Relevant bibliographies by topics / Carbon sinks or sources

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Carbon sinks or sources'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 30 November 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Carbon sinks or sources"

1

Quirk, Tom. "Sources and Sinks of Carbon Dioxide." Energy & Environment 20, no. 1 (January 2009): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/095830509787689123.

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Cole, C. Vernon, Klaus Flach, Jeffrey Lee, Dieter Sauerbeck, and Bobby Stewart. "Agricultural sources and sinks of carbon." Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 70, no. 1-4 (October 1993): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01104991.

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Wang, Mi, Zhuowei Hu, Xuetong Wang, Xiaojuan Li, Yongcai Wang, Honghao Liu, Chaoqi Han, Junhao Cai, and Wenji Zhao. "Spatio-Temporal Variation of Carbon Sources and Sinks in the Loess Plateau under Different Climatic Conditions and Land Use Types." Forests 14, no. 8 (August 14, 2023): 1640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14081640.

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The carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems is intertwined with climate and changes in land use. Over the past 30 years, the Loess Plateau (LP) has experienced temperature increases and an expansion of forest and grassland. The net ecosystem productivity (NEP) underlying these changes is worth investigating. Using three periods (i.e., 1990–2000, 2000–2010, and 2010–2019) of annual average NEP and climatic, topographic, and land use data, we analyzed changes in the spatial distribution of carbon sources and sinks of the LP. Using an optimal parameter-based geographical detector model to discuss the driving factors of carbon sources and sinks, we found that: (1) The area of carbon sinks has been increasing continuously, and that the distributions of both of these elements are zonal. The carbon sinks show a downward trend from south to north, which is mainly driven by climate and land use type. (2) Carbon sources are mainly concentrated in the middle temperate zone, and they are mainly linked to impervious land, unused land, and grassland. The carbon sinks are mainly concentrated in the south temperate zone and plateau climatic zone, and they are mainly linked to forest, grassland, and cultivated land. Additionally, the southern temperate zone has been the most green, due to its superior hydrothermal conditions that sustain carbon sinks. (3) It is not uncommon for some forests, grasslands, and cultivated land to transition between being carbon sources and carbon sinks, especially when affected by human intervention and inadequate management measures. (4) NEP was primarily influenced by CO2 concentration, temperature, and precipitation, and the interaction of these factors greatly influenced the dynamics of carbon sources and sinks, while terrain exerted insignificant impacts on the NEP. This study highlights the importance of the carbon balance in terrestrial ecosystems and can be used to guide the creation of vegetation-based carbon sequestration policies.
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Jiang, F., H. Wang, J. M. Chen, W. Ju, and A. Ding. "Nested atmospheric inversion for the terrestrial carbon sources and sinks in China." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 1 (January 25, 2013): 1177–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-1177-2013.

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Abstract. In this study, we establish a~nested atmospheric inversion system with a focus on China using the Bayes theory. The global surface is separated into 43 regions based on the 22 TransCom large regions, with 13 small regions in China. Monthly CO2 concentrations from 130 GlobalView sites and a Hong Kong site are used in this system. The core component of this system is atmospheric transport matrix, which is created using the TM5 model with a horizontal resolution of 3° × 2°. The net carbon fluxes over the 43 global land and ocean regions are inverted for the period from 2002 to 2009. The inverted global terrestrial carbon sinks mainly occur in Boreal Asia, South and Southeast Asia, eastern US and southern South America (SA). Most China areas appear to be carbon sinks, with strongest carbon sinks located in Northeast China. From 2002 to 2009, the global terrestrial carbon sink has an increasing trend, with the lowest carbon sink in 2002. The inter-annual variation (IAV) of the land sinks shows remarkable correlation with the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). However, no obvious trend is found for the terrestrial carbon sinks in China. The IAVs of carbon sinks in China show strong relationship with drought and temperature. The mean global and China terrestrial carbon sinks over the period 2002–2009 are −3.15 ± 1.48 and −0.21 ± 0.23 Pg C yr−1, respectively. The uncertainties in the posterior carbon flux of China are still very large, mostly due to the lack of CO2 measurement data in China.
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Fodrie, F. Joel, Antonio B. Rodriguez, Rachel K. Gittman, Jonathan H. Grabowski, Niels L. Lindquist, Charles H. Peterson, Michael F. Piehler, and Justin T. Ridge. "Oyster reefs as carbon sources and sinks." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1859 (July 26, 2017): 20170891. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0891.

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Carbon burial is increasingly valued as a service provided by threatened vegetated coastal habitats. Similarly, shellfish reefs contain significant pools of carbon and are globally endangered, yet considerable uncertainty remains regarding shellfish reefs' role as sources (+) or sinks (−) of atmospheric CO 2 . While CO 2 release is a by-product of carbonate shell production (then burial), shellfish also facilitate atmospheric-CO 2 drawdown via filtration and rapid biodeposition of carbon-fixing primary producers. We provide a framework to account for the dual burial of inorganic and organic carbon, and demonstrate that decade-old experimental reefs on intertidal sandflats were net sources of CO 2 (7.1 ± 1.2 MgC ha −1 yr −1 (µ ± s.e.)) resulting from predominantly carbonate deposition, whereas shallow subtidal reefs (−1.0 ± 0.4 MgC ha −1 yr −1 ) and saltmarsh-fringing reefs (−1.3 ± 0.4 MgC ha −1 yr −1 ) were dominated by organic-carbon-rich sediments and functioned as net carbon sinks (on par with vegetated coastal habitats). These landscape-level differences reflect gradients in shellfish growth, survivorship and shell bioerosion. Notably, down-core carbon concentrations in 100- to 4000-year-old reefs mirrored experimental-reef data, suggesting our results are relevant over centennial to millennial scales, although we note that these natural reefs appeared to function as slight carbon sources (0.5 ± 0.3 MgC ha −1 yr −1 ). Globally, the historical mining of the top metre of shellfish reefs may have reintroduced more than 400 000 000 Mg of organic carbon into estuaries. Importantly, reef formation and destruction do not have reciprocal, counterbalancing impacts on atmospheric CO 2 since excavated organic material may be remineralized while shell may experience continued preservation through reburial. Thus, protection of existing reefs could be considered as one component of climate mitigation programmes focused on the coastal zone.
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Volbers, Andrea, C. Heinze, and Carboocean Consortium. "CARBOOCEAN – marine carbon sources and sinks assessment." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 6, no. 4 (January 1, 2009): 042034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1307/6/4/042034.

