Journal articles: 'Carbon steels; Tribology'

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Dattatraya Bachchhav, Bhanudas, Geeta S. Lathkar, and Harijan Bagchi. "Tribology of drawing lubricants for low carbon steel." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 66, no. 6 (September 2, 2014): 640–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-10-2012-0105.

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Purpose – This paper aims to present a study of frictional characteristics of steel/die steel pair under sliding contact in presence of a set of formulated lubricants. AISI 1010 low carbon steels, although being strong, are less formable grades of steel and require appropriate selection of lubricants in tribological conditions. Design/methodology/approach – A total of three mineral-based lubricating blends were formulated for varying concentration of ester. Plan of experiments, based on Taguchi’s analysis technique were performed using dedicated test rig based on “pin-on-disc” principle. Findings – A correlation was established between additive concentration, sliding speed and pressure with coefficient of friction by multiple linear regression. On the basis of experimental results and S/N ratio analysis, ranking of the parameters has been done. A possible regime of working with such lubricants is also suggested. Practical implications – Due to voluminous data involved, a few dominant process parameters were taken into consideration for the study. Originality/value – This paper is highlighting the tribo-effects of additives to render it as suitable lubricant in sliding contact conditions. This paper also suggested an approach for selection of optimum regime of working in the light of “Stribeck Curve” for ester-containing lubricating oils.

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Brühl, Sonia Patricia, Amado Cabo, Walter Tuckart, and Germán Prieto. "Tribological behaviour of nitrided and nitrocarburized carbon steel used to produce engine parts." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 68, no. 1 (February 8, 2016): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-07-2015-0101.

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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to select a proper surface treatment to enhance wear resistance of engine camshafts. The camshaft is a relevant part of a diesel engine which works under torsion, fatigue and wear efforts. They are usually manufactured by casting, forging or machining from forged bar of low alloy steels, and in most cases, the machined surfaces are quenched and tempered by induction heating. After that, in many cases, to withstand the efforts imposed on the active surfaces and improve tribology and fatigue properties, the industry used for decades, thermochemical technologies such as salt bath or gaseous nitriding and nitrocarburizing processes. Design/methodology/approach – This paper studied the effects of plasma nitriding and plasma nitrocarburizing, on the tribological behaviour of the steel SAE 1045HM3 proposed to produce camshafts. After the plasma treatments, the change in surface roughness was measured; the modified layers were studied by X-ray techniques and its thickness by optical microscopy. The diffusion zone was evaluated by Vickers microhardness determinations. Tribology tests were performed by pin-on-disc configuration using WC ball as a counterpart. Findings – Results show that plasma nitrided samples present the best tribological behaviour compared with the nitrocarburized ones; also, the influence of the roughness produced by the thermochemical processes appears to be important. Practical implications – Although both the plasma treatments have been applied for many years, and also reported separately in the scientific literature, there was no information comparing these two treatments for carbon steels, and also, there is not much about tribology in lubricated conditions of nitrided and nitrocarburized carbon steels. In fact, it is not proved that the porosity of the nitrocarburized layer is beneficial for wear resistance in lubricated conditions. In this paper, it was proved that at least in the tested conditions, it is not. Originality/value – Gas or plasma nitrocarburizing is usually recommended for this kind of applications, although the modified layer is porous. This paper attempts to prove that nitriding could be better than nitrocarburizing, even with a thinner white layer.

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Roelofs, H., N. Renaudot, D. Smolenicki, J. Boos, and F. Kuster. "The Behaviour of Graphitized Steels in Machining Processes." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 1600–1605. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.1600.

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Graphitized steels are claimed to perform excellent in machining processes. They therefore can be considered as environmental friendly alternatives to the widely used Pb-alloyed steels. Due to liquid metal embrittlement and in-situ lubrication Pb improves machinability in a narrow tool-chip interface temperature window corresponding to low machining speeds. Although graphite inclusions are also supposed to generate in-situ lubrication, the mechanism and the corresponding optimum working zone is not very clear. The present work applies a new test methodology (including in-situ tribology, analysis of material flow and chip formation, optimum working zone analysis) to investigate the effects of graphite inclusions on turning and drilling operations. A Pb-alloyed low carbon free-cutting steel and Pb-alloyed case hardening steel were used as reference steels.

