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1
Basok, B. I., S. V. Dubovskyi, E. P. Pastushenko, Ye Ye Nikitin, and Ye T. Bazeev. "HEAT PUMPS AS A TREND OF LOW-CARBON ENERGY DEVELOPMENT." Energy Technologies & Resource Saving 75, no. 2 (June 20, 2023): 23–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33070/etars.2.2023.02.
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An overview of the energy and economic problems of using heat pumps is given. The stages of the development of the world and European energy industry with their inherent economic and financial crises and their influence on the application volume of heat pumps are shown. The main regulatory and technical legislation of European countries in the scope of heat pumps and related sectors of the economy is presented. The main factors of the use of heat pump equipment are considered, the challenges and possible development trends are analyzed. Energy management and economic measures that contributed to the growth of heat pump implementations during the global energy crisis of 2021–2022 are assessed. The current state of heat pump use in the world, in Europe, in particular in Germany and Poland, is given. The reasons and organizational measures that led to the active growth of heat pumps in some European countries are indicated. The recent Polish experience in the favorable policy of active support of heat pump technologies and electrification of heat supply is evaluated in detail. An example of economic indicators for a typical building of the European energy efficiency standard with various options for heat supply, including heat pump technologies, as well as individual photovoltaics, is given. The use of high-power heat pumps (more than 100 kW) in centralized heat supply systems and various industries in Europe is analyzed. The prospects for the development of heat pumps from the point of view of the electrification of heat supply, the achievement of low-carbon energy and the prevention of harmful climate changes are outlined. It is recommended to use the positive experience of Poland in the policy of supporting heat pumps in the reconstruction of residential buildings destroyed by the war in Ukraine. Bibl. 37, Fig. 9, Tab. 5.
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Pautova, Larisa A., and Vladimir A. Silkin. "Biological carbon pump in the ocean and phytoplankton structure." Hydrosphere Еcology (Экология гидросферы), no. 1(3) (2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33624/2587-9367-2019-1(3)-1-12.
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The process of carbon transfer from the atmosphere to the ocean floor is determined by three different pumps in nature: a solubility pump, an organic pump and a carbonate pump. The latter two are of biological nature. Phytoplankton is a key mediator of organic and carbonate pumps. Depending on its structure, either an organic pump or a carbonate pump will dominate. The structure of the phytoplankton community is formed depending on the hydrophysical and hydrochemical conditions in the ocean. An important regulator of a biological carbon pump is the intensity of the processes in the carbon cycle, operating in the photic zone. The degree of closure of this cycle depends on the structure of the food chain. The increasing complexity of the food chain by adding organisms of high trophic levels reduces the efficiency of the carbon pump. Conversely, the simplification of such a structure increases the flow of organic carbon to the ocean floor.
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Rehman, Omais Abdur, Valeria Palomba, Andrea Frazzica, Antonios Charalampidis, Sotirios Karellas, and Luisa F. Cabeza. "Numerical and Experimental Analysis of a Low-GWP Heat Pump Coupled to Electrical and Thermal Energy Storage to Increase the Share of Renewables across Europe." Sustainability 15, no. 6 (March 10, 2023): 4973. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15064973.
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In order to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels in the residential sector, low-carbon-footprint technologies such as heat pumps should be used. To fully exploit solar-assisted heat pumps, an effective control strategy is required. This study employs a low-global-warming-potential (GWP) refrigerant for a water-to-water reversible heat pump, which is assisted by a thermal energy storage tank, photovoltaic (PV) installation, and battery storage system using a dedicated control strategy. The heat pump’s operation is validated against the experimental data. Simulations are carried out for three different climates to analyze the performance of reversible heat pumps across Europe. The reversible heat pump fully meets the summer cooling demand in all three climates, while the heating demand is covered with the help of a backup source. An economic analysis is carried out for three different PV sizes and the results are compared with the reference energy systems. The inclusion of a battery storage system results in high payback times but increases overall flexibility and self-sufficiency.
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Lin, Yaolin, Zhenyan Bu, Wei Yang, Haisong Zhang, Valerie Francis, and Chun-Qing Li. "A Review on the Research and Development of Solar-Assisted Heat Pump for Buildings in China." Buildings 12, no. 9 (September 13, 2022): 1435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091435.
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The building sector accounts for over 40% of global energy consumption. The utilization of renewable energy systems such as the solar-assisted heat pump (SAHP) in buildings has been shown to improve building energy efficiency and achieve carbon neutrality. This paper presents a review of the research and development of solar-assisted heat pumps for buildings in China. It firstly introduces the different stages of solar-assisted heat pump research. Secondly, the research on different types of heat pumps, the core components of heat pumps, the computer software used, and the economic feasibility evaluation of solar-assisted heat pumps are presented. Thirdly, the application of SAHPs in practical projects is examined and relevant regulations, standards, and policies for solar-assisted heat pump development in China are highlighted. Finally, recommendations for the future development of solar-assisted heat pumps in China are suggested.
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Wright, Christopher. "Helping pumps beat carbon." World Pumps 2016, no. 11 (November 2016): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-1762(16)30319-4.
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Hamme, Roberta C., David P. Nicholson, William J. Jenkins, and Steven R. Emerson. "Using Noble Gases to Assess the Ocean's Carbon Pumps." Annual Review of Marine Science 11, no. 1 (January 3, 2019): 75–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-121916-063604.
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Natural mechanisms in the ocean, both physical and biological, concentrate carbon in the deep ocean, resulting in lower atmospheric carbon dioxide. The signals of these carbon pumps overlap to create the observed carbon distribution in the ocean, making the individual impact of each pump difficult to disentangle. Noble gases have the potential to directly quantify the physical carbon solubility pump and to indirectly improve estimates of the biological organic carbon pump. Noble gases are biologically inert, can be precisely measured, and span a range of physical properties. We present dissolved neon, argon, and krypton data spanning the Atlantic, Southern, Pacific, and Arctic Oceans. Comparisons between deep-ocean observations and models of varying complexity enable the rates of processes that control the carbon solubility pump to be quantified and thus provide an important metric for ocean model skill. Noble gases also provide a powerful means of assessing air–sea gas exchange parameterizations.
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BAIK, YOUNG-JIN, MINSUNG KIM, and HO-SANG RA. "SIMULATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND HYDROCARBON HEAT PUMPS FOR MODERATE TO HIGH TEMPERATURE HEATING." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 22, no. 01 (March 2014): 1450001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132514500011.
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In order to compare the performance of the carbon dioxide, propane and isobutane heat pumps for moderate to high temperature heating, the three heat pump cycles were optimized using a simulation method. To fairly compare the performance of the cycles by using different working fluids, each cycle was optimized from the viewpoint of heating COP by two design parameters. The first is the gas cooler (or condenser) exit temperature and the other is the ratio of the overall heat conductance of the gas cooler to the combined overall heat conductance of the gas cooler and the evaporator. The inlet and outlet temperatures of secondary fluid of the gas cooler (or condenser) were fixed at 40/90°C and 40/150°C. The heat source inlet temperature was fixed at 10°C. The flow rates of both the heat source and the heat sink were also fixed. The results shows that the hydrocarbon heat pumps have 11–17% higher heating COP than carbon dioxide heat pump under the simulation conditions considered in the present study. However, for a high temperature heating, even though the isobutane heat pump shows the best performance, the carbon dioxide heat pump looks promising due to hydrocarbon heat pumps' high compression ratio.
