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Academic literature on the topic 'Carbon pumps'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Carbon pumps"

1

Basok, B. I., S. V. Dubovskyi, E. P. Pastushenko, Ye Ye Nikitin, and Ye T. Bazeev. "HEAT PUMPS AS A TREND OF LOW-CARBON ENERGY DEVELOPMENT." Energy Technologies & Resource Saving 75, no. 2 (June 20, 2023): 23–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33070/etars.2.2023.02.

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An overview of the energy and economic problems of using heat pumps is given. The stages of the development of the world and European energy industry with their inherent economic and financial crises and their influence on the application volume of heat pumps are shown. The main regulatory and technical legislation of European countries in the scope of heat pumps and related sectors of the economy is presented. The main factors of the use of heat pump equipment are considered, the challenges and possible development trends are analyzed. Energy management and economic measures that contributed to the growth of heat pump implementations during the global energy crisis of 2021–2022 are assessed. The current state of heat pump use in the world, in Europe, in particular in Germany and Poland, is given. The reasons and organizational measures that led to the active growth of heat pumps in some European countries are indicated. The recent Polish experience in the favorable policy of active support of heat pump technologies and electrification of heat supply is evaluated in detail. An example of economic indicators for a typical building of the European energy efficiency standard with various options for heat supply, including heat pump technologies, as well as individual photovoltaics, is given. The use of high-power heat pumps (more than 100 kW) in centralized heat supply systems and various industries in Europe is analyzed. The prospects for the development of heat pumps from the point of view of the electrification of heat supply, the achievement of low-carbon energy and the prevention of harmful climate changes are outlined. It is recommended to use the positive experience of Poland in the policy of supporting heat pumps in the reconstruction of residential buildings destroyed by the war in Ukraine. Bibl. 37, Fig. 9, Tab. 5.

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Pautova, Larisa A., and Vladimir A. Silkin. "Biological carbon pump in the ocean and phytoplankton structure." Hydrosphere Еcology (Экология гидросферы), no. 1(3) (2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33624/2587-9367-2019-1(3)-1-12.

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The process of carbon transfer from the atmosphere to the ocean floor is determined by three different pumps in nature: a solubility pump, an organic pump and a carbonate pump. The latter two are of biological nature. Phytoplankton is a key mediator of organic and carbonate pumps. Depending on its structure, either an organic pump or a carbonate pump will dominate. The structure of the phytoplankton community is formed depending on the hydrophysical and hydrochemical conditions in the ocean. An important regulator of a biological carbon pump is the intensity of the processes in the carbon cycle, operating in the photic zone. The degree of closure of this cycle depends on the structure of the food chain. The increasing complexity of the food chain by adding organisms of high trophic levels reduces the efficiency of the carbon pump. Conversely, the simplification of such a structure increases the flow of organic carbon to the ocean floor.

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Rehman, Omais Abdur, Valeria Palomba, Andrea Frazzica, Antonios Charalampidis, Sotirios Karellas, and Luisa F. Cabeza. "Numerical and Experimental Analysis of a Low-GWP Heat Pump Coupled to Electrical and Thermal Energy Storage to Increase the Share of Renewables across Europe." Sustainability 15, no. 6 (March 10, 2023): 4973. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15064973.

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In order to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels in the residential sector, low-carbon-footprint technologies such as heat pumps should be used. To fully exploit solar-assisted heat pumps, an effective control strategy is required. This study employs a low-global-warming-potential (GWP) refrigerant for a water-to-water reversible heat pump, which is assisted by a thermal energy storage tank, photovoltaic (PV) installation, and battery storage system using a dedicated control strategy. The heat pump’s operation is validated against the experimental data. Simulations are carried out for three different climates to analyze the performance of reversible heat pumps across Europe. The reversible heat pump fully meets the summer cooling demand in all three climates, while the heating demand is covered with the help of a backup source. An economic analysis is carried out for three different PV sizes and the results are compared with the reference energy systems. The inclusion of a battery storage system results in high payback times but increases overall flexibility and self-sufficiency.

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Lin, Yaolin, Zhenyan Bu, Wei Yang, Haisong Zhang, Valerie Francis, and Chun-Qing Li. "A Review on the Research and Development of Solar-Assisted Heat Pump for Buildings in China." Buildings 12, no. 9 (September 13, 2022): 1435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091435.

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The building sector accounts for over 40% of global energy consumption. The utilization of renewable energy systems such as the solar-assisted heat pump (SAHP) in buildings has been shown to improve building energy efficiency and achieve carbon neutrality. This paper presents a review of the research and development of solar-assisted heat pumps for buildings in China. It firstly introduces the different stages of solar-assisted heat pump research. Secondly, the research on different types of heat pumps, the core components of heat pumps, the computer software used, and the economic feasibility evaluation of solar-assisted heat pumps are presented. Thirdly, the application of SAHPs in practical projects is examined and relevant regulations, standards, and policies for solar-assisted heat pump development in China are highlighted. Finally, recommendations for the future development of solar-assisted heat pumps in China are suggested.

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Wright, Christopher. "Helping pumps beat carbon." World Pumps 2016, no. 11 (November 2016): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-1762(16)30319-4.

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Hamme, Roberta C., David P. Nicholson, William J. Jenkins, and Steven R. Emerson. "Using Noble Gases to Assess the Ocean's Carbon Pumps." Annual Review of Marine Science 11, no. 1 (January 3, 2019): 75–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-121916-063604.

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Natural mechanisms in the ocean, both physical and biological, concentrate carbon in the deep ocean, resulting in lower atmospheric carbon dioxide. The signals of these carbon pumps overlap to create the observed carbon distribution in the ocean, making the individual impact of each pump difficult to disentangle. Noble gases have the potential to directly quantify the physical carbon solubility pump and to indirectly improve estimates of the biological organic carbon pump. Noble gases are biologically inert, can be precisely measured, and span a range of physical properties. We present dissolved neon, argon, and krypton data spanning the Atlantic, Southern, Pacific, and Arctic Oceans. Comparisons between deep-ocean observations and models of varying complexity enable the rates of processes that control the carbon solubility pump to be quantified and thus provide an important metric for ocean model skill. Noble gases also provide a powerful means of assessing air–sea gas exchange parameterizations.

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7

BAIK, YOUNG-JIN, MINSUNG KIM, and HO-SANG RA. "SIMULATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND HYDROCARBON HEAT PUMPS FOR MODERATE TO HIGH TEMPERATURE HEATING." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 22, no. 01 (March 2014): 1450001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132514500011.