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Lawn, Chris, and Jon Gluyas. "Novel energy sources and carbon sinks underground." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 232, no. 1 (February 2018): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957650918756961.

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Canadell, Pep, C. Lequre, M. Raupach, P. Ciais, T. Conway, C. Field, S. Houghton, and G. Marland. "Global carbon sources and sinks: 2007 update." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 6, no. 8 (February 1, 2009): 082001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1307/6/8/082001.

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Jiang, F., H. W. Wang, J. M. Chen, L. X. Zhou, W. M. Ju, A. J. Ding, L. X. Liu, and W. Peters. "Nested atmospheric inversion for the terrestrial carbon sources and sinks in China." Biogeosciences 10, no. 8 (August 6, 2013): 5311–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-5311-2013.

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Abstract. In this study, we establish a nested atmospheric inversion system with a focus on China using the Bayesian method. The global surface is separated into 43 regions based on the 22 TransCom large regions, with 13 small regions in China. Monthly CO2 concentrations from 130 GlobalView sites and 3 additional China sites are used in this system. The core component of this system is an atmospheric transport matrix, which is created using the TM5 model with a horizontal resolution of 3° × 2°. The net carbon fluxes over the 43 global land and ocean regions are inverted for the period from 2002 to 2008. The inverted global terrestrial carbon sinks mainly occur in boreal Asia, South and Southeast Asia, eastern America and southern South America. Most China areas appear to be carbon sinks, with strongest carbon sinks located in Northeast China. From 2002 to 2008, the global terrestrial carbon sink has an increasing trend, with the lowest carbon sink in 2002. The inter-annual variation (IAV) of the land sinks shows remarkable correlation with the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The terrestrial carbon sinks in China also show an increasing trend. However, the IAV in China is not the same as that of the globe. There is relatively stronger land sink in 2002, lowest sink in 2006, and strongest sink in 2007 in China. This IAV could be reasonably explained with the IAVs of temperature and precipitation in China. The mean global and China terrestrial carbon sinks over the period 2002–2008 are −3.20 ± 0.63 and −0.28 ± 0.18 PgC yr−1, respectively. Considering the carbon emissions in the form of reactive biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) and from the import of wood and food, we further estimate that China's land sink is about −0.31 PgC yr−1.
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Hu, Quanxu, Jinhe Zhang, Huaju Xue, Jingwei Wang, and Aiqing Li. "Spatiotemporal Variations in Carbon Sources and Sinks in National Park Ecosystem and the Impact of Tourism." Sustainability 16, no. 18 (September 10, 2024): 7895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16187895.

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The capacity of carbon sinks varies among the different types of ecosystems, and whether national parks, as an important type of nature reserve, have a high carbon sink capacity (CSC) and whether eco-tourism in national parks affects their CSC are the main scientific issues discussed. Using MODIS Net Primary Production (NPP) product data, this study analysed the spatiotemporal variation in carbon sources and sinks (CSSs) in the ecosystem of Huangshan National Park from 2000 to 2020, as well as the impact of tourism on these carbon sources and sinks. The findings indicate that, while the ecosystems of national parks generally have a strong CSC, they may not always function as carbon sinks, and during the study period, Huangshan National Park served as a carbon source for four years. Temporally, the CSSs in the ecosystem of the national park exhibit a cyclical pattern of change with a four-year cycle and strong seasonality, with spring and autumn functioning as carbon sinks, and summer and winter as carbon sources. Spatially, the CSSs of the national park ecosystem exhibited a vertical band spectrum of spatial distribution, and the CSC showed a trend of gradual enhancement from low altitude to high altitude. Tourism is a major factor that has an impact on the CSC of national park ecosystems.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Carbon sinks or sources"

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Gudasz, Cristian. "Boreal Lake Sediments as Sources and Sinks of Carbon." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Limnologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-150709.

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Inland waters process large amounts of organic carbon, contributing to CO2 and CH4 emissions, as well as storing organic carbon (OC) over geological timescales. Recently, it has been shown that the magnitude of these processes is of global significance. It is therefore important to understand what regulates OC cycling in inland waters and how is that affected by climate change. This thesis investigates the constraints on microbial processing of sediment OC, as a key factor of the carbon cycling in boreal lakes. Sediment bacterial metabolism was primarily controlled by temperature but also regulated by OC quality/origin. Temperature sensitivity of sediment OC mineralization was similar in contrasting lakes and over long-term. Allochthonous OC had a strong constraining effect on sediment bacterial metabolism and biomass, with increasingly allochthonous sediments supporting decreasing bacterial metabolism and biomass. The bacterial biomass followed the same pattern as bacterial activity and was largely regulated by similar factors. The rapid turnover of bacterial biomass as well as the positive correlation between sediment mineralization and bacterial biomass suggest a limited effect of bacterial grazing. Regardless of the OC source, the sediment microbial community was more similar within season than within lakes. A comparison of data from numerous soils as well as sediments on the temperature response of OC mineralization showed higher temperature sensitivity of the sediment mineralization. Furthermore, the low rates of areal OC mineralization in sediments compared to soils suggest that lakes sediments are hotspots of OC sequestration. Increased sediment mineralization due to increase in temperature in epilimnetic sediments can significantly reduce OC burial in boreal lakes. An increase of temperature, as predicted for Northern latitudes, under different climate warming scenarios by the end of the twenty-first century, resulted in 4–27% decrease in lake sediment OC burial for the entire boreal zone.
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Mayorga, Emilio. "Isotopic constraints on sources and cycling of riverine dissolved inorganic carbon in the Amazon Basin /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10977.

