Américas, aliada à apropriação do aparato teórico e conceitual de David Harvey, pretende-se realizar a leitura e interpretação da conjuntura em que foram criados os mecanismos de desenvolvimento limpo e os créditos de carbono, a fim de oferecer elementos para uma análise academicamente crítica do problema jurídico-político das mudanças climáticas.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES.
The ecological heritage, as well as other goods of collective ownership corresponding to human rights, became liable of commercialization in the neoliberal context. The environment, integrant good of the list of fundamental rights and duties provided by the Constitution of 1988, is a common use of everyone, directed to the satisfaction of the most elementary needs related to life and dignity. In this perspective, the theme of carbon credits refers to the geopolitis theme of funds, which is the conflict between the via of privatization of natural resources and the via of protection of the environment as a common heritage. This way, upon the analytical theoretical directing based on the dialectical method and on the methodology denominated analysis of content, it was searched to answer the research questions: Do the mechanisms of clean development and the carbon credit commerce constitute a structural arrangement of the State? And, still, such mechanisms offer, since their creation, an important or indispensable contribution for the control of climate changes, about to be taken as a sufficient measure of environmental preservation on this slope? In a few words, what are the advantages and limitations of these mechanisms since the juridical point of view, considering its efficacy potential? Through the analysis of documents provenient from the meeting of the Cupola of Americas, allied to the appropriation of the theoretical and conceitual display of David Harvey, is intended to do the reading and interpretation of the conjuncture in which were created the mechanisms of clean development and the carbon credits, in order to offer elements to a critical academic analysis of the political-juridic problem of climate changes.

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8

Brohe, Arnaud. "Réalisations et limites des marchés du carbone: évaluation et perspectives." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209301.

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L'objectif de notre thèse vise à évaluer les résultats engrangés par les marchés du carbone. Afin de pouvoir explorer différents aspects des marchés du carbone à un niveau mondial et en raison de la diversité des instruments qui se cachent derrière ce vocable, nous avons choisi de réaliser une thèse par article. Sur base de nos analyses empiriques nous avons pu vérifier dans quelle mesure les avantages et les limites théoriques des marchés du carbone se sont réalisés en pratique.

Une hypothèse forte des marchés du carbone dotés d’un système de plafonnement est qu’ils permettraient de garantir le respect des objectifs climatiques. Cette hypothèse ne s’est pas révélée exacte. En générant plus d’un milliard de crédits, dont un nombre important de crédits issus de projets, et en ne parvenant pas à empêcher des défections, le système mis en place par le Protocole de Kyoto n’est pas parvenu à garantir le plafonnement des émissions dans les pays développés. Il en va de même pour les systèmes liés à Kyoto comme le système communautaire d'échange de quotas d'émissions (SCEQE).

Dans la plupart des configurations des règles ad hoc et peu transparentes ont nui à l’objectif environnemental. La comptabilité commune de différents gaz à effet de serre, malgré des incertitudes importantes sur les pouvoirs de réchauffement globaux a également été néfaste à l'intégrité du système.

Le lien à des mécanismes de projets trouvant leur légitimité dans une preuve de l’additionnalité souvent floue demeure problématique. Notre analyse a ainsi mis en avant la problématique de l'enregistrement de projets hydrauliques dont la décision de construction est antérieure aux marchés du carbone.

En théorie, le mécanisme d’échange a pour conséquence que les acteurs confrontés à des coûts de réduction faibles soient encouragés à réduire leurs émissions. Dans la pratique, notre analyse montre que peu d’acteurs connaissent leur coût de réduction marginal, empêchant dès lors la concrétisation de cet idéal d’une réduction au moindre coût. Nous avons aussi mis en avant le fait qu’un prix identique par tonne de CO2 réduite n’est pas adapté au soutien de technologies nouvelles, souvent plus onéreuses au début de leur cycle de développement.

Finalement, un des principaux mérites des marchés du carbone a peut-être été leur acceptabilité auprès des décideurs politiques et économiques. Il est manifeste que les marchés permettent d'internaliser le carbone à un niveau international sans passer par une difficile harmonisation des politiques fiscales. C'est clairement une des raisons de leur adoption rapide et dans de nombreux pays.

Les marchés du carbone ont aussi joué un rôle important en matière de sensibilisation aux changements climatiques. Ils ont permis de faire progresser la comptabilité carbone et la compréhension des technologies sobres en carbone.

L’effondrement récent du prix du carbone montre que ce nouvel instrument qui, en théorie, est efficace pour atteindre un objectif de réduction prédéfini, ne permet pas, dans la pratique, par manque d’ambition ou en raison d’erreurs dans la conception, de financer la transition vers une nouvelle économie sobre en carbone. Il apparaît dès lors nécessaire de réformer cet instrument mais aussi de développer progressivement des alternatives afin de ne pas uniquement faire reposer la réussite de l’atteinte des objectifs climatiques sur les seuls marchés du carbone et ainsi augmenter la résilience des politiques climatiques aux aléas de marchés financiers, par ailleurs eux-mêmes soumis à de nombreux tourments depuis 2008.

Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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9

Poole, Richard. "The use of tax incentive measure in conjunction with carbon taxes to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and achieve economic growth: a comparative study with lessons for South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001607.

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In 1997 industrialized nations, the Third Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, met in Kyoto, Japan to sign a treaty (the “Kyoto Protocol”) in terms of which industrialized nations would be required to reduce their greenhouse gas emission by at least five percent below 1990 levels by the end of the “first commitment period” 2008-2012. South Africa is not regarded as an industrialized nation, but nonetheless acceded to the Kyoto Protocol in 2002. The literature reviewed in the present research reveals that, although idealistic, the Kyoto Protocol has been problematic. Fourteen meetings of the Conference of Parties to the Kyoto Protocol between 1997 and 2011 have achieved little more than to repeatedly defer and redefine Kyoto obligations. This research was undertaken to document the existing environmental taxation policies employed in selected international jurisdictions with a view to providing a framework for environmental tax policy formation in South Africa to assist this country in meeting its “greenhouse gas” emission targets, while at the same time promoting economic growth. A doctrinal research methodology was adopted in this study as it mainly analysed and interpreted legislation and policy documents and therefore the approach was qualitative in nature. An extensive literature survey was performed to document the various environmental policies that have been legislated in the selected jurisdictions. Comparisons were drawn with proposed tax policy measures for South Africa. The literature indicates that in the selected international jurisdictions carbon taxes achieved less-than-optimal results, largely due to political and industry-competitive agendas. With South Africa planning to introduce a carbon tax, it is submitted that the implementation of a carbon tax regime in isolation will be counter-productive, given South Africa’s economic profile. On the basis of the literature reviewed, it was concluded that South Africa should consider “recycling” carbon tax revenues within the economy to fund a broad-based tax incentive regime that will stimulate the change to non-carbon energy whilst promoting growth through sustainable development

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Franková, Martina. "Ekologické daně v zemích OECD." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-194059.

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The object of the diploma thesis is to analyse the environmental taxation in the OECD countries, to inform the readers about the development of environmental taxes and current trends in tax revenues from environmental taxes. The thesis is also focused on the structure of revenues from environmental taxes, the significant part is created by energy taxes, especially by taxes on motor fuels. Attention is also paid to taxation of carbon dioxide, according to the OECD the carbon taxes are one of the effective tools to reduce CO2 emissions, which is important to achieve the targets set under the Kyoto Protocol. The explicit carbon taxes are applied in the 12 tax systems of 12 OECD member countries and in the Canadian province of British Columbia. An increase of the countries applying carbon taxes since 2010 demonstrates the increased demand for this tool in recent years. The object of the last part of the thesis is to analyse whether declining tax burden on labour while increasing tax burden on energy is put into practice.

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Seres, Stephen. "The power generation sector's demand for fossil fuels : a quantitative assessment on the viability of carbon fees for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31535.

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The demand for fossil fuels by Ontario's conventional steam power generation sector is examined. It is hypothesised that the enactment of a carbon fee policy will induce a change in the relative prices of the three fuels used in this sector (coal, natural gas and heavy fuel oil). This would lead to substantial interfuel substitution and greenhouse gas abatement. The demand share equations for the three fuels are derived from the translog functional form and set in a simulation model to estimate the value of a carbon fee necessary, to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in compliance with the Kyoto Protocol. Results suggest that a fuel specific carbon fee policy would be successful in achieving the desired emissions reduction at a negligible net cost to society.

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Larkham, Andrew. "Investigating agent based models for testing the effects of carbon taxes on the information and communications technology market with respect to small and medium sized enterprises in the United Kingdom." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2018. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/845889/.

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At a time when climate change has become an accepted risk to civilisation, governments are developing and implementing policies designed to reduce the impacts of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. These can include “command and control” directives. However, in free market economies, such as the United Kingdom, there is a preference for a lassie faire approach with taxes and incentives designed to shape the market rather than direct government intervention. This thesis examines the feasibility of using agent-based modeling techniques for predictive analysis with respect to the application of carbon taxes on electricity consumption in the context of wider societal objectives and scenarios – particularly in the procurement of information and communication technology (ICT) equipment and services by small and medium businesses (SMEs) in the United Kingdom. In doing so it provides an area of novel research. With more than 2% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with the usage of ICT and with that proportion expected to grow, it is an important sector to target with emission reduction strategies. Testing these strategies in simulation prior to application to the market place is important to policy makers. Normally, policy makers wish to reduce the risk of implementing policies that would not achieve the desired goals and or harm the economy. Agent-based modeling potentially offers policy makers valuable insight into probable emergent market behaviour from a “bottom-up” methodology that better suits free markets that contain millions of SMEs. This thesis applies a multidisciplinary problem solving approach, including microeconomics, agent based modeling and policy research, to examining potential market responses to carbon taxes such as the Climate Change Levy (CCL); the UK’s primary carbon tax designed to reduce carbon emissions produced by SMEs. Areas of novelty in the thesis include the use of agent based models to examine the effects of carbon taxes on the behaviour of SMEs and the use of ICT as a factor production with the SME agents themselves.

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Carraro, Plinio Rillo. "Avaliação da influência de aspectos logísticos, fiscais e ambientais no projeto de redes de distribuição física." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3148/tde-18112009-094618/.

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Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar os trade-offs existentes entre os custos logísticos, os incentivos fiscais baseados no ICMS e o custo da neutralização das emissões de carbono geradas nos problemas de localização de Fábricas e Centros de Distribuição. Para isso, elaborou-se um modelo de programação linear inteira mista (PLIM) em GAMS, capaz de determinar o menor custo total de um problema, através da otimização de sua função objetivo composta pelos custos fixos e variáveis dos centros de distribuição e fábricas, custos de transporte (frete de transferência e distribuição), benefícios fiscais e custos ambientais. O modelo foi elaborado de modo a possuir flexibilidade suficiente para simular os diversos cenários que se fizeram necessários durante as análises. Utilizando-se deste modelo, foram avaliados diversos cenários com base em dados reais de uma empresa de bens de consumo não duráveis. Alguns desses cenários estudados mostraram algumas distorções causadas pela existência de incentivos fiscais em alguns Estados brasileiros, mostrando como a guerra fiscal no País pode influenciar decisões estratégicas de negócio. A partir dos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que o benefício fiscal associado ao crédito presumido de ICMS tem impacto significativo nas decisões de localização, reduzindo de forma relevante os custos totais. Já os custos ambientais, relacionados a neutralização das emissões de carbono, apesar de serem importantes nas decisões de empresas social e ambientalmente responsáveis, possuem peso econômico desprezível e não alteram o resultado da análise. Isso mostra que a política fiscal brasileira gera um aumento da emissão de poluentes na atmosfera e um aumento do desgaste e do fluxo de veículos de transporte pelas rodovias do País.
The main object of this work piece is to analyze existing trade-offs among logistic costs, tax incentives based on ICMS and carbon emission volume variations, to be able to define how these factors influence the network localization of Plants and Distribution Centers. To achieve this objective, a Mixed Integer Linear Programming model was developed in GAMS. The model is able to determine the minimum total cost for a given problem through the optimization of a specific objective function. The components of the objective function are: storage costs, transportation costs (transference and distribution freights), operational fixed costs and tax incentives. The model was designed to have enough flexibility to simulate multiple scenarios required to carry out the analysis. Several logistics configurations were examined using this model. All of the scenarios were established based on real data provided by a consumer goods industry. Nevertheless, some of the studied network configurations are distortions caused by existing tax incentives in some Brazilian states, showing how the fiscal war can influence strategic business decisions. Based on the results, one concludes that the tax benefits associated to the ICMS discounts applied in some Brazilian states actually have significant impact in the location decisions because it cuts down a relevant portion of the operational costs, whereas the carbon credits do not change the chosen network configuration, once it has shown a limited potential for financial benefit. The carbon emissions reduction is, in the other hand, an important aspect of the decisions making in social and environmental responsible companies as it can modify the image of the institution and the way it is perceived by the market.

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Bohlin, Lars. "Taxation of intermediate goods : a CGE analysis." Doctoral thesis, Örebro universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Örebro universitet, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-11902.

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This dissertation is concerned with tax rates for the use of commodities in general, and energy in particular. Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models are used to analyze the normative question of whether the tax rate for intermediate use by firms should be the same as the tax rate for final consumption by households. To answer this question, a distinction needs to be made between fiscal taxes for the purpose of raising revenue for the government, and Pigovian taxes for the purpose of changing behaviour. Concerning fiscal taxes, firms should not pay taxes on their use of inputs if the tax rates in final consumption are at their optimal level. If the tax rate for households is above the optimal level, intermediate use in firms should be taxed in order to increase the price of other commodities and reduce the distortion of relative prices. Essay 1 ascertains what factors determine the optimal relation between the tax rate for final consumption by households and intermediate use by firms. Essay 2 analyses Swedish energy taxes from the perspective of reducing global emission of CO2. It is found that the welfare maximizing tax rates are equal for households and firms not participating in emission trading, while firms that participate in emission trading should have a zero tax rate. Essays 3 and 4 deal with methodological issues. Essay 3 derives a new method for estimation of symmetric input-output tables from supply and use tables. This method solves the problem of negative coefficients, makes it possible to use both the industry and commodity technology assumptions simultaneously and enables the commodity technology assumption to be used even when the number of commodities is larger than the number of industries. Essay 4 describes the model used in the first two essays. The price structure developed here makes it possible to take into account price differences between different purchasers other than differences in tax rates. This essay also makes a comparison between the Swedish implementation of this model and other Swedish CGE-models used to analyse climate policy and energy taxation.

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Chelly, Ben Younes Amina. "Sur la conception des chaînes logistiques à faible teneur en carbone." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAI074.

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Sous la pression externe des gouvernements et des clients conscients des enjeux environnementaux, les entreprises sont plus que jamais obligées de réduire leurs émissions de carbone. Par conséquent, elles sont poussées à trouver les moyens pour optimiser la gestion de leurs chaînes logistiques afin d’améliorer leurs performances environnementale et économique. Dans ce cadre s’intègre la problématique de gestion de chaîne logistique à faible teneur en carbone qui consiste à repenser les décisions de la gestion de la CL en vue de réduire les émissions de carbone. Dans la présente thèse, nous abordons cette problématique. Nous cherchons d’abord à comprendre les différentes caractéristiques de ce problème et à identifier ses facteurs clés. Une telle étude demeure essentielle pour faciliter l’analyse de la littérature existante en termes de modélisation et d’incorporation de paramètres liés aux émissions de carbone dans les modèles mathématiques d’aide à la décision. Nous proposons ensuite de contribuer à la littérature en développant de nouveaux modèles de conception de chaîne logistique sous la législation de la taxe carbone, en proposant une meilleure intégration de cette réglementation. Nous considérons alors dans nos modèles, d’une part, la non homogénéité des taxes carbone entre les pays, puis d’autre part, la progressivité de ce système législatif. A travers la résolution analytique et numérique de nos modèles, nous étudions l’impact de la taxe carbone sur les décisions stratégiques des entreprises et leurs performances. Nous mettons ainsi l’accent sur l’efficacité de cet outil législatif, ainsi que sur les nouvelles directives à mettre en place par les gouvernements pour mieux inciter les entreprises à minimiser leurs impacts indésirables sur l’environnement. Finalement, nous initions la modélisation sous incertitude du problème d’investissement stratégique dans le cadre de la législation de taxe carbone, en considérant d’abord une demande client aléatoire, puis des taxes carbone évolutives et incertaines. Nous proposons une évaluation de nos modèles stochastiques développés en les exploitant sur des exemples numériques et en les comparant aux modèles déterministes largement étudiés dans la littérature
Government regulations and responsible customers’ behavior are key drivers for businesses to adopt respectful management strategies towards the environment and reduce the overall carbon emissions of their supply chains.Under a strict carbon emissions legislation and the increased awareness of customers about carbon emissions issues, companies are now pushed to improve their environmental performance to achieve better profits. Thus, they need to make optimal decisions within their Supply Chain Management to reduce the carbon emissions that are generated from their various activities.In this context, we identify the issue of the low carbon supply chain management. In this thesis, our objective is first to study this problem and to identify its key drivers. We then aim to review the literature and to study how quantitative models have addressed this problem and its related constraints. We therefore develop new models of low carbon supply design problems under the carbon tax legislation, which is recognized to be one of the relevant applied carbon legislations. In our proposed models, we particularly emphasize on the features of this carbon regulation that have been ignored within the literature. We first study strategic decisions of the company taking into consideration the non-homogeneous carbon tax scheme between countries. We then, study the investment decision of the company under a progressive carbon tax strategy. Through analytical and numerical analyses, we study the impact of such carbon legislations schemes on strategic decisions of the company and its performances. We aim to provide companies with a decision support tool to help them make optimal strategic decisions under this carbon legislation. We also provide recommendations to governments, as to which carbon tax legislations are the most efficient. Finally, we initiate the development of stochastic models to study the strategic investment problem in such an environmental context. We first consider a random customer demand, and then a dynamic and uncertain carbon tax regulation. We proceed to the evaluation of our developed stochastic models through numerical examples and comparisons of their results to those of deterministic models that are widely studied within the literature

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Ferez, Ana Paula Cervi. "Efeito de práticas silviculturais sobre as taxas iniciais de seqüestros de carbono em plantios de restauração da Mata Atlântica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-08022011-140851/.