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Rosengard, Sarah Z. "Sizing the Ocean's Carbon Pumps." Limnology and Oceanography Bulletin 25, no. 3 (July 4, 2016): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lob.10127.
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Li, Yantong, Natasa Nord, Inge Håvard Rekstad, Stein Kristian Skånøy, and Lars Konrad Sørensen. "Study of a water-source CO2 heat pump for residential use: experimental discharge pressure control and performance analysis." E3S Web of Conferences 246 (2021): 06010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124606010.
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The heat pumps with the refrigerant of carbon dioxide (CO2), i.e., CO2 heat pumps, have the merits of low price and environmentally friendliness in comparison with those with traditional refrigerants, e.g., hydrochlorofluorocarbons and chlorofluorocarbons. Current studies mainly focused on the air-source CO2 heat pumps, while investigations about the CO2 heat pumps gaining heat or cold energy from different mediums, e.g., water, are lacking. In addition, although few studies presented the investigations on the discharge pressure of the CO2 heat pumps (e.g., investigations of optimal discharge pressure), how to realize the effective discharge pressure control in the experimental conditions is still lacking. To remedy these knowledge gaps, this study presented an experimental investigation of a water-source CO2 heat pump for residential use. A PI controller was used to maintain the fixed discharge pressure by adjusting the opening of the electronic expansion valve. The dynamic performance of the CO2 heat pump in the typical discharge pressure of 7,200 to 8,400 kPa were analyzed. The results indicated that the method of using the PI controller to adjust the opening of the electronic expansion valve could effectively maintain the desired discharge pressure of the CO2 heat pump in the experimental conditions.
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Valancius, Rokas, Rao Martand Singh, Andrius Jurelionis, and Juozas Vaiciunas. "A Review of Heat Pump Systems and Applications in Cold Climates: Evidence from Lithuania." Energies 12, no. 22 (November 13, 2019): 4331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12224331.
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Similar to other cold climate countries, space heating and domestic hot water (DHW) accounts form the largest share of household energy demand in Lithuania. Heat pump technology is considered to be one of the environmentally friendly solutions to increase energy efficiency and reduce the carbon footprint of buildings. Heat pumps have been finding their way into the Lithuanian market since 2002, and currently there are many good practice examples present in the country, especially in the residential and public sectors. Heat pump use is economically advantageous in the Baltic Region, and the market share of these systems is growing. Studies have reported seasonal performance factor (SPF) ranges within 1.8 and 5.6. The lower SPF values are typically attributable to air source heat pumps, whereas the higher efficiency is achieved by ground or water source heat pump applications. While the traditional heat pump techniques are well established in the region, there is a slow uptake of new technologies, such as solar-assisted heat pumps, absorption heat pumps and heat pumps integrated into foundations, tunnels or diaphragm walls. This paper provides a critical review of different heat pump technologies, using Lithuania as a cold climate case study to overview the market trends within the European context. Potential trends for the heat pump technology development in terms of application areas, cost-benefit predictions, as well as environmental aspects, are discussed.
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Adhikari, Sagar, Parth Mahapatra, Vikrant Sapkota, and Siva Puppala. "Characterizing Emissions from Agricultural Diesel Pumps in the Terai Region of Nepal." Atmosphere 10, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10020056.
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Diesel irrigation pumps are a source of air pollution in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP). The environmental implications of these pumps are often overlooked and very rarely addressed in the IGP. Few studies in the past have estimated the amount of diesel consumed by irrigation pumps in the IGP or other proxy variables to estimate the amount of emissions. A considerable amount of uncertainty remains in calculating emission factors (EF) using real-time measurements. We measured pollutants from nine diesel irrigation pumps in the southern ‘Terai’ belt of Nepal. Fuel-based EF were then estimated using the carbon mass balance method. The average EF for fine particulate matter (PM2.5), CO2, CO and black carbon (BC) were found to be 22.11 ± 3.71, 2218.10 ± 26.8, 275 ± 17.18 and 2.54 ± 0.71 g/L, respectively. Depending upon the pump characteristics (age, design, make, hours used, etc.) and fuel mixtures, the EF of PM2.5, BC and CO had larger inter-variability. This study provides estimates for an under-represented source of ambient air pollution which will assist in the development of better emission inventories and informed policy making.
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Denton, Richard A. "Development of high-vacuum equipment for EM specimen preparation." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 2 (August 1992): 1082–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100130043.
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High-vacuum techniques made electron microscopy possible. In the 1930s vacuum evaporators with glass or metal chambers, diffusion pumps and oil sealed mechanical pumps were used in Europe and the U.S. The earliest systems used mercury pumps with liquid air traps. Oil diffusion pumps were manufactured in the U.S. by D.P.I. from glass or metal. In 1940 the first RCA TEM went into production as the EMB. First shadow casting in the U.S. was by Williams and Wycoff in 1944 and in Europe by Műller in 1942. Due to war secrecy, neither knew about the other. In 1944 RCA built the first production evaporator for EM under the direction of Bob Picard. The system had an 18" dia. glass bell jar and a metal baseplate with an oil diffusion pump backed by a Cenco Hypervac 20 mechanical pump. In 1948 Optical Film Engineering designed a 12" dia. bell jar evaporator for EM. This SC-3 employed a Welch 5 cfm mechanical pump and a 3" diffusion pump. Carbon evaporation for substrates or replicas was invented by D.E. Bradley in England and published in 1954.
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Silkin, Vladimir A., Oleg I. Podymov, and Anna V. Lifanchuk. "Biological carbon pump in the Black Sea." Hydrosphere Еcology (Экология гидросферы), no. 2(8) (December 2022): 69–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.33624/2587-9367-2022-2(8)-69-92.
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In the northeastern part of the Black Sea, the biological carbon pump is represented by both organic and carbonate pumps. The organic carbon pump consists of small-cell diatoms (mainly Pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima) and large-cell diatoms (Pseudosolenia calcar-avis and Proboscia alata). The carbonate pump is represented by only one species of cococcolithophore, Emiliania huxleyi. These species form intense blooms that require characteristic hydrological and hydrochemical conditions. The seasonal dynamics of the biological carbon pump is as follows: organic pump (spring) → carbonate pump (late spring and early summer) → organic pump (summer and autumn). An exception is the long-term dynamics of carbon concentration, and no significant carbon growth trends have been identified. During the intensification of the work of the carbonate pump, partial concentrations of carbon in water, increased relative to the atmosphere, and an increased influence of the organic pump on high partial pressure are released. In late spring and early summer, CO2 is released in the Black Sea, as a result, absorption increases in summer. The carbonate pump arises with a greater arrival at sea.
