Relevant bibliographies by topics / Carbon steels; Tribology

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Carbon steels; Tribology'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Carbon steels; Tribology"

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Dattatraya Bachchhav, Bhanudas, Geeta S. Lathkar, and Harijan Bagchi. "Tribology of drawing lubricants for low carbon steel." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 66, no. 6 (September 2, 2014): 640–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-10-2012-0105.

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Purpose – This paper aims to present a study of frictional characteristics of steel/die steel pair under sliding contact in presence of a set of formulated lubricants. AISI 1010 low carbon steels, although being strong, are less formable grades of steel and require appropriate selection of lubricants in tribological conditions. Design/methodology/approach – A total of three mineral-based lubricating blends were formulated for varying concentration of ester. Plan of experiments, based on Taguchi’s analysis technique were performed using dedicated test rig based on “pin-on-disc” principle. Findings – A correlation was established between additive concentration, sliding speed and pressure with coefficient of friction by multiple linear regression. On the basis of experimental results and S/N ratio analysis, ranking of the parameters has been done. A possible regime of working with such lubricants is also suggested. Practical implications – Due to voluminous data involved, a few dominant process parameters were taken into consideration for the study. Originality/value – This paper is highlighting the tribo-effects of additives to render it as suitable lubricant in sliding contact conditions. This paper also suggested an approach for selection of optimum regime of working in the light of “Stribeck Curve” for ester-containing lubricating oils.
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Brühl, Sonia Patricia, Amado Cabo, Walter Tuckart, and Germán Prieto. "Tribological behaviour of nitrided and nitrocarburized carbon steel used to produce engine parts." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 68, no. 1 (February 8, 2016): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-07-2015-0101.

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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to select a proper surface treatment to enhance wear resistance of engine camshafts. The camshaft is a relevant part of a diesel engine which works under torsion, fatigue and wear efforts. They are usually manufactured by casting, forging or machining from forged bar of low alloy steels, and in most cases, the machined surfaces are quenched and tempered by induction heating. After that, in many cases, to withstand the efforts imposed on the active surfaces and improve tribology and fatigue properties, the industry used for decades, thermochemical technologies such as salt bath or gaseous nitriding and nitrocarburizing processes. Design/methodology/approach – This paper studied the effects of plasma nitriding and plasma nitrocarburizing, on the tribological behaviour of the steel SAE 1045HM3 proposed to produce camshafts. After the plasma treatments, the change in surface roughness was measured; the modified layers were studied by X-ray techniques and its thickness by optical microscopy. The diffusion zone was evaluated by Vickers microhardness determinations. Tribology tests were performed by pin-on-disc configuration using WC ball as a counterpart. Findings – Results show that plasma nitrided samples present the best tribological behaviour compared with the nitrocarburized ones; also, the influence of the roughness produced by the thermochemical processes appears to be important. Practical implications – Although both the plasma treatments have been applied for many years, and also reported separately in the scientific literature, there was no information comparing these two treatments for carbon steels, and also, there is not much about tribology in lubricated conditions of nitrided and nitrocarburized carbon steels. In fact, it is not proved that the porosity of the nitrocarburized layer is beneficial for wear resistance in lubricated conditions. In this paper, it was proved that at least in the tested conditions, it is not. Originality/value – Gas or plasma nitrocarburizing is usually recommended for this kind of applications, although the modified layer is porous. This paper attempts to prove that nitriding could be better than nitrocarburizing, even with a thinner white layer.
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Roelofs, H., N. Renaudot, D. Smolenicki, J. Boos, and F. Kuster. "The Behaviour of Graphitized Steels in Machining Processes." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 1600–1605. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.1600.

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Graphitized steels are claimed to perform excellent in machining processes. They therefore can be considered as environmental friendly alternatives to the widely used Pb-alloyed steels. Due to liquid metal embrittlement and in-situ lubrication Pb improves machinability in a narrow tool-chip interface temperature window corresponding to low machining speeds. Although graphite inclusions are also supposed to generate in-situ lubrication, the mechanism and the corresponding optimum working zone is not very clear. The present work applies a new test methodology (including in-situ tribology, analysis of material flow and chip formation, optimum working zone analysis) to investigate the effects of graphite inclusions on turning and drilling operations. A Pb-alloyed low carbon free-cutting steel and Pb-alloyed case hardening steel were used as reference steels.
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NAKAZAWA, Yukari, Hiroshi EDA, Libo ZHOU, Jun SHIMIZU, and Yasuharu KANEKO. "802 Micro Tribology of Carbon Steel." Proceedings of Ibaraki District Conference 2000 (2000): 213–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeibaraki.2000.213.