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NAKAZAWA, Yukari, Hiroshi EDA, Libo ZHOU, Jun SHIMIZU, and Yasuharu KANEKO. "802 Micro Tribology of Carbon Steel." Proceedings of Ibaraki District Conference 2000 (2000): 213–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeibaraki.2000.213.

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Kim, Ho-Young, Young-Tai Noh, Jun-Hyuck Jeon, Young-Min Byoun, Ho-Sang Kang, and Soong-Keun Hyun. "Effect of Surface Roughness on Crystal Size of Manganese Phosphate Coating of Carbon Steel." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 4312–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.17551.

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In this study, the correlation between surface roughness of carbon steel and crystal size of manganese phosphate coatings has been investigated. The microstructure and surface morphology of the coatings were analyzed by SEM, XRD. The surface roughness test was carried out in order to calculate Ra value by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Also, the tribology property of manganese phosphate coating was tested by ball-on disk. XRD showed that (Mn,Fe)5H2(PO4)4·4H2O in manganese phosphate coating layer was formed by the chemical reaction between manganese phosphate and elements in carbon steel. Also, (Mn,Fe)5H2(PO4)4 · 4H2O was observed to be formed in all manganese phosphate conversion coating. With regard to the effects of surface roughness on manganese phosphate coatings, it can be seen that there is an increase of the crystal size on manganese phosphate coating as the surface roughness of carbon steel decreased. The increase of crystal size by the surface roughness had effect on the tribology property and electrochemical property. It was approved that friction coefficient of manganese phosphate coating is remarkably improved as the surface roughness of carbon steel become rough.

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Jährling, F., G. Walter, D. M. Rück, and Hartmut Fuess. "Microstructure and Tribology of Carbon Implanted High-Speed-Steel." Materials Science Forum 248-249 (May 1997): 201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.248-249.201.

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Zhao, Yangyang, Guoyuan Zhang, Maotan Liang, and Qunfeng Zeng. "Study on the Friction and Wear Performance of Lightly Loaded Reciprocating Carbon/Aramid-Based Composites." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (July 23, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9924690.

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The preparation methods of T300 carbon cloth- and aramid cloth-reinforced epoxy resin and cyanate ester were proposed, and four kinds of composite samples were obtained. The friction coefficient and wear rate under different test times and loads were obtained using a reciprocating pin-disk tribology tester. The tribology pairs included pins or sliding blocks made from different metals (45 steel and brass) and the disk samples of the composites. The test results showed that the friction coefficients of the T300 carbon cloth- (T300/4211 and T300/BS-4) and aramid cloth- (aramid/4211 and aramid/BS-4) reinforced epoxy resin or cyanate ester changed from 0.09 to 0.3 and were low under dry friction conditions. Under 75 N, aramid/BS-4 coupled with 45 steel pins was the lowest friction coefficient, which was 0.09. In particular, the friction coefficient and wear rate of the composite-reinforced cyanate ester were the lowest, which meant that this composite may be more suitable for use under lightly loaded and reciprocating running conditions in space engineering. By comparing the surface morphologies of composites before and after the test, the wear mechanism of the composites was discussed and the lower friction coefficient and wear rate may originate from the abrasive wear effects occurring between the tribology pairs. The research results have important engineering significance for guiding the use of composites in the deployable mechanisms used in space engineering.

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Ha, Kyeongsik, Young Keun Park, Taehwan Kim, Gyeong Yun Baek, Jong Bae Jeon, Do-sik Shim, Young Hoon Moon, and Wookjin Lee. "Effects of Heat Treatment Condition and Counter Materials on the Wear Behavior of Laser Direct Energy Deposited Fe-8Cr-3V-2Mo-2W Alloy." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 58, no. 10 (October 5, 2020): 680–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2020.58.10.680.

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This study aimed to investigate the wear performance of laser direct energy deposited Fe-8Cr3V-2Mo-2W alloy under various wear environments, in terms of different heat treatment conditions. Ball on disk tribology tests were performed using high-carbon steel and zirconia balls as counter materials. The wear rates of the alloy depended significantly on both the wear sliding speed and the wear load. Microstructural observations of the worn surface and the wear debris indicated intensive tribo-oxidative wear that was presumably responsible for the strong dependency of the wear rate on the wear sliding speed. Regardless of the type of counter materials, the alloy in the as-built state had better wear performance than the alloy with heat treatments. Therefore, the use of the alloy without post heat treatment would be favorable to obtain long-term durability of the alloy in severe wear environments. The wear tests with two different counter materials of high-carbon steel and zirconia showed the high-carbon steel counter material had a higher wear rate than the zirconia. This was thought to be due to that strong third-body abrasive actions of the high-carbon steel counter material, evidenced by the severe abrasive wear of the counter material.