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Boldyryev, Stanislav, Mariia Ilchenko, and Goran Krajačić. "Improving the Economic Efficiency of Heat Pump Integration into Distillation Columns of Process Plants Applying Different Pressures of Evaporators and Condensers." Energies 17, no. 4 (February 18, 2024): 951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17040951.
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The electrification of process industries is one of the main challenges when building a low-carbon society since they consume huge amounts of fossil fuels, generating different emissions. Heat pumps are some of the key players in the industrial sector of the carbon-neutral market. This study proposes an approach to improve the economic feasibility of heat pumps within process plants. Initial energy targeting with grand composite curves was used and supplemented with the detailed design of an evaporator and a compressor for different condensation and evaporation pressures. The trade-off between the capital cost of the heat pump and the electricity cost was investigated, and optimal configurations were selected. This case study investigates the gas fractioning unit of a polymer plant, where three heat pumps are integrated into distillation columns. The results demonstrate that the heat recovery is 174 MW and requires an additional 37.9 MW of electricity to reduce the hot utility by 212 MW. The selection of the evaporation and condensation pressures of heat pumps allows 21.5 M EUR/y to be saved for 7 years of plant operation. The emission-saving potential is estimated at 1.89 ktCO2/y.
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Li, Xinyi, Feifan Cao, Yanjie Hu, and Yingqi Hui. "Externalities Analysis on Heat Pump System (EU)." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 28, no. 1 (November 10, 2023): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/28/20231274.
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This paper analysis the positive externalities of using heat pumps in European so-ciety to solve the high-temperature problem. Through the paper, heat pump as a potential solution to the climate problem, contemplating how it is done, why it is the best solution, and what are the positive externalities specifically to the City of London. The heat pump is renewable and can reduce carbon dioxide and sulfur emissions. In order to better introduce the benefits of heat pumps in those high-temperature cities, the author thus chooses to create a hypothetical city which is called M&M City. In the stimulating process, we predict the specific circum-stances of heat pumps that may be needed in the simulated city and associated packages, analyze the value and feasibility, as well as present the shortcomings and look to the future.
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Mussabekova, Karina, and Aliya Nurbayeva. "Cooling and heating innovations: exploring the diverse applications of heat pumps." Technobius Physics 2, no. 2 (May 3, 2024): 0014. http://dx.doi.org/10.54355/tbusphys/2.2.2024.0014.
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Heat pumps are versatile and energy-efficient devices that play a crucial role in modern heating, cooling, and refrigeration applications. This abstract provides a concise overview of the diverse applications and benefits of heat pumps across residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation sectors. The abstract discusses the principles of heat pump operation, emphasizing their capability to transfer heat from one location to another using thermodynamic processes. The abstract highlights key applications such as residential heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems, commercial refrigeration, hot water heating, process cooling, and renewable energy integration. The energy efficiency and environmental benefits of heat pumps are also emphasized, showcasing their potential to reduce carbon emissions and contribute to sustainable energy practices. By understanding the broad scope of heat pump applications outlined in this abstract, researchers, engineers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders can gain insights into the significance of heat pump technology in advancing energy efficiency and addressing climate change challenges.
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Sun, Jian, Yinwu Wang, Yu Qin, Guoshun Wang, Ran Liu, and Yongping Yang. "A Review of Super-High-Temperature Heat Pumps over 100 °C." Energies 16, no. 12 (June 8, 2023): 4591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16124591.
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The high-temperature heat pump, as a low-carbonization technology, has broad application prospects in replacing boiler heating, reducing carbon dioxide emissions, and improving the energy utilization efficiency. In this paper, the working fluid, cycle process, key equipment (compressor), and application scenarios of high-temperature heat pumps are introduced in detail. Firstly, the research direction of the working fluid is introduced and the existing working fluid substitution is analyzed and summarized. Then, the characteristics of different heat pump cycles such as compression, absorption, and hybrid heat pumps are introduced. In the aspect of key equipment, the application range and research status of different types of compressors are emphatically introduced. Finally, the application scenario of high-temperature heat pumps is prospected. In addition to the application of industrial heating, it is often used for heat storage to improve the regulatory characteristics of the system. The new heat pump electricity storage system has great application potential in the field of renewable energy consumption. Based on the above analysis of high-temperature heat pumps, four development prospects are put forward: low-Global-Warming-Potential (GWP) working fluid; cycles of temperature lift greater than 80 °C; a compressor with better high-temperature performance; and circulation characteristics of heat pump electricity storage.
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Qiu, Hu, Rong Shen, and Wanlin Guo. "Vibrating carbon nanotubes as water pumps." Nano Research 4, no. 3 (December 14, 2010): 284–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12274-010-0080-y.
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de Santoli, Livio, Gianluigi Lo Basso, Davide Astiaso Garcia, Giuseppe Piras, and Giulia Spiridigliozzi. "Dynamic Simulation Model of Trans-Critical Carbon Dioxide Heat Pump Application for Boosting Low Temperature Distribution Networks in Dwellings." Energies 12, no. 3 (February 2, 2019): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030484.
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This research investigates the role of new hybrid energy system applications for developing a new plant refurbishment strategy to deploy small scale smart energy systems. This work deals with a dynamic simulation of trans-critical carbon dioxide heat pump application for boosting low temperature distribution networks to share heat for dwellings. Heat pumps provide high temperature heat to use the traditional emission systems. The new plant layout consists of an air source heat pump, four trans-critical carbon dioxide heat pumps (CO2-HPs), photovoltaic arrays, and a combined heat and power (CHP) for both domestic hot water production and electricity to partially drive the heat pumps. Furthermore, electric storage devices adoption has been evaluated. That layout has been compared to the traditional one based on separated generation systems using several energy performance indicators. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis on the primary energy saving, primary fossil energy consumptions, renewable energy fraction and renewable heat, with changes in building power to heat ratios, has been carried out. Obtained results highlighted that using the hybrid system with storage device it is possible to get a saving of 50% approximately. Consequently, CO2-HPs and hybrid systems adoption could be a viable option to achieve Near Zero Energy Building (NZEB) qualification.
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Bonilla Garcia, Diego Ramon, Margarita Gil Samaniego Ramos, Conrado García, Armando Perez-Sanchez, and Marcos Coronado. "Real-Time Generation of Operational Characteristic Curves for Municipal Water Pumping Systems: An Approach to Energy Efficiency and Carbon Footprint." Energies 16, no. 22 (November 12, 2023): 7532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16227532.