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Objetivando estudar o seqüestro de carbono em sistemas de restauração florestal e discutir suas potencialidades e entraves perante MDL florestal, este trabalho teve dois objetivos principais: i) quantificar taxas iniciais de seqüestro de carbono nos compartimentos aéreo, radicular, solo e serapilheira, de plantios de restauração da Mata Atlântica, com 20 espécies (10 pioneiras, 10 não pioneiras), submetidos a manejos contrastantes (usual e intensivo), instalados sobre pastagem de Brachiaria no espaçamento de 3 m x 2 m; e ii) comparar os estoques de carbono destes sistemas, ao final do sexto ano, com valores determinados em fragmento de floresta madura vizinho ao ensaio. Ambos localizados em Anhembi/SP (Estação Experimental de Anhembi/USP e Mata do Barreiro Rico). O tratamento usual consistiu em adubação de base e capina mecânica na linha de plantio até dois anos, e, o intensivo teve adubações complementares e capina química em área total até dois anos. Foram desenvolvidos modelos alométricos de estimativa da biomassa através de amostragem destrutiva de 80 árvores, sendo quatro indivíduos por espécie, selecionados por classes de área seccional. Determinaram-se massa seca e teor de C, para os compartimentos copa, lenho e raízes. Através das equações, do inventário ao sexto ano e dos teores de carbono, foram calculados os estoques de carbono por compartimento, nos dois tratamentos. Determinaram-se os estoques de carbono na biomassa herbácea, serapilheira e solo. Foi calculada a variação de carbono por compartimento nos dois tratamentos. Os estoques de carbono na floresta madura foram quantificados utilizando dados de 10 parcelas de inventário, aplicados em modelo alométrico adequado para Mata Atlântica. A densidade da madeira variou até 3 vezes entre espécies (0,22 a 0,70 gcm-3), o teor de C foi pouco variável (46,5%). Foram adequadamente ajustadas equações de biomassa lenhosa, raiz e copa com base na área seccional, altura e densidade da madeira. A porcentagem de raízes é expressiva (30%) na biomassa total, mas as espécies não pioneiras mostraram maior razão raiz:parte aérea (0,32) que as pioneiras (0,28). A silvicultura intensiva elevou o crescimento do compartimento lenhoso em 250% (1,85 para 6,45Mg ha-1ano-1), devido a maior eficiência da copa e alocação de C no tronco. O carbono no solo embora representativo, não propiciou seqüestro em 6 anos, dada alta variabilidade espacial. O tratamento intensivo obteve maior seqüestro de C, atingindo 4,22Mg C ha-1 ano-1 (64% no tronco e galhos, e 20% nas raízes). Os estoques de C no solo e serapilheira foram próximos entre o sistema intensivo de restauração e floresta madura, sendo os estoques no tronco, galhos e raízes, o diferencial entre os sistemas. Com base no crescimento médio das árvores e estoque de C nas restaurações até sexto ano (7 e 21kg árvore-1 e 5,2 e 18,2Mg C ha-1, respectivamente no sistema usual e intensivo), e no tamanho médio das árvores e estoque de C na floresta madura (204kg árvore-1 e 138Mg C ha-1) estimou-se cerca de 50 anos para o sistema intensivo atingir maturidade, embora haja necessidade de estudos relacionados à biodiversidade e sustentabilidade destes sistemas de restauração a longo prazo.
In order to study carbon sequestration in forest restoration systems and discuss its potential and barriers to the CDM forestry, this paper had two main objectives: i) quantify the initial rate of carbon sequestration in compartments aboveground, roots, soil and forest floor, on Atlantic forest restoration, with 20 native species (10 pioneers and 10 non pioneer), submitted to contrasting management conditions (usual and intensive), installed on Brachiaria decumbens pasture in 3 x 2 m spacing, and ii) comparing the carbon stocks of these two systems, observing the end of the sixth year of restoration, with values determined in a fragment of mature forest adjacent to the test. Both studies are located in Anhembi, São Paulo (USP Anhembi Experimental Station and the Barreiro Rico reserve). The usual treatment consisted of only fertilizer at planting and mechanical weeding only in the row up to two years, while the intensive treatment had additional fertilization beyond crop fertilization and chemical weed control also in the entire area until two years after planting. We developed allometric equations for estimating biomass through destructive sampling of 80 trees. Four individuals per species were selected based on classes of sectional area. Dry weight were determined and the carbon content for wood and roots. Through the equations, and carbon content we calculated carbon stocks per compartment, in both treatments. Carbon stocks in herbaceous, in the litter and soil were also determined. With these estimates we calculated the variation of carbon per compartment in the two restoration systems. Carbon stocks in mature forest were quantified using data from 10 permanent plots of inventory and applying appropriate allometric models. The wood density varied between species by up to 3 times (0.22 to 0.70 g cm-3) while the C content was relatively constant (46.5%). Appropriately adjusted equations for aboveground woody biomass, root and crown biomass were established using cross-sectional area, height and wood density. The percentage of roots is significant (30%) compared to the total, and non-pioneer species showed a higher ratio root / shoot (0.32) than the pioneer (0.28). The intensive forestry increased growth of woody compartment by 250% (1.85 to 6.45 Mg ha-1 yr-1), given the greater efficiency of the canopy and allocation of C to the trunk. The carbon content in the soil although representative in the total stock, did not result in C sequestration in the six years period, given its high spatial variability. The largest C sequestration was observed in the intensive treatment, reaching 4.22 Mg C ha-1 yr-1, 64% on the trunk and branches, and 20% in roots. The values of C stock in soil and litter were similar between the intensive system of forest restoration and mature forest, and indeed the trunk, branches and roots stocks, the major difference between the systems. Based on the average growth of trees and carbon stocks in the restoration and the first 6 years (7 and 21 kg tree-1 in the usual system and intensive, and 5.2 and 18.2 Mg C ha-1 in these same treatments), and the average tree size and carbon stocks in mature forest (204 kg tree-1 and 138 Mg C ha-1), a 50 years period was estimated for the intensive system to reach forest maturity although there is a need for studies relating biodiversity and sustainability of these restored systems in the long run.

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Deng, Hua. "Multi-wall Carbon Nanotube/Polypropylene composites and tapes." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.509658.

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Fabre, Adrien. "Is decarbonization achievable? : essays on the economics of the energy transition." Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01E011.

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Cette thèse s'interroge sur les conditions de réalisation d'une civilisation industrielle décarbonée et durable, en étudiant certains aspects de sa faisabilité physique et de son acceptabilité politique. Le Chapitre I étudie l'évolution du taux de retour énergétique dans différents scénarios prospectifs, et prédit que l'efficacité globale du secteur de l'électricité à fournir un surplus d'énergie serait réduite de moitié dans un scénario 100% renouvelable. Le Chapitre 2 souligne l'importance de la recyclabilité des métaux dans un modèle d'extraction optimale des métaux et des fossiles pour la production d'énergie. L'annexe au Chapitre 2 étend le théorème de Karush-Kuhn-Tucker au cas d'une série convexe sous un nombre fini de contraintes. Les Chapitres 3 et 4 se fondent sur une enquête auprès d'un échantillon représentatif de trois milles français, réalisée durant le mouvement des Gilets jaunes. Le Chapitre 3 étudie les croyances relatives à une taxe carbone avec dividende, mesure vantée pour lutter contre le changement climatique du fait de son efficacité et de sa progressivité. Si 70 % rejettent la taxe avec dividende. c'est en raison de perceptions pessimistes quant à ses propriétés : en contradiction avec les micro-simulations effectuées, la plupart pensent que leur ménage perdrait en pouvoir d'achat suite à la réforme, la perçoivent comme régressive et inefficace pour réduire la pollution et lutter contre le changement climatique. Le Chapitre 4 analyse les connaissances, les perceptions et les valeurs liées au changement climatique, examine les opinions relatives à la taxation du carbone et évalue le soutien à d'autres politiques climatiques
This thesis examines the conditions for the realization of a decarbonized and sustainable industrial civilization by studying certain aspects of its physical feasibility and political acceptability. Chapter 1 studies the evolution of the Energy Return On Investment in different prospective scenarios, and predicts that the overall efficiency of the electricity sector to supply a net energy surplus would be halved in a 100% renewable scenario. Chapter 2 highlights the importance of metal recyclability in a model of optimal extraction of metals and fossil fuels for energy production. The annex to Chapter 2 extends the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker theorem to the case of a convex series under a finite number of constraints. Chapters 3 and 4 are based on a survey of a representative sample of three thousand French people, carried out during the Yellow vests movement. Chapter 3 examines beliefs about a carbon "tax & dividend", a measure touted to combat climate change because of its effectiveness and progressivity. If 70% reject the tax & dividend, it is because of pessimistic perceptions about its properties: in contradiction with the micro-simulations, most believe that their household would lose purchasing power with the reform, perceive it as regressive, and inefficient to reduce pollution and fight climate change. Chapter 4 analyses knowledge, perceptions and values related to climate change, examines opinions on carbon taxation and assesses support for other climate policies

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Schäfer, Philipp Maximilian [Verfasser]. "Consolidation of carbon fiber reinforced Polyamide 6 tapes using laser-assisted tape placement / Philipp Maximilian Schäfer." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1153254905/34.

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Tamokoué, Kamga Paul-Hervé. "Essais sur l'économie de la performance énergétique des bâtiments dans le secteur résidentiel." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEM052/document.

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Cette thèse de doctorat cherche à mieux comprendre certaines caractéristiques du marché de la performance énergétique des bâtiments dans le secteur résidentiel et à évaluer l'efficacité de trois interventions publiques visant à encourager la rénovation énergétique : Diagnostic de performance énergétique (DPE), crédit d'impôt pour le développement durable (CIDD) et taxation de l'énergie. Le premier chapitre de la thèse passe en revue la littérature sur la certification de la performance énergétique des bâtiments et conclut que les ménages la valorisent lorsqu'ils achètent ou louent un logement. Le deuxième chapitre présente une analyse théorique de l'impact du DPE et démontre que le DPE peut réduire ou augmenter la consommation d'énergie en fonction de l'horizon temporel et de l'hétérogénéité de la demande d'énergie dans la population. Le troisième chapitre développe une simulation basée sur le modèle susmentionné et suggère que le DPE doit être combiné avec d'autres interventions publiques pour être efficace. S'appuyant sur des données de panel françaises, le quatrième chapitre analyse économétriquement l'impact d'une augmentation du CIDD et montre qu’elle stimule significativement les dépenses pour les investissements éligibles. Le dernier chapitre analyse économétriquement comment les prix de l'énergie influent sur les décisions des ménages en rénovation énergétique et ne trouve pas de preuve statistique de l'effet d'une hausse des prix de l’énergie
This PhD dissertation aims at better understanding some features of the market for building energy performance in the residential sector and at evaluating the effectiveness of three policy interventions to encourage energy retrofit: Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs), tax credit for energy retrofit, and energy taxation. The first chapter of the thesis surveys the literature on building energy performance certification: there is strong evidence that households value building energy performance when buying or renting a dwelling. The second chapter provides a theoretical analysis of the impact of EPCs and shows that EPCs can decrease or increase energy consumption depending on the time horizon and the heterogeneity of energy demand in the population. The third chapter develops a simulation based on the aforementioned model and suggests that EPCs need to be supplemented by other policy instruments to reduce energy consumption. Relying on French micro-panel data, the fourth chapter econometrically analyzes the impact of a tax credit rate increase for energy retrofit and finds that it can substantially boost expenditures for investments targeted by the tax credit. The last chapter econometrically analyzes how energy prices affect households’ decisions to invest in building energy performance and does not find any statistical evidence of an effect of an increase in energy fuel price

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Gearty, Margaret. "Exploring carbon reduction through tales of vision, chance and determination : developing learning histories in an inter-organisational context." Thesis, University of Bath, 2009. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.512338.

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In this work, the action research approach called learning history is being taken from its traditionally single organisation setting and into a field of local government organisations to address how a meaningful response to climate change might be accelerated through the connection of human experiences and situated learning. This thesis describes the development of what I now call “learning history in an open system” and explores the practice of it, its form, its scope and its potential for facilitating learning across a field. The inquiry brings narrative and participative approaches together with learning history to articulate a fresh methodological approach that has relevance for learning in any field of connected organisations. The thesis is itself presented as a layered learning and innovation journey reflecting in its form the subject of the research. The subject of the study is technology-related innovation for carbon reduction. Five breakthrough low carbon projects from local government are featured. By creating learning histories of these projects the question of what it is to innovate has been explored, both narratively and analytically, not from a distance but from within the messy, uncertain human experience of change. The resulting picture, and one that is echoed in the journey of the research, is that of fallible humans innovating together with tenacity and vision in the face of shifting agendas and changing fortunes. The proposal is that innovation occurs in the micro-practice of the mundane moment, in well-timed ‘different moves’ involving non-heroic actors embedded with each other and with technology. The role of technology in this picture is explored and it is proposed this is a perspective that complements and challenges current models of sociotechnical transition in an interesting way. It is by continuously expanding the narrative, theoretical and practical scope of this work, that a meaningful action research response to the ‘big issue’ of climate change has been sought.

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Yasuoka, Junior Issamu. "Acúmulo de forragem e contribuição relativa de categorias de folhas na fotossíntese do dossel do capim Mulato II pastejado sob taxas contrastantes de crescimento e alturas do dossel." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-10082016-124206/.