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Jia, K., Y. Q. Li, T. E. Fischer, and B. Gallois. "Tribology of diamond-like carbon sliding against itself, silicon nitride, and steel." Journal of Materials Research 10, no. 6 (June 1995): 1403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1995.1403.

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Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films were deposited on (100) silicon wafers and silicon nitride balls by RF plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition at a pressure of 700 mTorr and a substrate temperature of 360 K. The friction coefficient and the wear rates were measured using a pin-on-disk tribometer in 40% humid and dry air. Friction coefficients are near 0.05 in all cases measured. In dry air, the wear of silicon nitride and steel against DLC is below measurement capability because of a protecting DLC transfer layer, and wear of DLC is 2.5 ± 10−8 mm3/Nm against silicon nitride and 6.5 ± 10−9 mm3/Nm against steel. In humid air, the DLC transfer layer does not adhere to the solids, and wear of both bodies is larger. Unmeasurable wear is obtained when DLC slides against itself in humid air; the wear rate is 5 ± 10−9 mm3/Nm in dry air. These results are interpreted in terms of the properties of a friction-induced transformation of the surface layer of DLC.

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Wang, Jing Cai, Laurent Langlois, Muhammad Rafiq, Régis Bigot, and Hao Lu. "Experimental & Numerical Study of the Hot Upsetting of Weld Cladded Billets." Key Engineering Materials 554-557 (June 2013): 287–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.554-557.287.

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The presented work is dedicated to studying the forgeability of bimaterial cladded workpiece. Hot upsetting tests of cylindrical low carbon steel (C15) billets weld cladded (MIG) by stainless steel (SS316L) are experimentally and numerically studied. Upsetting tests with different upsetting ratios are performed in different tribology conditions at 1050°C which is within the better forgeability temperature range of both substrate and cladding materials[ ]. Slab model and finite-element simulation are conducted to parametrically study the potential forgeability of the bimaterial cladded workpiece. The viscoplastic law is adopted to model the friction at the die/billet interface. The friction condition at the die/billet interface has a great impact on the final material distribution, forging effort and cracking occurrence. With Latham and Cockcroft Criterion, the possibility and potential position of cracks could be predicted.

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Herrmann, Marius, Björn Beckschwarte, Henning Hasselbruch, Julian Heidhoff, Christian Schenck, Oltmann Riemer, Andreas Mehner, and Bernd Kuhfuss. "Diamond-Like-Carbon Coated Dies for Electromagnetic Embossing." Materials 13, no. 21 (November 3, 2020): 4939. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13214939.

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Electromagnetic forming is a high-speed process, which features contactless force transmission. Hence, punching operations can be realized with a one-sided die and without a mechanical punch. As the forces act as body forces in the part near the surface, the process is especially convenient for embossing microstructures on thin sheet metals. Nevertheless, the die design is critical concerning wear like adhesion. Several die materials were tested, like aluminum, copper as well as different steel types. For all die materials adhesion phenomena were observed. To prevent such adhesion an a-C:H-PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition)-coating was applied to steel dies (X153CrMoV12) and tested by embossing aluminum sheets (Al99.5). By this enhancement of the die adhesion was prevented. Furthermore, the die surface was structured with tribology-effective patterns that were generated by micro hard milling. The embossing quality was topographically analyzed with respect to different initial surface states of the sheets. It was identified that thicker sheets facilitate better embossing results. Moreover, the initial sheet surface has a decisive influence on the embossing quality, whereby the characteristic of the topography showed different susceptibility on the initial sheet surface state.

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Cerny, Frantisek, Jan Gurovic, Vladimir Jech, and Svatava Konvickova. "Multifunctional Wear and Corrosion Resistant Decorative Nanostructured Carbon-Base Coatings." Advances in Science and Technology 54 (September 2008): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.54.237.