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Koprivnjak, Jean-François. "Sources, sinks, and fluxes of dissolved organic carbon in subarctic fen catchments." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60045.

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The sources, sinks, fluxes, spatial distributions, and temporal variations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in subarctic fen catchments as well as the temporal patterns of DOC in streams draining subarctic fen catchments in the region of Schefferville, Quebec were investigated.
In June to August sampling, DOC concentrations averaged 17 mg/L in peat water, 2-16 m/L in stream water, 49-56 mg/L in canopy throughfall, 14-19 mg/L in understory throughfall, 122-187 mg/L in stemflow, 25-39 mg/L in lichen and moss mat water, and 35-42 mg/L in soil A horizon water.
Precipitation and canopy and understory throughfall were all significant DOC sources with seasonal DOC fluxes to the forest floor of 0.1-0.4, 0.5-1.3, and 0.8-1.7 g DOC/m$ sp2$ of forest, respectively. The lichen and moss mats and the A soil horizon were also found to be DOC sources, whereas the B soil horizon was a DOC sink. The soil column was estimated to export 0.4-0.5 g DOC/m$ sp2$. Peat, also a DOC source, released 1.2-2.1 g DOC/m$ sp2$.
DOC concentrations in streams draining ten fen catchments were found to be positively correlated with the percentage of fen area in the catchments.
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Richmond, Nicole L. "THE CARBON BUDGET OF A SHALLOW, TROPICAL AQUIFER: SOURCES, SINKS, AND PROCESSES." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1070212062.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Miami University, Dept. of Geology, 2003.
Title from first page of PDF document. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 127 p. : ill. Includes bibliographical references (p. 108-113).
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Dawson, Julian J. C. "The controls on concentrations and fluxes of gaseous, dissolved and particulate carbon in upland peat dominated catchments." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2000. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU125517.

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A programme of field sampling was undertaken to quantify total carbon fluxes (DOC, POC, HCO3, free CO2 and CH4) from peatland catchments in Glen Dye, NE Scotland and Plynlimon, Mid-Wales. This was integrated with temporal and spatial sampling to investigate controls on contrasting concentrations and fluxes and to determine carbon sources or sinks within the stream system. Microcosms containing radiolabelled ( 14C) biofilms were also used to investigate removal of DOC from streamwater. Carbon fluxes from acidic peatlands were dominated by DOC (115-215 kg C ha-1 yr-1) and POC (8.15-97.0 kg ha -1 yr-1). In the majority of headwaters studied, DIC was exported as free CO2 (2.62-8.49 kg ha-1 yr -1). Methane-C fluxes at the outlets of catchments were <0.01 kg ha-1 yr-1. Small-scale (diurnal) temporal variations in free CO2, HCO3- and pH at the NE Scotland catchments were small compared to more productive systems; DOC showed no diurnal fluctuations. In addition, diurnal patterns were masked by marked variations in discharge. Small-scale downstream spatial changes in Brocky Burn, NE Scotland and the Upper Hafren, Mid-Wales showed that variation in climate, in particular precipitation, was also a major controlling factor on concentrations and fluxes of the different forms of carbon. However, the actual amount of carbon stored within the soils acted as an initial control on the potential DOC load within the streamwater. A peatland stream continuum linked to terrestrial carbon cycling is presented. Initially terrestrial inputs of DOC, POC, free CO2 and CH 4 dominated the upper headwaters. The soil-stream linkage was progressively reduced downstream due to autochthonous and atmospheric factors. A critical area in the peatland stream continuum occurred approximately 1 km downstream from the gaseous carbon-rich peats.
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Stephen, Amy Louise. "Carbon sources and sinks within the Oman-UAE ophiolite : implications for natural atmospheric CO2 sequestration rates." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/37249.

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Hyperalkaline (pH >11) spring waters across the Oman-UAE ophiolite have precipitated large-scale surface and subsurface freshwater carbonate deposits within and on mantle-sequence peridotites. Ten carbonate lithofacies have been identified that display a common stratigraphy across the region, with some on-going deposition. Alternating wet and arid climate periods, consistent with previous Quaternary climate data for Oman and the UAE, can be inferred from the morphologies and stratigraphy of carbonate lithofacies. Carbon and oxygen stable isotope ratios for individual lithofacies are consistent across the ophiolite, indicating uniform formation processes throughout the region. Modern carbonates actively precipitate via the drawdown of atmospheric CO2 into hyperalkaline groundwaters, indicated by very negative δ13C values (≈ –25‰) and δ18O (≈ –18‰) caused by kinetic fractionation. In contrast, ancient travertines display a much wider range in δ13C and δ18O, reflecting mixing of several C and O sources including atmospheric CO2, dissolved limestone CO32– and soil DIC. Radiocarbon data for ancient travertines show a series of stratigraphically impossible 14C “ages” which are interpreted to be due to the incorporation of a proportion of 14C-dead carbon. The sources of 14C-dead carbon are a mixture of dissolved limestone CO32–, soil DIC and the re-working of older carbonate deposits. The proportion of carbon from different sources must be taken into account when calculating sequestration rates of atmospheric CO2 into carbonates. The incorporation of 14C-dead carbon into carbonate lithofacies leads to a systematic offset in conventional radiocarbon ages towards older ages. Use of offset, older ages will cause underestimation of the rate of carbon sequestration, whilst the presence of 14C-dead carbon will cause overestimation of the volume of atmospheric carbon being stored. Age offsets in carbonates mean that sequestration rates taking into account all carbon in the system, e.g. from atmospheric or limestone CO32–, will be higher than previously thought.
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Gathany, Mark A. "Sources of variation in ecosystem carbon pools : a comparison of adjacent old- and second-growth forests /." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2004. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1102537971.