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In order to compare the performance of the carbon dioxide, propane and isobutane heat pumps for moderate to high temperature heating, the three heat pump cycles were optimized using a simulation method. To fairly compare the performance of the cycles by using different working fluids, each cycle was optimized from the viewpoint of heating COP by two design parameters. The first is the gas cooler (or condenser) exit temperature and the other is the ratio of the overall heat conductance of the gas cooler to the combined overall heat conductance of the gas cooler and the evaporator. The inlet and outlet temperatures of secondary fluid of the gas cooler (or condenser) were fixed at 40/90°C and 40/150°C. The heat source inlet temperature was fixed at 10°C. The flow rates of both the heat source and the heat sink were also fixed. The results shows that the hydrocarbon heat pumps have 11–17% higher heating COP than carbon dioxide heat pump under the simulation conditions considered in the present study. However, for a high temperature heating, even though the isobutane heat pump shows the best performance, the carbon dioxide heat pump looks promising due to hydrocarbon heat pumps' high compression ratio.

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Rosengard, Sarah Z. "Sizing the Ocean's Carbon Pumps." Limnology and Oceanography Bulletin 25, no. 3 (July 4, 2016): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lob.10127.

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Li, Yantong, Natasa Nord, Inge Håvard Rekstad, Stein Kristian Skånøy, and Lars Konrad Sørensen. "Study of a water-source CO2 heat pump for residential use: experimental discharge pressure control and performance analysis." E3S Web of Conferences 246 (2021): 06010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124606010.

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The heat pumps with the refrigerant of carbon dioxide (CO2), i.e., CO2 heat pumps, have the merits of low price and environmentally friendliness in comparison with those with traditional refrigerants, e.g., hydrochlorofluorocarbons and chlorofluorocarbons. Current studies mainly focused on the air-source CO2 heat pumps, while investigations about the CO2 heat pumps gaining heat or cold energy from different mediums, e.g., water, are lacking. In addition, although few studies presented the investigations on the discharge pressure of the CO2 heat pumps (e.g., investigations of optimal discharge pressure), how to realize the effective discharge pressure control in the experimental conditions is still lacking. To remedy these knowledge gaps, this study presented an experimental investigation of a water-source CO2 heat pump for residential use. A PI controller was used to maintain the fixed discharge pressure by adjusting the opening of the electronic expansion valve. The dynamic performance of the CO2 heat pump in the typical discharge pressure of 7,200 to 8,400 kPa were analyzed. The results indicated that the method of using the PI controller to adjust the opening of the electronic expansion valve could effectively maintain the desired discharge pressure of the CO2 heat pump in the experimental conditions.

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Valancius, Rokas, Rao Martand Singh, Andrius Jurelionis, and Juozas Vaiciunas. "A Review of Heat Pump Systems and Applications in Cold Climates: Evidence from Lithuania." Energies 12, no. 22 (November 13, 2019): 4331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12224331.

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Similar to other cold climate countries, space heating and domestic hot water (DHW) accounts form the largest share of household energy demand in Lithuania. Heat pump technology is considered to be one of the environmentally friendly solutions to increase energy efficiency and reduce the carbon footprint of buildings. Heat pumps have been finding their way into the Lithuanian market since 2002, and currently there are many good practice examples present in the country, especially in the residential and public sectors. Heat pump use is economically advantageous in the Baltic Region, and the market share of these systems is growing. Studies have reported seasonal performance factor (SPF) ranges within 1.8 and 5.6. The lower SPF values are typically attributable to air source heat pumps, whereas the higher efficiency is achieved by ground or water source heat pump applications. While the traditional heat pump techniques are well established in the region, there is a slow uptake of new technologies, such as solar-assisted heat pumps, absorption heat pumps and heat pumps integrated into foundations, tunnels or diaphragm walls. This paper provides a critical review of different heat pump technologies, using Lithuania as a cold climate case study to overview the market trends within the European context. Potential trends for the heat pump technology development in terms of application areas, cost-benefit predictions, as well as environmental aspects, are discussed.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Carbon pumps"

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Flohr, Anita [Verfasser], and Tim [Akademischer Betreuer] Rixen. "Carbon Pumps in the Benguela Current upwelling system / Anita Flohr. Betreuer: Tim Rixen." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2015. http://d-nb.info/107531755X/34.

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Goodman, Christopher L. "Modeling, validation and design of integrated carbon dioxide heat pumps and water heaters." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/22560.

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3

Yurtsever, Ahmet Onur. "Mathematical Modeling Of Adsorption/desorption Systems For Chemical Heat Pumps." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612917/index.pdf.

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Despite their limited commercial applications, chemical heat pumps (CHP) have been considered as an important alternative to conventional heating and cooling technologies. In this study, the adsorption-desorption of ethanol over activated carbon was applied on the CHP reactor. The ethanol vapor - activated carbon adsorption rate was determined at 30, 60, 90 and 120°
experimentally by using Intelligent Gravimetric Analyzer C(IGA). The experimental adsorption data were used on the transient modeling of reactor by assuming single component gas phase. Then, spatial and temporal temperature, rate of heat transfer, and total amount of heat transferred for a given period were determined. Finally, the calculated adsorption and temperature profiles were integrated over volume to predict performance of heat pump for different reactor geometries. The results showed that, with proper modeling satisfactory performance values can be attained using these systems.

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Jayanty, Vivi. "Miniaturized electron-impact-ionization pumps using double-gated isolated vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/75659.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2012.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-71).
There is a need for microscale vacuum pumps that can be readily integrated with other MEMS and electronic components at the chip-scale level. Miniaturized ion pumps exhibit favorable scaling down because they are surface-limited and miniaturization increases the ratio between the active surface and the chamber volume, resulting in enhanced ionization and pump rates. Therefore, scaled-down ion pumps are a promising choice for a variety of applications including portable mass spectrometers and sub-mm wavelength vacuum amplifiers. Our micropump architecture consist of a field-emission electron source that is an array of double-gated isolated vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VA-CNTs), an electronimpact- ionization region, and a non-evaporative ion-implantation getter. Single-gated VA-CNT FEAs were tested as field emitters in high vacuum (10-9 Torr). The current density of the tested device is ~0.5A/cm2 (total current of 0.4mA) and a field enhancement factor of 1.41 x106 V/cm was measured, which is comparable to the simulation results by COMSOL. Two ways to fabricate double-gated VA-CNT FEAs were reported: one has the focus gate in plane with the extractor gate and the other has the focus gate above the extractor gate. Due to problems on fabrication process of double-gated VA-CNTs (short circuit between emitters, extractor gate, and focus gate), we were not able to collect four-terminal measurement, electron-impact-ionization, and pump data. However, procedure on how to collect and analyze field emission data with two gates to find [beta]G and [beta]F was described. In addition, procedures on how to collect and analyze data on electron impact ionization pump were also presented.
by Vivi Jayanty.
S.M.