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A intensidade de pastejo e o uso de fertilizantes nitrogenados podem impactar as características estruturais no dossel forrageiro afetando o ambiente luminoso dentro da vegetação, o que por sua vez pode influenciar a taxa fotossintética das folhas e do dossel, e também a produção de forragem. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever e explicar os efeitos da altura do dossel mantida constante e da taxa de crescimento aplicada como dose de nitrogênio (N) do capim Mulato II (Brachiaria brizantha × B. decumbens × B. ruziziensis) sob lotação contínua e taxa de lotação variável sobre as características produtivas e morfofisiológicas e a participação de diferentes categorias de folhas na composição do índice de área foliar (IAF) e na fotossíntese do dossel. O estudo foi conduzido na ESALQ/USP em Piracicaba-SP durante dois verões agrostológicos. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos completos casualizados, com arranjo fatorial combinando três alturas do dossel (10, 25 e 40 cm) e duas taxas de crescimento geradas por doses de N (50 e 250 kg ha-1 ano-1), em três repetições. As variáveis estudadas incluíram: acúmulo total anual de forragem (ATF), IAF, interceptação de luz (IL), taxas de fotossíntese foliar e do dossel e contribuição relativa de diferentes categorias de folhas no IAF e na fotossíntese do dossel. O ATF aumentou linearmente com a altura do dossel (de 8560 para 13600 kg MS ha-1 ano-1). Aumentos também foram observados para IAF, IL, taxa de fotossíntese do dossel e contribuição das folhas maduras (MAD) no IAF e das folhas mais jovens completamente expandidas (JCE) na fotossíntese do dossel. A contribuição das folhas em expansão (EXP) e das folhas JCE no IAF, a taxa de fotossíntese das folhas EXP e MAD e a contribuição relativa das folhas EXP na fotossíntese do dossel aumentaram com a diminuição da altura do dossel. A aplicação de 250 kg N ha-1 ano-1 resultou em aumento de 137% no ATF em relação à taxa de 50 kg ha-1 ano-1. A maior dose de N resultou em aumento significativo no IAF, IL, taxa de fotossíntese de todas as categorias de folhas, fotossíntese do dossel e contribuição das folhas JCE na fotossíntese do dossel, embora a contribuição das folhas EXP na fotossíntese do dossel tenha sido maior na menor dose de N. A contribuição das folhas MAD na fotossíntese do dossel foi maior quando o dossel foi mantido mais alto e também com maior dose de N na altura de 10 cm. Nos dosséis de 25 cm a proporção de folhas MAD foi maior na menor dose de N e não diferiu entre doses de N quando mantido a 40 cm. Embora dosséis mantidos mais baixos apresentem maior proporção de folhas mais jovens (EXP e JCE) que são as que apresentam maiores taxas fotossintéticas, a fotossíntese do dossel e o ATF foram maiores nos dosséis mais altos. A aplicação de 250 kg N ha-1 ano-1 resulta em aumento na fotossíntese do dossel como consequência do aumento do IAF e da taxa de fotossíntese foliar, resultando em aumento no ATF.
Grazing intensity and nitrogen fertilization can impact the structural characteristics of the canopy affecting the light environment within the vegetation, which in turn may affect leaf and canopy photosynthetic rates, and also forage production. The objective of this study was to describe and explain the effects of canopy height kept constant and growth rate applied as N rate of Mulato II brachiariagrass (Brachiaria brizantha × B. decumbens × B. ruziziensis) under continuous stocking and variable stocking rate, on the productive and morpho-physiological characteristics, and the relative contribution of different leaf categories to the leaf area index (LAI) and to canopy photosynthesis. A field trial was conducted at ESALQ/USP in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, during two summer growing seasons. A randomized complete block design was used, with a factorial arrangement combining three canopy heights (10, 25, and 40 cm) and two growth rates imposed by N rates (50 and 250 kg ha-1 yr-1), with three replications. The variables studied included: total annual forage accumulation (TFA), LAI, light interception (LI), leaf and canopy photosynthetic rates, and the relative contribution of different leaf categories to the LAI and to canopy photosynthesis. There was a linear increase in TFA with increased canopy height (from 8560 to 13600 kg DM ha-1 yr-1). The LAI, LI, canopy photosynthesis rates, the relative contribution of mature leaves (MAT) to the LAI, and relative contribution of the youngest fully-expanded leaves (YFE) to canopy photosynthesis also increased with canopy height. The relative contribution of expanding leaves (EXP) and YFE to the LAI, leaf photosynthesis of EXP and MAD leaves, and relative contribution of EXP leaves to canopy photosynthesis increased with the reduction in canopy height. The use of a greater N rate (250 kg N ha-1 yr-1) increased ATF by 137%. The application of more N (250 kg N ha-1 yr-1) also increased LAI, LI, photosynthetic rates of all leaf categories, canopy photosynthesis, and relative contribution of YFE leaves to canopy photosynthesis, but the relative contribution of EXP leaves to canopy photosynthesis was greater in the lesser N rate (50 kg N ha-1 yr-1). The relative contribution of MAT leaves to canopy photosynthesis was greater in taller canopies, and also in canopies maintained at 10 cm fertilized with 250 kg N ha-1 yr-1. The canopies maintained at 25 cm showed greater proportion of MAD leaves in the lesser N rate, and was similar in 40-cm canopies for both N rates. Although canopies kept at 10 cm showed greater relative proportion of younger leaves (EXP and YFE), which are those with greater photosynthetic rates, canopy photosynthesis and the TFA were greater in taller canopies. The application of 250 kg N ha-1 yr-1 results in increased canopy photosynthesis, due to increased LAI and leaf photosynthetic rate, resulting in increased TFA.

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Douenne, Thomas. "Essais sur l'économie des politiques environnementales : préférences, croyances, et redistribution." Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01E056.

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Les quatre chapitres de cette thèse visent à mieux comprendre l'attitude des citoyens vis-à-vis des politiques environnementales. Le premier chapitre évalue l’impact redistributif de la taxe carbone française. Il montre que la taxe carbone est régressive, mais pourrait être rendue progressive si son revenu était retourné de manière uniforme à tous les ménages. Toutefois, la politique générerait d’importants effets redistributifs horizontaux et pénaliserait une part importante des ménages modestes. A partir d’une nouvelle enquête sur un échantillon représentatif, le deuxième chapitre co-écrit avec Adrien Fabre montre que les Français sont opposés à la taxe carbone même si le revenu leur est reversé uniformément. Ce rejet va de pair avec des perceptions pessimistes fortement ancrées des effets de la politique, que l’on peut expliquer par la défiance des répondants. Notre analyse montre toutefois que lorsque les ménages sont convaincus des effets objectifs de la politique - sur leur pouvoir d'achat, sur l'environnement, et en termes redistributifs - leur soutien augmente très largement. Le troisième chapitre, basé sur la même enquête, est plus descriptif. Il a pour objectif d’évaluer l’attitude des Français vis-à-vis du changement climatique, et les perspectives de la politique climatique française après la crise des Gilets Jaunes. Le quatrième chapitre, plus théorique, étudie à partir d’un modèle comment les catastrophes environnementales jouent sur les décisions de consommation, d'investissement, et de protection de l'environnement en fonction de l'attitude des individus face au risque
The four chapters of this thesis aim to better understand citizens' attitudes towards environmental policies. The first chapter assesses the redistributive impact of the French carbon tax. It shows that the carbon tax is regressive, but could be made progressive if its revenue were returned uniformly to all households. However, the policy would generate significant horizontal redistributive effects and penalize a large share of modest households. Based on a new survey with a large representative sample, the second chapter co-authored with Adrien Fabre shows that the French are opposed to the carbon tax even if its revenue is returned to them uniformly. This rejection goes hand in hand with strongly rooted pessimistic perceptions of the effects of the policy, which can be explained by the respondents' mistrust. Our analysis shows, however, that when households are convinced of the objective effects of the policy - on their purchasing power, on the environment, and in redistributive terms - their support increases very significantly. The third chapter, based on the same survey, is more descriptive. It aims to assess French attitudes towards climate change and the prospects for French climate policy after the Yellow Vest crisis. The fourth chapter, more theoretical, uses a model to study how environmental disasters affect consumption, investment and environmental protection decisions according to people's attitude to risk

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Dufau, Bastien. "L’influence des prix de l’énergie sur la compétitivité-coût : une approche multisectorielle et internationale." Thesis, Paris 10, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA100174.

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Le projet WIOD (World Input-Output Database) mené par la Commission Européenne depuis 2009 a pu profiter du développement de sources statistiques sur le commerce international de ces dernières années pour harmoniser les tableaux entrées-sorties de nombreux pays à un niveau mondial. Cette base de données renouvelle l’intérêt pour les analyses input-output inspirées des travaux de Leontief, adaptées au cadre d'une économie monde. Il est ainsi désormais possible de suivre la propagation d’un choc au niveau mondial. La thèse s’inscrit dans la droite ligne de ce renouveau en cherchant à évaluer les enchaînements intersectoriels et internationaux d’un choc sur les prix de l’énergie, et son impact sur les coûts unitaires de production. Son originalité est de chercher à dépasser les limites habituelles de l’analyse input-output en autorisant une déformation endogène des coefficients techniques à travers le temps.La thèse cherche à tirer parti de la littérature économétrique traitant des formes fonctionnelles dites flexibles, appliquées à l’analyse de la production, pour dépasser cette principale limite. L’intérêt de la forme fonctionnelle flexible de coût de type Leontief Généralisée est plus singulièrement discuté dans la mesure où elle recouvre comme cas particulier le modèle input-output usuel. La thèse propose de recourir à une modélisation sectorielle imbriquée et accorde une place importante à la théorie des indices pour parvenir à le faire de la manière la plus cohérente possible. Le modèle ainsi développé est finalement estimé afin de mener des travaux de simulation quant aux effets d’une taxation des émissions de carbone dans les pays européens sur la compétitivité coût des différents secteurs de ces pays. Nous étudions les effets d’une taxe carbone à 20€/tCO2 ou 80€/tCO2 tout d’abord au niveau Européen. L’analyse de la compétitivité-coût révèle la Pologne et l’Espagne serait les principaux perdants de cette taxation alors que les autres pays européens arrivent à préserver leur compétitivité vis- à-vis du reste du monde. Une étude similaire portant sur une taxe appliquée unilatéralement sur le France ou l’Allemagne montre que ces pays ne seront que très faiblement affectés
The WIOD project (World Input-Output Database) was launched by the European Commission in 2009 thanks to the improvement of statistical sources on international trade that had been made in previous years. It has led to the international harmonization of input-output tables of many countries. International input-output tables renew the interest on Leontief theory but brought it to the international level. Indeed it is now possible to follow a shock’s worldwide. This dissertation follows this renewal, trying to evaluate the multisectoral and international impact of an energy shock. More precisely, the focus is made on a carbon tax and its impact on unit cost of production. In this dissertation, the focus is made on a way to go through the limits of the input-output analysis by endogenizing technical coefficients.Perfect complementarity of goods hypothesis is the main limit of the input-output analysis and leads to the rigidity of the technical coefficients describing interindustrial trade. Our objective is to take advantage of the littérature on flexibles functional forms to remove this constraint of the input-output analysis. More precisely we focus on the Generalized Leontief functional form as input-output cost function are a particular case of this form. In spite of the improvement of statistical sources, the lack of data leads us to use an aggregate function on several levels and to harmonize our functions using the price index theory. Finally, we study the impact of a carbon tax (20€/tCO2 or 80€/tCO2) first on an european level. A cost competitiveness analysis shows that Poland and Spain are mainly impacted by the tax, contrary to other European countries that keep their competitiveness at the international level. Then we study the impact of the tax on France and on Germany and find a little impact on unit cost of production

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Paoli, Mathieu. "Analyse par RMN1H et RMN13C d'huiles essentielles et d'extraits (cedrus atlantica G. Manetti et Taxus baccata Linné)." Corte, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CORT0010.

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Les produits naturels issus de la biomasse végétale connaissent depuis quelques années un succès grandissant dans de nombreuses industries (pharmacie, agroalimentaire, parfums et cosmétiques). L’objectif de notre étude était, d’une part de contribuer au développement des méthodes d’identification et de quantification des constituants des mélanges naturels par RMN 13C et MN1H, et d’autre part, de contribuer à la caractérisation chimique de végétaux poussant en Corse en vue d’une valorisation potentielle. La première partie de nos travaux concerne la caractérisation chimique de l’huile essentielle de bois de cèdre de l’Atlas, Cedrus atlantica Manetti, introduit en Corse et présent dans diverses forêts. L’analyse détaillée d’un échantillon de cette huile essentielle, réalisée par combinaison de techniques chromatographiques et spectroscopiques, nous a permis d’identifier divers composés possédant le squelette himachalane ou bisabolane non encore référencés dans la bibliothèque de spectres « Terpènes » propre au laboratoire. Il s’agit de la (E)--atlantone, de la (Z)--atlantone, de l’himachalol et de l’allohimachalol. L'analyse de 48 échantillons obtenus à partir d’arbres situés dans les 5 forêts référencées par l’Office National des Forêts de Corse (Bavella, Bonifato, l’Ospedale, Pineta et Vizzavona) et dans quelques stations isolées, associée au traitement statistique des résultats (ACP, k-means et classification hiérarchique ascendante), a permis de mettre en évidence la variabilité chimique intraspécifique de cette huile essentielle. Les échantillons se répartissent en deux groupes, de compositions chimiques très rarement décrites dans la littérature, en fonction de leur teneur élevée en -pinène (groupe I) ou en himachalol (groupe II). Notre deuxième objectif était de contribuer au développement de la méthode d’analyse des taxanes en mélange par RMN 13C, développée au laboratoire. Pour ce faire, nous avons dans un premier temps, mis en œuvre deux protocoles de fractionnement d’extraits au méthanol et à l’éthanol de feuilles d’if (Taxus baccata L. ) de Corse. Nous avons ainsi identifié 11 taxanes, dont 5 non encore référencés dans la bibliothèque de spectres « taxanes » du laboratoire (désacétyltaxine B, 5-cinnamoyltaxicine I, 2,9-désacétyltaxinine, 3,11-cyclotaxinine NN2 et 2-désacétyltaxinine J). Dans un second temps, nous avons mis au point et validé une méthode de quantification des taxanes par RMN 13C en utilisant la 10-désacétylbaccatine III (10-DAB III) comme composé modèle et l’hexane-1,6-diol comme référence interne. Cette méthode pouvant être extrapolée aux composés possédant le squelette taxane, nous l’avons appliquée à la quantification de ces derniersdans les extraits au solvant de T. Baccata. Dans une dernière partie, nous avons mis au point et validé (justesse, linéarité et précision des mesures) un protocole expérimental de quantification par RMN 1H sur 39 terpènes purs appartenant à différentes familles chimiques (oléfines, alcools, cétones, aldéhydes, esters, oxydes, phénylpropanoïdes, azotés) puis en mélange. Cette procédure quantitative s’est avérée fiable, rapide et complémentaire de la CPG. Elle a été appliquée à la quantification des composés majoritaires de diverses huiles essentielles et elle est susceptible d’être utilisée pour l’analyse d’un grand nombre d’échantillons (dosage en routine des constituants caractéristiques) et permettre ainsi de répondre aux exigences de contrôle de qualité concernant ce type de produits naturels voire des exsudats et des extraits végétaux
Natural products isolated from plants acquired, in recent years, a growing success in many industries (pharmacy, agri-food, perfume and cosmetics). The objective of our study was to contribute, on the one hand, to the development of methods involving 13C and 1H NMR for the identification and quantification of the components of natural mixtures, and on the other hand, to the chemical characterization of plants growing in Corsica for their potential valorization. The first part of our work concerned the chemical characterization of the wood oil of Cedrus atlantica Manetti, introduced forty years ago and now growing wild in various Corsican forests. Detailed analysis, using the combination of chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques, of a wood oil sample allowed the identification of various compounds bearing the himachalane or bisabolane skeletons, which were still unreferenced in our home-made NMR spectral data library: (E)--atlantone, (Z)--atlantone, himachalol and allohimachalol. In addition, the analysis of 48 samples obtained from trees located in five forests referenced by the Office National des Forêts of Corsica (Bavella, Bonifato, Ospedale, Pineta and Vizzavona) as well as in a few isolated locations, associated with statistical treatment of the results (PCA, k-means and hierarchical clustering), suggested the occurrence of a chemical variability within the investigated samples. Samples are divided into two groups, whom chemical compositions were rarely described in the literature, based on their high contents in -pinene (Group I) or himachalol (Group II). Our second objective was to contribute to the development of an analytical method, based on 13C NMR, for identification and quantification of taxanes in natural mixtures. To reach this goal, we have first implemented two protocols of fractionation of methanol and ethanol extracts of leaves of yew (Taxus baccata L. ). Eleven taxane derivatives, including five compounds not yet referenced in our home-made NMR spectral data library (deacetyltaxine B, 5-cinnamoyltaxicine I, 2,9-deacetyltaxinine, 3,11-cyclotaxinine NN2 and 2-deacetyltaxinine J) have been identified. Then, we have developed and validated a method for quantification of taxanes by 13C NMR using 10-DAB-III as model compound and hexane-1,6-diol as internal standard. The experimental procedure was applied to the quantification of the previously identified taxanes present in the extracts of T. Baccata. This method can be extrapolated to other compounds bearing the taxane skeleton. In the last part of this work, we developed a method that allows direct quantitative determination of terpenes in natural mixtures, using 1H NMR. The quantitative procedure was checked and validated (accuracy, linearity and precision of measurements) with 39 commercially available terpenes of different chemical families (olefins, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, esters, oxides, phenylpropanoids and a nitrogen-containing compound). This method is proved to be reliable, fast and complementary with GC. It may be used for the analysis of a large number of samples (routine determination of characteristic constituents) and for quality control of essential oils and solvent extracts

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Combet, Emmanuel. "Fiscalité carbone et progrès social : application au cas français." Phd thesis, École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00813550.