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Kim, Ho-Young, Young-Tai Noh, Jun-Hyuck Jeon, Young-Min Byoun, Ho-Sang Kang, and Soong-Keun Hyun. "Effect of Surface Roughness on Crystal Size of Manganese Phosphate Coating of Carbon Steel." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 4312–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.17551.

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In this study, the correlation between surface roughness of carbon steel and crystal size of manganese phosphate coatings has been investigated. The microstructure and surface morphology of the coatings were analyzed by SEM, XRD. The surface roughness test was carried out in order to calculate Ra value by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Also, the tribology property of manganese phosphate coating was tested by ball-on disk. XRD showed that (Mn,Fe)5H2(PO4)4·4H2O in manganese phosphate coating layer was formed by the chemical reaction between manganese phosphate and elements in carbon steel. Also, (Mn,Fe)5H2(PO4)4 · 4H2O was observed to be formed in all manganese phosphate conversion coating. With regard to the effects of surface roughness on manganese phosphate coatings, it can be seen that there is an increase of the crystal size on manganese phosphate coating as the surface roughness of carbon steel decreased. The increase of crystal size by the surface roughness had effect on the tribology property and electrochemical property. It was approved that friction coefficient of manganese phosphate coating is remarkably improved as the surface roughness of carbon steel become rough.
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Jährling, F., G. Walter, D. M. Rück, and Hartmut Fuess. "Microstructure and Tribology of Carbon Implanted High-Speed-Steel." Materials Science Forum 248-249 (May 1997): 201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.248-249.201.

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Zhao, Yangyang, Guoyuan Zhang, Maotan Liang, and Qunfeng Zeng. "Study on the Friction and Wear Performance of Lightly Loaded Reciprocating Carbon/Aramid-Based Composites." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (July 23, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9924690.

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The preparation methods of T300 carbon cloth- and aramid cloth-reinforced epoxy resin and cyanate ester were proposed, and four kinds of composite samples were obtained. The friction coefficient and wear rate under different test times and loads were obtained using a reciprocating pin-disk tribology tester. The tribology pairs included pins or sliding blocks made from different metals (45 steel and brass) and the disk samples of the composites. The test results showed that the friction coefficients of the T300 carbon cloth- (T300/4211 and T300/BS-4) and aramid cloth- (aramid/4211 and aramid/BS-4) reinforced epoxy resin or cyanate ester changed from 0.09 to 0.3 and were low under dry friction conditions. Under 75 N, aramid/BS-4 coupled with 45 steel pins was the lowest friction coefficient, which was 0.09. In particular, the friction coefficient and wear rate of the composite-reinforced cyanate ester were the lowest, which meant that this composite may be more suitable for use under lightly loaded and reciprocating running conditions in space engineering. By comparing the surface morphologies of composites before and after the test, the wear mechanism of the composites was discussed and the lower friction coefficient and wear rate may originate from the abrasive wear effects occurring between the tribology pairs. The research results have important engineering significance for guiding the use of composites in the deployable mechanisms used in space engineering.
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Ha, Kyeongsik, Young Keun Park, Taehwan Kim, Gyeong Yun Baek, Jong Bae Jeon, Do-sik Shim, Young Hoon Moon, and Wookjin Lee. "Effects of Heat Treatment Condition and Counter Materials on the Wear Behavior of Laser Direct Energy Deposited Fe-8Cr-3V-2Mo-2W Alloy." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 58, no. 10 (October 5, 2020): 680–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2020.58.10.680.

