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Pautova, Larisa A., and Vladimir A. Silkin. "Biological carbon pump in the ocean and phytoplankton structure." Hydrosphere Еcology (Экология гидросферы), no. 1(3) (2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33624/2587-9367-2019-1(3)-1-12.
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The process of carbon transfer from the atmosphere to the ocean floor is determined by three different pumps in nature: a solubility pump, an organic pump and a carbonate pump. The latter two are of biological nature. Phytoplankton is a key mediator of organic and carbonate pumps. Depending on its structure, either an organic pump or a carbonate pump will dominate. The structure of the phytoplankton community is formed depending on the hydrophysical and hydrochemical conditions in the ocean. An important regulator of a biological carbon pump is the intensity of the processes in the carbon cycle, operating in the photic zone. The degree of closure of this cycle depends on the structure of the food chain. The increasing complexity of the food chain by adding organisms of high trophic levels reduces the efficiency of the carbon pump. Conversely, the simplification of such a structure increases the flow of organic carbon to the ocean floor.
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Silkin, Vladimir A., Oleg I. Podymov, and Anna V. Lifanchuk. "Biological carbon pump in the Black Sea." Hydrosphere Еcology (Экология гидросферы), no. 2(8) (December 2022): 69–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.33624/2587-9367-2022-2(8)-69-92.
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In the northeastern part of the Black Sea, the biological carbon pump is represented by both organic and carbonate pumps. The organic carbon pump consists of small-cell diatoms (mainly Pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima) and large-cell diatoms (Pseudosolenia calcar-avis and Proboscia alata). The carbonate pump is represented by only one species of cococcolithophore, Emiliania huxleyi. These species form intense blooms that require characteristic hydrological and hydrochemical conditions. The seasonal dynamics of the biological carbon pump is as follows: organic pump (spring) → carbonate pump (late spring and early summer) → organic pump (summer and autumn). An exception is the long-term dynamics of carbon concentration, and no significant carbon growth trends have been identified. During the intensification of the work of the carbonate pump, partial concentrations of carbon in water, increased relative to the atmosphere, and an increased influence of the organic pump on high partial pressure are released. In late spring and early summer, CO2 is released in the Black Sea, as a result, absorption increases in summer. The carbonate pump arises with a greater arrival at sea.
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Hamme, Roberta C., David P. Nicholson, William J. Jenkins, and Steven R. Emerson. "Using Noble Gases to Assess the Ocean's Carbon Pumps." Annual Review of Marine Science 11, no. 1 (January 3, 2019): 75–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-121916-063604.
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Natural mechanisms in the ocean, both physical and biological, concentrate carbon in the deep ocean, resulting in lower atmospheric carbon dioxide. The signals of these carbon pumps overlap to create the observed carbon distribution in the ocean, making the individual impact of each pump difficult to disentangle. Noble gases have the potential to directly quantify the physical carbon solubility pump and to indirectly improve estimates of the biological organic carbon pump. Noble gases are biologically inert, can be precisely measured, and span a range of physical properties. We present dissolved neon, argon, and krypton data spanning the Atlantic, Southern, Pacific, and Arctic Oceans. Comparisons between deep-ocean observations and models of varying complexity enable the rates of processes that control the carbon solubility pump to be quantified and thus provide an important metric for ocean model skill. Noble gases also provide a powerful means of assessing air–sea gas exchange parameterizations.
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Basok, B. I., S. V. Dubovskyi, E. P. Pastushenko, Ye Ye Nikitin, and Ye T. Bazeev. "HEAT PUMPS AS A TREND OF LOW-CARBON ENERGY DEVELOPMENT." Energy Technologies & Resource Saving 75, no. 2 (June 20, 2023): 23–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33070/etars.2.2023.02.
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An overview of the energy and economic problems of using heat pumps is given. The stages of the development of the world and European energy industry with their inherent economic and financial crises and their influence on the application volume of heat pumps are shown. The main regulatory and technical legislation of European countries in the scope of heat pumps and related sectors of the economy is presented. The main factors of the use of heat pump equipment are considered, the challenges and possible development trends are analyzed. Energy management and economic measures that contributed to the growth of heat pump implementations during the global energy crisis of 2021–2022 are assessed. The current state of heat pump use in the world, in Europe, in particular in Germany and Poland, is given. The reasons and organizational measures that led to the active growth of heat pumps in some European countries are indicated. The recent Polish experience in the favorable policy of active support of heat pump technologies and electrification of heat supply is evaluated in detail. An example of economic indicators for a typical building of the European energy efficiency standard with various options for heat supply, including heat pump technologies, as well as individual photovoltaics, is given. The use of high-power heat pumps (more than 100 kW) in centralized heat supply systems and various industries in Europe is analyzed. The prospects for the development of heat pumps from the point of view of the electrification of heat supply, the achievement of low-carbon energy and the prevention of harmful climate changes are outlined. It is recommended to use the positive experience of Poland in the policy of supporting heat pumps in the reconstruction of residential buildings destroyed by the war in Ukraine. Bibl. 37, Fig. 9, Tab. 5.