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5

Böttcher, Christof. "An automotive carbon dioxide air-conditioning system with heat pump." Thesis, Port Elizabeth Technikon, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/206.

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The refrigerant circuits of car air-conditioning systems are fitted with so-called open type compressors, because there is only a lip seal preventing the refrigerant from leaking from the compressor housing to the atmosphere. In addition, the cycle uses damping elements between the compressor and the other components on the suction and pressure lines to reduce vibration and noise transfer from the engine to the car body. Both the lip seal and damping elements result in loss of refrigerant as they are made from elastomers and leak with age, and, under high temperature conditions inside the engine room, these elements also allow a relatively high permeation of the refrigerant gas to the atmosphere. With very high refrigerant losses in the older R12 -cooling cycles and the damage caused by this gas to the ozone layer in the stratosphere, the Montreal protocol phased out this refrigerant and the car industry was forced to revert completely to R134a until 1994/95. R134a has no ozone depletion potential, but it has a direct global warming potential, and, therefore, leakages also have to be minimised. R134a has, because of its molecular size, a high permeation potential and, hence, all the refrigerant hoses are lined internally. Unfortunately, these hoses also leak with age and significant refrigerant loss will occur [1] R134a can therefore only be viewed as a solution until an alternative refrigerant with no direct global warming potential has been developed. Candidates for new refrigerants are natural substances such as hydrocarbons or carbon dioxide [2]. Unfortunately, both substances have disadvantages and their use is restricted to special cases, for e.g. hydrocarbons are flammable and are not used in car air-conditioners, but in Germany it is used as a refrigerant in household refrigerators with hermetic cycles. What makes the implementation of carbon dioxide (CO2) difficult are the high system pressures and the low critical point [3].

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Fronk, Brian Matthew. "Modeling and Testing Of Water-Coupled Microchannel Gas Coolers for Natural Refrigerant Heat Pumps." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16247.

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An experimental and analytical investigation on a water-coupled microchannel gas cooler was conducted in this study. With a relatively low critical temperature (31.1°C/89.9°F) and pressure (73.7 bar/1070 psi), CO2 is a supercritical fluid on the high side of a vapor compression cycle under warmer ambient conditions. This results in a non-isothermal heat rejection through the component known as the gas cooler. The large temperature glide in the heating of tap water matches well with the supercritical temperature glide of carbon dioxide. Unlike in a condensation process, here the non isothermal heat rejection can be used to advantage in a counterflow gas cooler, in which the water outlet temperature can rise to the desired high value. This minimizes temperature pinch and keeps gas cooler size economical. The focus of this thesis was to develop and experimentally validate a heat transfer model for a water-coupled microchannel gas cooler. The heat exchanger was tested in a small capacity experimental heat pump system. The heat pump system was designed to simulate conditions for heating domestic tap water to a usable temperature. A matrix of test points varying refrigerant inlet temperature, refrigerant mass flow rate, water inlet temperature and water volumetric flow rate were used to characterize the performance of the heat exchanger and validate the model.

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7

Meyers, Steven [Verfasser]. "Methodology development and assessment of lower carbon industrial process heat through solar energy and heat pumps / Steven Meyers." Kassel : Universitätsbibliothek Kassel, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1162152265/34.

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8

Irving, Robert. "Assessing the potential of heat pumps to reduce energy-related carbon emissions from UK housing in a changing climate." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2013. https://radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/items/9e311425-0948-4390-bbeb-4da569dc9fa7/1.

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This thesis describes three connected stages of development and analysis of residential heat pump energy use: firstly, the analysis of heat pump performance data from a monitoring study of ground source heat pumps; secondly, the definition and development of a generalised residential heat pump energy model embedded within an enhanced dwelling energy model; finally, the analysis of the effects of possible residential heat pump installation scenarios on the UK energy supply and carbon emissions. The monitoring study involved three ground source heat pump installations. The data collected consisted of heat output, electric power input, system temperatures and system status indicators. Analysis indicated that these systems showed reductions in carbon emissions from homes ranging from 18% to 37% compared with their counterfactual fuel-burning systems. The monitoring study provided empirical values to parameterise the heat pump model which was built around a linear regression relationship of heat pump COP to source / sink temperature differential based on heat pump performance data from standard laboratory test results. This model was added in a new module to enhance the BRE domestic energy model, BREDEM-8, which provides monthly estimates. Estimating rules were included for energy use from bivalent alternate, bivalent parallel operation and space cooling. The enhanced BREDEM-8 model was used to analyse the effects of possible residential heat pump installations within a housing stock energy model developed using the English Housing Survey datasets as a data source. Baseline estimates for the current stock were created using data reduction techniques to provide parameters (u-values, glazing details) for the enhanced BREDEM-8 model. Scenarios for heat pump deployments were created for the periods up to 2020 and 2050, selecting dwellings for heat pump application according to scenarios reflecting the perceived needs of the period, ie. the likely reduction in UK generating capacity up to 2020 and CO2 emissions reduction targets to 2050. Results showed that up to 2020, a policy of targeting dwellings with the highest overall emissions for replacement would reduce carbon emissions by 7.6%, at the expense of a 12% increase in electricity consumption. Targeting dwellings with the highest emitting existing systems caused a smaller increase in electricity consumption of about 6.5% with carbon emissions reduced by about 6.8%. The scenarios for the period to 2050, including 80% replacement of gas systems with heat pumps, gave an estimated 80% reduction in carbon emissions, when accompanied by an similar reduction in the carbon intensity of electricity generation and bringing about an increase in electricity consumption of somewhat over 40%. The effect of the more extreme scenario is to replace all but a small proportion of the energy used for heating and hot water with standard rate electricity, in 84.6% of the dwellings, and retaining gas in the remainder, 15.2%, bringing about a radical shift to electric heating throughout the housing stock.

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9

Cooper, Samuel J. G. "Thermodynamic analysis of air source heat pumps and micro combined heat and power units participating in a distributed energy future." Thesis, University of Bath, 2013. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.577742.