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La thèse revisite les débats sur les conséquences socioéconomiques et le choix des modalités d'une fiscalité carbone. Un diagnostic est d'abord tiré de l'examen d'un échec français (la taxe carbone de N. Sarkozy, 2009-2010). Il distingue les problèmes d'acceptabilité politique, des limites de l'analyse économique pour définir les dispositifs. Il souligne l'importance de la discussion sur l'usage des recettes de la taxe, car ce point cristallise les difficultés politiques et conditionne la cohérence économique et juridique du projet au regard des objectifs recherchés (environnement, équité, compétitivité). Il montre que les outils d'analyse peuvent être améliorés pour accompagner cette discussion. Un outil de simulation numérique est ensuite proposé et construit. Il permet de comparer les performances de dispositifs sur divers indicateurs (émissions de CO2, activité, emploi, inégalités, pauvreté, endettement), de décrire plusieurs points de vue sur le fonctionnement de l'économie (actuelle et future), et de lier dans une démarche prospective le dossier climatique aux autres dossiers de réforme des prélèvements obligatoires (maîtrise des déficits, financement des retraites). L'outil est enfin utilisé pour revisiter les controverses, clarifier les arbitrages et identifier les meilleures pistes de compromis. Il apparaît qu'une fiscalité carbone peut offrir des co-bénéfices socioéconomiques (pour l'activité et l'emploi, la réduction des inégalités, la maîtrise des déficits). Mais cela n'est pas automatique, des choix politiques sensibles doivent être faits ; ces dernier portent, au-delà du seul dossier 'climat', sur la gestion d'une réforme générale des finances publiques.

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Schulthais, Fernanda. "Alterações nos teores e taxas de substituição do carbono de frações da matéria orgânica em solos cultivados com eucalipto." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2009. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5434.

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The literature presents a great deal of controversy regarding increase and/or reduction of organic C supply in soil or of its fractions as a result of implantation of forest species. In this context, the physical methods for separation of soil organic matter (SOM), associated with the isotopic composition of C, allow the understanding of C alteration in soil and also in the different compartments of SOM, such as evaluation and quantification of possible entries of C through implanted culture and, in addition, the losses that the new cultivation brings about C derived from the former culture. This is facilitated when there is a vegetation substitution of C3 for C4, or the contrary, seeing that these plant metabolism presents differences of 13C, which in turn, affects the soil when this residue in left on the soil. Thus, the purpose of this work was to determine the C changes in fractions of organic matters in soils cultivated with eucalyptus. Samples of eucalyptus, pasture and native forest layers of 0-10, 10-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80 e 80-100 cm, in four repetitions, were collected. The selected uses were: native forest (NF), fifth rotation eucalyptus (Euc. 5R) eucalyptus in the first rotation at the age of five, (Euc. 1R5A) and adjacent pasture (Past. 1R5A) and also first rotation eucalyptus at the age of two (Euc. 1R2A) and adjacent pasture (Past. 1R2A) The collected samples were submitted to physical fractionation divided into two distinct fractions: particulate organic matter (POM) and mineral-associated organic matter (MAM). These fractions had their C and natural abundance of 13C analyzed by using a mass spectrometer (Continuous Flow Isotope Ratio MS). The data were analyzed considering a sampling design, and from these four repetitions, the average and respective standard errors were obtained for each of the soil layers and their different use. The contents were, in a general way, higher in NF, although, in some comparisons, these values were close to the ones under eucalyptus and pasture. The C contents of Euc. 5R and Euc. 1R5A were not as high as the ones under NF, while in the soil under Euc. 1R2A, these contents were similar or higher for the first collected layers. Among the uses of collected soil, NF and Euc. 5R presented the highest values of C for POM. The soils with Euc. 1R5A, Euc. 1R2A and Past. 1R5A presented the highest decrease, of C content in this fraction when compared to NF. The alteration of soil use resulted in expressive increase in C content of MAM in relation to NF, especially in areas under Euc. 1R5A, Euc. 1R2A, Past. 1R5A e Past. 1R2A. The natural abundance of 13C allowed the cycling rate measurement of POM and MAM fraction cyclings which were nearly, 8,33 e 0,5 % per year, respectively, indicating a greater sensibility of POM to the alterations in the soil use.
A literatura apresenta muita controvérsia no que se refere ao aumento e, ou, diminuição dos estoques de C orgânico no solo ou de suas frações devido à implantação de espécies florestais. Nesse contexto, os métodos físicos de separação da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS), aliados à técnica de composição isotópica do C permitem o entendimento da alteração que o C sofre no solo e nos diferentes compartimentos da MOS, tais como a avaliação e quantificação das possíveis entradas de C por meio da cultura implantada e, também, das perdas que o novo cultivo causa ao C do solo oriundo da cultura anterior. Tudo isso é facilitado quando ocorre a substituição de vegetação C3 por C4 ou o contrário, visto que o metabolismo dessas plantas apresenta discriminação diferenciada do 13C, diferença que também ocorre no solo quando esses resíduos são nele aportados. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho foi determinar as mudanças do C nas frações da MO em solos cultivados com eucalipto. Foram coletadas amostras em solos com eucalipto, pastagem e mata nativa nas camadas de 0-10, 10-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80 e 80-100 cm em quatro repetições. Os usos selecionados foram: mata nativa (MN), eucalipto na 5ª rotação (Euc. 5R), eucalipto na 1ª rotação aos cinco anos (Euc. 1R5A) e pastagem adjacente (Past. 1R5A) e também eucalipto na 1ª rotação aos dois anos (Euc. 1R2A) e pastagem adjacente (Past. 1R2A). As amostras coletadas foram submetidas a um fracionamento físico, dando origem a duas frações distintas: matéria orgânica particulada (MOP) e matéria orgânica associada aos minerais (MAM). Essas frações tiveram o C e a abundância natural de 13C analisados em espectrômetro de massas de razão isotópica de fluxo contínuo. Os dados foram analisados considerando-se um delineamento de amostragem, e, à partir das quatro repetições, foram obtidas as médias e os respectivos erros-padrão, para cada camada dos solos nos diferentes usos. Os teores de C foram, de modo geral, maiores nos solos sob a mata nativa, embora em algumas comparações esses valores tenham sido próximos daqueles sob o eucalipto e pastagem. Os teores de C do solo do Euc. 5R (Eucalipto na 5ª rotação) e Euc. 1R5A (Eucalipto 1ª rotação aos cinco anos de idade) foram menores que aqueles sob a MN (Mata nativa), enquanto para o solo sob o Euc. 1R2A (Eucalipto 1ª rotação aos doisanos de idade), esses teores foram semelhantes ou maiores para as primeiras camadas amostradas. Dentre os usos do solo amostrados, a MN e o Euc. 5R apresentaram os maiores teores de C na MOP. Os solos com o Euc. 1R5A, Euc. 1R2A e Past. 1R5A foram aqueles que apresentaram os maiores decréscimos dos teores de C nessa fração quando comparados à MN. A alteração do uso do solo acarretou aumentos expressivos nos teores de C da MAM em relação à MN, principalmente nas áreas sob o Euc. 1R5A, Euc. 1R2A, Past. 1R5A e Past. 1R2A. A abundância natural do 13C possibilitou o cálculo da taxa de ciclagem de ciclagem das frações MOP e MAM que foram de, aproximadamente, 8,33 e 0,5 % ao ano, respectivamente, indicando a maior sensibilidade da MOP às alterações de uso do solo.

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Pereira, Magnum de Sousa. "Avaliação das taxas de mineralização do carbono e nitrogênio do composto orgânico proveniente de carcaça e despojo de pequenos ruminantes." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2014. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/16954.

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PEREIRA, Magnum de Sousa. Avaliação das taxas de mineralização do carbono e nitrogênio do composto orgânico proveniente de carcaça e despojo de pequenos ruminantes. 2015. 48 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Ciências do Solo - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia - Solos e Nutrição de Pantas, Fortaleza-CE, 2015
The determination of the mineralization rate of organic compost is necessary for planning the most efficient way to use them. Thus, this study aimed to determine the carbon and nitrogen mineralization rate from organic compost produced from sheep and goat carcasses and its slaughtering spoils. Chromic Inceptisol (Luvisols) samples were incubated at an average temperature of 30.5 ° C with doses of 0; 3.75; 7.5; 15 and 30 Mg ha-1 of organic compost. To evaluate the carbon mineralization were used 100 g of soil incubated with these doses arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) distributed in a split plot scheme. Samples were kept in glass containers tightly closed and the C-CO2 measurements were performed during periods of 0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 9; 11; 14; 17; 20; 23; 26; 29; 33; 37; 41; 48; 55; 69; 83; 97; 112 and 126 days after the start of incubation. To determine the nitrogen mineralization rate (N), the doses of compost were incubated with 100 g of soil and distributed in a CRD with a 5 x 10 factorial arrangement. The assessment of inorganic N were performed at 7; 14; 28; 42; 56; 70; 84; 98; 112 and 126 days after the incubation beginning. Both models, the simple exponential and the double exponential, were not efficient to explain the dynamics of C mineralization for not consider the interactions that occurs when the compost is applied to the soil. A model that considers the soil C labile and recalcitrant compartments (ls and rs), protected and unprotected compartments of the applied organic matter (OM) (pc and dc) and a p factor that modifies the rate of mineralization of soil organic matter (SOM) when the compost is applied (C0 = Cls e-kltp + Crs.e-krstp + Cpc .e-kpst + Coc .e-kdct) was more efficient to explain the dynamics of C, considering the interactions with the SOM and the OM added. The suggested model has demonstrated that the rate of SOM decomposition is approximately 10% greater in the presence of the compost and the compost mineralization rate is 0.012 day-1, explaining the 97.95% of the variability in the data. The N mineralization was very fast since 40% of the standard dose of 7.5 Mg h-1 was found in the mineral form 14 days after the incubation. However, due to losses of inorganic nitrogen by NH3 volatilization, it was not possible to estimate the actual N mineralization rate.
A determinação da taxa de mineralização de compostos orgânicos se faz necessária para o planejamento da forma mais eficiente de sua utilização. Deste modo, objetivou-se determinar a taxa de mineralização de carbono e nitrogênio de composto orgânico produzido a partir de carcaças e despojos de abate de ovinos e caprinos. Amostras de Luvissolo Crômico foram incubadas à temperatura média de 30,5 ºC com doses equivalentes a 0; 3,75; 7,5; 15 e 30 Mg ha-1 de composto orgânico. Para avaliação da mineralização do carbono foram utilizados 100 g de solo incubados com as referidas doses dispostas em um delineamento inteiramente casualisado (DIC) distribuídos em esquema de parcela subdividida. As amostras foram mantidas em recipientes de vidro hermeticamente fechados sendo as mensurações de C-CO2 realizadas nos períodos de 0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 9; 11; 14; 17; 20; 23; 26; 29; 33; 37; 41; 48; 55; 69; 83; 97; 112 e 126 dias após o início da incubação. Para a determinação da taxa de mineralização do nitrogênio (N), as doses de composto foram incubadas com 100 g de solo e distribuídas em um DIC dispostas em um arranjo fatorial de 5 x 10. As avaliações do N inorgânicoforam realizadas aos7; 14; 28; 42; 56; 70; 84; 98; 112 e 126 dias após o início da incubação. Tanto o modelo simples exponencial quanto o modelo duplo exponencial não foram eficientes para explicar a dinâmica de mineralização do C por não considerarem as interações que ocorrem quando o composto é aplicado ao solo. Um modelo que considera os compartimentos de C lábil e recalcitrante no solo (ls e rs), compartimentos protegido e desprotegidos da MO aplicada (pc e dc) e um fator p que modifica a taxa de mineralização da MO do solo quando o composto é aplicado (C0 = Cls e-kltp + Crs.e-krstp + Cpc .e-kpst + Cdc .e-kdct) se mostrou mais eficiente para explicar a dinâmica do C, considerando as interações da MO do solo com a MO adicionada. O modelo sugerido demonstrou que a taxa de decomposição da MO do solo é aproximadamente 10% maior na presença do composto e a taxa de mineralização do composto é de 0,012 dia-1, explicando 97,95% da variabilidade dos dados. A mineralização do N mostrou-se bastante rápida visto que 40% da dose padrão de 7,5 Mg ha-1 foi encontrado na forma mineral 14 dias após a incubação. No entanto, devido às perdas de nitrogênio inorgânico por volatilização de NH3, não foi possível se estimar as reais taxas de mineralização do N.

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Trotignon, Raphaël. "In search of the carbon price : The european CO2 emission trading scheme : from ex ante and ex post analysis to the protection in 2020." Thesis, Paris 9, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA090052.

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Cette thèse est une évaluation des deux premières phases du Système Communautaire d’Echange de Quotas d’Emission (SCEQE). Il s'articule autour de la construction progressive d'un modèle de simulation, ZEPHYR-Flex, qui vise à reproduire les évolutions du prix et des émissions observés entre 2005 et 2012, et à les projeter jusqu'en 2020 sous différentes séries d'hypothèses. L'analyse ex post des huit premières années du système révèle que, pour comprendre son évolution, il est nécessaire d'étudier en détail le rôle joué par trois mécanismes de flexibilité: les échanges de quotas, la flexibilité spatiale (crédits carbone), et la flexibilité temporelle (banking/borrowing). Dans un premier temps, nous construisons un cadre technico-économique servant de base au mécanisme simulant les échanges de quotas dans le modèle. Le rôle des crédits carbone est ensuite examiné et un scénario pour leur utilisation jusqu'en 2020 est calculé sur cette base. Ensuite, la flexibilité temporelle est introduite dans le modèle qui, une fois les trois mécanismes de flexibilité réunis, peut reproduire la trajectoire passée du prix et des émissions. Le modèle et les leçons tirées des deux premières phases sont ensuite utilisés dans différents scénarios prospectifs à l'horizon 2020. Parmi les scénarios testés, seul un renforcement du plafond d’émission en ligne avec l'objectif européen de 2050 est en mesure de restaurer la confiance et les anticipations associées au système, deux facteurs qui conditionnent l'efficacité du SCEQE à long terme. La nécessité d’articuler correctement le SCEQE avec les autres politiques climat-énergie est également soulignée
This thesis is an evaluation of the first two phases of the EU ETS. It is articulated around the progressive construction of a simulation model, ZEPHYR-Flex, which aims at being able to replicate the observed price and emissions trajectories between 2005 and 2012, and to project them until 2020 under different sets of assumptions. The ex post analysis of the first eight years of the system reveals that to understand its development, it is necessary to study in details the role played by three flexibility mechanisms: trading, spatial flexibility (offsets), and time flexibility (banking/borrowing). In a first stage, we build a technical-economic framework for the core trading mechanism of the model. The role of offsets is then scrutinized and a scenario for their use up to 2020 is calculated on this basis. Next, the time flexibility and the related banking and borrowing behavior are introduced into the model which can then replicate the past price and emission trajectory. The model and the lessons from the first two phases are then used in different prospective scenarios to 2020. Among the scenarios tested, only a strengthening of the cap in line with the 2050 European reduction target is able to restore confidence and anticipations, two factors needed for the efficiency of the EU ETS in the long term. The issue of correctly articulating the EU ETS with other climate-energy policies is also underlined

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Wang, Xin. "An economic and political assessment of carbon pricing policies in China." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL12003/document.

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Les approches chinoises pour la lutte contre le changement climatique se sont orientées vers les instruments économiques. En particulier, la tarification du prix du carbone serait mise en oeuvre durant la période de son 12e plan quinquennal (2011-2015). Les prix implicites du carbone sont aussi engendrés par l’usage massif de l’abattement de TVA et les taxes à l’exportation des produits intensifs en carbone depuis 2007. Ceci serait complété par une mise un oeuvre par un marché d’échanges des permis d’émissions ici 2015. Cependant, l’un pourrait anticiper ces approches un statut de champion pour la Chine, les doutes s’émergent à la fois sur la motivation de taxer l’exportation des produits intensifs en carbone et sur les prix donnés au carbone au marché domestique et à l’export. En utilisant les approches quantitatives et qualitatives, cette thèse examine les impacts des prix du carbone en Chine et leurs conséquences à l’échelle globale. La thèse propose d’abord d’accélérer la mise en oeuvre du prix du carbone au marché domestique et ensuite introduire un prix du carbone explicite (20$/tCO2) à l’export comme une mesure de transition avant que le prix du carbone atteigne un niveau comparable
China’s approach to tackle climate change has been marked by a rapid shift toward market-based instruments; particularly the carbon pricing policy since its twelfth Five Year Plan (FYP) (2011-2015) was launched. Carbon prices were indirectly generated by the massive use of export VAT refund rebate and export tax on energy-intensive products since 2007. It will be explicitly complemented by an emission trading scheme (ETS) tested at provincial level by 2013 and implemented at national level by 2015. While one could expect such initiatives to grant China a status as a “climate-champion”, doubts have been cast on the rationale for taxing energy-intensive exports on the one hand, and the value given to CO2 either at the border or domestically on the other. By using both quantitative and qualitative assessments, the thesis contributes to unpacking China’s domestic and border carbon pricing policies by analyzing their incentives and domestic and global consequences. It proposes first to accelerate domestic carbon price stringency; and second to implement an explicit and comparable (20$/tCO2) export carbon price, particularly on energy-intensive products, as a short-term transitional measure before a domestic comparable carbon price is introduced

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Yokessa, Maïmouna. "Politiques environnementales et alimentation : que nous apprennent les préférences des consommateurs ?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLA023.