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Karlsson, Emma. "Compositional clues to sources and sinks of terrestrial organic matter transported to the Eurasian Arctic shelf." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för miljövetenskap och analytisk kemi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-116876.

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The amount of organic carbon (OC) present in Siberian Arctic permafrost soils is estimated at twice the amount of carbon currently in the atmosphere. The shelf seas of the Arctic Ocean receive large amounts of this terrestrial OC from Eurasian Arctic rivers and from coastal erosion. Degradation of this land-derived material in the sea would result in the production of dissolved carbon dioxide and may then add to the atmospheric carbon dioxide reservoir. Observations from the Siberian Arctic suggest that transfer of carbon from land to the marine environment is accelerating. However, it is not clear how much of the transported OC is degraded and oxidized, nor how much is removed from the active carbon cycle by burial in marine sediment. Using bulk geochemical parameters, total OC, d13C and D14C isotope composition, and specific molecular markers of plant wax lipids and lignin phenols, the abundance and composition of OC was determined in both dissolved and particulate carrier phases: the colloidal OC (COC; part of the dissolved OC), particulate OC (POC), and sedimentary OC (SOC). Statistical modelling was used to quantify the relative contribution of OC sources to these phases. Terrestrial OC is derived from the seasonally thawing top layer of permafrost soil (topsoil OC) and frozen OC derived from beneath the active layer eroded at the coast, commonly identified as yedoma ice complex deposit OC (yedoma ICD-OC). These carbon pools are transported differently in the aquatic conduits. Topsoil OC was found in young DOC and POC, in the river water, and the shelf water column, suggesting long-distance transport of this fraction. The yedoma ICD-OC was found as old particulate OC that settles out rapidly to the underlying sediment and is laterally transported across the shelf, likely dispersed by bottom nepheloid layer transport or via ice rafting. These two modes of OC transport resulted in different degradation states of topsoil OC and yedoma ICD-OC. Terrestrial CuO oxidation derived biomarkers indicated a highly degraded component in the COC. In contrast, the terrestrial component of the SOC was much less degraded. In line with earlier suggestions the mineral component in yedoma ICD functions as weight and surface protection of the associated OC, which led to burial in the sediment, and limited OC degradation. The degradability of the terrestrial OC in shelf sediment was also addressed in direct incubation studies. Molecular markers indicate marine OC (from primary production) was more readily degraded than terrestrial OC. Degradation was also faster in sediment from the East Siberian Sea, where the marine contribution was higher compared to the Laptev Sea. Although terrestrial carbon in the sediment was degraded slower, the terrestrial component also contributed to carbon dioxide formation in the incubations of marine sediment. These results contribute to our understanding of the marine fate of land-derived OC from the Siberian Arctic. The mobilization of topsoil OC is expected to grow in magnitude with climate warming and associated active layer deepening. This translocated topsoil OC component was found to be highly degraded, which suggests degradation during transport and a possible contribution to atmospheric carbon dioxide. Similarly, the yedoma ICD-OC (and or old mineral soil carbon) may become a stronger source with accelerated warming, but slow degradation may limit its impact on active carbon cycling in the Siberian Shelf Seas.

At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.

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Bairam, Emna. "Etude des processus écophysiologiques caractérisant la distribution du carbone entre les sources et les puits au sein de la charpentière du pommier. Eléments pour un modèle fonction-structure." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NSARC129/document.

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La synthèse et le transport du carbone chez le pommier repose sur un ensemble de mécanismes complexes et imbriqués dépendants de facteurs endogènes et exogènes. Uneapproche combinant une caractérisation écophysiologique et l’utilisation d’un modèle structure-fonction de la plante (Functional-Structural Plant Model, FSPM) présente un moyenintéressant pour ce champ de recherche dans la mesure où un modèle structure-fonction permet d’intégrer la topologie et la géométrie de la plante et de ses différents organes à l’ensemble des facteurs impliqués dans l’assimilation et le transport du carbone et de l’eau. Le travail présenté ici a contribué à la compréhension des relations sources-puits mais égalementà l’élaboration d’un modèle FSPM à plusieurs niveaux. Premièrement, le développement de modèles de prédiction de l’architecture des différentes pousses du pommier à partir de variables simples apporte un moyen novateur pour simplifier la simulation de l’architecturedes branches mais égalementpour quantifi er de façon robuste la surface foliaire. Deuxièmement,l’établissement d’un réseau de corrélations entrevariables morphométriques des différents organes issus dubourgeon mixte met en évidence les organes les plus connectésà l’échelle du spur. Enfi n, une étude des relations sourcespuitsà l’échelle de la branche a permis, d’une part, une caractérisationde la régulation de la photosynthèse nette desfeuilles en réponse à des changements dans le ratio sources/puits mais aussi en fonction des types de feuilles et, d’autrepart, à mettre la lumière sur l’infl
The synthesis and the transport of carbon in apple are basedon a whole host of complex and interlaced mechanisms thatdepend on endogenous and exogenous factors. An approachthat combines the ecophysiological characterisation with theuse of a Functional-Structural Plant Model (FSPM) representsan interesting method in this fi eld of research, inasmuch assuch an FSPM allows integrating the topology and the geometryof the plant and its constituting organs with the entiretyof factors involved in assimilation as well as water andcarbon transport. The present study has contributed to thebetter understanding of the source-sink relations characterizingthis system but also to the elaboration of a multi-scaledFSPM. First, the development of models for the prediction ofthe architecture of different shoot types in apple from simplevariables provides a novel way to simplify the simulationof theinitial structure of branches but also to quantify leaf area in arobust manner. Second, the creation of a network of correlationsamong morphometric variables of the different organsformed by the mixed bud of apple clearly shows the functionalrelations among the spur organs. In the end, the study ofsource-sink relations at the branch scale has allowed, on theone hand, to characterize the regulation of net photosynthesisas a function of a changed source/sink ratio but also asa function of leaf type and, on the other hand, to shed somelight on the infl uence that the competition among fruits hason increasing sink strength and thus regulating the leaf
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Archbold, Brad. "Using algae to capture CO₂ and as a feedstock for biofuel." Online pdf file accessible through the World Wide Web, 2007. http://archives.evergreen.edu/masterstheses/Accession86-10MES/Archbold_%20B%20MESThesis%202007.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Carbon sinks or sources"