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Water supply represents a significant electrical load worldwide. The operation of inefficient pumps contributes to increased energy demand and carbon footprint. Current methods for evaluating industrial water pumps present technical and economic challenges that need to be addressed. For these reasons, we developed a practical and cost-effective virtual instrument called the Pumping Evaluation System (PES). The PES tool performs real-time monitoring of electrical, hydraulic, and efficiency data, as well as the Operating Characteristic (OC) curves. The PES tool was implemented on a vertical pump currently used by a municipal water distribution plant in Mexicali, Mexico. A comparative analysis between the experimental data and the manufacturer’s data revealed potential energy savings of 361,455 kWh/year (24.35%) and an equivalent carbon footprint reduction of 157,233 kg of CO2eq/year if the old pump is replaced by a new one, which is the lowest cost alternative according to a Life Cycle Cost (LCC).
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KAGAWA, NOBORU. "FUTURE ASPECT OF REFRIGERANTS: CONSIDERING THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CYCLE PERFORMANCE." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 20, no. 02 (June 2012): 1230002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132512300029.
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Refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump equipments (generally known as heat pumps) are very important for the civilized society. However, discharged refrigerants from heat pumps and exhausted carbon dioxide to drive heat pumps result in serious environmental problems. For this reason, fluorocarbon refrigerants are limited or regulated. To alleviate the problems, new refrigerants with lower GWP and higher cycle performance must be developed and used. In this paper, calculated thermophysical properties of hydrofluoroolefin refrigerants using databases are evaluated with experimental data. Then, the fundamental cycle performance of air conditioning by using major refrigerants is studied based on their thermophysical properties. The results show that there is no adequate refrigerant for air conditioning applications. Heat pumps with new refrigerants including refrigerant mixtures must be developed as fast as possible. It leads to that HFC refrigerants must be used taking care until the new refrigerants will be available.
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Pei, Yingju, Qingyou Liu, and Kim Tiow Ooi. "Research on Energy-Efficient Disc Pumps: A Review on Physical Models and Energy Efficiency." Machines 11, no. 10 (October 12, 2023): 954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines11100954.
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Disc pumps have obvious advantages in dealing with difficult-to-pump media. Energy efficiency and sustainable energy management are important topics with regard to reducing costs and promoting carbon neutrality. Though the concept of the disc pump was proposed in the 1850s, development was slow and limited by its initial model. However, with the development of industries such as petrochemicals and food, the efficient pumping of difficult-to-pump media is much needed, but facing challenges. Therefore, research on energy-efficient disc pumps is particularly important moving forward. In this paper, the available information from the open literature about the research and development of the disc pump will be thoroughly reviewed. It focuses on the historical development, energy efficiency and physical model application of the disc pump. The review ends with a proposal for the direction of future development, and in this aspect, it is proposed that the energy efficiency prediction model based on velocity slip theory, the energy management system based on multi-scenarios and the design method based on energy conversion theory are important. The latest achievements in energy conversion are given. This review also provides a new perspective for the development of energy-efficient disc pumps.
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Spahiu, Dr Sc Aida, Dr Sc Orion Zavalani, and MSc Altin Uka. "Using Variable Speed Control on Pump Application." ILIRIA International Review 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2012): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.21113/iir.v2i1.174.
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Pumps are one of the most common variable speed drive (VSD) system applications and special interest has focused on improving their energy efficiency by using variable speed control instead of throttling or other less efficient flow control methods. Pumps are the single largest user of electricity in industry in the European Union, consuming 160 TWh per annum of electricity and accounting for 79 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions [1]. Centrifugal pumps are the most likely pump style to provide a favorable return based on energy savings when applied with a variable speed drive. To help illustrate this, are conducted benchmark testing to document various head and flow scenarios and their corresponding effect on energy savings. Paper shows the relationship of static and friction head in the energy efficiency equation and the effect of motor, pump and VSD efficiencies. The received results are good reference points for engineers and managers of water sector in Albania to select the best prospects for maximizing efficiency and energy savings.
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Lepiksaar, Kertu, Kiur Kalme, Andres Siirde, and Anna Volkova. "Heat Pump Use in Rural District Heating Networks in Estonia." Environmental and Climate Technologies 25, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 786–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2021-0059.
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Abstract District heating has proven to be an efficient way of providing space heating and domestic hot water in populated areas. It has also proven to be an excellent way to integrate various renewable energy sources (RES) into the energy system. In Estonia, biomass covers most of the heat demand, but carbon-intensive fuels are still used to cover peaks and lows. Heat pumps can be a good solution for rural areas, as there is usually plenty of land available for heat pump facilities. In addition, heat pumps require low-grade heat sources such as ambient air, groundwater, lakes, rivers, sea, sewage water, and industrial waste heat. One of the downsides of heat pumps is the need for large investments compared to boilers fired by natural gas and biomass, and electric boilers. This study examines the impact of heat pump use on consumer prices for district heating in rural district heating networks in Estonia.
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Abildinova, S. K., R. A. Musabekov, A. S. Rasmukhametova, and S. V. Chicherin. "Evaluation of the Energy Efficiency of the Stage Compression Heat Pump Cycle." ENERGETIKA. Proceedings of CIS higher education institutions and power engineering associations 62, no. 3 (June 3, 2019): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1029-7448-2019-62-3-293-302.
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The increase in production and modernization of existing heat pumps are global trends in the development and implementation of heat pump technology. Application of refrigerant with zero potential ozone depletion relative to fluorinetrichloromethane and minimum values of global warming potentials relative to carbon dioxide is environmentally justified in pumps. Prospective are stage compression heat pump units and, also, consecutive and cascade schemes of inclusion which provide higher temperature of the heat carrier in the system of heat supply. Improving the efficiency of the heat pump depends on the perfection of the thermodynamic cycle, on the choice of the working agent and on the quality of the operation of the unit in off-design conditions of a temperature mode. The article presents the results of a study of the performance of stage compression heat pump. The concepts of application of the heat pump of two-stage compression of the working agent are formulated. Experimental researches has been fulfilled with the use of Altal GWHP26Н heat pump of 24.2 kW capacity operating on an eco-friendly refrigerants of R134a and R600а. The results of comparative calculation of performance indicators of one- and two-stage heat pumps are presented. Various schemes of realization of a thermodynamic cycle for one- and two-stage heat pumps are considered. The efficiency of two-stage heat pumps that implement thermodynamic cycle with supercooling of condensate and regeneration of steam heat of the working agent has been proved. The two-stage thermodynamic cycle of the heat pump is accompanied by minimal losses during the throttling of the liquid refrigerant, and it solves the problem of useful heat use to increase the temperature of the heated coolant for heating and hot water supply systems. Steam regeneration of the working agent at the outlet from the evaporator through the use of regenerative heat exchanger also provides the additional effect of minimization of thermodynamic losses and improving efficiency of cycles with vapor compression heat pumps in the conditions of large temperature differences in the evaporator and the condenser.
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Wamburu, John, Noman Bashir, Emma Grazier, David Irwin, Christine Crago, and Prashant Shenoy. "Equity-Aware Decarbonization of Residential Heating Systems." ACM SIGEnergy Energy Informatics Review 2, no. 4 (December 2022): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3584024.3584027.