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Cette thèse étudie les comportements des consommateurs vis-à-vis de l’environnement à travers des choix alimentaires, afin de déterminer des politiques les plus adaptées pour limiter l’impact du système alimentaire sur l’environnement. Elle est constituée de quatre articles qui étudient les valorisations monétaires des caractéristiques environnementales par les consommateurs, et les choix d’instruments de politique publique qui en résultent.Le premier chapitre, à l’aide d’une revue de la littérature, montre que la prolifération des écolabels et la complexité des informations environnementales entravent les capacités de ces écolabels à influencer les comportements des consommateurs.Les mécanismes de taxes et de subventions apparaissent alors comme une solution alternative qui est étudiée dans cette thèse en intégrant des résultats expérimentaux. La suite de la thèse s’intéresse donc aux résultats expérimentaux concernant la révélation de messages environnementaux et à la valorisation monétaire de différents produits laitiers. Ces résultats expérimentaux liés à des produits laitiers sont utilisés par calculer une taxe et une subvention maximisant le bien-être des consommateurs.Le deuxième article étudie comment les messages environnementaux influencent les préférences des consommateurs, en utilisant une expérience de choix multiple en ligne et une expérience en laboratoire. Ces deux expériences montrent une relative stabilité des préférences, quand il s’agit de la diminution significative des dispositions à payer pour le produit standard faisant suite à la révélation d’information sur les conséquences environnementales des produits.Le troisième article s’intéresse à deux expériences de laboratoire quand le nombre de produits proposés varie. La deuxième expérience intègre des nouveaux produits garantissant un partage équitable des prix dans la filière de production laitière. Il est montré que les valorisations monétaires des critères environnementaux sont dominées par des valorisations plus élevées pour la santé ou pour des critères sociaux de partage équitable de la valeur dans la filière de production.Le quatrième article utilise les préférences révélées dans une des expériences précédentes autour des produits laitiers pour calculer une taxe et une subvention maximisant le bien-être des consommateurs. Les niveaux de taxation estimés avec nos travaux sont nettement supérieurs à ceux qui pourraient être préconisés en utilisant les valeurs monétaires du carbone conseillés par le Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat - GIEC (également appelé Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change - IPCC).Ces quatre articles contribuent à quantifier des options de politiques publiques appliquées à un type de produit spécifique, et en tenant compte des mécanismes de marché
This Ph.D. dissertation focuses on consumers’ behavior towards the environment through food choices, to determine the most appropriate policies to limit the impact of the food system on the environment. This dissertation consists of four articles that study the monetary valuation of environmental characteristics by consumers, and the choices of public policy instruments related to these valuations.The first article, through a review of the literature, shows that the proliferation of eco-labels and the complexity of environmental information impede the ability of these eco-labels to influence consumers’ behaviors.In this context, the tax and subsidy mechanisms appear as an alternative solution which is studied in this dissertation by integrating experimental results. The rest of this dissertation examines the experimental results concerning the revelation of environmental messages and the monetary valuation of different dairy products. These experimental results related to dairy products are used to calculate taxes and subsidies that maximize consumers’ welfare.The second article studies how environmental messages influence consumer preferences, using an online choice experiment and a lab experiment. These two experiences show relative stability of preferences, especially when it comes to the significant decrease in the willingness to pay for the basic product, following the disclosure of information on the environmental consequences of the products.The third article focuses on two laboratory experiments when the number of offered products varies. The second experiment incorporates new products guaranteeing an equitable price sharing in the dairy production chain. It is shown that the monetary valuations for environmental criteria are dominated by higher valuation for health or for social criteria regarding the fair sharing of the value in the production chain.The fourth article uses the preferences revealed in one of the previous experiments around dairy products to calculate taxes and subsidies that maximize the consumers’ welfare. The levels of taxation estimated with our work are significantly higher than those that could be estimated by using the carbon prices advised by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).These four articles help to quantify public policy options applied to a specific type of product, and by taking into account market mechanisms

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Pérez, Segovia Alexander. "Fatores ambientais e antrópicos que controlam a acumulação de carbono em sedimentos de manguezal." Niterói, 2018. https://app.uff.br/riuff/handle/1/5732.

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Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica, Niterói, RJ
presente estudo quantificou a importância dos ecossistemas de manguezais como sumidouros de carbono, avaliando o efeito de distintos fatores ambientais e antrópicos que podem influenciar significativamente na acumulação de carbono nos sedimentos de manguezais da Nova Zelândia, do Brasil e do Peru. No estudo, a expansão natural dos ecossistemas de manguezais e a presença ou ausência natural de cobertura vegetal foram considerados como fatores naturais, enquanto que o desmatamento, a eutrofização por desenvolvimento urbano e de cultivo de camarão foram considerados como fatores antrópicos. Os efeitos destes fatores sobre a acumulação de carbono sedimentar em termos de estocagens e fluxos foram estudados mediante o uso de indicadores elementares (carbono orgânico, nitrogênio e fósforo), isotópicos (13C e 15N) e o cálculo das taxas de sedimentação mediante a medição das atividades de 210Pb e 239+240Pu em sedimentos. No estuário Moanaanuanu (Nova Zelândia) foram quantificados os efeitos da expansão natural dos ecossistemas de manguezais e do desmatamento antrópico, observando-se que após da expansão dos ecossistemas de manguezais, o acumulo de carbono em sedimentos aumentou em até três vezes (~66 g m-2 a-1) em comparação com o período prévio à dominância de vegetação de manguezal no estuário (~24 g m-2 a-1). Também se observou que após desmatamento, a acumulação de carbono nos sedimentos diminuiu em até duas vezes (~26 g m-2 a-1) em comparação com o período prévio ao desmatamento (~44 g m-2 a-1). Na área de manguezais da baia de Sepetiba (Brasil) foram quantificadas as mudanças temporais nas taxas de sedimentação e acumulação do carbono, observando-se um aumento de até três vezes na acumulação de carbono após 1950s (~1100 vs. ~344 g m-2 a-1), associado à transposição das aguas do Rio Paraíba do Sul para a Baia. Também, a assinatura isotópica do carbono e nitrogênio revelou que a alta acumulação de nutrientes durante as ultimas décadas, derivaria dos esgotos urbanos que foram depositados na baia desde 1990s. Isto teria potencializando a fertilização do sistema e consequente maior acumulação de carbono orgânico nos sedimentos. Além disso, dentro de uma área degradada e eutrófica de manguezais na baia de Guanabara (Brasil) foram quantificados os efeitos do desmatamento acontecido décadas atrás, observando-se que a acumulação de carbono após desmatamento (~65 g m-2 a-1) não mudou significativamente em comparação com aquele observado antes do desmatamento (~58 g m-2 a-1). Enquanto que os estoques de carbono foram ligeiramente mais baixos após do período de desmatamento (~1989 vs. ~2321 g m-2), quando se evidenciou uma maior deposição de matéria orgânica de origem marinha que não conseguiu compensar as perdas de carbono produzidas pelo desmatamento. Finalmente, no ecossistema de manguezais de Tumbes (Peru) foram quantificados os efeitos das atividades de cultivo de camarão sobre a acumulação de carbono nos sedimentos de manguezais, observando-se que a maior acumulação de carbono esteve associada com as maiores proporções de matéria orgânica de origem terrestre. Além disso, a acumulação de carbono no sistema aumentou até em duas vezes após estabelecimento das atividades de cultivo de camarão em 1970s (~73 vs. ~143 g m- 2 a-1). Os resultados destes estudos sugerem que os fatores naturais e antrópicos podem influenciar negativa ou positivamente sobre a capacidade de estocagem de carbono nos sedimentos de manguezais, contribuindo significativamente com a regulação da exportação ou retenção de carbono dentro destes ecossistemas.
This study quantified the importance of mangrove ecosystems as carbon sinks by assessing the effect of environmental and anthropogenic factors that may influence on carbon accumulation within mangrove sediments of New Zealand, Brazil and Peru. The natural expansion of mangrove ecosystems as well as the presence and absence of mangrove vegetation cover were considered as environmental factors, while deforestation and eutrophication due to urban development and shrimp farming activities were considered as anthropogenic factors. The effect of these factors on sedimentary organic carbon accumulation in terms of stocks and fluxes were studied by using element analysis (organic carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen), isotopes values (13C e 15N) and the determination of sediment accumulation rates in sediments (210Pb e 239+240 Pu). In Moanaanuanu estuary (New Zealand) the effects of mangrove vegetation dominance and anthropogenic deforestation were quantified. In this research it was observed that after the mangrove expansion occurs, the carbon accumulation in sediments increased up to threefold (~66 g m-2 yr-1) in comparison to that before mangrove expansion within the estuary (~24 g m-2 yr-1). Also, it was observed that after the deforestation, the carbon accumulation in sediments decreased up to twofold (~26 g m-2 yr-1) in comparison to those values before mangrove deforestation (~44 g m-2 yr-1). In a mangrove-bound area in Sepetiba Bay (Brazil) temporal changes in sediment accumulation rates and carbon accumulation were quantified. In this research it was observed an increase of up to threefold in carbon accumulation after 1950s (~1100 vs. ~344 g m-2 yr-1), associated to the water diversion Paraiba do Sul River into the Bay. Furthermore, the carbon and nitrogen isotopic values revealed that the high nutrient accumulation observed in the last decades resulted from the urban sewage influx released into the Bay since 1990s. This would have triggered the system fertilization and the consequent higher organic carbon accumulation in sediments. In Guanabara Bay (Brazil) the effects of the deforestation occurred three decades ago within a degraded and eutrophic mangrove area were quantified. It was evidenced that carbon accumulation after deforestation (~65 g m-2 yr-1) was similar to that observed before mangrove deforestation (~58 g m-2 yr-1). Also, the carbon stocks were slightly lower after the deforestation period (~1989 vs. ~2321 g m-2), when higher marine organic matter deposition in sediments were observed. Nevertheless, this organic matter deposition was not able to compensate the losses of carbon due to deforestation process within the study area. In the mangrove forest of Tumbes (Peru) the effect of the shrimp farming activities on carbon accumulation in sediments were quantified. It was observed that the higher carbon accumulation was linked to higher terrestrial organic matter. Finally, the carbon accumulation increased up to twofold after the establishment of shrimp farming activities in 1970s (~73 vs. ~143 g m-2 yr-1). The results of this study suggest that environmental and anthropogenic factors may positively or negatively influence on the carbon storage capacity of mangrove sediments, contributing to the carbon dynamics within these ecosystems

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Raux, Charles-Gabriel. "Quel coût pour le secteur électrique d'une politique de restriction des émissions de carbone en France ?" Paris 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA020032.

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Cette thèse vise à mettre en exergue le coût des contraintes sur les émissions de carbone pour le secteur électrique. Dans un premier temps, sont présentées les principes théoriques de régulation de émissions de carbone, ainsi que leurs applications en Europe. L’analyse des modèles existants et les étude empiriques mettent en évidence le rôle prépondérant du secteur électrique au sein du marché du carbone. Une approche originale testant l’influence des émissions du parc électrique sur les prix du carbone confirment l’importance du mode de tarification par les producteurs électriques du coût de leurs émissions pour la formation des prix. Dans la deuxième partie, la formation des prix propre au secteur électrique est analysée, et en particulier les principes de la tarification en pointe. Un modèle d’allocation des ressources au sein du secteur électrique est élaboré en intégrant une contrainte sur les émissions. Ce modèle permet de déterminer de manière analytique la valeur du carbone et les paramètres déterminants pour l’imputation des coûts. Une discussion s’ensuit sur son domaine de validité, et sur les hypothèses centrales en vue d’une comparaison avec les prix de marché. Dans la troisième partie, le modèle est calibré avec les données françaises et allemandes et les résultats du modèle sont confrontés aux données du marché. Le modèle permet la révélation des hypothèses de coût implicites au sein des prix à terme et l’influence des prix du carbone. L’analyse des valeurs du carbone issues des simulations permet alors de comprendre les conditions de réalisation d’un équilibre partiel sur les deux marchés et de répondre à la question de l’opportunité pour la France d’intégrer le secteur électrique au dispositif de la taxe sur le carbone.

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Friot, Damien. "Comptabilité environnementale et mondialisation. Quels défis ? Quels modèles pour y répondre ? Application d'un modèle Economie-Environnement-Impacts à l'évaluation des impacts environnementaux en Chine induits par l'Europe, et aux taxes carbone aux frontières de l'UE." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00527496.

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Cette thèse traite de l'intégration des contraintes liées à la mondialisation dans les méthodes de comptabilité environnementales. Nous proposons tout d'abord une analyse de la capacité des principales méthodes actuelles à répondre aux attentes sociétales et à relever les défis liés à la mondialisation. Nous développons à cette fin le premier cadre analytique spécifique à ces méthodes. Nous développons ensuite un modèle intégrant certaines des contraintes liées à la mondialisation. Ce modèle combine un modèle entrées-sorties mondial, décrivant les activités de production, de consommation et de commerce international ainsi que les émissions qui en résultent, avec un modèle mondial de transport de polluants intégrant l'exposition humaine, et un modèle d'impact environnemental. Nous appliquons ce modèle pour établir la première quantification des impacts environnementaux sur la santé humaine liés aux émissions de particules fines (PM2.5) induits par la consommation des pays de l'OCDE dans le reste du monde selon une perspective cycle de vie. Nous appliquons ensuite le modèle entrées-sorties pour analyser le potentiel d'une taxe carbone aux frontières de l'UE. Nous proposons enfin un nouveau type d'analyse structurelle que nous appliquons aux émissions de carbone chinoises afin de déterminer quels sont les pays qui induisent ces émissions de par leur consommation, c'est à dire pour la production des biens et services exportés en incluant leurs chaines de production. Cette analyse est utilisée pour déterminer un potentiel schéma de partage international des coûts de dé-carbonisation de la Chine, tel qu'évoqué durant les préparatifs de la conférence sur le climat de Copenhague.

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Silva, Paulo Eduardo de Menezes. "Diversidade funcional da partição de biomassa, ganho de carbono e do uso da água em Coffea canephora, em resposta à disponibilidade hídrica." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2010. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/4329.