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This study aimed to investigate the wear performance of laser direct energy deposited Fe-8Cr3V-2Mo-2W alloy under various wear environments, in terms of different heat treatment conditions. Ball on disk tribology tests were performed using high-carbon steel and zirconia balls as counter materials. The wear rates of the alloy depended significantly on both the wear sliding speed and the wear load. Microstructural observations of the worn surface and the wear debris indicated intensive tribo-oxidative wear that was presumably responsible for the strong dependency of the wear rate on the wear sliding speed. Regardless of the type of counter materials, the alloy in the as-built state had better wear performance than the alloy with heat treatments. Therefore, the use of the alloy without post heat treatment would be favorable to obtain long-term durability of the alloy in severe wear environments. The wear tests with two different counter materials of high-carbon steel and zirconia showed the high-carbon steel counter material had a higher wear rate than the zirconia. This was thought to be due to that strong third-body abrasive actions of the high-carbon steel counter material, evidenced by the severe abrasive wear of the counter material.
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Jia, K., Y. Q. Li, T. E. Fischer, and B. Gallois. "Tribology of diamond-like carbon sliding against itself, silicon nitride, and steel." Journal of Materials Research 10, no. 6 (June 1995): 1403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1995.1403.

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Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films were deposited on (100) silicon wafers and silicon nitride balls by RF plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition at a pressure of 700 mTorr and a substrate temperature of 360 K. The friction coefficient and the wear rates were measured using a pin-on-disk tribometer in 40% humid and dry air. Friction coefficients are near 0.05 in all cases measured. In dry air, the wear of silicon nitride and steel against DLC is below measurement capability because of a protecting DLC transfer layer, and wear of DLC is 2.5 ± 10−8 mm3/Nm against silicon nitride and 6.5 ± 10−9 mm3/Nm against steel. In humid air, the DLC transfer layer does not adhere to the solids, and wear of both bodies is larger. Unmeasurable wear is obtained when DLC slides against itself in humid air; the wear rate is 5 ± 10−9 mm3/Nm in dry air. These results are interpreted in terms of the properties of a friction-induced transformation of the surface layer of DLC.
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Wang, Jing Cai, Laurent Langlois, Muhammad Rafiq, Régis Bigot, and Hao Lu. "Experimental & Numerical Study of the Hot Upsetting of Weld Cladded Billets." Key Engineering Materials 554-557 (June 2013): 287–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.554-557.287.

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The presented work is dedicated to studying the forgeability of bimaterial cladded workpiece. Hot upsetting tests of cylindrical low carbon steel (C15) billets weld cladded (MIG) by stainless steel (SS316L) are experimentally and numerically studied. Upsetting tests with different upsetting ratios are performed in different tribology conditions at 1050°C which is within the better forgeability temperature range of both substrate and cladding materials[ ]. Slab model and finite-element simulation are conducted to parametrically study the potential forgeability of the bimaterial cladded workpiece. The viscoplastic law is adopted to model the friction at the die/billet interface. The friction condition at the die/billet interface has a great impact on the final material distribution, forging effort and cracking occurrence. With Latham and Cockcroft Criterion, the possibility and potential position of cracks could be predicted.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Carbon steels; Tribology"

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Bradley, Rusudan. "The effect of workpiece compostion of free-cutting steels on machinability using coated and uncoated high speed tools." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388522.

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Tomiello, Stevan Scussel. "Diferentes dopagens e intercamadas contendo silício: otimização da adesão de revestimentos de a-C:H sobre aço." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2018. https://repositorio.ucs.br/11338/4160.