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Most buildings still rely on fossil energy --- such as oil, coal and natural gas --- for heating. This is because they are readily available and have higher heat value than their cleaner counterparts. However, these primary sources of energy are also high pollutants. As the grid moves towards eliminating CO 2 emission, replacing these sources of energy with cleaner alternatives is imperative. Electric heat pumps --- an alternative and cleaner heating technology --- have been proposed as a viable replacement. In this paper, we conduct a data-driven optimization study to analyze the potential of reducing carbon emission by replacing gas-based heating with electric heat pumps 1 . We do so while enforcing equity in such transition. We begin by conducting an in-depth analysis into the energy patterns and demographic profiles of buildings. Our analysis reveals a huge disparity between lower and higher income households. We show that the energy usage intensity for lower income homes is 24% higher than higher income homes. Next, we analyze the potential for carbon emission reduction by transitioning gas-based heating systems to electric heat pumps for an entire city. We then propose equity-aware transition strategies for selecting a subset of customers for heat pump-based retrofits which embed various equity metrics and balances the need to maximize carbon reduction with ensuring equitable outcomes for households. We evaluate their effect on CO 2 emission reduction, showing that such equity-aware carbon emission reduction strategies achieve significant emission reduction while also reducing the disparity in the value of selected homes by 5X compared to a carbon-first approach.
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Liu, Hao, Hongyi Zhang, and Saqib Javed. "Long-Term Performance Measurement and Analysis of a Small-Scale Ground Source Heat Pump System." Energies 13, no. 17 (September 1, 2020): 4527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174527.
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Recent data suggest that heat pumps, despite having the potential to cover over 90% of the global space and water heating demands, only provide less than 5% of global heating. Heat pumps, in general, and ground source heat pumps, specifically, offer significant potential for energy savings and carbon emissions reduction in buildings. The realization of these potential benefits, however, requires proper design, installation, and operation of the entire heat pump system. This paper presents the performance analysis of a Swedish ground source heat pump system providing space heating and hot water to a sports clubhouse. The installation has been carefully instrumented to enable full characterization of the whole system including auxiliary components such as circulation pumps and supplementary heating. Seasonal performance factors, calculated for monthly and annual periods using high-quality, high-resolution measurement data collected over three years of system operation, have been reported based on the SEPEMO (SEasonal PErformance factor and MOnitoring for heat pump systems) and Annex 52 boundary schemes for evaluating and benchmarking the performance of the ground source heat pump system. The auxiliary system components were shown to have a large impact on the overall performance of the system. In particular, the legionella protection system was found to affect performance considerably. Recommendations as to how to improve the performance of the system under study and other similar systems are made from the design, installation, and operation perspectives.
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Can, Ahmet, and Ertan Buyruk. "AN OVERVIEW OF GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMPS." Journal of the Technical University of Gabrovo 67 (November 20, 2023): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.62853/jemy6895.
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As a natural consequence of the increase in the world population, energy needs are also increasing dramatically. At the present time natural gas and coal are generally used as energy sources. According to researchers, oil, natural gas and coal reserves will be run out in the near future. Therefore, new and renewable energy is needed to meet the energy needs for our countries. A lot of researchers have been carrying out about field of alternative energy sources. These studies generally; such as solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, wave energy and biomass energy. In addition to these energy conversion systems, it was also possible to mention about heat pumps with the features of low energy consumption, high coefficient of performance and environmental friendly. The presented paper is a study of general description and basic approaches on ground sources heat pumps. Ground source heat pump and history of it were explained. Some explanations were given about Ground Sources Heat Pump Systems such as Working principles, type of it, general view of advantage and disadvantage of it, hybrid type ground sources heat pump systems working principles, zero carbon footprint approach for it and also heat pump investment comparison with other systems.
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Oyarzua, Elton, Jens Honore Walther, Constantine M. Megaridis, Petros Koumoutsakos, and Harvey A. Zambrano. "Carbon Nanotubes as Thermally Induced Water Pumps." ACS Nano 11, no. 10 (September 29, 2017): 9997–10002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b04177.
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Manikandan, P., P. Gokulnathan, S. Darshis Pream Kumar Simson, M. Yogesh, and M. Hariprakash. "Design and Analysis of Fixed-Segment Carrier at Carbon Thrust Bearing." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 5 (May 31, 2023): 3235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.52324.
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Abstract: This thesis work aimed to provide a design and analysis of fixed segment carrier at carbon thrust bearing. With increased the bearing efficiency and reduced the frictional loss and wear resistance. Thrust bearings plays vital role in submersible pumps. Thrust bearings are fixed bottom of the submersible pumps so total thrust or axial load acting on the thrust collar. Thrust collar are manufacturing with resin mixed carbon and casting material and the segments are manufacturing with casting material and stainless steel material. Two types of materials combines to manufacture the segment carrier. The materials hardness and density properties are different from on materials to another material. If suddenly power cut is happen the total load acting on thrust collar. The collar under heavy load carbon surface and segment carrier surface are scratched or damaged the carbon surface. This type of damages are affecting submersible pump. Submersible pumps are fixed with maximum 900 feet under the boar well but this damages are happen we spend more money to lifting the pump from well and also time is wasted. Segment carrier segment surface and thrust pad surface in between micron level film thickness. If the loose segment carrier the loose segment will tilt under the load and vibration of pump. The thrust collar surface is scratched with thrust collar is not rotate because the thrust collar is fitted with rotating shaft with key way. In this study the segment carrier were made with same materials and the hardness of the materials is same and making process are compared to normal bearing were reduced. The segment carrier is made with stainless steel 410 material. The materials are bought a rod or using pattern with investment casting. After the materials is after completing machining process will goes to hardening and materials surface will go to grinding process. The segment surfaces are grinded and achieve the required surface finish. The surface finish techniques are available no of methods. Triondur coating system is more effective than other process. The grinded segment carrier surfaces are goes to next process of lapping. Here the surface is lapped and get required level of surface roughness. In this process the surface roughness is get required level. Because the lapping coating ratio is high the material removal and surface roughness is get more level like 0.2 micron. The diamond powder coating using 100 CRT is lapping process to achieve the required surface finish. The main purpose of the study is to reduce the bearing damages and frictional loss and wear loss and pump damages. And increase the pump life and reduce the raw materials usage
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Wamburu, John, Noman Bashir, David Irwin, and Prashant Shenoy. "Analyzing the Impact of Decarbonizing Residential Heating on the Electric Distribution Grid." ACM SIGEnergy Energy Informatics Review 3, no. 2 (June 2023): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3607114.3607119.