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Multifunctional wear and corrosion resistant decorative nanostructured carbon-base coatings were prepared by PACVD (Plasma Assisted Chemical Vapour Deposition) method on steel substrates. As the multifunctional coating the carbon-base, particularly DLC (Diamond-Like Carbon) nanolayer, was chosen. For the deposition of adherent DLC coating on steel substrate a very thin Si-O-C interlayer was applied in some cases. Deposition of DLC coating and Si-O-C interlayer was performed using dc plasma without additional heating and with the HMDSO (hexamethyldisiloxane) and methane as precursors. During coating growth with increasing of thickness of DLC nanolayer the colour of nanolayer is changed. Whole spectrum of attractive colours is obtained, what is possible to use to decorative purposes. Effect of film thickness on colour is following: The reference specimen (bare stainless steel) has a bright metallic sheen. In the order of increasing thickness, the DLC films produced by PACVD have colours as follows: dark violet at ~75 nm; medium blue at ~130 nm; golden light at ~170 nm; deep rose pink at ~240 nm; golden brown at ~320 nm; and soot black at ~1200 nm. Decorative coatings must be adherent and hard for good wear resistance. Adhesion was tested by scratchtester and microhardness was determined by nanoindentation. The microhardness data were thickness-dependent, influenced by substrate. The highest measured value was 23 GPa. Tribology of the coatings was assessed by wet friction tests.

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Iwai, Kuniaki, Yoshio Yamamoto, and Susumu Takahashi. "Relationship between Tribology Characteristics and Induced-Voltage Magnetic Field in Ring-Rod-Type Dry Wear Test. S15C Carbon Steel and S45C Carbon Steel." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series C 60, no. 569 (1994): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaic.60.255.

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Cai, Bin, Ye Fa Tan, Hui Yong Ji, Xiao Long Wang, Long He, and Qi Feng Jing. "Study on Tribology Properties of Graphite/TiC/Ni-Base Alloy Composite Coating." Advanced Materials Research 314-316 (August 2011): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.314-316.137.

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In order to reduce friction coefficient of the Ni-base alloy coating and further improve its wear resistance, the graphite/TiC/Ni-base alloy composite coating was prepared on the surface of 45 carbon steel by plasma spray. Effects of loads, friction counterparts and lubricants on tribological properties of the coating were investigated. The results show that friction coefficient of the composite coating is reduced by 33% than that of the Ni-base alloy coating when worn against GCr15. Wear losses of the composite coating are less than those of the Ni-base alloy coating at all loads of 6N, 8N, 10N and 12N. Worn against Si3N4, friction coefficient of the composite coating is 13% less than that worn against GCr15, but its wear loss is 2.9 times of that worn against GCr15. Wear mechanism of the composite coating is micro cutting and brittle fraction when worn against Si3N4. Under lubrication of NaCl solution, friction coefficient of the composite coating is almost the same as that under dry sliding, wear loss is increased by 1.6 times. Stress corrosion and wedging effects of the NaCl solution are main wear mechanisms of the composite coating.

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Kalin, M., and R. Simič. "Atomic force microscopy and tribology study of the adsorption of alcohols on diamond-like carbon coatings and steel." Applied Surface Science 271 (April 2013): 317–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.01.192.

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Sun, Y., X. Zhou, L. Wei, and W. Wang. "Development of a new type of transmission screw nut with high efficiency and heavy duty characteristics." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 223, no. 5 (February 4, 2009): 1181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes1332.

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A new approach for high efficiency and heavy-duty screw transmission was presented and studied. It is characterized by a steel base and a lining made of carbon fabric enforced polymer self-lubrication composite material lining on the thread surface. The spiral surface layer was fabricated by net-shape forming instead of traditional machining. Oil grooves were also implemented in forming. By nut contour structure optimization, the loads on every screw fillet are well distributed, decreasing the maximum loads on fillets. This type of screw nut has excellent anti-friction and wear-resisting performance as well as high burden ability. The experiments showed that the composite nuts had excellent tribology properties under heavy-duty conditions. Frictional torque on the composite nut decreased by 53.5 per cent and transmission efficiency increased by 48.65 per cent compared with bronze nuts. The development of the new type of sliding screw nut not only plays an important role for alternating current servo press development, but also has revolutionary significance for all mechanical equipment using screw transmission.