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Achieving the reductions in carbon dioxide emissions which are necessary will require improvements in the way in which domestic space heating is supplied. Air Source Heat Pumps and micro-Combined Heat and Power units both have the potential to reduce emissions while using primary energy resources more efficiently. The performance which these technologies can achieve is fundamental to fulfilling this potential and yet it is still subject to some uncertainty. This thesis analyses the performance of Air Source Heat Pumps and micro-Combined Heat and Power units in terms of their energy and exergy requirements and in terms of the carbon dioxide emissions associated with their operation. A review of the literature identified that it was appropriate to develop a novel modelling approach. Models of many components currently exist and these are adopted and extended wherever possible within this modelling approach. However, it is the unique way in which this research combines these models and adds additional components which delivers performance data relating to a wider range of conditions at a greater level of detail than that which was previously available. The model which was developed can dynamically simulate the heating and power demands in many dwellings simultaneously, facilitating meaningful study of effects which are dependent upon the sum of their power flows. Consideration of the effect of operating conditions includes permutations of climate, control systems (including those which engage with demand side management), grid generation mixes and building properties. Efficient Air Source Heat Pumps units have the potential to make energy and carbon emissions savings at present but their performance is sensitive to the conditions studied. In particular, appropriate control of the units can yield energy savings of around 25%. Additionally, the carbon emissions intensity of the grid is an important consideration which is explored in depth. Currently, energy requirements and carbon emissions can be reduced by the use of micro-Combined Heat and Power units. Their potential to further reduce carbon emissions diminishes if the grid is predominantly decarbonised but units with high electrical efficiencies can still save energy. The effect of the control approach which is adopted is also significant and has different effects on fuel-cell based units compared to combustion-based units. The key contribution of this work is the analysis of performance data for a selection of units operating under a range of conditions, calculated with a consistent, accurate methodology. Comparison is made between the technologies and between the effects of different operating conditions. A second significant contribution of this work is the development of the model which was used to generate the performance results. These advances allow more detailed comparative analysis of performance data in a wider range of conditions than previously possible.

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Raymond, Alexander William. "Investigation of microparticle to system level phenomena in thermally activated adsorption heat pumps." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/34682.

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Heat actuated adsorption heat pumps offer the opportunity to improve overall energy efficiency in waste heat applications by eliminating shaft work requirements accompanying vapor compression cycles. The coefficient of performance (COP) in adsorption heat pumps is generally low. The objective of this thesis is to model the adsorption system to gain critical insight into how its performance can be improved. Because adsorption heat pumps are intermittent devices, which induce cooling by adsorbing refrigerant in a sorption bed heat/mass exchanger, transient models must be used to predict performance. In this thesis, such models are developed at the adsorbent particle level, heat/mass exchanger component level and system level. Adsorption heat pump modeling is a coupled heat and mass transfer problem. Intra-particle mass transfer resistance and sorption bed heat transfer resistance are shown to be significant, but for very fine particle sizes, inter-particle resistance may also be important. The diameter of the adsorbent particle in a packed bed is optimized to balance inter- and intra-particle resistances and improve sorption rate. In the literature, the linear driving force (LDF) approximation for intra-particle mass transfer is commonly used in place of the Fickian diffusion equation to reduce computation time; however, it is shown that the error in uptake prediction associated with the LDF depends on the working pair, half-cycle time, adsorbent particle radius, and operating temperatures at hand. Different methods for enhancing sorption bed heat/mass transfer have been proposed in the literature including the use of binders, adsorbent compacting, and complex extended surface geometries. To maintain high reliability, the simple, robust annular-finned-tube geometry with packed adsorbent is specified in this work. The effects of tube diameter, fin pitch and fin height on thermal conductance, metal/adsorbent mass ratio and COP are studied. As one might expect, many closely spaced fins, or high fin density, yields high thermal conductance; however, it is found that the increased inert metal mass associated with the high fin density diminishes COP. It is also found that thin adsorbent layers with low effective conduction resistance lead to high thermal conductance. As adsorbent layer thickness decreases, the relative importance of tube-side convective resistance rises, so mini-channel sized tubes are used. After selecting the proper tube geometry, an overall thermal conductance is calculated for use in a lumped-parameter sorption bed simulation. To evaluate the accuracy of the lumped-parameter approach, a distributed parameter sorption bed simulation is developed for comparison. Using the finite difference method, the distributed parameter model is used to track temperature and refrigerant distributions in the finned tube and adsorbent layer. The distributed-parameter tube model is shown to be in agreement with the lumped-parameter model, thus independently verifying the overall UA calculation and the lumped-parameter sorption bed model. After evaluating the accuracy of the lumped-parameter model, it is used to develop a system-level heat pump simulation. This simulation is used to investigate a non-recuperative two-bed heat pump containing activated carbon fiber-ethanol and silica gel-water working pairs. The two-bed configuration is investigated because it yields a desirable compromise between the number of components (heat exchangers, pumps, valves, etc.) and steady cooling rate. For non-recuperative two-bed adsorption heat pumps, the average COP prediction in the literature is 0.39 for experiments and 0.44 for models. It is important to improve the COP in mobile waste heat applications because without high COP, the available waste heat during startup or idle may be insufficient to deliver the desired cooling duty. In this thesis, a COP of 0.53 is predicted for the non-recuperative, silica gel-water chiller. If thermal energy recovery is incorporated into the cycle, a COP as high as 0.64 is predicted for a 90, 35 and 7.0°C source, ambient and average evaporator temperature, respectively. The improvement in COP over heat pumps appearing in the literature is attributed to the adsorbent particle size optimization and careful selection of sorption bed heat exchanger geometry.

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Books on the topic "Carbon pumps"

1

Park, Simon S. On-line measurement of the PVT properties of polymer/carbon dioxide solutions using a gear pump. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1999.

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Office, General Accounting. Air pollution: Oxygenated fuels help reduce carbon monoxide : report to the chairman, Subcommittee on Health and the Environment, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: GAO, 1991.

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Wetz, Jennifer Jarrell. Pump station data report for the May 2001, August 2001 and January 2003 COAST cruises: Nutrients, extracted chlorophyll, and dissolved and particulate organic carbon and nitrogen. Corvallis, Or: College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, 2005.

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Office, General Accounting. Air pollution: Efforts to control ozone in areas of Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin : briefing report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1988.

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Office, General Accounting. Air pollution: Improvements needed in detecting and preventing violations : report to the chairman, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: GAO, 1990.

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Office, General Accounting. Air pollution: EPA needs more data from FHWA on changes to highway projects : report to the chairman, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: GAO, 1990.

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Office, General Accounting. Air pollution: Changes needed in EPA's program that assesses radon measurement firms : report to the Chairman, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: U.S. General Accounting Office, 1990.