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O carbono tipo diamante (DLC) é um material de revestimento que alia alta resistência ao desgaste e baixo coeficiente de atrito. Devido a essas propriedades, o DLC pode ser aplicado em peças metálicas para facilitar a conformação em ferramentas de dobra e ainda para a diminuição de perdas por atrito em componentes de motores. Porém, limitações como a baixa adesão e a complexidade da técnica de deposição restringem sua utilização. Diversas estudos propõem alternativas para a otimização do filme, como a inclusão de intercamadas, dopagens ou a aplicação de diferentes parâmetros e processos de deposição, porém não há um consenso na bibliografia de qual opção ou combinação traz o melhor resultado, especialmente visando uma aplicação industrial de baixo custo. Nesse contexto, a proposta deste trabalho é realizar um estudo sistemático de diferentes arquiteturas filme/intercamada utilizando um composto a base de silício para a formação da intercamada e da zona de dopagem e, após encontrar a melhor combinação em termos de adesão, pesquisar o efeito da tensão nessa combinação específica. A técnica de deposição química a vapor assistida por plasma pulsado utilizando confinamento eletrostático foi utilizada para aplicar o revestimento e as diferentes arquiteturas sobre o aço AISI O1 e AISI 4140. As dopagens e intercamadas foram produzidas a partir de hexametildisiloxano, previamente vaporizado, que permite a formação do filme e das diferentes arquiteturas num processo único e simples. A qualidade superficial dos filmes foi avaliada por microscopia ótica, enquanto a estrutura físico-química foi analisada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e espectroscopia de emissão óptica por descarga luminescente. Por fim, as propriedades mecânicas e tribológicas do filme foram avaliadas por medições de nanodureza e por testes de nanoesclerometria linear, respectivamente. Os resultados mostram que as diferentes arquiteturas de dopagem do DLC com silício promovem uma piora nas propriedades do filme, com o aumento nos defeitos superficiais e a diminuição da dureza e da carga crítica para sua delaminação. A combinação de DLC e uma única intercamada contendo silício apresenta-se como a melhor opção para aplicações tribológicas. Por outro lado, uma maior tensão elétrica no plasma de formação da intercamada de silício aumenta a carga crítica de delaminação e minimiza os defeitos nas bordas das amostras. O conhecimento gerado viabilizou a obtenção de um revestimento para aplicações industriais em grande escala e baixo custo de produção.
Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings combine high wear resistance and low friction coefficient. Due to these properties, DLC can be applied on metal parts to facilitate the conformation process in bending tools and also for the reduction of friction losses in engine components. However, limitations as low adhesion and the technical complexity of the deposition process as a whole reduce its use. Several studies show alternatives to the optimization of the film, as the use of interlayers, doping and/or the application of different etching gases and deposition process parameters. However, there is a consensus in the bibliography that an combination of the above alternatives should bring the best result, especially for a low-cost industrial application. In this context, the aim of this study is to carry out a systematic study of different architectures of the film/interlayer system using precursors containing silicon for the formation of interlayer/doping zone to reach the best system in terms of DCL integrity and adhesion. The technique of deposition by pulsed direct current plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition assisted by electrostatic confinament was used to apply the coating and different architectures on the AISI O1 and AISI 4140 steels. The interlayers were produced from hexamethyldisiloxane with silicon acting also as dopant in carbon film under different conditions, allowing the film formation in a single simple process. The surface integrity of the films was evaluated by optical microscopy, while the physical and chemical structure was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy. Finally, mechanical and tribological properties of the film were evaluated by nanohardness and nanoscratch measurements, respectively. The results show that different doping architectures of DLC with silicon promote detrimental properties in the DLC, with the increase in the surface defects and the decrease of hardness and critical load for delamination. Moreover, the combination of DLC plus a single silicon-containing interlayer is the best option to optimize the tribological properties. On the other hand, a higher applied plasma voltage in the silicon interlayer deposition guarantees high critical loads for DLC delamination and low density of defects without delamination events at the sample edges. This knowledge made possible to obtain DLC coatings for industrial applications in large scale and low cost of production.
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Olsson, Sara, and Linn Efsing. "Wear testing of high-alloy carbon steel used in mining tools." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-124595.

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Wear is a commonly occurring degradation mechanism for materials and components in the rock drilling industry. The wear can occur by either abrasion or adhesive wear. Further corrosion and presence of water or other lubricating fluids with or without particles may influence the behavior. Which mechanism, or mechanisms, and under which conditions it occurs, as well as the relative wear rate is dependent on the actual operating conditions for the component. In the present study, commonly available and general test methods for wear on high-alloy carbon steel has been analyzed. The project has been carried out through literature reviews and study visits at the tribology laboratory at KTH and at the Angstroms laboratory at Uppsala University. The present study indicates that it is difficult to suggest a feasible test method that is possible to use for all different situations of the wear that may occur. A test adapted to the actual situation is required to achieve a proper wear rate comparable to the wear rate in a real application.  According to the requirements from Ovako AB, a test that is general, cost effective and can be used when developing steel with higher wear-resistance, following wear testing methods has been compared: a pin-on-disk apparatus, a dry/wet sand/rubber wheel, a dry/wet sand/steel wheel, a tumbling mill, a particle erosion rig, a solid particle impingement using gas jets and a grinding machine. The tumbling mill, the grinder and the “Standard Test Method for Wear Testing with a Pin-On- Disk Apparatus” correspond to the requirements best. Ovako AB is recommended to continue the work with these testing methods.
Nötning är en vanlig mekanism som orsakar nedbrytning på material i gruvindustrin. Nötningen kan förekomma som abrasiv eller adhesiv nötning. Korrosion och närvaro av vatten eller andra smörjande vätskor med eller utan lösa partiklar kan påverka beteendet. Den eller de mekanismer som styr nötningen såväl som nötningstalet beror på de aktuella förhållanden vilka materialet eller materialen verkar i. I denna studie har en generell testmetod för att utvärdera nötning på höglegerat kolstål har undersökts. Arbetet har genomförts genom litteratursökning samt studiebesök vid tribologiska laboratoriet på KTH samt på Ångströmska i Uppsala. Utifrån arbetet har det visat sig att det inte förekommer några generella nötningstest för alla applikationer, då det krävs ett test som är anpassat efter verkligheten för att få ut korrekt nötningstal. Utifrån Ovako ABs önskemål om ett generellt test som är ekonomiskt hållbart samt kan användas för att utveckla nötningsbeständigheten i de stål där nötning förekommer har följande testmetoder jämförts: pinne/skiva-maskin, blött/torrt sand/gummihjul, blött/torrt sand/stålhjul, roterande trumma, ”Erofugen”, partikelsprutare och en slipmaskin. De test som motsvarar kravprofilen bäst är den roterande trumman, slipmaskinen samt den standardiserade pinne/skiva-maskinen. Utifrån dessa testmetoder rekommenderas Ovako AB att fortsätta arbetet.
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El, Mansori Mohamed. "Influence du champs magnétique sur le comportement biologique des couples acier xc48 / (acier, cuivre et graphite)." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPL067N.