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Heating buildings using fossil fuels such as natural gas, propane and oil makes up a significant proportion of the aggregate carbon emissions every year. Because of this, there is a strong interest in decarbonizing residential heating systems using new technologies such as electric heat pumps. In this paper, we conduct a data-driven optimization study to analyze the potential of replacing gas heating with electric heat pumps to reduce CO 2 emission in a city-wide distribution grid. We conduct an in-depth analysis of gas consumption in the city and the resulting carbon emissions. We then present a flexible multi-objective optimization (MOO) framework that optimizes carbon emission reduction while also maximizing other aspects of the energy transition such as carbon-efficiency, and minimizing energy inefficiency in buildings. Our results show that replacing gas with electric heat pumps has the potential to cut carbon emissions by up to 81%. We also show that optimizing for other aspects such as carbon-efficiency and energy inefficiency introduces tradeoffs with carbon emission reduction that must be considered during transition. Finally, we present a detailed analysis of the implication of proposed transition strategies on the household energy consumption and utility bills, electric grid upgrades, and decarbonization policies. We compute the additional energy demand from electric heat pumps at the household as well as the transformer level and discuss how our results can inform decarbonization policies at city scale.
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Galimullin, Minivaris L., and Marat Ya Khabibullin. "Optimization of capital repair of rod pumps by advanced technologies." Oil and Gas Studies, no. 1 (April 4, 2019): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-0108-2019-1-90-96.
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The designs of rod pumps, produced by domestic factories, have a significant repair resource. It allows us to make repeatedly a deep overhaul of the plunger pair with usage of advanced technologies. This technologies include mechanical treatment of deep holes (cylinder rod pump L = 3 m or more); thermochemical treatment of the cylinder in shaft furnaces in a carbon dioxide environment; hot spraying with wear-resistant powder grade PRNH16SRZ. Application of the above-mentioned advanced technologies during overhaul of rod pump allows optimizing the costs of its repair, increasing the service life and getting the pump after overhaul with the same technical parameters, and even higher, when compared with new designs.
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Wen, Zezhao, Hongye Zhang, and Markus Mueller. "High Temperature Superconducting Flux Pumps for Contactless Energization." Crystals 12, no. 6 (May 26, 2022): 766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12060766.
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The development of superconducting technology has seen continuously increasing interest, especially in the area of clean power systems and electrification of transport with low CO2 emission. Electric machines, as the major producer and consumer of the global electrical energy, have played a critical role in achieving zero carbon emission. The superior current carrying capacity of superconductors with zero DC loss opens the way to the next-generation electric machines characterized by much higher efficiency and power density compared to conventional machines. The persistent current mode is the optimal working condition for a superconducting magnet, and thus the energization of superconducting field windings has become a crucial challenge to be tackled, to which high temperature superconducting (HTS) flux pumps have been proposed as a promising solution. An HTS flux pump enables current injection into a closed superconducting coil wirelessly and provides continuous compensation to offset current decay, avoiding excessive cryogenic losses and sophisticated power electronics facilities. Despite many publications regarding the design and analyses of various types of HTS flux pumps, the practical application of HTS flux pumps in a high-performance superconducting machine has been rarely reported. Therefore, it is of significance to specify the main challenges for building and implementing a reliable HTS flux pump. In addition, the physical mechanisms of distinct HTS flux pumps have caused some confusion, which should be clarified. Above all, a systematic review of the recent development and progress of HTS flux pumps remains lacking. Given the above-mentioned issues, this paper summarized the most up-to-date advances of this emerging technology, clarified the working mechanisms and commonly adopted modeling approaches, presented objective analyses of the applicability of various HTS flux pumps, specified the primary challenges for implementing HTS flux pumps, and proposed useful suggestions to improve this wireless excitation technology. The overall aim of this work is to bring a deep insight into the understanding of HTS flux pumps and provide comprehensive guidance for their future research and applications.
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Sit, Mihail, and Anatoliy Juravliov. "Hybrid Carbon Dioxide Heat Pump for the Multifamily Residential Buildings in the Heat Supply System Based on CHP." Problems of the Regional Energetics, no. 3(51) (August 2021): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.52254/1857-0070.2021.3-51.08.
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The work is devoted to centralized heat supply systems based on CHP plants and the use with them heat pumps (HP) on carbon dioxide as refrigerant. Heat pumps are used in heat supply systems for buildings and use the heat of the outside air and, at the same time, the heat of the return network water (WWR) as a source of low-grade heat (LHP). The aim of the study is to develop a structural diagram of such a heat pump, where the outside air is heated by a heat exchanger installed in the return water line of the heating system, to develop a hydraulic circuit of a heat pump taking into account the law of regulation of the building heating system, to develop an algorithm for controlling the operating modes of the so-called balancing heat exchanger installed after gas cooler and internal heat exchanger of the heat pump. The most significant results were the hydraulic circuit of the heat pump, the aerodynamic circuit of the air supply path to the heat pump evaporator, the balancing heat exchanger control system, taking into account the requirement to ensure the operation of the control valve in a single-phase flow. The significance of the results obtained consisted in obtaining the dependences between the CO temperature graph and the parameters of the thermodynamic cycle of the heat pump, which ensured the operation of the control valve of the heat pump in a single-phase environment.
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He, Wei, Minzhi Jiang, Ying Li, and Xizhen Ge. "Identification of the Major Facilitator Superfamily Efflux Pump KpsrMFS in Klebsiella pneumoniae That Is Down-Regulated in the Presence of Multi-Stress Factors." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 3 (January 25, 2024): 1466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031466.
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Efflux pumps play important roles in bacterial detoxification and some of them are stress-response elements that are up-regulated when the host is treated with antibiotics. However, efflux pumps that are down-regulated by stimulations are rarely discovered. Herein, we analyzed multiple transcriptome data and discovered a special (Major Facilitator Superfamily) MFS efflux pump, KpsrMFS, from Klebsiella pneumoniae, which was down-regulated when treated with antibiotics or extra carbon sources. Interestingly, overexpression of kpsrmfs resulted in halted cell growth in normal conditions, while the viable cells were rarely affected. The function of KpsrMFS was further analyzed and this efflux pump was determined to be a proton-driven transporter that can reduce the intracellular tetracycline concentration. In normal conditions, the expression of kpsrmfs was at a low level, while artificial overexpression of it led to increased endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Moreover, by comparing the functions of adjacent genes of kpsrmfs, we further discovered another four genes that can confer similar phenotypes, indicating a special regulon that regulates cell growth. Our work provides new insights into the roles of efflux pumps and suggests a possible regulon that may regulate cell growth and endogenous ROS levels.
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Li, Wei, Wei Pu, Leilei Ji, Xing Zhang, and Xinrui He. "Hydraulic structure optimization of centrifugal pump based on orthogonal test." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2707, no. 1 (February 1, 2024): 012056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2707/1/012056.
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Abstract To reduce global carbon emissions and reduce the energy consumption of pumps, it is necessary to continuously improve the performance efficiency of pumps. In this paper, the blade wrapping angle, inlet mounting angle and outlet mounting angle are selected as the design variables, and the hydraulic structure of the pump is orthogonally optimized. Through experiments and simulations, the internal flow bonding and external energy characteristics of the centrifugal pump under different orthogonal test combinations were compared, and finally the impeller wrapping angle was 130 degrees, the outlet installation angle was 20 degrees, and the inlet installation angle was 40 degrees. It is found that compared with the original design scheme, the efficiency of the optimized scheme under the design flow rate is increased by 2.775%, and the hydraulic loss in the impeller is reduced by 1.18%. The main and secondary orders of influence of parameter factors on lift and efficiency are impeller wrapping angle, impeller outlet mounting angle, and impeller inlet mounting angle. The internal flow of the optimized impeller is significantly improved, and the flow loss is reduced. The research results provide a design basis for further improving the hydraulic performance of centrifugal pumps.