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BAIK, YOUNG-JIN, MINSUNG KIM, and HO-SANG RA. "SIMULATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND HYDROCARBON HEAT PUMPS FOR MODERATE TO HIGH TEMPERATURE HEATING." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 22, no. 01 (March 2014): 1450001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132514500011.
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In order to compare the performance of the carbon dioxide, propane and isobutane heat pumps for moderate to high temperature heating, the three heat pump cycles were optimized using a simulation method. To fairly compare the performance of the cycles by using different working fluids, each cycle was optimized from the viewpoint of heating COP by two design parameters. The first is the gas cooler (or condenser) exit temperature and the other is the ratio of the overall heat conductance of the gas cooler to the combined overall heat conductance of the gas cooler and the evaporator. The inlet and outlet temperatures of secondary fluid of the gas cooler (or condenser) were fixed at 40/90°C and 40/150°C. The heat source inlet temperature was fixed at 10°C. The flow rates of both the heat source and the heat sink were also fixed. The results shows that the hydrocarbon heat pumps have 11–17% higher heating COP than carbon dioxide heat pump under the simulation conditions considered in the present study. However, for a high temperature heating, even though the isobutane heat pump shows the best performance, the carbon dioxide heat pump looks promising due to hydrocarbon heat pumps' high compression ratio.
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Sewastianik, Sara, and Andrzej Gajewski. "Carbon Dioxide Emissions from a Ground Heat Pump for a Detached House." Proceedings 16, no. 1 (June 20, 2019): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019016024.
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Inasmuch as the European Union promotes only energetically viable heat pumps in a given location, the aim of the work is an assessment of whether a ground-to-water heat pump (ground source heat pump: GSHP) can be considered as an ecological heat generator in Polish climatic conditions and those of the energy market. Here, as an estimator, the net seasonal coefficient of performance (SCOPnet) was selected. Estimation was done using 10-year temperature measurements. It was found that in heating mode SCOPnet value equaled 4.83, satisfying European Commission guidelines. According to the guidelines, the minimal SCOPnet value in Polish energy market conditions should exceed 3.5. CO2 emissions from the GSHP represented two-thirds of CO2 emissions of an air-to-water heat pump (air source heat pump: ASHP) in the same building. The ground heat pump thus meets the ecological heat generator conditions set by the European Commission.
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Lin, Jr-Lin, and Shyh-Fang Kang. "Analysis of carbon emission hot spot and pumping energy efficiency in water supply system." Water Supply 19, no. 1 (April 2, 2018): 200–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2018.067.
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Abstract Evaluation of carbon emission hot spots for water treatment plants (WTPs) is crucial to reduce carbon emissions. This study aims to analyze carbon emission data generated at Bansin WTP following the PAS 2050 guidelines. The boundary of inventory and assessment includes water intake, purification, and distribution stages. In addition, pumping efficiency, power consumption per pump lift and specific energy consumption were used to estimate the potential of energy reduction in pumping for Bansin and Baoshan WTPs. The results have revealed that the carbon footprint of Bansin WTP is 0.39 kg CO2e/m3 in 2011. There is 95% of carbon emissions generated by pumping from the intake and distribution stages, and the use of pumping is responsible for 65% of total carbon emissions in the clarification stage. The power consumption per pump lift can be calculated to evaluate the difference between rated power and operational power. This relationship can provide information indicating to operators when to replace or maintain poorly-functioning pumps. The data on pump lift, flow rate and power can also be calculated to determine the relationship between pumping efficiency (%) and specific energy consumption (kW/Q), and then used to identify the optimum condition of pump combinations for a given production of water supply.
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Gajewski, Gładyszewska-Fiedoruk, and Krawczyk. "Carbon Dioxide Emissions during Air, Ground, or Groundwater Heat Pump Performance in Białystok." Sustainability 11, no. 18 (September 17, 2019): 5087. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11185087.
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The increasing global temperature has induced many states to limit carbon dioxide emissions. The European Union (EU) promotes replacing boilers with heat pumps. However, in countries where electricity is mainly supplied through fossil fuel combustion, condensing gas boilers may prove to be more ecological heat generators. Although this problem was investigated in a particular situation, an algorithm can be applied elsewhere. The running expenditures for the following different heat generators that are available in a location were estimated: water heat pump, brine heat pump, air heat pump, condensing gas boiler, condensing oil boiler, district heat network, and electrical grid. Furthermore, carbon dioxide emissions from local and distant sources were evaluated. The computations were based on hourly averaged external temperature measurements, which were performed by the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management—National Research Institute (IMGW-PIB) in a weather station in Białystok (Poland) for a ten-year period. Compared with a condensing gas boiler system, the air-to-water heat pump has higher operating costs and higher CO2 emissions. The brine heat pump (closed-loop ground-source heat pump) has lower operating costs, but higher CO2 emissions than the gas boiler system. The water heat pump (groundwater source heat pump) has the lowest operating costs and CO2 emissions of all the systems studied in this paper.
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Sit, Mihail, and Anatoliy Juravliov. "Hybrid Carbon Dioxide Heat Pump for the Multifamily Residential Buildings in the Heat Supply System Based on CHP." Problems of the Regional Energetics, no. 3(51) (August 2021): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.52254/1857-0070.2021.3-51.08.