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Il est fréquent que des champs magnétiques continus ou alternatifs soient présents dans l'environnement de différents tribo-contact. L'étude de son influence sur le frottement et l'usure des matériaux a permis de comprendre un certain nombre de phénomènes observés. L'étude présente le comportement de l'acier xc48 ferromagnétique dans un contact glissant avec différentes contrefaces : ferromagnétiques (acier xc48), cuivre (paramagnétique) et graphite (diamagnétique). Le dispositif expérimental utilisé est un tribomètre de type pion disque situé dans une enceinte à vide, permettant de faire varier l'environnent gazeux (vide, air, oxygène et argon). Des variations parfois très importantes du comportement en frottement et usure ont été mises en évidence lorsqu'un champ magnétique est appliqué au voisinage du contact ou directement sur l'un des frotteurs. Celui-ci entraine une diminution de l'usure dans le cas d'un couple entièrement ferromagnétiques et un accroissement de l'usure des deux antagonistes dans le cas d'un couple ferro/paramagnétique. Les variations du coefficient de frottement sont plus complexes et dépendent d'autres paramètres (charge, vitesse de glissement, environnement). L'influence du champ magnétique sur le couple acier/graphite conduit à une diminution du coefficient de frottement et de l'usure des deux protagonistes en présence de gaz réactifs. Dans le cas de gaz inertes, on observe l'inverse. Les mécanismes qui expliquent ces phénomènes font appel à la magnétostriction, à l'effet magnétoplastique et à la cinétique d'oxydation superficielle.
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Li, Zheng-Xian, and 李政憲. "Tribology of Low Carbon Steel Claddedby Wear-resistant materials UsingGas Tungsten Arc Welding." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/k54f37.

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碩士
中原大學
機械工程研究所
99
This paper was coat titanium and ceramic which is anti-wear material using gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) method on low carbon steel to improve wear resistance of the substrate. Microstructure and surface hardness of the cladding were investigated and measured on samples under different welding conditions. The chemical composition, microstructure and surface morphology of the clad layer were analyzed using optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Rockwell hardness testing machine. Also, using ball on ring tester tribological properties of the anti-wear coating materials was discussed. Using gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) clad has a homogenous microstructure, a good metallurgical bond with its substrate, and uniform dispersion of TiC particulates in its cladding surface. The experimental results reveal that the key influences on wear resistance performance are welding current and welding speed.
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Chang, Shih-Yen, and 張仕彥. "Tribology of Low Carbon Steel Cladded by Titanium Alloy Using Gas Tungsten Arc Welding." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/axkmgm.