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Gromov, Victor E., Anton A. Yuriev, Oleg A. Peregudov, Sergey V. Konovalov, Yurii F. Ivanov, Alexander M. Glezer, and Alexander P. Semin. "Physical Nature of Structure and Properties Degradation of Rail Surface after Long Term Operation." Journal of Metastable and Nanocrystalline Materials 30 (January 2018): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jmnm.30.39.

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By methods of optical, scanning and transmission electron diffraction microscopy and microhardness and tribology parameters measurement the changes regularities of structure-phase states, defect substructure of rails surface after the long term operation (passed tonnage of gross weight 500 and 1000 mln. tons) were established. It is shown that the wear rate increases in 3 and 3.4 times after passed tonnage of gross weight 500 and 1000 mln. tons, accordingly, and the friction coefficient decreases in 1.4 and 1.1 times. The cementite plates are destroying absolutely and cementite particles of around form with the sizes 10-50 nm are forming after passed tonnage 500 mln tons. The appearance of dynamical recrystallization initial stages is marked after the passed tonnage 1000 mln tons. It is shown that the operation of steel rails is accompanied by full fractures in surface layers with lamellar pearlite grains and the formation of ferrite–carbide mixtures with nanosized particles. The deformation of steel increases the densities of scalar and excess dislocations, the curvature–torsion values of the crystal lattice, and the amplitudes of internal stress fields. The possible mechanisms of established regularities are discussed. It is noted that two competitive processes can take place during rails long term operation: 1. Process of cutting of cementite particles followed by their carrying out into the volume of ferrite grains or plates (in the structure of pearlite). 2. Process of cutting, the subsequent dissolution of cementite particles, transition of carbon atoms to dislocations (into Cottrell atmospheres), transition of carbon atoms by dislocations into volume of ferrite grains or plates followed by repeat formation of nanosize cementite particles.

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Monkova, Katarina, and Peter Monka. "Surface Roughness Characteristics and Structure of Steel C45 after WC-Co Coating and Laser Treatment." Advanced Materials Research 622-623 (December 2012): 370–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.622-623.370.

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The article deals with the influence of the laser melting process on the surface roughness characteristics of the coat deposited on material by electrospark way granted by KEGA 035TUKE-4/2011 project of Ministry of education of Slovak republic. The aim of the article is research of material properties after coating by WC-Co and laser treatment. As the research method were used experiments and tools of statistics. Experiments were carried out on WC-Co coat (the anode), which was deposited on C45 carbon steel (the cathode) and molten by a laser beam. After surface treatment were analysed of changes in surface structure of the coat. Results of the research shows influence of parameters of this process to roughness, tribologic properties and morphology of the surface layer prepared by WC-Co coating and laser treatment.

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Sutton, D. C., G. Limbert, B. Burdett, and R. J. K. Wood. "Interpreting the effects of interfacial chemistry on the tribology of diamond-like carbon coatings against steel in distilled water." Wear 302, no. 1-2 (April 2013): 918–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2013.01.089.

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Ng, Edward, and Sujeet Kumar Sinha. "Effects of antiwear additives in the base oil on the tribological performance of hydrogen-free DLC coating." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 66, no. 6 (September 2, 2014): 633–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-04-2012-0037.

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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of zinc dialkyl dithiophophates (ZDDP) and ash-less triphenyl phosphorothionate (TPPT) on hydrogen-free diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings. For many years, ZDDP have traditionally been used in engine oils as antiwear (AW) and extreme pressure (EP) additives. However, additives containing sulfated ash, phosphorus and sulfur (SAPS) have a detrimental effect on the exhaust after-treatment device found on modern vehicles. Besides the automotive industry, DLC is also used in hydraulic applications where zinc-free and ash-less hydraulic fluids have gradually gained popularity in recent years. Design/methodology/approach – The tribological tests were performed using a disk-on-cylinder tribometer, where the stationary hydrogen-free DLC-coated steel disk formed a line contact with an uncoated rotating steel shaft under lubricated conditions. Findings – It was found that TPPT and ZDDP separately at a concentration of 1.0 wt% increased the amount of friction of the base oil by approximately four times. TPPT appeared more effective than ZDDP in minimizing wear on the DLC-coated surface. Also, primary ZDDP seemed to have a more detrimental effect on the DLC-coated surface compared to a mixture of primary and secondary ZDDP. With regard to surface roughness of the hydrogen-free DLC-coated surface, the values corresponding to a lubricant containing TPPT were lower than those obtained for a lubricant with ZDDP and a lubricant without any additive. Originality/value – This is the first report on the effects of ZDDP and ash-less TPPT on the tribology of hydrogen-free DLC coatings.