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The functional divergence associated with biomass partitioning, carbon gain and water use was studied in 10 clones of Coffea canephora. Seedlings, raised as rooted stem cuttings, with four leaf pairs were grown under full sunlight in 24 dm3 pots. When 8 months old, the plants were submitted to varying irrigation treatments: a group of plants was watered regularly as needed (control plants); a second group was maintained at 66% field capacity for 90 days (mild water deficit). Half of the plants of each clone were then analyzed, the other half were kept at 33% field condition for more 30 days (severe water deficit). Multivariate analysis was performed in order to evaluate the functional divergence among clones and possible strategies to cope with water deficit. In general, the total biomass was dramatically decreased in droughted plants; this was accompanied by increases in the root mass ratio and decreases in the leaf biomass ratio, whereas only minor, if any, changes in the stem biomass ratio was found, although the stem density having increased significantly in most clones under drought conditions. In control plants, higher photosynthetic rates were associated with higher stomatal conductance and increased internal-to-atmospheric CO2 concentration ratio; however, gas exchange parameters and carbon isotopic composition did not correlate significantly. Regardless of water deficit, nitrogen isotopic composition did not change consistently among the treatments. In general, clones displaying higher hydraulic efficiency (lower stem density, higher root biomass ratio, transpiration rates, apparent hydraulic conductance, and more negative water potentials) showed improved carbon gain. These clones were able to keep higher net photosynthetic rates under mild water deficit at the expense of higher water use. Under severe water deficit, partial maintenance of photosynthetic rates was, to a great extent, dependent on a more favorable leaf water status associated with more conservative traits linked to water use. It should be emphasized that decreases in photosynthesis rates were accompanied by reductions in stomatal conductance under severe drought, resulting in negative correlation between photosynthesis rates and internal-to-atmospheric CO2 concentration ratio; as a result, negative correlation between gas exchange parameters and carbon isotopic composition was observed. Traits associated with water use, such as stem density, midday water potential and transpiration rate, in addition to carbon isotopic composition (under water deficit), could be useful tools for screening promising clones in response to water availability, specially because these traits are easily obtained and showed substantial amplitude among the clones.
A divergência funcional associada à partição de biomassa, ganho de carbono e uso da água foi estudada em 10 clones de Coffea canephora. Mudas com quatro pares de folhas, provenientes do enraizamento de estacas de ramos ortotrópicos, foram cultivadas a pleno sol, em vasos de 24 dm3. Quando atingiram oito meses, as plantas foram submetidas a regimes hídricos diferenciais: um grupo de plantas foi irrigado continuamente (plantas-controle), enquanto o segundo grupo (10 plantas de cada clone) foi submetido à desidratação, imposta pela supressão da irrigação, até que a umidade do solo atingisse 66% da água disponível na capacidade de campo, permanecendo nessa condição durante 90 dias (déficit hídrico moderado). Metade das 10 plantas de cada clone foi então analisadas; à outra metade, permitiu-se que a água disponível decrescesse para 33% em relação à disponibilidade hídrica na capacidade de campo, mantendo-se as plantas nessa condição por mais 30 dias, quando foram, pois, avaliadas (déficit hídrico severo). Análises multivariadas com decomposição em componentes principais foram feitas, com o intuito de se avaliar a divergência funcional entre os clones e as possíveis estratégias desenvolvidas, em resposta à disponibilidade de água. De maneira geral, o déficit hídrico acarretou reduções significativas na biomassa acumulada, com incrementos na razão de massa radicular e redução na razão de massa foliar, enquanto a razão de massa caulinar pouco variou, a despeito do aumento expressivo de densidade de caule na grande maioria dos clones avaliados. Nas plantas-controle, maiores taxas fotossintéticas estiveram associadas com maior condutância estomática e maior razão entre as concentrações interna e externa de CO2, mas não se observou correlação significativa entre trocas gasosas com a composição isotópica do carbono. Independentemente do regime hídrico, a composição isotópica do nitrogênio não variou consistentemente, em resposta aos tratamentos aplicados. De modo geral, clones com maior eficiência hidráulica (menor densidade de caule, maior razão de massa radicular, maior taxa de transpiração, maior condutância hidráulica aparente e potenciais hídricos mais negativos) exibiram maior ganho de carbono. Esses mesmos clones tenderam a manter maiores taxas de fotossíntese líquida sob deficiência hídrica moderada, às expensas de maiores taxas do uso da água. Sob déficit hídrico severo, a manutenção parcial das trocas gasosas foi, em grande extensão, dependente de um status hídrico mais favorável associado a características mais conservativas em termos de uso da água. Ressalta-se que, sob seca severa, as reduções nas taxas fotossintéticas ocorreram em paralelo com reduções na condutância estomática, resultando numa correlação negativa entre taxas de fotossíntese e a razão entre as concentrações interna e externa de CO2; como conseqüência, houve uma correlação negativa entre trocas gasosas e a composição isotópica do carbono. Variáveis associadas ao uso da água, como densidade do caule, potencial hídrico ao meio-dia e taxa de transpiração, além da composição isotópica do carbono (sob déficit hídrico), podem ser ferramentas úteis na identificação de clones promissores, em resposta à disponibilidade hídrica, especialmente porque são de fácil medição e exibiram uma amplitude substancial entre os clones.

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Silva, Valdson José da. "Carbon assimilation, herbage accumulation, nutritive value, and grazing efficiency of Mulato II brachiariagrass under continuous stocking." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-05072016-175727/.

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Grazed pastures are the backbone of the Brazilian livestock industry and grasses of the genus Brachiaria (syn. Urochloa) are some of most used tropical forages in the country. Although the dependence on the forage resource is high, grazing management is often empirical and based on broad and non-specific guidelines. Mulato II brachiariagrass (Convert HD 364, Dow AgroSciences, São Paulo, Brazil) (B. brizantha × B. ruziziensis × B. decumbens), a new Brachiaria hybrid, was released as an option for a broad range of environmental conditions. There is no scientific information on specific management practices for Mulato II under continuous stocking in Brazil. The objectives of this research were to describe and explain variations in carbon assimilation, herbage accumulation (HA), plant-part accumulation, nutritive value, and grazing efficiency (GE) of Mulato II brachiariagrass as affected by canopy height and growth rate, the latter imposed by N fertilization rate, under continuous stocking. An experiment was carried out in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, during two summer grazing seasons. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement, corresponding to three steady-state canopy heights (10, 25 and 40 cm) maintained by mimicked continuous stocking and two growth rates (imposed as 50 and 250 kg N ha-1 yr-1), with three replications. There were no height × N rate interactions for most of the responses studied. The HA of Mulato II increased linearly (8640 to 13400 kg DM ha-1 yr-1), the in vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOM) decreased linearly (652 to 586 g kg-1), and the GE decreased (65 to 44%) as canopy height increased. Thus, although GE and IVDOM were greatest at 10 cm height, HA was 36% less for the 10- than for the 40-cm height. The leaf carbon assimilation was greater for the shortest canopy (10 cm), but canopy assimilation was less than in taller canopies, likely a result of less leaf area index (LAI). The reductions in HA, plant-part accumulation, and LAI, were not associated with other signs of stand deterioration. Leaf was the main plant-part accumulated, at a rate that increased from 70 to 100 kg DM ha-1 d-1 as canopy height increased from 10 to 40 cm. Mulato II was less productive (7940 vs. 13380 kg ha-1 yr-1) and had lesser IVDOM (581 vs. 652 g kg-1) at the lower N rate. The increase in N rate affected plant growth, increasing carbon assimilation, LAI, rates of plant-part accumulation (leaf, stem, and dead), and HA. The results indicate that the increase in the rate of dead material accumulation due to more N applied is a result of overall increase in the accumulation rates of all plant-parts. Taller canopies (25 or 40 cm) are advantageous for herbage accumulation of Mulato II, but nutritive value and GE was greater for 25 cm, suggesting that maintaining ∼25-cm canopy height is optimal for continuously stocked Mulato II.
As pastagens são o elemento central da pecuária brasileira, sendo as gramíneas do gênero Brachiaria (sin. Urochloa) as plantas forrageiras tropicais mais utilizadas. O capim Mulato II (Convert HD 364, Dow AgroSciences, São Paulo, Brazil) (B. brizantha × B. ruziziensis × B. decumbens) foi lançado como uma opção para diversas condições ambientais e de manejo. Entretanto não existem informações de práticas de manejo específicas para o capim Mulato II sob lotação contínua no Brasil. Os objetivos desse estudo foram descrever e explicar variações na assimilação de carbono, acúmulo de forragem (AF), acúmulo de componentes morfológicos no dossel, valor nutritivo e eficiência de pastejo (EP) do capim Mulato II em resposta a alturas do dossel mantidas constantes e taxas de crescimento impostas por doses de nitrogênio sob lotação contínua. Um experimento foi conduzido em Piracicaba- SP, durante dois verões agrostológicos, utilizando o delineamento experimental de blocos completos casualizados com arranjo fatorial 3 × 2, correspondendo a três alturas (10, 25 e 40 cm) e duas doses de N (50 e 250 kg N ha-1 ano-1), com três repetições. A maior parte das variáveis estudadas não foram afetadas pela interação altura × dose de N. O AF do capim Mulato II aumentou linearmente (de 8640 para 13400 kg MS ha-1 ano-1), a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria orgânica (DIVMO) reduziu linearmente (de 652 para 586 g kg-1), e a EP foi reduzida (efeito linear e quadrático) de 65 para 44% com o aumento da altura do dossel. Com isso, embora a EP e a DIVMO tenham sido maiores em dosséis mantidos a 10 cm, o AF foi reduzido em 36% em comparação com aquele a 40 cm. As taxas de assimilação de carbono de folhas foi maior nos dosséis mantidos a 10 cm, mas a assimilação do dossel foi maior nos dosséis mais altos devido ao maior índice de área foliar (IAF). A redução do AF, do acúmulo de componentes morfológicos e do IAF não foram associados com outros sinais de deterioração do dossel. Folha foi o principal componente morfológico acumulado e a taxa de acúmulo aumentou linearmente de 70 para 100 kg DM ha-1 dia-1 quando a altura de manejo aumentou de 10 para 40 cm. O capim Mulato II foi menos produtivo (7940 vs. 13380 kg ha-1 ano-1) e apresentou menor DIVMO (581 vs. 652 g kg-1) na menor dose de N. O aumento na dose de N afetou o crescimento da planta, resultando em aumentos na assimilação de carbono, IAF, acúmulo de componentes morfológicos e AF. Os resultados indicam que o aumento nas taxas de acúmulo de material morto devido a maior dose de N foi resultado do aumento nas taxas de acúmulo de todos os componentes morfológicos do dossel. A manutenção do dossel mais alto (25 ou 40 cm) pode ser vantajosa devido ao aumento no AF do capim Mulato II, embora o valor nutritivo e EP tenha sido maior a 25 cm, sugerindo que esse capim deve ser mantido na altura de ∼25-cm quando manejado sob lotação contínua.

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37

Renner, Marie. "The Emergence of Carbon Capture and Storage Techniques in the Power Sector." Thesis, Paris 10, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA100045/document.

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La problématique de cette thèse porte sur les conditions technico-économiques et sociales d’émergence des techniques de Captage, transport et Stockage géologique du Carbone (CSC) dans le secteur électrique. Il existe effectivement un hiatus entre le niveau actuel de déploiement du CSC et son rôle dans les scénarii climatique de long terme. Les travaux s’appuient sur deux approches complémentaires ; l’approche positive met en exergue les déterminants économiques et sociaux nécessaires à l’émergence du CSC et répond à deux interrogations : pour quel prix du CO2 devient-il intéressant d’investir dans des centrales CSC ? Quand l’usage du CSC est-il socialement optimal ? Sur le plan normatif, diverses recommandations relatives au déploiement optimal du CSC sont apportées. Elles concernent notamment le portefeuille optimal d’instruments de soutien au CSC. Cette thèse s’articule en quatre chapitres. Dans l’optique de minimiser les coûts de la transition énergétique, les deux premiers chapitres embrassent la vision investisseur et mettent en évidence les déterminants économiques indispensables au déploiement commercial du CSC. Les deux derniers chapitres adoptent la vision de la puissance publique. Bien que compétitive, une technologie peut ne pas se développer du fait de problèmes d’acceptabilité sociale ; c’est l’objet du modèle du Chapitre 3. Le Chapitre 4 élargit le propos et intègre la problématique de décision dans le CSC en univers ambigu, en s’appuyant sur des simulations numériques
This thesis analyses the techno-economic and social conditions required for the emergence of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) techniques in the power sector, in compliance with CCS role in long-term mitigation scenarios. The research combines two complementary approaches: the positive one deals with the economic and social determinants necessary to trigger CCS investments, and addresses two significant issues: (1) for which CO2 price is it worth investing in CCS plants, and (2) when is CCS use socially optimal? The normative approach gives recommendations on how CCS can best be deployed as part of a least cost approach to climate change mitigation. Notably, recommendations are provided about the optimal combination of CCS policy supports that should be implemented. This Ph.D. dissertation is composed of four chapters. The first two chapters embrace the investor’s vision and highlight the determinants necessary for CCS commercial emergence. The last two chapters embrace the public decision-makers’ vision. Based on the fact that, although cost-effective, one technology may not be deployed because of social acceptance issues, Chapter 3 deals with CCS public acceptance and optimal pollution. Chapter 4 goes further and addresses the optimal CCS investment under ambiguity by providing a decision criterion with simulations on the European Union’s 2050 Energy Roadmap

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38

Santos, Josiane Bürkner dos. "Alterações no estoque e taxa de sequestro de carbono em um Latossoto vermelho submetido a sistemas de manejo." UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE PONTA GROSSA, 2006. http://tede2.uepg.br/jspui/handle/prefix/2193.

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Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:29:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 josiane.pdf: 937524 bytes, checksum: fac9597a15355333fedce082a07f433d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-17
The objective of this study was to quantify the changes of the total carbon (C) and total nitrogen (N) stock, and the variation of the C pool’s in monthly soil samples, and the C balance and C sequestration rates provoked by the soil tillage systems. The soil samples were accomplished in a long term experiment implanted in 1988, in the experimental station of Fundação ABC located in Ponta Grossa city, Center-South area of the Paraná State. The soil tillage systems were comprised: a) Conventional Tillage (CT); b) Minimum Tillage (MT); c) No-tillage with chisel plow (NTCP) each three years; and d) No-tillage – Continuous (NTC). Soil samples for each treatments were obtained by digging 3 profiles of 20-cm x 50-cm (surface area) x 50-cm deep for each replicate, and collected from three depths (0,0- to 2.5- cm, 2.5- to 5-cm, 5- to 10-cm). In the samples collected in October of 2003, May of 2004 and November of 2004, the total organic carbon (TOC) and the total nitrogen in all of the depths was measured. The particle size fractionation was accomplished, separating the soil in fractions in the size of 2000 - 210 Wm, 210 - 53 Wm and <53 Wm. In all these fractions TOC was determined. The treatments had significant effects on TOC and TN contents and pools. The total C and N stock in NTC was superior to the other systems demonstrating larger maintenance of C in the soil. The larger concentration of C was observed in the 210 to 53 Wm particle size fraction in the NTC. In the 2000 - 210 Wm fraction of the 0,0-2,5 cm layer were observed larger changes in the C stock due to the management systems in the samples at all long year. The greatest change was accomplished to CT. In NTP, the stock of C was larger in all soil samples, indicating that the maintenance of the cultural residues in the associated surface protection of the aggregates allows larger accumulation of C. Although the C stock in the particle size fraction <53 Wm not to present significant differences among the management systems, and was observed the C migration of the coarse fractions (210-53 and 2000-210 Wm) to the recalcitrant particle size fraction, indicating a continuous C flow. The C balance model adjusted for the local conditions revealed that the oxidation rate acted by K2 is inferior to the simulations accomplished by other authors, demonstrating the importance of the local conditions. With this model, the minimum amount of crop residues to maintain NTC system in steady-state was 8,05 Mg ha-1 year-1 while in the PC treatment it won't be possible to reach the balance with the amount of crop residues placed in this long term experiment, being a deficient system.
RESUMO Este estudo teve por objetivo quantificar as alterações provocadas pela adoção de sistemas de manejo do solo sobre o estoque total de carbono (C) e nitrogênio (N), a variação do estoque do C nas épocas de coleta, o balanço de C e as taxas de seqüestro de C. As coletas do solo foram realizadas em um experimento de longa duração, implantado em 1988, na estação experimental da Fundação ABC em Ponta Grossa, Meso Região Centro-Oriental do Estado do Paraná. Os sistemas de manejo do solo foram avaliados: a) Preparo convencional (PC), Preparo mínimo (PM), plantio direto escarificado (PDE) e plantio direto permanente (PDP). As amostras foram coletadas em 12 épocas com intervalos mensais e nas profundidades de 0,0-2,5; 2,5-5,0 e 5,0-10 cm de profundidade. As amostras deformadas foram coletadas em mini-trincheiras nas camadas de 0,0-2,5 e 2,5-5,0 cm e na camada de 5,0- 10,0 cm com o auxílio do trado. Nas amostras coletadas em outubro de 2003, maio de 2004 e novembro de 2004 foi determinado o carbono orgânico total (COT) e o nitrogênio total (NT) em todas as profundidades amostradas. Nas amostras coletadas mensalmente foi realizado o fracionamento granulométrico da matéria orgânica, separando o solo em frações no tamanho 2000 – 210 Wm, 210 – 53 Wm e < 53 Wm. Em todas estas frações foi determinado o COT. O estoque total de C e N no PDP foi superior aos demais sistemas de manejo demonstrando maior manutenção do C no solo. O estoque de C nas frações granulométricas apresentaram diferenças significativas entre as camadas amostradas, observando-se maior concentração de C na fração 210 a 53 Wm do PDP. Na fração 2000 – 210 Wm da camada de 0,0-2,5 cm observaram-se maior alteração no estoque de C devido aos sistemas de manejo durante as épocas de coleta, sendo a maior amplitude de variação atribuída ao PC. No PDP, o estoque de C foi maior em todas as épocas de coleta indicando que a manutenção dos resíduos culturais na superfície associada à proteção dos agregados permite maior acúmulo de C. Embora o estoque de C na fração < 53 Wm não apresentar diferenças significativas entre os sistemas de manejo, observou-se uma migração do C das frações mais grosseiras (210-53 e 2000-210 Wm) para esta fração mais recalcitrante, indicando um fluxo contínuo de C. O modelo de balanço de C proposto por Henin e Dupuis (1945) e ajustado para as condições locais revelou que a taxa de oxidação representada pelo K2 é inferior às simulações realizadas por outros autores, demonstrando a importância das condições locais. Com este modelo, a quantidade mínima de resíduos culturais para manter sistema PDP em equilíbrio foi de 8,05 Mg ha-1 ano-1 enquanto no PC não será possível atingir o equilíbrio com a quantidade de resíduos culturais aportada, sendo um sistema deficitário.