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碩士
中原大學
機械工程研究所
98
This paper utilizes micron powder of titanium carbide and stainless steel to clad on the low-carbon steel by the GTAW(gas tungsten arc welding method). Friction coeifficient and wear tests applied sliding motion without lubricant were performed in a pin-on-ring mode on a T-53 wear testing machine. This research study the wear performance of the titanium carbide cladded layer compared with that of the commercial guide rail. In addition, the microstructure of titanium carbide cladded layer was examined by using SEM(Scanning Electron Microscopy) and EDS(Energy Dispersive Spectrometer). We found that the distribution of the titanium carbide particles is even.
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Books on the topic "Carbon steels; Tribology"

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Final report to NASA Marshall Space Flight Center on the study of low temperature unbalanced magnetron deposition of hard, wear-resistant coatings for liquid-film bearing applications: Contract number NAG8-1020. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Carbon steels; Tribology"

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Fengbin, Liu, Chen Darong, Zhao Ming, Wang Jiadao, and Xu Yanji. "The Cavitation Erosion of the Mild Carbon Steels Implanted with Titanium and Nitrogen." In Advanced Tribology, 780–81. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03653-8_258.

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Polak, A., and S. Pytko. "Wear Mechanism of Carbon Material — Steel Slide Bearing in Polluted Atmosphere." In Fundamentals of Tribology and Bridging the Gap Between the Macro- and Micro/Nanoscales, 543–48. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0736-8_40.

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Elliott, D. M., J. Fisher, S. P. Appleyard, E. Zhang, and B. Rand. "A tribological comparison of some carbon-carbon composites sliding against stainless steel." In Tribology Series, 113–22. Elsevier, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8922(99)80033-9.

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Zschocke, A. K., Y. Blake, and A. A. Torrance. "Wedge wear tests of low carbon, steel and malleable iron." In Tribology Series, 701–9. Elsevier, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8922(03)80098-6.

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Wood, R. J. K., P. Ramkumar, L. Wang, T. J. Wang, K. Nelson, E. S. Yamaguchi, J. J. Harrison, H. E. G. Powrie, and N. Otin. "Electrostatic monitoring of the effects of carbon black on lubricated steel/steel sliding contacts." In Life Cycle Tribology, 109–21. Elsevier, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8922(05)80013-6.

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"Role of Gemini Cationic Surfactants in Inhibiting the Corrosion of Carbon Steel." In Surfactants in Tribology, Volume 4, 404–37. CRC Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b17691-19.

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"Vegetable Oil Fatty Acid Composition and Carbonization Tendency on Steel Surfaces at Elevated Temperature: Morphology of Carbon Deposits." In Surfactants in Tribology, Volume 1, 307–24. CRC Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420060089-22.

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Shum, P. W., K. Y. Li, and Z. F. Zhou. "Preliminary study of the mechanical and tribological properties of diamond-like carbon films prepared on steel substrates by filtered cathodic vacuum arc deposition." In Boundary and Mixed Lubrication - Science and Applications, Proceedings of the 28th Leeds-Lyon Symposium on Tribology, 265–69. Elsevier, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8922(02)80030-x.

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Conference papers on the topic "Carbon steels; Tribology"

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Quicksall, John J., Robert L. Jackson, and Itzhak Green. "Elasto-Plastic Hemispherical Contact Models for Various Mechanical Properties." In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-63239.

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This work uses the finite element technique to model the elasto-plastic deformation of a hemisphere contacting a rigid flat for various material properties typical of aluminum, bronze, copper, titanium and malleable cast iron. Additionally, this work conducted parametric FEM tests on a generic material in which the elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio are varied independently while the yield strength is held constant. A larger spectrum of material properties are covered in this work than in most previous works. The results are compared to two previously formulated elasto-plastic models simulating the deformation of a hemisphere in contact with a rigid flat. Both of the previously formulated models use carbon steel mechanical properties to arrive at empirical formulations implied to pertain to various materials. While both models considered several carbon steels with varying yield strengths, they did not test materials with varying Poisson’s ratio or elastic modulus. The previously generated elasto-plastic models give fairly good predictions when compared to the FEM results for various material properties from the current work, except that one model produces more accurate predictions overall, especially at large deformations where other models neglect important trends due to decreases in “hardness” with increasing deformation.
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Castillo, Marti´n, Manuel Vite, L. H. Herna´ndez, G. Villa, and G. Urriolagoitia. "Brittle Fracture Generated by Abrasion Wear in Borided Low Carbon Steel." In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-63869.