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J, Herzog Howard, California Energy Commission. Public Interest Energy Research., and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Laboratory for Energy and the Environment., eds. West Coast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership: Source-sink characterization and geographic information system-based matching : PIER collaborative report. [Sacramento, Calif.]: California Energy Commission, 2007.

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Joe, Wisniewski, and Sampson R. Neil, eds. Terrestrial biospheric carbon fluxes: Quantification of sinks and sources of CO₂ : [workshop] Bad Harzburg, Germany, 1-5 March 1993. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1993.

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Smyth, C. E. Decreasing uncertainty in CBM-CFS3 estimates of forest soil carbon sources and sinks through use of long-term data from the Canadian Intersite Decomposition Experiment. Victoria, B.C: Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, 2010.

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Liu, Jianguo, Vanessa Hull, Anita T. Morzillo, and John A. Wiens, eds. Sources, Sinks and Sustainability. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511842399.

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Laffoley, Daniel D'A, and Gabriel D. Grimsditch. The management of natural coastal carbon sinks. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN, 2009.

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Natural Sinks of CO2 (1992 Palmas Del Mar, Puerto Rico). Natural sinks of CO2: Palmas Del Mar, Puerto Rico, 24-27 February 1992. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1992.

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Sonwani, Saurabh, and Pallavi Saxena, eds. Greenhouse Gases: Sources, Sinks and Mitigation. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4482-5.

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Alexandrov, Georgii A. Carbon sink archives: An integrated system for storing, retrieving and analyzing 2-dimensional data related to the problem of terrestrial carbon sink. Tsukuba, Japan: Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 2009.

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Haszeldine, R. S. Six thousand feet under: Burying the carbon problem. London: Policy Exchange, 2008.

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Haszeldine, R. S. Six thousand feet under: Burying the carbon problem. London: Policy Exchange, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Carbon sinks or sources"

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Cole, C. Vernon, Klaus Flach, Jeffrey Lee, Dieter Sauerbeck, and Bobby Stewart. "Agricultural Sources and Sinks of Carbon." In Terrestrial Biospheric Carbon Fluxes:, 111–22. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1982-5_7.

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Mulgrew de Laire, Christian. "Land as Carbon Sinks or Pollution Sources." In Farm Animal Welfare Law, 243–61. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003137733-20.

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Anonymous. "Section 2: Assessment of local and regional carbon sources and sinks." In Carbon Sequestration and Its Role in the Global Carbon Cycle, 71–72. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009gm000909.

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Ramachandra, T. V., and Setturu Bharath. "Carbon Footprint of Karnataka: Accounting of Sources and Sinks." In Environmental Footprints and Eco-design of Products and Processes, 53–92. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9577-6_3.

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Sampson, R. Neil, Michael Apps, Sandra Brown, C. Vernon Cole, John Downing, Linda S. Heath, Dennis S. Ojima, Thomas M. Smith, Allen M. Solomon, and Joe Wisniewski. "Workshop Summary Statement: Terrestrial Bioshperic Carbon Fluxes Quantification of Sinks and Sources of CO2." In Terrestrial Biospheric Carbon Fluxes:, 3–15. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1982-5_1.

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Trexler, Mark C. "Manipulating Biotic Carbon Sources and Sinks for Climate Change Mitigation: Can Science Keep Up with Practice?" In Terrestrial Biospheric Carbon Fluxes:, 579–93. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1982-5_39.

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Zhang, Xinwen. "Research on Carbon Sources and Sinks of Agricultural Ecosystems Based on Carbon Footprint: Evidence from Shaanxi Province, China." In Proceedings of the 2022 2nd International Conference on Economic Development and Business Culture (ICEDBC 2022), 809–16. Dordrecht: Atlantis Press International BV, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-036-7_119.

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Rixen, Tim, Niko Lahajnar, Tarron Lamont, Rolf Koppelmann, Bettina Martin, Luisa Meiritz, Claire Siddiqui, and Anja K. Van der Plas. "The Marine Carbon Footprint: Challenges in the Quantification of the CO2 Uptake by the Biological Carbon Pump in the Benguela Upwelling System." In Sustainability of Southern African Ecosystems under Global Change, 729–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10948-5_25.