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Office, General Accounting. Air pollution: Emission sources regulated by multiple Clean Air Act provisions : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Clean Air, Wetlands, Private Property, and Nuclear Safety, Commmittee on Environment and Public Works, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): U.S. General Accounting Office, 2000.

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Office, General Accounting. Air pollution: EPA's strategy to control emissions of benzene and gasoline vapor : report to the chairman, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: GAO, 1985.

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Office, General Accounting. Air pollution: The Border Smog Reduction Act's impact on ozone levels : report to Congressional committees. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Carbon pumps"

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Hodge, James M., and Thomas F. Clasen. "A Critical Review of Carbon Credits for Household Water Treatment." In Broken Pumps and Promises, 135–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28643-3_9.

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Aono, Masami, and Tomo Harata. "Photomechanical Response of Amorphous Carbon Nitride Thin Films and Their Applications in Light-Driven Pumps." In Carbon Related Materials, 303–15. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7610-2_13.

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Jarosch, Josef, and Anke-Dorothee Braun. "Diaphragm Pumps Improve Efficiency of Compressing Acid Gas and CO2." In Carbon Dioxide Sequestration and Related Technologies, 155–72. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118175552.ch11.

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Mota-Babiloni, Adrián, Carlos Mateu-Royo, and Joaquín Navarro-Esbrí. "High-Temperature Heat Pumps for Sustainable Industry." In Emerging Research in Sustainable Energy and Buildings for a Low-Carbon Future, 287–97. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8775-7_17.

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Hinds, Bruce. "Carbon Nanotube Membranes as an Idealized Platform for Protein Channel Mimetic Pumps." In Responsive Membranes and Materials, 51–71. Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118389553.ch3.

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Volk, Tyler, and Martin I. Hoffert. "Ocean Carbon Pumps: Analysis of Relative Strengths and Efficiencies in Ocean-Driven Atmospheric CO2 Changes." In The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO2 : Natural Variations Archean to Present, 99–110. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm032p0099.

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Zhao, Yuan, Ke Sun, Chenghao Gao, Dabiao Wang, Chen Liu, Ruirui Zhao, and Baomin Dai. "Energy consumption and carbon emission study of heat pumps with different working fluids for residential buildings heating." In Energy Revolution and Chemical Research, 9–17. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003332657-2.

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Blázquez, Cristina Sáez, David Borge-Diez, Ignacio Martín Nieto, Miguel Ángel Maté-González, Arturo Farfán Martín, and Diego González-Aguilera. "Geothermal Heat Pumps for Slurry Cooling and Farm Heating: Impact and Carbon Footprint Reduction in Pig Farms." In Heat Energy Recovery for Industrial Processes and Wastes, 221–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24374-5_8.

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Michaelis, Anne, and Martin Weibelzahl. "The Power of Consumers: On the Interplay Between Consumer-Centric Markets and Energy Justice." In Just Transitions, 201–7. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-46282-5_27.

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AbstractAs electricity systems undergo a profound transformation characterized by decentralization and the emergence of millions of new electricity consumers, including electric vehicles and heat pumps, the complexity of modern electricity markets is on the rise. This development presents a unique opportunity for consumers to actively participate in electricity markets. To avoid divergent developments, it is essential to comprehensively consider the interplay between electricity market design and energy justice. This chapter identifies main barriers to consumer-centric electricity markets and outlines a modern cycle of energy justice and consumer-centric electricity markets. Consumer-centric electricity markets, which put consumers at the heart, can be a catalyst for energy justice. Conversely, energy justice and its various forms can help design and successfully implement consumer-centric electricity markets aligned with a low-carbon economy and society. Policymakers must address both policy areas cohesively to avoid the emergence of electricity markets that fail to harness justice potentials. Consumer-centric electricity markets have the potential to drive transformative change, making it imperative to empower consumers in this evolving landscape. Now is the time to give power to consumers.

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Denkena, Berend, Benjamin Bergmann, Marcel Wichmann, Miriam Handrup, Daniel Katzsch, Philipp Pillkahn, Leon Reuter, Christopher Schmidt, and Frederik Stelljes. "Resource-Efficient Process Chains for the Production of High-Performance Powertrain Components in the Automotive Industry." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 410–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28839-5_46.

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AbstractThis paper focuses on process chains for power train components of passenger cars and heavy duty vehicles. In the project “Powertrain 2025” particular attention is being paid to increase the resource efficiency of the manufacturing process chains and reduce energy demand during service life. In detail cylinder liners are equipped with an adapted geometry and topography which reduces friction losses. Process chains for chassis components are investigated and optimized in order to increase the resource efficiency during manufacturing, service life and maintenance. In addition, process chains for the manufacturing of drive shafts are adjusted. By eliminating hard machining, energy is saved and friction losses are reduced by laser machining of microstructures. Furthermore, micro dimples are applied in vane pumps, which leads to a tribological improvement and thus enhances their friction behaviour. Moreover, a system architecture for process planning is developed and ecologically optimized process parameters are calculated. For a final consideration, a calculation software is developed which enables to calculate the main energy consumption of the manufacturing processes and the carbon footprint for the expected service life. A weight reduction of the powertrain components of 4.5 kg per vehicle and a potential annual energy saving of 13,073 MWh is obtained.

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Conference papers on the topic "Carbon pumps"

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Doucette, Alexander, Cora R. Dickie-Wilson, Shahriyar G. Holagh, and Wael H. Ahmed. "Carbon Dioxide Capture Using Airlift Pumps." In 10th International Conference on Fluid Flow, Heat and Mass Transfer (FFHMT 2023). Avestia Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.11159/ffhmt23.193.

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Gabrielli, Paolo, Siddhant Singh, Giovanni Sansavini, Luis Sanz Garcia, Emmanuel Jacquemoud, and Philipp Jenny. "Off-Design Modelling and Operational Optimization of Trans-Critical Carbon Dioxide Heat Pumps." In ASME Turbo Expo 2022: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2022-83205.

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Abstract Industrial heat pumps, and specifically those using carbon dioxide (CO2) as a refrigerant, can play a key role in the de-carbonization of the heating and cooling sector, due to their low global warming potential, toxicity and flammability. However, challenges arise when dealing with the modeling and optimization of CO2 heat pumps under different operating conditions. We address this challenge by presenting a modeling and optimization tool to predict and optimize the operation of heat pumps in off-design conditions. The tool improves on the current state-of-the-art in several ways. First, it describes a novel thermodynamic cycle, which features higher performance than conventional heat pumps. Also, it is based on a mathematical model that describes accurately the behavior of CO2 across a wide range of thermodynamic conditions, especially near its critical region, and takes into account effects of motor-cooling, leakages and performance limits. Furthermore, it maximizes the coefficient of performance (COP) of the heat pump via an accurate and computationally-efficient optimization problem. The capabilities of the model are illustrated by looking at different typical heat pump applications based on real-world projects within the heating and cooling sector. Different case studies are considered, showing how the heat pump is optimally operated during the year to maximize its COP while meeting the varying boundary conditions.