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Mansour, Gabriel, Vasileios Papageorgiou, and Dimitrios Tzetzis. "Carbon Fiber Polymer Reinforced 3D Printed Composites for Centrifugal Pump Impeller Manufacturing." Technologies 12, no. 4 (April 3, 2024): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies12040048.
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Centrifugal pumps are used extensively in various everyday applications. The occurrence of corrosion phenomena during operation often leads to the failure of a pump’s operating components, such as the impeller. The present research study examines the utilization of composite materials for fabricating centrifugal pump components using additive manufacturing as an effort to fabricate corrosion resistant parts. To achieve the latter two nanocomposite materials, carbon fiber reinforced polyamide and carbon fiber reinforced polyphenylene sulfide were compared with two metal alloys, cast iron and brass, which are currently used in pump impeller manufacturing. The mechanical properties of the materials are extracted by performing a series of experiments, such as uniaxial tensile tests, nanoindentation and scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination of the specimen’s fracture area. Then, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis is performed using various impeller designs to determine the fluid pressure exerted on the impeller’s geometry during its operation. Finally, the maximum power rating of an impeller that can be made from such composites will be determined using a static finite element model (FEM). The FEM static model is developed by integrating the data collected from the experiments with the results obtained from the CFD analysis. The current research work shows that nanocomposites can potentially be used for developing impellers with rated power of up to 9.41 kW.
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Sewastianik, Sara, and Andrzej Gajewski. "Carbon Dioxide Emissions from a Ground Heat Pump for a Detached House." Proceedings 16, no. 1 (June 20, 2019): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019016024.
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Inasmuch as the European Union promotes only energetically viable heat pumps in a given location, the aim of the work is an assessment of whether a ground-to-water heat pump (ground source heat pump: GSHP) can be considered as an ecological heat generator in Polish climatic conditions and those of the energy market. Here, as an estimator, the net seasonal coefficient of performance (SCOPnet) was selected. Estimation was done using 10-year temperature measurements. It was found that in heating mode SCOPnet value equaled 4.83, satisfying European Commission guidelines. According to the guidelines, the minimal SCOPnet value in Polish energy market conditions should exceed 3.5. CO2 emissions from the GSHP represented two-thirds of CO2 emissions of an air-to-water heat pump (air source heat pump: ASHP) in the same building. The ground heat pump thus meets the ecological heat generator conditions set by the European Commission.
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Rezaei, Abolfazl, Bahador Samadzadegan, Hadise Rasoulian, Saeed Ranjbar, Soroush Samareh Abolhassani, Azin Sanei, and Ursula Eicker. "A New Modeling Approach for Low-Carbon District Energy System Planning." Energies 14, no. 5 (March 3, 2021): 1383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051383.
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Designing district-scale energy systems with renewable energy sources is still a challenge, as it involves modeling of multiple loads and many options to combine energy system components. In the current study, two different energy system scenarios for a district in Montreal/Canada are compared to choose the most cost-effective and energy-efficient energy system scenario for the studied area. In the first scenario, a decentral energy system comprised of ground-source heat pumps provides heating and cooling for each building, while, in the second scenario, a district heating and cooling system with a central heat pump is designed. Firstly, heating and cooling demand are calculated in a completely automated process using an Automatic Urban Building Energy Modeling System approach (AUBEM). Then, the Integrated Simulation Environment Language (INSEL) is used to prepare a model for the energy system. The proposed model provides heat pump capacity and the number of required heat pumps (HP), the number of photovoltaic (PV) panels, and AC electricity generation potential using PV. After designing the energy systems, the piping system, heat losses, and temperature distribution of the centralized scenario are calculated using a MATLAB code. Finally, two scenarios are assessed economically using the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) method. The results show that the central scenario’s total HP electricity consumption is 17% lower than that of the decentral systems and requires less heat pump capacity than the decentral scenario. The LCOE of both scenarios varies from 0.04 to 0.07 CAD/kWh, which is cheaper than the electricity cost in Quebec (0.08 CAD/kWh). A comparison between both scenarios shows that the centralized energy system is cost-beneficial for all buildings and, after applying the discounts, the LCOE of this scenario decreases to 0.04 CAD/kWh.
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Lin, Jr-Lin, and Shyh-Fang Kang. "Analysis of carbon emission hot spot and pumping energy efficiency in water supply system." Water Supply 19, no. 1 (April 2, 2018): 200–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2018.067.
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Abstract Evaluation of carbon emission hot spots for water treatment plants (WTPs) is crucial to reduce carbon emissions. This study aims to analyze carbon emission data generated at Bansin WTP following the PAS 2050 guidelines. The boundary of inventory and assessment includes water intake, purification, and distribution stages. In addition, pumping efficiency, power consumption per pump lift and specific energy consumption were used to estimate the potential of energy reduction in pumping for Bansin and Baoshan WTPs. The results have revealed that the carbon footprint of Bansin WTP is 0.39 kg CO2e/m3 in 2011. There is 95% of carbon emissions generated by pumping from the intake and distribution stages, and the use of pumping is responsible for 65% of total carbon emissions in the clarification stage. The power consumption per pump lift can be calculated to evaluate the difference between rated power and operational power. This relationship can provide information indicating to operators when to replace or maintain poorly-functioning pumps. The data on pump lift, flow rate and power can also be calculated to determine the relationship between pumping efficiency (%) and specific energy consumption (kW/Q), and then used to identify the optimum condition of pump combinations for a given production of water supply.
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Han, Kejia, Zhen Li, Yaping Ju, Zhenming Du, Zhipeng Liu, Zhenwei Wang, and Chuhua Zhang. "A computational fluid dynamic method for dense-phase carbon dioxide centrifugal pump." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2707, no. 1 (February 1, 2024): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2707/1/012035.
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Abstract As an advanced approach for large-scale low-carbon utilization of fossil energy, the carbon capture, utilization and storage technology is a promising means to achieve the carbon-neutrality target by 2060. Among the most widely used approaches for carbon storage is the enhanced oil recovery technique, for which the centrifugal pump is used to inject high-pressure dense-phase carbon dioxide (CO2) into the stratum. This work focuses on real fluid effects and inter-stage matching deviation from the incompressibility assumption for a dense-phase CO2 centrifugal pump, of which the inlet condition is close to the fluid critical point. With a thermophysical-state table for CO2 based on the thermophysical-property database of the National Institute of Standards and Technology embedded into a computational fluid dynamics solver, a numerical simulation method for compressible dense-phase CO2 pumps is established. The developed method is validated in the 50kW main compressor for a supercritical CO2 cycle and then applied to the simulation of a multistage dense-phase CO2 pump designed for carbon storage. The stage with the most remarkable fluid compressibility is determined, which provides a priori basis for the follow-up design optimization of the pump. This work is of promising application prospect for design of advanced dense-phase fluid machinery.