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AbstractQuantifying greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is essential for mitigating global warming, and has become the task of individual countries assigned to the Paris agreement in the form of National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reports (NIR). The NIR informs on GHG emissions and removals over national territory encompassing the 200-mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). However, apart from only a few countries, who have begun to report on coastal ecosystems, mostly mangroves, salt marshes, and seagrass meadows, the NIR does not cover or report on GHG sources and sinks of the 200-mile exclusive economic zone which, for Namibia and South Africa includes the Benguela Upwelling System (BUS). Based on our results, we estimated a CO2 uptake by the biological carbon pump of 18.5 ± 3.3 Tg C year−1 and 6.0 ± 5.0 Tg C year−1 for the Namibian and South African parts of the BUS, respectively. Even though it is assumed that the biological carbon pump already responds to global change and fisheries, uncertainties associated with estimates of the CO2 uptake by the biological carbon pump are still large and hamper a thorough quantification of human impacts on the biological carbon pump. Despite these uncertainties, it is suggested to include parameters such as preformed nutrient supply, carbon export rates, Redfield ratios, and CO2 concentrations measured at specific key sites into the NIR to stay focussed on the biological carbon pump and to support research addressing open questions, as well as to improve methods and observing concepts.
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Spellman, Frank R. "Carbon Sinks." In The Science of Carbon Sequestration and Capture, 57–65. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003432838-5.

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Zou, Caineng. "Carbon Sinks." In Carbon Neutrality Science, 295–321. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-6651-2_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Carbon sinks or sources"

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Oqbi, Manar Y., and Dhabia M. Al-Mohannadi. "Deciphering the Policy-Technology Nexus: Enabling Effective and Transparent Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage Supply Chains." In Foundations of Computer-Aided Process Design, 844–52. Hamilton, Canada: PSE Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69997/sct.185903.

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In response to the global imperative to address climate change, this research focuses on enhancing the transparency and efficiency of the Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) supply chain under carbon tax. We propose a decision-making framework that integrates the CCUS supply chain's optimization model, emphasizing carbon tax policies, with a blockchain network. Smart contracts play a pivotal role in automating the exchange and utilization of carbon emissions, enhancing the digitalization of the CCUS supply chain from source to sink. This automation facilitates seamless matching of carbon sources with sinks, efficient transfer of emissions and funds besides record-keeping of transactions. Consequently, it improves the monitoring, reporting, and verification processes within the CCUS framework, thereby simplifying compliance with regulatory mandates for net emission reductions and carbon taxation policies. By eliminating reliance on third-party verifiers, our blockchain-based CCUS system reduces verification costs and ensures reliable tracking of emissions, mitigating the risk of carbon leakage. Policymakers and stakeholders gain valuable insights to optimize the CCUS network design, specifically considering the impact of carbon tax. This study represents an advancement in sustainable practices, providing a robust tool for decision-makers engaged in climate change mitigation efforts.
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"Developing a model of carbon sources and sinks for Indigenous communities in Australia." In 19th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand (MSSANZ), Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2011.h2.stewart.

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Nugraha, Wahyu Andy, and Insafitri Insafitri. "Reefs as net carbon sources or net carbon sink?" In THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LIFE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (ICoLiST). AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0111323.

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Race, Julia M., Patricia N. Seevam, and Martin J. Downie. "Challenges for Offshore Transport of Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide." In ASME 2007 26th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2007-29720.

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Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is recognised as having a significant role to play in reducing carbon dioxide emissions and tackling climate change. In CCS schemes, carbon dioxide is captured from anthropogenic sources and transported to suitable sites either for EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) or storage. Globally, the largest source of CO2 is from power generation, therefore the initial projects proposed for CCS in the UK are from power plant. There are various technologies for capturing CO2 from power stations, however the captured CO2 can contain significant amounts of impurities. The presence of the impurities in the CO2 stream has an effect on the requirements for pipeline transportation and can change such factors as the flow properties, the decompression characteristics and the solubility of water in the mixture. Although transport of CO2 by pipeline is not new technology, and has been implemented in the USA for over 30 years, the effect of these impurities is not fully understood. The UK is in the advantageous position of having natural sinks for CO2 available offshore in the North and Irish Sea, which can be used for either EOR or storage. Therefore CCS implementation in the UK will involve transport of anthropogenic carbon dioxide from power stations to offshore sinks. All of the current experience with CO2 pipeline transport has been onshore, predominantly from near pure natural sources and therefore this is also a new challenge. This state-of the-art review paper will: • discuss the key technical factors presented by the transport of CO2 from power plant, including the effects of impurities on the design and operation of pipelines, • compare and contrast the current experience of transporting CO2 onshore with the proposed transport onshore and offshore in the UK and identify the technical and regulatory challenges, • present the results of initial modelling work to demonstrate the effects of the key variables on the development of a CO2 transport system in the UK.
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Galpin, David S., and Theodore S. Galpin. "Practical Considerations for Low-Emission Thermal Power Plants." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90237.

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Thermal power plants provide the majority of electricity used around the world and will continue to do so for some time. The goal of this paper is to provide an understanding of technology and fuels used in thermal power plants and the byproducts they create. The emphasis is on magnitudes of fuels used, emissions created and the sustainability and practicality of methods of production and control. A basic thermal power plant burns fuel to produce steam, which turns a turbine generator to produce electricity. The basic elements of thermodynamics apply to all thermal power plants: a heat source, a heat engine and a heat sink. Heat sources for thermal power plants include boilers fueled by coal, natural gas and biomass; gas turbines fueled by natural gas; and nuclear reactors fueled by uranium. Topics of discussion include the logistics involved in supplying fuels and handling their byproducts, including carbon compounds; types of heat engines utilized; methods to improve efficiency to reduce the fuel consumed; byproducts generated; and the heat sink required. The focus is on Rankine (vapor) and Brayton (gas) cycles. Although not directly affecting carbon byproducts, the heat sink used affects the heat engine efficiency and the consumption of water, a valuable resource. The types of heat sinks discussed include open-cycle water cooling, closed-cycle water cooling and air cooling. Thermal power plants provide many benefits to the electrical power system. They provide power 24 hours a day and 365 days a year, regardless of the weather. They are relatively compact, making them easier to build, operate and maintain. They also can be located close to electrical load concentrations reducing the need for transmission lines that disrupt the environment. The technologies involved in thermal power plant operation are proven effective and in use today. The challenges are to manage the fuel supply and byproduct disposal in an environmentally acceptable manner.
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Reichle, Henry G. "A Multi-Level Tropospheric Carbon Monoxide Correlation Radiometer for Eos." In Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1990.mb5.