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This work is related to failure as a consequence of brittle fracture by abrasion wear. The experimental evidence showed that this situation depends on the size and shape of the abrasive particles and their velocity when they are interacting against the abraded surface. The particle morphology determines the type of failure, in which the crack may propagate. This can be in a lateral and radial direction. Also this situation is observed in low carbon steel (AISI 8620) which has been borided previously. In accordance with the results, the strength is improved by: developing phases, varying thickness of the borided layer and increasing the hardness. At the same time, a hardness analysis of the borided steel and the abrasive surfaces was carried out. The hardness is the principal characteristic which increases the abrasion resistance and the borided improved resistant to wear. However, it has different behaviour according to the type mechanism of abrasion wear (two or three bodies). In the case of three bodies, it is necessary to take into account the superficial characteristic, because over rough surfaces, the hard particles deteriorate the surface of the specimen. On the other hand, on smooth borided surfaces, generally the particles slip without several damage.
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Van Acker, K., K. Vercammen, A. Vanhulsel, J. Barriga, A. Arnsek, and M. Kalin. "Friction and Wear of Diamond-Like Carbon Coatings Lubricated With Biodegradable Oils." In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-63340.

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The tribological behaviour of coated machine components lubricated with a biodegradable saturated ester and unsaturated ester oil has been studied. Different diamond-like carbon-based coatings (DLC) were selected as low friction coatings: pure DLC, Si-doped, Ti-doped and W-doped DLC. The performance of the studied ester oils has been compared with sunflower oil and mineral oil lubrication as reference. The oils were all additivated in the same way with conventional anti-wear (AW) and extreme pressure (EP) additives. Different tests have been performed: disc on disc, ball on disc and block on ring tests give an overview of the influence of different sliding modes. The effect of the lubricant on a coated system compared to the use of the coated system without lubrication is clear for the wear, but less obvious for the friction. It was found that DLC/DLC contacts lubricated with biodegradable lubricants show similar friction as steel/steel contacts. The effect of the different types of base oil is independent of the coating type. Additive activity which was clear in steel/steel contacts was not obvious in DLC/DLC contacts.
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He, Bo, Q. Jane Wang, and Yip-Wah Chung. "Study of Small-Scale Friction at Elevated Temperatures." In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-64371.

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This paper presents some preliminary results obtained from small-scale friction measurements from 25°C to 200°C on fused silica and 1018 low carbon steel surfaces. Friction transition phenomena were observed on the surfaces of fused silica and 1018 low carbon steel. The friction coefficient of the fused silica was found to be lower at higher temperature due to the material softening effect. However, the friction coefficient of the 1018 steel was found to be greater at high temperature which is likely the result of surface oxide formation.
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Gulhane, U. D., Manish Roy, S. G. Sapate, S. B. Mishra, and P. K. Mishra. "Influence of Surface Treatment of High Carbon Steel on the Reciprocating Wear in Comparison With the 316 Stainless Steel." In ASME/STLE 2009 International Joint Tribology Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijtc2009-15174.

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Diffusion treatments such as chromising and aluminising of high carbon steel results in the formation of Cr and Al rich layers on the surface. These layers will be responsible for formation of protective Cr2O3 and Al2O3 scale on exposure to corrosive environment. In view of extensive application of 316 Stainless Steel in biomedical engineering, present work is undertaken to examine the influence of diffusion treatment of high carbon steel on the reciprocating wear in Hank’s solution and to compare the same behavior with that of 316 SS. In order to achieve the above mentioned objectives, the wear rates of 316 SS, 304 SS, high carbon steel in aluminised and chromised condition have been evaluated. Though the general characteristics of the wear behavior, such as higher wear rate at higher load and at higher reciprocating speed, for all the materials are similar, aluminised and chromised high carbon steel exhibited best wear resistance especially at high and intermediate load. In simulated body fluid condition, 316 SS exhibited two different material removal mechanisms. In the first case, which is observed at higher load, material loss is by nucleation and propagation of crack. In the second mechanism which is prevalent at low and intermediate load, wear takes place by deterioration of composite layer formed on the surface by mixing the corrosion product and the substrate. Consequently it is noted that wear rate decreases with increase of hardness at higher load. At intermediate and at low load wear rate is less dependent of hardness.
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Joly-Pottuz, L., J. M. Martin, F. Dassenoy, B. Vacher, T. Mieno, and N. Ohmae. "Carbon Nanotubes and Onions as Lubricant Additives." In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-63220.