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Banerjee, Soumik, Sohail Murad, and Ishwar K. Puri. "Carbon Nanotubes as Nano-Pumps: A Molecular Dynamics Investigation." In ASME 4th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2006-96206.

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This paper focuses on the use of carbon nanotubes (CNT) for ion separation and encapsulation from a solution containing both positive and negatively charged ions. Metal ion separation from drinking water or during material processing applications can be an important issue. We use molecular dynamics simulations to demonstrate that a pair of carbon nanotubes with patterned positive and negative charges can form the basis of an effective device for the separation or encapsulation of ions. We consider three different charge patterns: i) Electrodes, where all the atoms of a CNT are charged with a finite surface charge density; ii) Alternate axial bands of positive and negative charges on each electrode; and iii) Alternate circumferential rings of positive and negative charges on the electrodes. The charge pattern determines the preferential intake of water and/or ions by a nanotube. As conventional electrodes they adsorb ions, but with an alternate band or ring charge pattern they adsorb the water molecules. Our simulations show that a charged CNT can be used as a nano-pump that provides purified water or ions from an impure solution.

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Cox, J. S., R. M. El Mahbes, and M. A. Sikes. "Gas Mitigation Technology Review and Impact on Production Optimization for CO2 Applications." In SPE Gulf Coast Section - Electric Submersible Pumps Symposium. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/214719-ms.

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Abstract Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) utilizing carbon dioxide (CO2) has proven to be a very effective method of increasing the production of reserves in the Permian Basin and other parts of the United States. However, this recovery method increases the volume of gas that needs to be managed, with the added complexity of a varying gas density due to changing ratios of CO2 and natural gas as the flood progresses. In previous SPE papers, the authors explored the use of various gas avoidance technologies and how effective they were in terms of CO2 avoidance, handling, and separation. This paper will combine knowledge of multiple forms of gas handling devices with experience specific to CO2. Gas mitigation methods reviewed will include shrouded ESP systems with and without dip tubes, inverted shrouds and encapsulated ESPs with forced cooling through recirculation. This paper examines how the systems and methods are similar, notes their main differences, and compares production impacts before and after implementation of the technology. The paper will conclude with recommendations for improvements and enhancements to achieve better results on future installations, including using a combination of technologies for CO2 EOR or wells with high gas/liquid ratios (GLRs).

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LaPrade, Bennie, Balaji Panchapakesan, and Stuart J. Williams. "Opto-Mechanical Actuation of Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Composite Membranes for Microfluidic Pumping Applications." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-86138.

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In this work, we characterize the laser induced, opto-mechanical actuation of carbon nanotube (CNT)/polymer composite membranes for use in microfluidic pumping applications. Until recently, the use of opto-mechanical actuation in the field of microfluidics had not been realized [1]. This novel form of actuation offers distinct advantages over conventional external and integrated microfluidic pump actuators. Of particular interest are the abilities to decouple the pump and actuation mechanisms and wirelessly actuate microfluidic pumps. This research utilizes previously demonstrated fabrication methods to produce and test CNT/Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer pump membranes [1]. By varying the thickness of the CNT film layer within composite pump membranes, and by adjusting the laser intensity used to actuate the membranes, the deflection of microfluidic pump membranes can be tuned to achieve precise volume displacement and pumping volumes.

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Al-Majdli, A. F., B. Al-Methen, B. W. Al-Hasash, M. Al-Mutairi, V. Rajagopalan, R. Suryadi, H. Al-Ajeel, and N. Al-Harbi. "GRE Lined Carbon Steel Tubing Performance in Sweet Corrosion Environments for Wells Equipped with Electrical Submersible Pumps." In GOTECH. SPE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/219084-ms.

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Abstract The majority of oil production at the Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) rely on Electrical Submersible Pumping (ESP) systems. One such reservoir in Kuwait with over than 120 producing well equipped with electrical submersible Pumps are exposed to a harsh production environments including corrosive fluids (sweet corrosion due to presence of Co2). Historical data shows that over 40% of all pulled Electrical Submersible Pumps where dismantle inspection and failure analysis (DIFA) were performed in the past 4 to 5 years within the field have failed due to corrosion within the well completion (mainly corrosion in the tubing) or in Electrical Submersible Pump components. When analyzing existing data (reservoir, design, equipment specifications, operation and DIFA) the majority of failed wells equipped with Electrical Submersible Pump show signs of corrosion in the tubing although they rarely appear on the ESP components. Further analysis shows that 80% of these completion (mainly tubing) failures occur between 4 to 18 months where the tubing used in these cases are all found to be of carbon steel metallurgy. Sweet corrosion is one of the major issues for wells equipped with electrical submersible Pump in one of reservoir located in Kuwait. An increase in water cut percentages in the reservoir has led to increased CO2 corrosion rate in the saline formation water (high chloride level). The collected data shows that more than 40% of all pulled electrical submersible Pumps where DIFA have been performed were due to corrosion in the completion components (mainly corrosion hole in the tubing). As a proactive measure, KOC have been installing Internally Glass Reinforced Epoxy (GRE) lined carbon steel tubing for wells that have corrosion related tubing failures. In additional, KOC decided to enhance the Electrical Submersible Pump components specifications to mitigate the risk related to sweet corrosion. This paper shows a field study for 36 cases where Internally Glass Reinforced Epoxy lined carbon steel tubing were used on existing failed wells due to corrosion to evaluate the effectiveness of using GRE lined tubing when exposed to the same harsh environments (sweet corrosion) and the resulting equipment run life. When compared with conventional carbon steel tubing, a significant increase in run life and reduction of numbers of completion failures are recorded. Over all, the average run life for all cases has improved by over 422 days. This study will help ESP operators facing similar challenges to understand the effectiveness of using Internally Glass Reinforced Epoxy lined carbon steel tubing as a replacement for conventional carbon steel tubing towards mitigating sweet corrosion environments.

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Diezinger, Stefan, Christian Huettl, Jochen Schaefer, Christian Paul, and Arne Lienau. "Low-Carbon and High-Efficient Heat Provision by High-Temperature Heat Pumps with Subsequent Steam Compression." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210799-ms.