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Iwai, Kuniaki, Yoshio Yamamoto, and Susumu Takahashi. "Relationship between Tribology Characteristics and Induced Voltage, Alternating Field in Ring-Rod-type Dry Wear Test. CuB Copper and S45C Carbon Steel." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series C 59, no. 562 (1993): 1899–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaic.59.1899.

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Georgescu, Constantin, Lorena Deleanu, and Mihail Botan. "Dry sliding of composites with PBT matrix and micro glass beads on steel." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 66, no. 3 (April 8, 2014): 424–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-03-2012-0026.

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Purpose – This research aims to characterize the tribological behavior of polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) and PBT composites with micro glass beads (MGB) on steel, in dry conditions and on a block-on-ring tester, pointing out the influence of sliding distance and speed. The tribology of PBT and its composites is still in an early stage because this thermoplastic polyester requires accurate technological and thermal treatment. Design/methodology/approach – The composites were produced by ICEFS Savinesti Romania and contain PBT grade Crastin6130NC010 (as supplied by Du Pont), 0.5 […] 1.0 per cent (weight) Relamyd B-2Nf (polyamide grade produced by ICEFS, for a better dispersion of MGB), 1 per cent (weight) black carbon for technological and tribological reasons and different micro glass beads (MGB) concentrations (10.0 and 20.0 per cent weight). Tests were done for different sliding distances (2,500, 5,000 and 7,500 m) and speeds (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 m/s) and a normal load of 5 N. Findings – The friction coefficient and the wear parameter (as mass loss of polymeric blocks) pointed out a good tribological behavior for these composites. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed particular aspects of PBT local transfer on steel. Also, 10 per cent MGB in PBT reduces wear, especially for longer distances (75,000 m) and higher speeds (0.5 and 0.75 m/s); the friction coefficient is only slightly increased up to 0.23, being less influenced by the speed and the sliding distance as compared to neat polymer. Originality/value – PBT and PBT composites could become challengers for replacing materials in applications similar to tested ones. Even the neat polymer exhibits a good tribological behavior. The composites have a lower sensibility to higher speeds and sliding distances for the applied load.

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Mohd Amran, Nor Amirah binti, Mohd Sayuti bin Ab Karim, Rusdi bin Abd Rashid, Waleed Alghani, and Nur Aqilah binti Derahman. "Material characterization of tribological effects in HSS hacksaw blade." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 69, no. 3 (May 8, 2017): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-09-2016-0201.

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Purpose This study aims to present a direct repurposing activity of consumed high-speed steel (HSS) hacksaw blade into fine-looking handmade knives to increase the awareness about sustainability by evaluating the relationship between the quality of material alloys and heat treatment as well as cultural aspects such as the treatment on the HSS hacksaw blade that will affect the material hardness. Design/methodology/approach The quality of HSS hacksaw blade samples was analyzed by using scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) through the identification of material element’s properties. Besides, finite element structural analysis was performed by using SolidWorks Simulation to evaluate the material performance by determining the Von Mises stress to find the factor of safety of the knife designs. Then, the effect of tribology implementation toward mechanical properties of the handmade knives was determined by using a Rockwell C hardness test. Findings It is found that the material composition of carbon plays a vital role in increasing and improving the hardness and wear resistance of the HSS hacksaw blade. The Von Mises stress obtained is lower than the yield strength of 3,250 MPa by 71.44 per cent with the safety factor of 3.58,which means the design will not be subjected to failure. The mechanical properties of the HSS hacksaw blade such as hardness were determined averagely by 5 per cent of hardness increase. Originality/value It has been validated that the tribological effect toward the material characteristic leads to hardness changes which contributed to the enhancement of tool life of the HSS hacksaw blade, thus producing better quality knives.