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Carbon monoxide (CO) is a key player in the chemistry of the troposphere. It is, by far, the largest sink for the hydroxyl (OH) radical, which is the oxidizer of all reduced species in the atmosphere. In addition, chemical processes involving CO produce tropospheric ozone (O3). The sources of CO are about equally divided between anthropogenic sources (combustion of fossil fuels and biomass) and natural sources (oxidation of isoprene, methane, and other hydrocarbons). Recently, increases in the mixing ratio of CO have been observed. The increasing level of CO will have direct effects on the OH level with resulting long term effects both on tropospheric ozone production and on climate through the reduced destruction of greenhouse gases like methane.
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Lakeh, Reza Baghaei, Daniel Andrade, Kyle Miller, Mohammad Masoud Modabernia, Thuan John Nguyen, Justine Nguyen, Elbon Flanagan, et al. "Design and Testing of a Solar-Driven Wastewater Treatment Unit for Off-Grid Applications." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-87090.

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The decline of surface water sources along with periodic droughts has introduced new challenges for the state of California. In order to keep up with the increasing demand for water, the state is heavily relying on imported water from the north to Southern California as well as importing water from the Colorado River. The imported water has a large carbon footprint due to using grid power for water transport. Water reuse (reclaimed) is considered as one of the solutions to reduce the dependency of state on imported water. The research team at Cal Poly Pomona, is developing an off-grid solar-powered greywater treatment system for non-potable use in single households. Greywater is the drained water from bathroom sinks, showers, tubs, and washing machines; not including wastewater from toilets or kitchen sinks. Treating greywater on-site can provide significant water savings, and can reduce the carbon footprint of desalination using solar panels. The developed system is comprised of a three-stage treatment train: micro-filtration, solar-driven reverse osmosis, and ultraviolet disinfection. The end product of the project is capable of reclaiming 90–100 gallons of water per day which is about 60% of residential greywater waste. The system removes large suspended particles (particles of dirt, food, etc.) as well as organic and inorganic dissolved contaminants. It is demonstrated that the system can provide a permeate quality that agrees with recommended guidelines for reclaimed water. The system has a recovery rate of up to 62%.
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King, Carey W., Gu¨rcan Gu¨len, Joseph Essandoh-Yeddu, and Susan Hovorka. "Economic Analysis of an Integrated Anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide Network for Capture and Enhanced Oil Recovery Along the Texas Gulf Coast." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90415.

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This paper explains the system economics of an example integrated network that uses anthropogenic CO2 from Texas Gulf Coast fossil power plants for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). These CO2 sources and sinks are connected via a pipeline network. A discounted cash flow model indicates that for all candidate oil fields that require less than an estimated $10/BBL in EOR capital expenditure, all three entities (CO2 capture, pipelines, and EOR operators) can have 20% internal rate of return at $55 per tonne of CO2 and $56 per barrel of oil. These results include no existing or future tax incentives, and there are some costs not yet included. However, a Monte Carlo analysis shows insight by indicating that the total system rate of return is most sensitive to oil production parameters. Oil price and estimated amount of recoverable oil are the most positively influential factors while the EOR capital cost is the most negatively sensitive factor. The capital costs of capture and CO2 price are less sensitive, both negatively affecting rate of return.
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Sheikh, Fathesha. "Commercialization of Al Reyadah – World's 1st Carbon Capture CCUS Project from Iron & Steel Industry for Enhanced Oil Recovery CO2-EOR." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207676-ms.

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Abstract As fossil fuels will continue to be a key source of energy for the world, the role of carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS) has become increasingly important in addressing climate change by limiting emissions and by establishing a pathway to reaching net-zero. In spite of its significance, the deployment of CCUS globally in the past decade has not met expectations. It is largely due to the challenges in commercializing the technology. On the contrary, ADNOC successfully deployed CCUS in 2016 and has been operating Al Reyadah - the world's first CCUS project in Iron & Steel Industry and Middle East's first commercial CCUS project for enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR). Similar to other industrialized economies, Abu Dhabi has various sources where carbon dioxide (CO2) is emitted. It also has an advanced oil & gas industry which requires CO2 for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in order to improve production output. ADNOC synergized these two industries to create a business case. The concept of a CO2 network, linking CO2 producer (source) and CO2 user for EOR (sinks) was developed as far back as 2008. Various studies where undertaken and a steel facility was identified as an ideal choice for a 1st project, given availability of CO2 and proximity to the ADNOC oil fields. In 2012, Al Reyadah was formed to develop the facility and pipeline that is operating today. This is the first step in a vision that would see multiple sources within Abu Dhabi that will be connected via a pipeline network to supply the CO2 needs of ADNOC for EOR, sequestering CO2 and reducing the UAEs greenhouse footprint, whilst freeing up vital hydrocarbon gases (used currently in EOR) for use in commercial industry. From inception, Al Reyadah has been referenced for decarbonization by many global organizations including International Energy Agency (IEA) and International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and has won prestigious recognitions from Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF) and Emirates Energy Awards (EEA). This paper discusses the various strategies and commercialization tactics that ADNOC applied to deploy this unique project, which is only among 21 CCS/CCUS projects operating in the world in 2020 and a precursor to thousands of CCS/CCUS projects that are expected to be built globally in the coming years.
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Mohammadi, A., B. Al Balushi, and N. Al-Mujaini. "How Midstream Companies are Enabling CCUS: A Case Study." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/222487-ms.