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Most of lubricant additives used as friction modifier and anti-wear agents are mainly organic compounds containing sulphur and phosphorous. Their lubrication mechanism is based on a tribochemical reaction leading to tribofilm formation but also the formation of some harmful by-products. Inorganic nanoparticles (nanotubes, fullerenes, onions...), because of their unique morphology and very small size, could be envisaged for the replacement of such organic additives. The purpose of this work is to study and compare the tribological properties of different kinds of nanoparticles added and dispersed as additives to a lubricating base oil. Here, we are particularly interested in carbon nanotubes and graphite onions which were then tested and compared. Added to a poly-alpha-olefin (PAO) base oil, all nanoparticles tested show a reduction of both friction and wear of steel counterfaces. The detailed study of the concentration effect in PAO shows that 1wt% of nanotubes is sufficient to obtain good tribological properties. A structural modification of nanoparticles during friction was clearly evidenced by analytical TEM. In the case of nanotubes, flake-like wear debris made of amorphous carbon have been observed [1].
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7

Voevodin, A. A., and J. S. Zabinski. "Laser Surface Processing of “Chameleon” Coatings for Aerospace Tribology." In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-63489.

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Adaptive solid lubricants were developed to provide friction and wear reduction in aerospace environments such as ambient humid air, vacuum, or dry nitrogen (storage and on ground testing). Achieving high durability and long life requires solid lubricant reservoirs near the tribological surface. Reservoirs were fabricated using precision laser processing to generate arrays of micrometer-sized holes with well-controlled size, location, and density on the surface of hard ceramic coatings applied to steel substrates. Solid lubricants based on dichalocogenides and carbon were applied by burnishing and sputtering to the laser treated surfaces. Sliding friction tests were performed against steel balls in environments with different humidity. The result indicates that there is an optimum reservoir surface density, where the life of the solid lubricant is improved by an order of magnitude. The laser-processed reservoirs enable coating operation in variable environments.
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8

Fontaine, Julien. "New Insights on Superlow Friction Mechanisms of Hydrogenated Amorphous Carbon." In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-63659.

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Some hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) films have the peculiarity to exhibit coefficients of friction in the millirange, known as “superlow friction”, under inert environments like dry nitrogen or high vacuum. However, this “superlubricity” is only observed for some coatings and sometimes for very short duration. The role of tribofilm in the superlow friction regime observed on various a-C:H films sliding against steel pins has been investigated by performing experiments in ultra-high vacuum and hydrogen ambient. Tribofilm build-up appears to be controlled by interactions with oxide layers. Then, evolutions of the tribofilm will depend both on the composition of a-C:H film and on interactions with environment, through tribochemical reactions. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the films are correlated with the achievement of superlow friction. All these results suggest that surface rheological properties are of critical importance in reaching superlow friction regime with a-C:H films.
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9

Schmitt, M., and S. Bistac. "Tribological Study of Various Graphite Powders Sliding Against Steel." In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-63235.

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With its high resistance, good hardness and electrical conductibility in the basal plans, graphite is used for many years in various tribological fields such as seals, bearings or electrical motor brushes, and also for applications needing excellent lubrication and wear-reducing properties. But thanks to its low density, graphite is at the moment destined for technologies for which the combination of the possibility of reducing the weight of the components, and the ability of enhancing their efficiency is a fundamental asset. This is especially the case in the aeronautical industry where composites containing carbon, and more particularly graphite, are more and more widespread. In this context, the friction and wear of industrially produced graphite powders were evaluated in order to identify promising tribomaterials for braking use. Six different powders (natural and synthetic) having various grains sizes, were tested when sliding against steel, under various applied normal loads. The morphological and structural modifications of the graphites were observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy and AFM, and analysed by Raman spectroscopy. A classification of the various graphite powders could thus be realised; the determining of the friction and wear mechanisms for the different materials, according to their own characteristics, as well as to the applied normal load, was also achieved.
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10

Kasprzycka, Ewa, Jan Senatorski, Aleksander Nakonieczny, Marian Szczerek, Tomasz Babul, and Bogdan Bogdan´ski. "Tribological Properties of Carbide Layers Produced in the Vacuum Titanizing Process." In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-63344.

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Diffusion carbide layers produced on steel surface in vacuum titanizing process have been investigated. Studies of layers thickness, their morphology, titanium, carbon, chromium and iron concentration depth profiles in the diffusion zone of titanized layers have been carried out. The effect of process parameters such as time and temperature on the kinetics of layer growth on steel surface has been investigated. Wear resistance of titanized layers has been determined.
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