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Komeya, Katsutoshi, and Junichi Tatami. "Seeds Innovation and Bearing Applications of Silicon Nitride Ceramics." Key Engineering Materials 352 (August 2007): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.352.147.

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Silicon nitride (Si3N4) is one of the most attractive materials for wear applications because it has excellent wear resistance and offers advantages such as light weight, higher strength and toughness, and good corrosion resistance. In 1984, Materials Div., Toshiba Corp. (today, Toshiba Materials Co., Ltd.) and Koyo Seiko Co. Ltd. (today JTEKT Corp.) successfully utilized high-strength silicon nitride for anti-friction bearings for the first time in the world.1-3 This ceramic bearing was a most successful product and has expanded in area and volume through key innovations such as pioneered compositions, further improvement of durability against a steel ball and the development of a conventional fabrication process. Since 1989, Yokohama National University group has investigated new materials development in silicon nitride ceramics, densification/strengthening mechanisms in an optimized sintering aids system, powder processing for reliable components and tribological evaluation for bearing applications. Subsequently it was confirmed that the addition of TiO2 and AlN to an Si3N4-Y2O3-Al2O3 system promoted densification at low temperatures.4 During firing, the TiO2 changed into TiN at the grain boundary, causing grain boundary strengthening.5,6 Most recently, it has developed a carbon nanotube (CNT) dispersed silicon nitride with high strength and high electrical conductivity that is expected to open up new applications as a new functional silicon nitride.7 However, there are many items to be overcome toward the future, which are the development of cost reduction processes with higher material reliability, and the opening up of new applications supported by validated evaluation techniques including tribology, flaw detection and life prediction, raw powder problems related to cost and production volume, and the classification of silicon nitride bearings for various graded applications.

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Hirvonen, J.-P., D. Rück, S. Yan, R. Lappalainen, and P. Torri. "Ion Implantation into High-Speed Steel for Improved Tribology." MRS Proceedings 316 (1993). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-316-507.

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ABSTRACTIon implantation into steels with a martensitic microstracture is reviewed and discussed in terms of different implanted species and observed changes in the structure. Both single ion and dual ion implantation treatment are included. The disability of the nitrogen ion implantation to improve the tribological characteristics of steels with a martensitic microstructure can be overcome by dual implantation of titanium and carbon, for example. Results of tribological tests on samples in which titanium is replaced by chromium are more controversial, although changes in the sliding characteristics were observed. Dry sliding on the samples implanted up to 1018 ions/cm2 is totally different by nature and -based on the reported results- associated with the formation of carbon precipitates on the surface. The thermal stability of implanted nitrogen and carbon in MЗ high-speed steel was examined and nitrogen was shown to be less stable than carbon. Mechanical and tribological properties were further changed by heat treatment after ion implantation, which indicates that temperature is also a critical parameter during ion implantation.

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Ruck, D. M., J. P. Hirvonen, S. Yan, R. Lappalainen, and P. Torrfi. "Implantation of Metal Ions into High Speed Steel for Improved Tribology." MRS Proceedings 354 (1994). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-354-27.

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AbstractHigh speed steel with a martensitic microstructure is widely used in tool industry, but often the usage is limited by severe abrasive and corrosive wear. Metal ion implantation is a promising method to improve the tribological behaviour of this steel, as was shown in several publications. In this paper we discuss the application V and Cr implanted high speed steel, both of these elements are alloying constituents of the steel matrix. Combined with implantation of carbon is also carried out.The tribological tests were performed with a pin-on-disc machine under dry sliding conditions. The obtained tribological results are discussed in relation to the microstructures of the nonimplanted and implanted samples.

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Luo, Xiangcheng, and D. D. L. Chung. "Tribology of Material Contacts under Dynamic Loading, Studied by Electrical Resistance Measurement." MRS Proceedings 697 (January 2001). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-697-p8.11.

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AbstractThe tribology of material contacts under cyclic compression in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the contact was studied by measurement of the contact electrical resistivity of the contact during the dynamic loading. The real-time monitoring allowed observation of both reversible and irreversible effects. The material contacts studied were those involving steel, carbon fiber polymer-matrix composite, cement mortar and graphite, due to their relevance to fastening, concrete structures, electric brushes and electrical pressure contacts. Correlation was made between the contact resistivity and the occurrence of elastic/plastic deformation at asperities. The interfacial structure was found to depend on the stress and the loading history.