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Abstract Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is a crucial pillar in the global decarbonization journey. The deployment of CO2 transportation infrastructure is pivotal to enabling successful CCUS value chains. This paper explores how OQ Gas networks (OQGN), Oman's exclusive natural gas transmission network owner and operator, is overcoming various challenges, from technical to commercial to regulatory, to develop Oman's open access, multi-user CO2 pipeline transmission network, linking CO2 emission sources to sinks. To conceptualize a national CO2 pipeline network, OQGN has followed a robust methodology in determining the CO2 market forecasts across the country, consisting of stakeholder engagements, the release of a CO2 market survey, while also examining significant emitters and respective sinks. A techno-economic analysis of the network was also conducted, as well as assessing viable commercial model options and the strategies and economic regulations needed to futureproof the network. Policies and regulations are crucial to accelerating CCUS uptake as they provide clarity and assurances to investors, lenders, and societies. In addition, OQGN is providing input to Oman's Policy Maker on CO2 transport regulations to define robust legal frameworks that ensure the health and safety of people and the environment while concurrently aiming to ease regulatory burdens. Based on the CCUS market projections, OQGN anticipates three CCUS ecosystems to be established in Oman: a Northern Ecosystem, a Central Ecosystem and a Southern Ecosystem; the ecosystems connect major emitters mainly located in coastal industrial areas to utilization sites further inland. The price cap model is concluded to be the most optimum due to its flexibility and adaptability. Moreover, futureproofing the network can be ensured through oversizing as well as through specific economic regulations or government support. This paper provides a case study of how a midstream company is growing its portfolio to transport a new commodity in a nascent sector, leveraging its expertise to address key challenges, and ultimately enabling a low carbon economy.
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Reports on the topic "Carbon sinks or sources"

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Douglas, Thomas A., Christopher A. Hiemstra, Miriam C. Jones, and Jeffrey R. Arnold. Sources and Sinks of Carbon in Boreal Ecosystems of Interior Alaska : A Review. U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41163.

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Boreal ecosystems store large quantities of carbon but are increasingly vulnerable to carbon loss due to disturbance and climate warming. The boreal region in Alaska and Canada, largely underlain by discontinuous permafrost, presents a challenging landscape for itemizing carbon sources and sinks in soil and vegetation. The roles of fire, forest succession, and the presence/absence of permafrost on carbon cycle, vegetation, and hydrologic processes have been the focus of multidisciplinary research in boreal ecosystems for the past 20 years. However, projections of a warming future climate, an increase in fire severity and extent, and the potential degradation of permafrost could lead to major landscape and carbon cycle changes over the next 20 to 50 years. To assist land managers in interior Alaska in adapting and managing for potential changes in the carbon cycle, this paper was developed incorporating an overview of the climate, ecosystem processes, vegetation, and soil regimes. The objective is to provide a synthesis of the most current carbon storage estimates and measurements to guide policy and land management decisions on how to best manage carbon sources and sinks. We provide recommendations to address the challenges facing land managers in efforts to manage carbon cycle processes. The results of this study can be used for carbon cycle management in other locations within the boreal biome which encompasses a broad distribution from 45° to 83° north.
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Rickels, Wilfried. Economic benefit of regional ocean carbon uptake. EuroSea, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/eurosea_d7.5.

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Currently, the ocean carbon sink annually removes about a third of anthropogenic fossil fuel and industrial CO2 emissions, reducing therefore climate change damages and CO2 abatement costs. While the land sinks have entered climate policies, the ocean sink has not—for good reasons since the former stores carbon within the boundaries of a state while the ocean removes carbon from the atmosphere rather in its property as a global common. However, the question remains what is the value of the ocean carbon sink and should it be differently attributed when comparing a coastal state with a large exclusive economic zone (EEZ) compared to landlocked state. Here, we demonstrate different approaches to value the ocean sink, comparing a climate-change damage-based approach with an abatement, market-based approach. We use a high-resolution carbon flux dataset (0.25x0.25 degree) to estimate the ocean carbon sink and source in coastal areas. We assign a net sink of 1.72 GtC proportional to countries with negative carbon fluxes in their EEZ. In our calculation the annual value of the global ocean sink ranges from 61.19 B USD (Std 31.80), equivalent to the 2021 GDP of Slovenia, to 1433 B USD (Std 94.30), equivalent to the 2021 GDP of Spain (World Bank data) for the abatement cost-based assessment approach (assuming full emission trading and low ambition levels in the national determined contribution) and for the climate-change damage-based assessment approach relying on an upper value of the social cost of carbon in our investigation. By breaking down the carbon sink by nations EEZ we estimate which countries are the largest donors of ocean carbon wealth and which countries would be affected the most if a weakening of the ocean sink would need to be compensated by higher emission reduction levels. (EuroSea Deliverable, D7.5)
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Houghton, R. A. Final Report for ''SOURCES AND SINKS OF CARBON FROM LAND-USE CHANGE AND MANAGEMENT: A GLOBAL SYNTHESIS'' Project Period September 15, 2001--September 14, 2003. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/820071.

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Houghton, R. A., and R. M. Woodwell. Forests as carbon sinks. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/543187.

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Gray, Kimberly. Updated Information on geological sinks and CO2 sources. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1819089.

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Mitchell, B. G. Methods and Models of Marine Optics Sources and Sinks. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada628411.

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Butenhoff, Christopher. Investigation of the sources and sinks of atmospheric methane. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2807.

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Mitchell, B. G. Methods and Models for Marine Optics Sources and Sinks. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada384660.

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Gray, Kimberly. Updated Information on geological sinks and CO2 sources SECARB. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1819153.

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Riley, M. E. Boundary conditions for fluid equations with flux sources and sinks. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10169847.

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