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Lawless, P. A. "Problems Using Carbon-vane Pumps in Nitrogen Gas." Aerosol Science and Technology 27, no. 4 (January 1997): 557–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02786829708965495.
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Zólyomi, V., L. Oroszlány, and C. J. Lambert. "Quantum pumps formed of double walled carbon nanotubes." physica status solidi (b) 246, no. 11-12 (October 30, 2009): 2650–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.200982271.
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Khan, Umara, Ron Zevenhoven, and Tor-Martin Tveit. "Evaluation of the Environmental Sustainability of a Stirling Cycle-Based Heat Pump Using LCA." Energies 13, no. 17 (August 31, 2020): 4469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174469.
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Heat pumps are increasingly seen as efficient and cost-effective heating systems also in industrial applications. They can drastically reduce the carbon footprint of heating by utilizing waste heat and renewable electricity. Recent research on Stirling cycle-based very high temperature heat pumps is motivated by their promising role in addressing global environmental and energy-related challenges. Evaluating the environmental footprint of a heat pump is not easy, and the impacts of Stirling cycle-based heat pumps, with a relatively high temperature lift have received little attention. In this work, the environmental footprint of a Stirling cycle-based very high temperature heat pump is evaluated using a “cradle to grave” LCA approach. The results for 15 years of use (including manufacturing phase, operation phase, and decommissioning) of a 500-kW heat output rate system are compared with those of natural gas- and oil-fired boilers. It is found that, for the Stirling cycle-based HP, the global warming potential after of 15 years of use is nearly −5000 kg CO2 equivalent. The Stirling cycle-based HP offers an environmental impact reduction of at least 10% up to over 40% in the categories climate change, photochemical ozone formation, and ozone depletion when compared to gas- and oil-fired boilers, respectively.
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Díaz Pérez, Francisco, Ricardo Díaz Martín, Francisco Pérez Trujillo, Moises Díaz, and Adib Mouhaffel. "Consumption and Emissions Analysis in Domestic Hot Water Hotels. Case Study: Canary Islands." Sustainability 11, no. 3 (January 23, 2019): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11030599.
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We analyze the energy consumption of domestic hot water (DHW) in the hotels of the archipelago of the Canary Islands (Spain). Currently, systems use fossil fuels of propane and gas oil. However, this paper analyzes several alternative systems which focus on renewable and mixed energies, such as biomass, solar thermal and heat pumps systems associated with an electric generation with photovoltaic solar panels for self-consumption. The carbon footprint generated is calculated for each method of generation of DHW. In our analysis, we demonstrate that by using a high-temperature heat pump with an average coefficient of performance (COP) equal to or greater than 4.4 associated with photovoltaic solar panels, a zero-emission domestic hot water system can be achieved, when the installation area of the photovoltaic solar panels is equal to that of the solar thermal system. The importance of DHW’s carbon footprint is proven, as is the efficiency of using high-temperature heat pumps associated with photovoltaic solar panels. As such, such mixed system suggests that the generation of DHW would have zero emissions with maximum annual savings according to hotel occupancy, between 112,417 and 137,644 tons of carbon dioxide (CO2), compared to current boilers based on fossil fuels.
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Borrowman, D. "Styles of centrifugal pumps used in pumping carbon to minimize carbon attrition." Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration 8, no. 3 (August 1991): 160–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03402949.
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Di Prima, Piera, Michele Santovito, and Davide Papurello. "CFD Analysis of a Latent Thermal Storage System (PCM) for Integration with an Air-Water Heat Pump." International Journal of Energy Research 2024 (March 25, 2024): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/6632582.
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Heat pumps driven by sustainable electricity sources have been identified as a technology that can contribute to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Furthermore, a heat pump can also provide energy savings when combined with a thermal energy storage system. Heat pumps can optimize their efficiency by accumulating thermal energy during periods of lower electricity demand, resulting in shorter operational durations and decreased overall energy consumption. In this work, the combination of a latent heat storage system with an air-water heat pump has been numerically analysed and experimentally tested. A phase change material (PCM) heat exchanger with an immersed plate was designed using a 3D CFD model (COMSOL Multiphysics®). The heat exchanger configuration with six steel plates immersed in the phase change material tank was proposed to enhance heat transfer in the storage system. The developed model is validated against experimental data from a real case study, demonstrating a maximum error of approximately 3% during the discharging phase. Additionally, the study explores the effects of different inlet heat transfer fluid temperatures and flow rates on the PCM solidification time.
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Hirvonen, Janne, Juha Jokisalo, Juhani Heljo, and Risto Kosonen. "Towards the EU Emission Targets of 2050: Cost-Effective Emission Reduction in Finnish Detached Houses." Energies 12, no. 22 (November 19, 2019): 4395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12224395.
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To mitigate the effects of climate change, the European Union calls for major carbon emission reductions in the building sector through a deep renovation of the existing building stock. This study examines the cost-effective energy retrofit measures in Finnish detached houses. The Finnish detached house building stock was divided into four age classes according to the building code in effect at the time of their construction. Multi-objective optimization with a genetic algorithm was used to minimize the life cycle cost and CO2 emissions in each building type for five different main heating systems (district heating, wood/oil boiler, direct electric heating, and ground-source heat pump) by improving the building envelope and systems. Cost-effective emission reductions were possible with all heating systems, but especially with ground-source heat pumps. Replacing oil boilers with ground-source heat pumps (GSHPs), emissions could be reduced by 79% to 92% across all the studied detached houses and investment levels. With all the other heating systems, emission reductions of 20% to 75% were possible. The most cost-effective individual renovation measures were the installation of air-to-air heat pumps for auxiliary heating and improving the thermal insulation of external walls.
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Gajewski, Andrzej. "Total carbon dioxide emissions from ground source heat pump and groundwater one in Białystok." E3S Web of Conferences 116 (2019): 00023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911600023.
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To limit greenhouse gases emissions caused by energy production European Union (EU) prompts heat pump as heat generator which should decrease CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. Because of the climatic conditions and low efficiency of electrical energy production and transfer in Poland it could be possible a condensing gas boiler would emit less CO2. The analysis includes ten-year temperature measurements in Białystok where is more severe climate in Poland. Due to relatively high seasonal coefficient of performance (SCOP) value heat pumps can emit less CO2 than condensing gas boiler and can be applied as ecological heat generators.
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Desmarais, John J., Avi I. Flamholz, Cecilia Blikstad, Eli J. Dugan, Thomas G. Laughlin, Luke M. Oltrogge, Allen W. Chen, et al. "DABs are inorganic carbon pumps found throughout prokaryotic phyla." Nature Microbiology 4, no. 12 (August 12, 2019): 2204–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41564-019-0520-8.
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