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Abstract Heat is the world's largest energy end use, accounting for almost half of global final energy consumption in 2021 (IEA, 2021). Heat is utilized in various applications across a broad range of industries, including refining, chemicals, pulp and paper, textile manufacturing, district heating systems, buildings, etc. Large scale, low-temperature heat pumps are a well-established technology and are currently able to achieve temperature levels of up to 100°C. In recent years, demonstration projects involving Siemens Energy and other original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) have shown that temperatures up to 150°C and 4 bar are within reach using modern high-temperature heat pumps. Further progress has been made to extend this range up to 270°C and pressure levels up to 60 barA using subsequent steam compression. Such configurations recently became bid ready in the marketplace. This paper provides an underlying description of modern electric heat pump technology and will show how it can be used as a low-carbon alternative to traditional heating methods, such as oil- or gas-fired boilers. Several real-world applications will be presented, including one concept at a large integrated chemical complex in Europe, where a high-temperature heat pump and steam compressor are combined to achieve a temperature of 240°C at 19 barA with a coefficient of performance (COP) of 3.

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Nicholson, Barry, Carlos Yicon, Fernando Carreno, Robert Navo, Christian Bodington, and Gibson Gutierrez. "ESP Continuous Deployment Monitoring System." In SPE Gulf Coast Section - Electric Submersible Pumps Symposium. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/214726-ms.

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Abstract Electric submersible pumps (ESPs) using permanent magnet motors (PMMs) play a key role in lowering the cost of operations and reducing carbon footprint by reducing power consumption by 15 to 20%. As the use of PMMs becomes more prevalent, concerns about PMM safety are rising, especially during the installation and pull of the ESP system; hence, an automated method to monitor PMMs to safeguard personnel is essential. The ESP continuous deployment monitoring system (CDMS) prevents field personnel's exposure to electrical shock by acquiring and logging valuable downhole and surface measurements while installing or retrieving ESP systems. This tool both maintains the ESP system's electrical integrity and implements the two most important components of HSE: risk elimination and engineering control. Additionally, the device can alert the presence of any back electromotive force (BEMF) that may be generated. This system provides the ability to log the resistances between phases, between phase to ground, and downhole sensor readings without any physical contact with the ESP cable. In addition, this tool maintains the three phases of the ESP cable in short condition, reducing the chance of unplanned motor spinning. It also measures the ESP installation or retrieval operational efficiency. It eliminates the need to stop the operation regularly to measure the integrity of the ESP system. The CDMS is not intended to replace other safety considerations or procedures, but rather to complement them. This paper will illustrate the potential electrical hazards and the measures taken to ensure a safe ESP installation and retrieval during field tests and trials.

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Ridlah, M. R., P. I. Amal, A. T. Wibowo, T. R. Hidayat, N. Almadani, G. Prasetyo, G. Irawan, and T. Hutomo. "A Game Changer: Initiating a Massive Movement of Permanent Magnet Motor Application for ESP Design in Remote Area Operation, Sangasanga Oil Field Indonesia." In SPE Gulf Coast Section - Electric Submersible Pumps Symposium. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/214720-ms.

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Abstract The application of electric submersible pumps by transforming kinetic energy into boosting pressure is widely recognized in optimizing well performance. However, it becomes challenging under remote area operations due to limited electric power supply resources. Power supply failures result in additional pump maintenance, thus shortening ESP run life and increasing operational costs eventually. This paper will introduce a solution to this challenge, i.e., innovative permanent magnet motor technology (PMM), and present successful PMM applications in the ESP system to reduce power consumption and prevent ESP failure in a mature oil field in Sangasanga, Indonesia. Permanent magnet motor (PMM) technology is designed with magnetic material and unique apparatus fo r in-situ re-magnetize to generate a constant rotor magnetic field, thus resulting in greater torque and maximum pump rotation and ultimately reducing the power consumption. In addition, it works under high downhole temperatures of up to 480F without de-magnetization risk. In a three-year study, ESP design with PMM technology was implemented in several oil wells. ESP performance is evaluated and compared by parameters, i.e., annual power consumption, ESP run life, and production sustainability. The parameters are presented for three different case studies which compare three production wells equipped with conventional AM motor and PPM motor. The campaign for PMM installation was started in 2019. Now, 40 % of ESP wells in the Sangasanga field have been equipped with PMM. With conventional AM motors, the average power consumption for ESPs is around 117,582 kWh a year. The number decreases by about 24-30% with PMM. Meanwhile, the operating cost decreases linearly accordingly. Moreover, the installation of PMM shows a promising result in securing production sustainability since it prevents unplanned shutdowns due to power shortages. As a result, the improvement has delivered an additional value of about $ 111,650 for each well annually. In addition, compared to the conventional AM motor, ESP's run life has increased from 2.5 years to 3.5 years by using PMM. The decrease in electricity usage also creates a domino effect on carbon emissions for better environmental sustainability. The achievement in this study has triggered a massive campaign for a near future project to replace other remaining 60% of conventional AM motor ESPs with PMM technology. Furthermore, an additional power source must be provided to root the artificial lift conversion campaign from the Sucker Rod Pump to ESP to escalate oil production in Sangasanga Field.

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Meyers, Steven, Bastian Schmitt, and Klaus Vajen. "A Comparative Cost Assessment of Low Carbon Process Heat Between Solar Thermal and Heat Pumps." In ISES Solar World Conference 2017 and the IEA SHC Solar Heating and Cooling Conference for Buildings and Industry 2017. Freiburg, Germany: International Solar Energy Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18086/swc.2017.26.08.

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Reports on the topic "Carbon pumps"

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Buesseler, Ken O., Di Jin, Melina Kourantidou, David S. Levin, Kilaparti Ramakrishna, and Philip Renaud. The ocean twilight zone’s role in climate change. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/28074.

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The ocean twilight zone (more formally known as the mesopelagic zone) plays a fundamental role in global climate. It is the mid-ocean region roughly 100 to 1000 meters below the surface, encompassing a half-mile deep belt of water that spans more than two-thirds of our planet. The top of the ocean twilight zone only receives 1% of incident sunlight and the bottom level is void of sunlight. Life in the ocean twilight zone helps to transport billions of metric tons (gigatonnes) of carbon annually from the upper ocean into the deep sea, due in part to processes known as the biological carbon pump. Once carbon moves below roughly 1000 meters depth in the ocean, it can remain out of the atmosphere for centuries to millennia. Without the benefits of the biological carbon pump, the atmospheric CO 2 concentration would increase by approximately 200 ppm 1 which would significantly amplify the negative effects of climate change that the world is currently trying to curtail and reverse. Unfortunately, existing scientific knowledge about this vast zone of the ocean, such as how chemical elements flow through its living systems and the physical environment, is extremely limited, jeopardizing the efforts to improve climate predictions and to inform fisheries management and ocean policy development.