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39

Bureau, Benjamin. "Analyse des effets distributifs de différentes politiques de transport." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005694.

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La thèse contribue au développement de la littérature empirique sur les effets distributifs des politiques de transport. Les trois premiers chapitres examinent successivement les effets distributifs d'un péage urbain à Paris, d'une taxe carbone sur le carburant en France, et de différentes politiques de transport en commun en Ile-de-France. Nous mesurons à l'aide de modèles économétriques et d'analyses statistiques la répartition entre les ménages français ou franciliens des coûts et des bénéfices engendrés par les différentes mesures. Le quatrième chapitre utilise la méthode des prix hédoniques pour mesurer l'impact des politiques « Quartiers Verts » et « Quartiers Tranquilles » sur les prix de l'immobilier. Ces deux politiques de la Mairie de Paris consistent à réaménager certains quartiers afin d'opérer un nouveau partage de la voie publique au profit des modes de circulations douces.

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Kang, Seung-Jin. "L'analyse des effets économiques de politiques d'environnement par un modèle d'équilibre général appliqué : le cas de la Corée du Sud." Grenoble 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE21025.

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L'objectif de la recherche doctorale est de comprendre la faisabilite d'une politique de reduction des emissions de gaz a effet de serre et d'analyser les effets economiques de cette politique en coree du sud. Pour cela, nous avons developpe un modele d'equilibre general applique pour ce pays, apres avoir montre le fonctionnement de ce type de modele avec un modele simple et analyse les principaux points sur la modelisation dans les modeles existants construits pour etudier les questions environnementales. C'est un nouveau modele dynamique, pour une economie ouverte, qui comprend trois secteurs de consommation finale et treize secteurs de production dont cinq secteurs energetiques. Avec ce modele, nous avons etudie les effets de politique de la reduction des emissions de gaz carbonique provenant de l'utilisation d'energie selon les trois instruments politiques: une taxe uniforme mondiale, une politique de stabilisation des emissions par une taxe nationale, et un systeme international de permis d'emissions negociables. Etant donne que sans intervention politique, les emissions de gaz carbonique continueront a augmenter dans le futur avec le developpement economique, le taux de taxenecessaire pour la stabilisation des emissions sera tres eleve, et la coree subira une perte du pib assez importante. Mais en participant a un systeme international de permis d'emissions negociables, elle pourra attenuer les impacts negatifs sur l'economie.

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41

Lancesseur, Nicolas. "Macroeconomic scenarios for employment in the socio-ecological transition." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010043.

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L'objectif général de cette thèse est l'évaluation ex ante des politiques économiques nécessaires en Europe dans la lutte contre le changement climatique. Au-delà de l'objectif environnemental, une attention particulière a été portée aux résultats d'emploi de ces politiques. L'analyse des scénarios construits dans cette optique, nous a conduits aux constats suivants: (i) pour respecter les recommandations du GIEC, l'action politique est urgente et doit être forte. (ii) La volonté nécessaire pour mettre en place ces politiques est certes significative, mais l'intensité des efforts n'a rien d'exceptionnel d'un point de vue historique (à l'inverse du réchauffement climatique qui est un défi historique). (iii) S'ils sont bien calibrés, les instruments économiques qui ont pour but de réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre, permettront également d'améliorer la situation de l'emploi en Europe. (iv) Néanmoins, il serait très risqué d'attendre, pour agir, de trouver des politiques climatiques qui puissent en même temps résorber la totalité du chômage européen, car il est très improbable que de telles politiques soient possibles. En effet, le marché du travail connaît actuellement de lourds déséquilibres, et fera face dans les prochaines décennies à des risques structurels importants. Un des scénarios de cette étude nous a amenés à entreprendre une investigation empirique pour vérifier un choix de modélisation que nous avons fait. Nous avons alors développé un modèle économétrique original pour capter les effets des changements de préférence dans la consommation. Le filtre de Kalman a ainsi été utilisé pour estimer le biais de changement de préférence au moyen d'un système de demande de consommation en données de panel. Plusieurs changements structurels indépendants de l'évolution des prix ou des revenus, tels que la montée des préoccupations des consommateurs pour l'environnement, la santé et le bien-être, ont été identifiés dans nos estimations. Par ailleurs les résultats empiriques apportés par ce modèle confirment que les changements de comportement de consommation simulés dans le scénario construit en première partie sont d'un ordre de grandeur raisonnable
The general objective of this dissertation is the ex ante assessment of the economic policy response needed in the European Union to take up the climate change issue. Moreover, we tried to maximise the employment results of these policies. The results of the scenarios designed in this framework, lead us to the following beliefs: (i) to respect the recommendations of the IPCC, which is an absolute necessity, the political reaction needs to be rapid and strong from now. (ii) Despite the intensity of the policy response, the scale of the endeavours is not so exceptional in a historical perspective, while global warming is definitely a historical challenge. (iii) The economic instruments aiming at reducing GHG emissions will result, if they are well calibrated, in a significant better situation of the European labour market. (iv) However it would be very dangerous to wait for climate mitigation policies that could selve also completely the labour market issue, because such policies are unlikely to exist. Indeed, the European labour market currently faces serious difficulties and will face important structural risks in the next decades. It is a good thing if the mitigation policies participate to the solution, but the structural disequilibrium of labour market requires a much larger response from policy makers. One of the policy response scenarios led us to make an empirical investigation to verify the credibility of one modelling choice we made. Then, we developed an original econometric mode! aiming to capture the effect of the preferences change on consumption. We used therefore the Kalman fil ter to estimate this bias of preference changes in a consumption demand system in the framework of a panel data model. Severa! structural changes independent of prices or income motions, such as the rise in environmental, health, and well-being concems, are captured by our estimations. Moreover, the empirical results provided by the mode! confirm that the consumers behaviour changes simulated in the scenario built in the first part, are in a reasonable order of magnitude

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42

Coulomb, Renaud. "Fossil fuels and climate policy." Paris, EHESS, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EHES0137.

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Cette thèse étudie les interactions entre la régulation des émissions de C02 et l'extraction de combustibles fossiles. Elle aborde diverses questions: quel est le sentier optimal d'extraction de ces combustibles? Quelle taxe carbone optimale mettre en œuvre ? Quand déployer les technologies de capture et de séquestration du carbone (CCS) ou les renouvelables ? Quels sont les effets de la taxation optimale du carbone sur les profits des producteurs de combustibles fossiles? Dans les cinq chapitres de cette thèse, nous explorons des modèles d'extraction de ressources à la Hotelling, suivant Chakravorty et al. (2006b). Le modèle de base est modifiée en fonction des questions posées, et les changements concernent la contrainte environnementale (un plafond sur la concentration de C02 et / ou une fonction de dommages), la disponibilité de la technologie CCS et son champ d'application, la durée de vie des infrastructures énergétiques non-polluantes, la dilution naturelle du C02 dans l'atmosphère (constante, proportionnelle au stock, ou négligeable), et l'existence de plusieurs ressources polluantes. La première partie étudie l'utilisation optimale et le déploiement de la CCS et des énergies renouvelables, quand un plafond sur la concentration de C02 est introduit. La deuxième partie traite de la taxation optimale du carbone et l'utilisation de la CCS lorsque les dommages marginaux augmentent avec le stock de C02 et qu'un plafond est introduit. La dernière partie étudie comment les propriétaires d'une ressource épuisable polluante (pétrole, gaz) peuvent bénéficier de la taxation du carbone si cette ressource est (ou sera) en concurrence avec une ressource plus polluante
This thesis studies the interactions between carbon regulation and fossil fuels extraction. It addresses various questions: what is the optimal extraction path of polluting fossil fuels? What is the optimal carbon tax to implement? When investing in Carbon Capture and Starage technology (CCS) systems and carbon-free power plants? What are the impacts of optimal carbon taxation on profits of fossil fuels owner s? In a11 of the five chapters of this dissertation, we explore Hotelling-like models, close to Chakravorty et al. (2006b ). In these models, utility comes from the consumption of energy resources and the accumulation of C02 i n the atmosphere is regulated. At least two energy resources and carbon-emitting exhaustible resource and a carbon free renewable one, are available. The baseline model is modified throughout this dissertation, and changes concern: the environmental constraint (a carbon cap over C02 concentration and/or a damage function), the availability of CCS technology and its field of application, the duration of clean capital (CCS systems renewables plants) , the natural dilution (constant, proportional to the stock, or negligible) and the existence of several polluting resources. The first part studies the optimal use and deployment of carbon capture and renewables, when an environmental regulation is imposed through a cap over the C02 concentration. The second part deals with the optimal carbon taxation and carbon capture when marginal damages increase with the carbon stock and a carbon cap over the C02 concentration is set. The last part studies how owners of an averagely carbon-emitting resource (oil, gas) can benefit from carbon taxation

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Henriet, Fanny. "Essais sur l'économie du changement climatique." Paris, EHESS, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EHES0025.

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Cette thèse porte sur plusieurs questions, diverses, liées aux politiques climatiques. Le premier chapitre porte sur l'extraction optimale d'une ressource non renouvelable polluante en présence d'une réglementation environnementale et lorsqu'une technologie propre peut être développée par des activités de recherche et développement. Le deuxième chapitre étudie l'introduction de la technologie de capture et de stockage du carbone. Lorsque les contraintes techniques ne permettent pas de capturer toutes les émissions, cette technologie devrait être utilisée avant que les dommages environnementaux ne se manifestent. Le troisième chapitre étudie les changements du système fiscal optimal quand une externalité est découverte, dans un cadre à la Mirlees, avec agents hétérogènes. Si la productivité et le coût d'accès est un bien propre de substitution sont négativement corrélés, alors aucun bien ne devrait être taxé en l'absence d'externalité. Avec externalité, il est optimal de taxer le bien sale à un taux inférieur au taux pigouvier et de taxer le bien propre. Dans le quatrième chapitre, nous construisons, étalonnons et simulons un modèle stylisé conçu pour évaluer l'ampleur de la taxe carbone qui permettrait à l'économie française de diviser par quatre ses émissions de CO2 à un horizon de quarante ans. L'ampleur de la taxe carbonne nécessaire est tout à fait irréaliste. Le cinquième chapitre discute du taux d'actualisation écologique qui doit être utilisé pour évaluer les projets visant à améliorer l'environnement. Nous étudions les propriétés du taux d'actualisation standard, ainsi que du taux d'actualisation écologique. Nous discutons aussi une forme du principe de précaution
This thesis focuses on several issues related to climate policies. The first chapter focuses on the optimal extraction of a polluting non-renewable resource when there is an environmental regulation and when a clean technology can be developed through research and development. The second chapter examines the introduction of a carbon capture and storage technology. When all emissions can not be captured, because of technical constraints, this technology should be used before any environmental damages occurs. The third chapter examines the optimal tax system changes when an externality is discovered in a model à la Mirlees with heterogeneous agents. If productivity and the cost of access to a clean substitute are negatively correlated, there should be no indirect taxes, in the absence of externalities. With externality, it is optimal to tax the dirty good, less than the Pigovian rate, and the clean good. In the fourth chapter, we build, calibrate and simulate a stylized model designed to assess the magnitude of the carbon tax that would allow the French economy to divide by four its CO2 emissions in forty years. The magnitude of the carbon tax required is quite unrealistic. The fifth chapter discusses the ecological discount rate that should be used to assess projects aiming at improving the environment. We study the properties of the standard discount rate and the ecological discount rate. We also discuss a version of the precautionary principle

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Schers, Jules. "Economic growth, unemployment and skills in South Africa : An Analysis of different recycling schemes of carbon tax revenue." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLA039/document.

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Cette thèse fournit une illustration numérique de la façon dont une taxe carbone pourrait affecter le PIB, l’emploi, les émissions de CO2 et les inégalités socio-économiques en Afrique du Sud. Elle utilise un modèle d’équilibre général calculable « hybride » en économie ouverte par projection en un seul pas de temps de 2005 à 2035. Le modèle représente des économies de second rang, notamment des rigidités sur le marché du travail liées aux niveaux de qualification et dans la production électrique. Sept scénarios basés sur des modalités différentes de recyclage de la taxe carbone sont analysés, plus une option d’investir une partie des revenus de la taxe dans l’amélioration des qualifications de la force de travail.L’analyse montre que sous hypothèse standard de changement technique, une taxe carbone de 100 ZAR par tonne de CO2 environ a peu d’impact négatif sur le PIB et l’emploi lorsqu’elle est associée à un mode de recyclage des revenus approprié : subventionner le facteur travail et réduire les taxes sur les profits des entreprises pourrait conduire aux meilleurs résultats macroéconomiques, mais ne réduit pas les inégalités. Des mesures supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour réduire la « pauvreté énergétique ». Pour atteindre le NDC d’Afrique du Sud au titre de l’Accord de Paris, un taux de taxe d’environ 300 ZAR ou 55$ par tonne de CO2 serait nécessaire. Toutefois, un tel taux pourrait avoir un impact significatif sur la croissance du PIB. En même temps, sans changement de la tendance de croissance de la productivité du travail, ce PIB plus faible conduirait à un chômage plus élevé que dans le cas de référence. Une politique d’investissement de 7.5 milliards de ZAR de revenus carbone dans les qualifications de la main d’œuvre, avec l’objectif d’augmenter l’accès à la formation de haut niveau et de réduire le manque de salariés très qualifiés, pourrait avoir un effet très positif sur la croissance du PIB.Le progrès technologique, les préférences des consommateurs et le contexte international, limitent la capacité de l’économie à se restructurer et se décarboner et incidemment à réduire les impacts négatifs de la taxe carbone sur la croissance du PIB. Une véritable évaluation du changement technologique futur serait pertinente pour tous les secteurs et facteurs de production. Ces résultats impliquent aussi que la politique climatique internationale doit traiter la question des transferts de technologie et celles des potentiels différents de décarbonation sérieuse à l’échelle nationale
This PhD thesis gives a numerical illustration of how a carbon tax affects South African GDP, employment, CO2 emissions and socio-economic inequality. It uses a “hybrid” computable general equilibrium model of an open economy in a one-step projection from 2005 to 2035. It models second-best economies, notably skill-related rigidities in the labour market and in production of electricity. Seven scenarios for recycling of carbon tax revenue are analysed, plus an option to invest a part of tax revenue in improvement of skills of labour.The analysis shows that under conventional assumptions about technological change, a carbon tax of around 100 ZAR2005 (18 USD2013) per tonne of CO2 will have little negative consequences for GDP and employment, when combined with the right type of tax revenue recycling: Labour subsidies and company profit tax reduction likely lead to the best macro-economic outcomes, though do not reduce inequality. Additional measures are needed to reduce “energy poverty”. To achieve South Africa’s NDC of the Paris Agreement, a carbon tax rate of around 300 ZAR2005 or 55 USD2013 per tonne of CO2 is necessary. However, this could have serious impacts on GDP growth. Also, without a change in the trend of increasing labour productivity, such lower GDP will lead to higher unemployment than in the reference case. An investment in skills of 7.5 billion ZAR2005 of annual Ctax revenue, with the objective of increasing access to high quality education and reducing the high skill labour shortage, if fond to have a very positive impact on GDP growth. However better calibration data is required.The findings of this PhD thesis furthermore call for thorough examination of what type of technological change could be expected for South Africa. Technological progress, consumer preferences and international circumstances limit the economy’s capacity to restructure and decarbonise and therefore to reduce negative consequences of carbon taxation for GDP growth. Proper assessment of future technological change is relevant for all sectors and inputs. Examples are given which show that energy and materials efficiency have an important role for future GDP growth under carbon constraints, because they determine the economy’s flexibility to reduce energy consumption and to substitute it, e.g. by labour. This finding normally holds not only for South Africa, but also for the rest of the world. These results also imply that international climate policy has to address technology transfer and the different potentials of national economies to decarbonise seriously

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Helioui, Khalil. "Le choix des permis d'émission négociables dans la lutte contre le réchauffement planétaire : enseignements d'une analyse économique." Paris, EHESS, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004EHES0027.