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Wang, Guanghong, Guangwei He, Shengguan Qu, Hao Li, Mushun Zhou, and Husheng Zhang. "Fretting wear of the nitrided medium carbon steel under line contact condition at an elevated temperature." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (July 19, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-04-2019-0133.

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Purpose Fretting wear exists widely in the field of matching mechanical parts whereas previous research studies mostly focus on the point contact through a ball-plate tribometer. This paper aims to study the influence of wear debris on the fretting wear characteristics of the nitrided medium carbon steel under line contact condition at elevated temperature. Design/methodology/approach Fretting wear behavior of the nitrided medium carbon steel was experimentally investigated under line contact condition at elevated temperature and different normal loads without lubrication. Wear loss, worn surface and wear debris were studied to analyze the wear mechanism of nitrided steel. Findings The results showed that surface hardness of the medium carbon steel was notably improved because of the generation of a 230 µm nitrided case. Wear loss increased with the normal load, which was associated with the damage of a thin solid film formed by the wear debris, consisting of iron oxides and chromium oxide rather than only iron or iron oxides. The wear debris became partially amorphous and spherical because it was trapped within the contact interface and was ground, rolled, oxidized under line contact conditions. The spherical wear debris acted as a third body and formed a lubricating film between the contact faces. This lubricating film helped to stabilize the friction coefficient and reduced the wear rate, which further caused the acceleration of wear volume to gradually decrease. The wear mechanisms of the nitrided steel were oxidation wear, abrasive wear and fatigue spalling of the oxide layer. Originality/value The findings are helpful to understand the fretting wear behavior of the friction pair under line contact and enrich the fretting tribology theory.

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Singh, Harpreet, ParamPreet Singh, and Hiralal Bhowmick. "Influence of MoS2, H3BO3, and MWCNT Additives on the Dry and Lubricated Sliding Tribology of AMMC–Steel Contacts." Journal of Tribology 140, no. 4 (February 9, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4038957.

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The present study is focused on the performance evaluation of MoS2, H3BO3, and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) used as the potential oil additives in base oil for aluminum metal matrix composites (AMMC)–steel (EN31) tribocontact. Al–B4C composite is used for this purpose; based on a set of preliminary investigation under unlubricated and fresh oil lubrication, three different types of AMMCs (Al–SiC, Al–B4C, and Al–SiC–B4C) were used. A pin-on-disk tribometer is used for all the friction and wear tests under operating condition of load 9.8 N and sliding velocity of 0.5 m/s. From the particle-based wet tribology, it is clear that both the additives H3BO3 and MWCNT improve the friction as well as wear behavior for selected composite contacts. Multiwall carbon nanotubes emerged out as superior among all the additives, whereas MoS2 additives show marginal enhancement in frictional performance under given operating conditions. Fractography and morphological study of pin specimens are carried out to identify the underlying friction and wear mechanisms.

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Singh, H., and H. Bhowmick. "Lubricated tribology of hybrid AMMC–steel sliding contact: A comparative investigation between fully formulated commercial engine oils and surfactant functionalized MWCNT–base oil formulation." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology, January 14, 2020, 135065011990122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650119901221.

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The aim of the present study is to investigate the feasibility of developing surfactant-assisted multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-laden lubricant for hybrid aluminum metal matrix composite (h-AMMC)/steel (EN31) pair sliding contact. For the preliminary screening, three grade-I base oils, two SAE grade fully formulated commercial oils, and two types of particle additives are used for the tribological investigation. Based on the detailed pilot study, a suitable grade of base oil (SN500), a fully-formulated commercial oil (SAE 20W50) and a solid particle additive (MWCNT) are finalized for the comprehensive tribological investigation. An amphiphilic surfactant, Sorbitan mono-oleate (SPAN 80) is added to MWCNT-in-oil dispersion to functionalize the MWCNT particles. For better insight of the lubrication and friction-wear mechanism, thermophysical properties of prepared suspensions and characterization of the worn-out surfaces of h-AMMC is carried out using various techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. The study reveals some interesting insights on the performance of MWCNT-laden lubricants in the presence of surfactant, which might be connoted for the future development of the lubricants to be used in the industrial applications.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Carbon steels; Tribology'

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