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Cunningham and Wilcox. PR-015-12205-R01 Technology Challenges for Liquid CO2 Pump Stations. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010023.

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As a result of proposed new climate change legislation requiring carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, there has been increased interest in the development of carbon capture technology worldwide. CCS aims to reduce CO2 emissions to the atmosphere by capturing it from the emissions of large producers and storing it underground. One often overlooked component of the CCS process is the transmission of captured CO2 to sequestration sites. This anthropogenic, or man-made, CO2 presents unique challenges to transportation because of the inclusion of impurities such as water (H2O), Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Hydrogen (H2), and Methane (CH4). These impurities cause changes in the properties of the CO2 stream and complicate the design of pipelines. Pure CO2 pipelines for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) have a long history of operation in North America, but this technology must be adapted to anthropogenic CO2 uses. Other technologies can potentially be adapted from the oil and gas industry. There are still challenges to be addressed, however, before anthropogenic CO2 pipeline technology can be considered mature. The objective of this project is to pinpoint areas of CO2 pipeline technology that still require development related to anthropogenic CO2 pump stations and their operation when transporting CO2 as a dense phase or supercritical fluid. This report focuses on identifying these challenges and providing a research roadmap to guide the development of anthropogenic CO2 technology to maturity. This project identified key technology challenges related to the gas properties, equipment, and operation of anthropogenic CO2 pipeline pump stations. Through an extensive literature review, interviews with industry professionals, and input from the PRCI committee, a list of relevant technology challenges was developed. The technologies were then ranked the level of development of these challenges using the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) scale to identify technologies in need of significant development. This report addresses the progress of technologies determined to have a low TRL level of development.

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Tsikos, Hariloas, Sipesihle Rafuza, Zolane R. Mhlanga, Paul B. H. Oonk, Vlassis Papadopoulos, Adrian C. Boyce, Paul R. D. Mason, Christopher Harris, Darren R. Gröcke, and Timothy W. Lyons. Carbon isotope evidence for water-column carbon and iron cycling in the Paleoproterozoic ocean and implications for the early biological pump: supplementary data file. Rhodes University, Department of Geology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21504/10962/138395.

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Delwiche, Michael, Boaz Zion, Robert BonDurant, Judith Rishpon, Ephraim Maltz, and Miriam Rosenberg. Biosensors for On-Line Measurement of Reproductive Hormones and Milk Proteins to Improve Dairy Herd Management. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7573998.bard.

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The original objectives of this research project were to: (1) develop immunoassays, photometric sensors, and electrochemical sensors for real-time measurement of progesterone and estradiol in milk, (2) develop biosensors for measurement of caseins in milk, and (3) integrate and adapt these sensor technologies to create an automated electronic sensing system for operation in dairy parlors during milking. The overall direction of research was not changed, although the work was expanded to include other milk components such as urea and lactose. A second generation biosensor for on-line measurement of bovine progesterone was designed and tested. Anti-progesterone antibody was coated on small disks of nitrocellulose membrane, which were inserted in the reaction chamber prior to testing, and a real-time assay was developed. The biosensor was designed using micropumps and valves under computer control, and assayed fluid volumes on the order of 1 ml. An automated sampler was designed to draw a test volume of milk from the long milk tube using a 4-way pinch valve. The system could execute a measurement cycle in about 10 min. Progesterone could be measured at concentrations low enough to distinguish luteal-phase from follicular-phase cows. The potential of the sensor to detect actual ovulatory events was compared with standard methods of estrus detection, including human observation and an activity monitor. The biosensor correctly identified all ovulatory events during its testperiod, but the variability at low progesterone concentrations triggered some false positives. Direct on-line measurement and intelligent interpretation of reproductive hormone profiles offers the potential for substantial improvement in reproductive management. A simple potentiometric method for measurement of milk protein was developed and tested. The method was based on the fact that proteins bind iodine. When proteins are added to a solution of the redox couple iodine/iodide (I-I2), the concentration of free iodine is changed and, as a consequence, the potential between two electrodes immersed in the solution is changed. The method worked well with analytical casein solutions and accurately measured concentrations of analytical caseins added to fresh milk. When tested with actual milk samples, the correlation between the sensor readings and the reference lab results (of both total proteins and casein content) was inferior to that of analytical casein. A number of different technologies were explored for the analysis of milk urea, and a manometric technique was selected for the final design. In the new sensor, urea in the sample was hydrolyzed to ammonium and carbonate by the enzyme urease, and subsequent shaking of the sample with citric acid in a sealed cell allowed urea to be estimated as a change in partial pressure of carbon dioxide. The pressure change in the cell was measured with a miniature piezoresistive pressure sensor, and effects of background dissolved gases and vapor pressures were corrected for by repeating the measurement of pressure developed in the sample without the addition of urease. Results were accurate in the physiological range of milk, the assay was faster than the typical milking period, and no toxic reagents were required. A sampling device was designed and built to passively draw milk from the long milk tube in the parlor. An electrochemical sensor for lactose was developed starting with a three-cascaded-enzyme sensor, evolving into two enzymes and CO2[Fe (CN)6] as a mediator, and then into a microflow injection system using poly-osmium modified screen-printed electrodes. The sensor was designed to serve multiple milking positions, using a manifold valve, a sampling valve, and two pumps. Disposable screen-printed electrodes with enzymatic membranes were used. The sensor was optimized for electrode coating components, flow rate, pH, and sample size, and the results correlated well (r2= 0.967) with known lactose concentrations.

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Knowledge summary, Artificial upwelling: More power for the ocean’s biological carbon pump. CDRmare, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/cdrmare.30.

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Algae, zooplankton and fish are among the key players in the biological carbon pump that allows the ocean to naturally remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store it at great depths. However, for this mechanism to function optimally, it needs nutrients, which are lacking in many places, at least in the light-flooded surface water. By pumping up nutrient-rich deep water, humans could remedy this nutrient deficiency. But whether artificial upwelling would actually have an effect on the climate, what risks it would entail and whether it could be technically and legally implemented on a large scale, is still uncertain. The research mission CDRmare provides

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Artificial upwelling: More power for the ocean’s biological carbon pump. CDRmare, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/cdrmare.31.

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Southwestern Regional Partnership For Carbon Sequestration (Phase 2) Pump Canyon CO2- ECBM/Sequestration Demonstration, San Juan Basin, New Mexico. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1002142.

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