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Le principe d'un système de permis d'émission négociables a été adopté à Kyoto. La viabilité de cet instrument de contrôle des émissions de gaz à effet de serre est toutefois mise en question. Nous évaluons les principaux obstacles à son efficacité économique : les coûts de transaction, les pouvoirs de marché, et les distorsions dynamiques. Ces dernières s'avèrent particulièrement préoccupantes. Est-il envisageable de les réduire par un contrôle des politiques domestiques? L'idée apparaît impraticable en raison des fortes incertitudes sur les paramètres déterminant les mesures à prescrire. Aurait-il été préférable de recourir à la taxation du carbone? cette alternative est comparée aux permis. Une combinaison des deux instruments serait avantageuse : si les permis restent performants pour amorcer et élargir l'action internationale, une taxe internationale permettrait d'en réduire les distorsions, et de diminuer les enjeux futurs de la répartition des droits d'émission. Rassurante sur le long terme, la perspective d'un instrument hybride pourrait aussi faciliter la relance du processus diplomatique
The Kyoto Protocol adopted Emission Trading (ET) to control greenhouse house gas emissions. However, the viability of this system is under question. This thesis assesses it potential sources of efficiency losses : transaction costs, market power, and dynamic distortions. We show that the last phenomenon is the most worrying. To what extent a control on domestic policies might reduce these distortions? The idea proves impracticable: too many uncertainties surrond the relevant control parameters. Comparing quantity against price instruments, we propose a hybrid scheme, ET combined with an international carbon tax, as a compromise between economic efficiency and political acceptability. While ET remains relevant to initiate and enlarge a climate coalition, the introduction of an international carbon tax could, in a second stage, strengthen coordination performances: since it diminishes permit value, it would reduce dynamic distortions and facilitate an agreement on the allocation of future emission rights. Such a hybrid instrument may ensure the long term viability of ET; and contribute to a renewed climate action

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Solier, Boris. "Une analyse économique et ex-post des effets du prix du carbone sur le secteur électrique européen." Thesis, Paris 9, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA090026.

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Cette thèse évalue les interactions entre le système européen d’échange de quotas de CO2 et les marchés de l’électricité sur la période 2005-2012. Elle est réalisée à partir d’instruments économétriques et de modélisation, permettant d’expliquer les évolutions observées des marchés et de dégager des enseignements pour la conduite des politiques futures. L’analyse ex-post de l’introduction d’un prix du carbone sur les marchés électriques en Europe fait apparaître trois types d’interactions : sur la formation des prix de l’électricité ; sur les choix techno-économiques et les émissions de CO2 ; sur la formation des rentes électriques. Les estimations empiriques mettent en évidence que le degré de répercussion du prix du carbone sur les prix de l’électricité n’est généralement pas homogène mais varie selon les périodes et les marchés en fonction d’une combinaison de facteurs. Les impacts du prix du carbone sur le mix technologique et les émissions de CO2 du secteur électrique sont estimés à partir du modèle de simulation ZEPHYR-Elec, qui a pour objet de reproduire l’équilibre de court terme offre-demande d’électricité. Les réductions d’émissions de la production électrique induites par le marché européen des quotas représentent 3% à 5% des émissions contre-factuelles. Depuis 2012, le prix du carbone ne permet plus de compenser le différentiel de prix gaz-charbon en Europe. Les effets distributifs du prix du carbone sur le secteur électrique sont introduits dans le modèle ZEPHYR-Elec à partir d’une représentation analytique de la formation des rentes. Les estimations suggèrent que les profits du secteur électrique sont globalement plus élevés du fait du prix du carbone, y compris en cas d’allocation aux enchères des quotas
This thesis is an evaluation of the interaction between the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme and electricity markets over the period 2005-2012. It rests on econometric and modelling instruments to both explain the development of markets and draw lessons for the conduct of future policies. The ex-post analysis of the introduction of a carbon price into electricity markets in Europe unveils three types of interactions with: the formation of electricity prices; the technical and economic choices and CO2 emissions; the formation of electricity rents. Empirical estimates show that the degree to which the carbon cost is passed on through electricity prices is generally not homogeneous but rather varies over both time and markets, contingent upon a combination of factors. The impacts of the carbon price on both the technological mix and the CO2 emissions from the power sector are estimated using the simulation model ZEPHYR-Elec, which aims at replicating the short-term equilibrium between electricity supply and demand. Emission reductions in the electricity sector induced by the European carbon market amount to between 3% and 5% of counterfactual emissions. From 2012 on, the carbon price has not been high enough to compensate for the gas-to-coal price differential in Europe. Distributional effects of the carbon price on the electricity sector are introduced into the ZEPHYR-Elec model using an analytical representation of the formation of rents. Estimates suggest that profits made by the electricity sector are generally higher with a carbon price in place, including when allowances are auctioned

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Racicot, Marc-Antoine. "L'effort climatique canadien et le développement durable : l'encadrement réglementaire des mécanismes de tarification du carbone et des autorisations de nouveaux oléoducs." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36717.

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En ayant pris l’engagement de réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) du Canada de 30% en 2030 par rapport au niveau de 2005, le gouvernement fédéral canadien doit faire face à de nombreux enjeux juridiques pour mettre en oeuvre l’Accord de Paris. De prime abord, il y a une contradiction entre la cible climatique du Canada et les autorisations accordées par le gouvernement fédéral pour aller de l’avant avec des projets pétroliers et gaziers, tels que l’agrandissement du réseau Trans Mountain. De plus, les contestations constitutionnelles qui se profilent à l’horizon ajoutent un risque supplémentaire quant aux chances de succès du Canada d’atteindre son objectif climatique. Le présent mémoire vise donc à effectuer une analyse critique de la stratégie pancanadienne en matière d’atténuation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, en nous penchant sur les instruments juridiques utilisés. Nous examinerons le Cadre pancanadien sur la croissance propre et les changements climatiques (CPC) et les mesures dont il prévoit l’adoption. Il s’agit dans un premier temps de décrire le contenu de l’Accord de Paris et d’expliquer les mécanismes de mise en oeuvre d’un tel traité dans l’ordre juridique interne du Canada, en insistant sur la prise en compte du partage des compétences constitutionnelles. Une fois cette analyse effectuée, nous dressons un portrait d’ensemble des mesures comprises dans le CPC et l’évaluons selon une grille d’analyse qui permet d’évaluer l’efficacité des mesures climatiques tout en mettant en lumière la façon dont le gouvernement fédéral assume ses différents rôles dans la transition énergétique. En effet, dans sa gestion de la transition, l’État doit en assurer l’intégrité (stabiliser), il doit l’accélérer (impulser), il doit négocier avec les conséquences sociales et politiques de la transition énergétique (amortir) et il doit faire preuve de cohérence (aligner).

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Thubin, Camille. "Le dividende emploi d'une fiscalité écologique." Paris, EHESS, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EHES0084.

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L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier les conditions d'obtention du double dividende emploi d'une fiscalité carbone, c'est à dire une hausse de l'emploi en sus d'une baisse des émissions de CO2. Dans l'introduction, nous situons notre problématique dans la littérature du double dividende et justifions l'intérêt de notre sujet contre les théories qui annoncent la mort du double dividende. Nous décrivons dans le premier chapitre le modèle Imaclim-S, modèle d'équilibre général calculable conçu spécialement pour analyser l'impact d'une fiscalité carbone sur un ensemble d'indicateurs macroéconomiques. Nous examinons de manière concrète dans le deuxième chapitre les frontières d'un espace des possibles pour le double dividende emploi, en mobilisant les théories du marché du travail et de ses imperfections. Dans un quatrième chapitre nous discutons de l'articulation du double dividende emploi avec les conséquences d'une fiscalité carbone sur la compétitivité française. Si l'univers du chapitre 2 est certain, l'objet du quatrième et dernier chapitre est de présenter certains aspects dynamiques du double dividende emploi liés au comportement d'un entrepreneur en situation d'incertitude. Nous évaluons comment la fiscalité peut jouer différemment et favorablement sur l'emploi en modifiant le risque afférent à l'embauche
The objective of this thesis is to study the conditions for an employment double divident, i. E. An increase in employment in addition to lower CO2 emissions when a carbon tax is implemented. In the introduction, we introduce our topic in the literature of the double dividend. We aim at justifying the interest of our subject against theories that announce the death of the double dividend. We examine concretely in the second chapter the "possibility frontier" of an employment double dividend, by using labor market theories. We use a computable general equilibrium model designed to analyze the impact of a carbon tax on the macroeconomic performance. The model is described in the first chapter of this thesis. In the third chapter we discuss the connection between the employment double dividend and other dividends of a carbon tax, especially the "competitiveness dividend". The opportunity arises to replace the issue of the employment double dividend in the debate on developed countries' competitiveness. The purpose of the last chapter is to show some dynamic aspects of the employment double dividend related to behavioral responses to uncertainty. We evaluate how taxation can play differently and positively on employment by modifying the risk of hiring

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Cahen-Fourot, Louison. "La soutenabilité de l’accumulation du capital et de ses régimes : Une approche macroéconomique en termes de soutenabilité forte." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCD064/document.

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Le sujet de la présente thèse est La soutenabilité de l’accumulation du capital et de ses régimes : une approche macroéconomique en termes de soutenabilité forte. Elle s’articule en deux parties. Deux chapitres composent la première : le chapitre 1 s’inscrit dans le débat sur la possibilité d’un capitalisme stationnaire. Il analyse l’absence des rapports sociaux spécifiques du capitalisme dans les travaux de certains économistes écologiques au moyen d’exemples historiques de crise écologique et des théories éco-marxistes. Le chapitre 2 discute les analyses monétaires de certains économistes écologiques selon lesquelles un état stationnaire est incompatible avec un système dans lequel la monnaie est créée comme une dette portant intérêt en adoptant un point de vue post-keynésien. La deuxième partie est plus empirique et se compose de trois chapitres. Le chapitre 3 examine la relation sociale à l’exergie au sein du régime d’accumulation fordiste et du capitalisme financiarisé et mondialisé. L’approche en termes d’énergie est intégrée à un cadre théorique régulationniste informé par l’approche en termes de démocratie carbone. L’objectif est d’identifier des ruptures dans les modalités d’usage de l’énergie qui accompagnent les transformations observées dans d’autres domaines. Le chapitre 4 prolonge le précédent au moyen d’une analyse économétrique de la relation PIB-CO2 pour la France de 1950 à 2013 en tenant compte de la rupture dans les régularités de l’accumulation du capital entre le régime d’accumulation fordiste et le régime d’accumulation néolibéral ainsi que des possibles asymétries. Le chapitre 5 analyse les ambitions nationales en matière de réduction de gaz à effet de serre, dénommées volontarisme carbone, replacées dans le contexte du capitalisme globalisé et financiarisé contemporain
The subject of my PhD is The sustainability of capital accumulation and its regimes : a strong sustainability macroeconomic approach. It is composed of two parts. The first one is composed of two chapters that review the literature on two aspects : The first chapter tackles the debate on stationary capitalism. It reviews the way capitalism is taken into account by ecological economists and analyzes it in light of historical examples of ecological crises and of insights from eco-marxist theories. Chapter 2 tackles the debate about the so-called monetary growth imperative analysed from a post-Keynesian point of view. The second part is a more empirical one and is composed of three chapters. Chapter 3 attempts at framing the exergy-useful work approach into a régulationnist theoretical framework informed with insights from the Carbon democracy approach. It investigates the social relationship to energy in the Fordist and Neoliberal accumulation regimes. The fourth chapter attempts at furthering the third chapter by investigating the CO2 - GDP relationship through econometric means taking into account structural breaks between accumulation regimes and possible asymmetries. Chapter 5 investigates the commitment of countries to reduce their greenhousegas emissions within the context of globalized finance-led capitalism

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Tu, Thi Hoai Thu. "Potentiel de réduction des émissions de GES du transport routier de fret." Thesis, Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC2026/document.

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L’objectif de cette thèse est d’identifier les politiques qui permettraient de réduire les émissions de GES du transport de fret routier au moindre coût pour la collectivité. Pour cela, nous estimons, sur la période 2030-2050, les quantités évitées ainsi que le coût économique dans 6 scénarios correspondant à différentes politiques de réductions des émissions. Le coût économique comprend la somme des coûts pour les utilisateurs de transport et pour les pouvoirs publics ainsi que les coûts des externalités. Nous utilisons, quand ils sont disponibles, des jeux d’hypothèses définis par le ministère des transports, en particulier pour l’évolution des trafics et les valeurs unitaires des externalités. Pour chaque scénario, le coût économique par tonne de GES évitée est très sensible aux hypothèses, en particulier aux valeurs unitaires retenues pour les externalités (valorisation des co-bénéfices). Dans les hypothèses centrales, plusieurs scénarios présentent un coût négatif, c'est-à-dire un bénéfice pour la collectivité en plus de la réduction des émissions. C’est le cas de notamment de la taxe carbone, aussi longtemps qu’elle reste inférieure aux coûts externes engendrés par les poids lourds. Pourtant, quand cette taxe augmente, la hausse correspondante du prix de transport conduit les chargeurs à renoncer à une partie de leur activité, ce qui limite l’augmentation souhaitable. L’augmentation de 40 à 60 tonnes du poids maximum autorisé des poids lourds est une mesure très favorable aux utilisateurs de transport car elle permet de réduire significativement le coût du transport. Prenant en compte les gains d’externalités, la perte fiscale des pouvoirs publics, ainsi que les coûts d’infrastructure (investissement pour renforcer les ponts et les routes et entretien), ce scénario présente également un bénéfice pour la collectivité. Le scénario d’installation de caténaires sur le réseau autoroutier pour permettre la circulation de poids lourds hybrides est efficace en matière de quantité de GES évitée et le coût d’évitement par CO2e reste limité. En revanche, dans le scénario d’électrification du fret urbain (remplacement des camions diesels par des camions électriques dans les villes) le coût de la tonne évitée est élevé si les camions électriques n’ont que deux tonnes de charge utile alors qu’il devient un bénéfice économique si, grâce au progrès technologique, les camions électriques ont 6 tonnes de charge utile en 2030 (pour une autonomie de 100 km).Le remplacement des poids lourds diesels par des poids lourds au Gaz Naturels Véhicules réduit le coût du transport et bénéficie donc aux transporteurs et chargeurs tandis que les pouvoirs publics supportent une perte de recette fiscale. En tenant en compte les gains d‘externalités, cette mesure permettrait un coût économique limité. Enfin, le chargeur a la possibilité de réduire ses émissions de GES, avec un coût raisonnable pour l’entreprise et un bénéfice pour la collectivité, en diminuant la fréquence de ses envois. Pourtant, aucune de ces mesures n’est susceptible d’offrir seule une réduction suffisante des émissions. Pour atteindre l’objectif de facteur 4 à un coût raisonnable pour la collectivité, différentes mesures doivent être envisagées en complément
The purpose of this thesis is to identify policies that would allow to mitigate road freight GHG emissions at the lowest cost for the community. With this in mind, for six scenarios corresponding to different mitigation policies we estimate the mitigated emissions along with the economic cost, over the 2030-2050 period. The overall economic cost includes the cost for transport users, for public authorities, and an economic valuation of transport externalities. When available, we used sets of assumptions retained by the French Ministry of Transports for official traffic projections and for the unitary valuation of external costs. For every scenario, the economic cost by avoided ton of CO2 is highly sensitive to these assumptions, especially to the unitary value of external costs (valuation of co-benefits). In the central set of assumptions, several scenarios result in a negative economic cost of GHG mitigation, id est a benefit to the community in addition to GHG cuts.This is notably the case for the carbon tax, as long as it remains lower than the external costs of freight road transportation. However, when the tax rate is rising, the resulting increase in transport prices leads shippers to reduce their activity, which limits the desirable tax rate increase. Increasing the maximum authorized weight of heavy trucks from 40 to 60 tons would be a very beneficial measure towards transport users by allowing a substantial transport costs reduction. This scenario is also beneficial for the community, when accounting for the avoided external costs, the financial loss for public authorities and infrastructure costs (the required reinforcement of roads and bridges and increased maintenance costs). The installation of catenaries on motorways to supply hybrid heavy trucks is efficient to reduce CO2 emissions, and the economic cost per avoided ton of CO2 remains moderate. Quite the opposite, the economic cost is high in the scenario of electrification of urban freight (where diesel trucks are replaced by electric trucks for urban goods delivery), if electric trucks only have a maximum payload of 2 tons. On the contrary, it turns into an economic benefit if, thanks to technological progress, electric trucks have a payload of 6 tons in 2030, for a range of 100 km.The replacement of diesel trucks by natural gas vehicles reduces transport costs and is therefore beneficial towards carriers and loaders, but public authorities support a loss of taxation revenues. However, when accounting for the avoided external costs, the overall economic cost happens to be limited.Finally, shippers can reduce GHG emissions for a reasonable economic cost by reducing the frequency of shipments, this measure also being beneficial for the community.However, none of these measures is capable to achieve by itself the official goal of dividing by 4 the level of GHG emissions at a reasonable cost for the community, implying that additional measures have to be considered jointly

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Carbon taxes'

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