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The work is devoted to centralized heat supply systems based on CHP plants and the use with them heat pumps (HP) on carbon dioxide as refrigerant. Heat pumps are used in heat supply systems for buildings and use the heat of the outside air and, at the same time, the heat of the return network water (WWR) as a source of low-grade heat (LHP). The aim of the study is to develop a structural diagram of such a heat pump, where the outside air is heated by a heat exchanger installed in the return water line of the heating system, to develop a hydraulic circuit of a heat pump taking into account the law of regulation of the building heating system, to develop an algorithm for controlling the operating modes of the so-called balancing heat exchanger installed after gas cooler and internal heat exchanger of the heat pump. The most significant results were the hydraulic circuit of the heat pump, the aerodynamic circuit of the air supply path to the heat pump evaporator, the balancing heat exchanger control system, taking into account the requirement to ensure the operation of the control valve in a single-phase flow. The significance of the results obtained consisted in obtaining the dependences between the CO temperature graph and the parameters of the thermodynamic cycle of the heat pump, which ensured the operation of the control valve of the heat pump in a single-phase environment.
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Cheng, Ling, Zesheng Yu, Shiyao Xia, Shixuan Li, Ye Li, Huan Zhang, Bin Li, Sirui Zhang, Zijian Liu, and Wandong Zheng. "Evaluation and Optimization of heat Pump Combined District Heating System: A Case Study of China." Energies 15, no. 20 (October 15, 2022): 7622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15207622.
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The district heating area in China is continuously increasing, which brings an increase in district heating load. In order to solve the shortage of heating power and realize the carbon neutral target, this study proposes two retrofit schemes for district heating system by integrating air source heat pump and water source heat pump, respectively. Mathematical models are established to study the performance of the integrated systems and a bilevel optimization model is proposed to optimize them. The results show that the air source heat pump combined district heating system has better performance compared to the conventional system, which reduces 50% energy consumption, 10.8% carbon emissions and achieves better economy. The dynamic coupling property of the district heating network and power grid are also considered, and the results indicate that the introduction of air source heat pump can effectively improve the efficiency and stability of power grid and reduce the seasonal fluctuation. The potential of large-scale application of air source heat pump combined system in Beijing is evaluated. The results reveal that retrofit scheme of integrating air source heat pumps into district heating system can cover 2930 MW heating load and bring 362 million Chinese Yuan profit by reducing 219,000 tons of carbon emissions and 539,000 tons of standard coal consumption in 2025.
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Ödalen, Malin, Jonas Nycander, Kevin I. C. Oliver, Laurent Brodeau, and Andy Ridgwell. "The influence of the ocean circulation state on ocean carbon storage and CO<sub>2</sub> drawdown potential in an Earth system model." Biogeosciences 15, no. 5 (March 6, 2018): 1367–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1367-2018.
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Abstract. During the four most recent glacial cycles, atmospheric CO2 during glacial maxima has been lowered by about 90–100 ppm with respect to interglacials. There is widespread consensus that most of this carbon was partitioned in the ocean. It is, however, still debated which processes were dominant in achieving this increased carbon storage. In this paper, we use an Earth system model of intermediate complexity to explore the sensitivity of ocean carbon storage to ocean circulation state. We carry out a set of simulations in which we run the model to pre-industrial equilibrium, but in which we achieve different states of ocean circulation by changing forcing parameters such as wind stress, ocean diffusivity and atmospheric heat diffusivity. As a consequence, the ensemble members also have different ocean carbon reservoirs, global ocean average temperatures, biological pump efficiencies and conditions for air–sea CO2 disequilibrium. We analyse changes in total ocean carbon storage and separate it into contributions by the solubility pump, the biological pump and the CO2 disequilibrium component. We also relate these contributions to differences in the strength of the ocean overturning circulation. Depending on which ocean forcing parameter is tuned, the origin of the change in carbon storage is different. When wind stress or ocean diapycnal diffusivity is changed, the response of the biological pump gives the most important effect on ocean carbon storage, whereas when atmospheric heat diffusivity or ocean isopycnal diffusivity is changed, the solubility pump and the disequilibrium component are also important and sometimes dominant. Despite this complexity, we obtain a negative linear relationship between total ocean carbon and the combined strength of the northern and southern overturning cells. This relationship is robust to different reservoirs dominating the response to different forcing mechanisms. Finally, we conduct a drawdown experiment in which we investigate the capacity for increased carbon storage by artificially maximising the efficiency of the biological pump in our ensemble members. We conclude that different initial states for an ocean model result in different capacities for ocean carbon storage due to differences in the ocean circulation state and the origin of the carbon in the initial ocean carbon reservoir. This could explain why it is difficult to achieve comparable responses of the ocean carbon pumps in model inter-comparison studies in which the initial states vary between models. We show that this effect of the initial state is quantifiable. The drawdown experiment highlights the importance of the strength of the biological pump in the control state for model studies of increased biological efficiency.
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Chen, Chen-Tung Arthur. "Microbial carbon pump: additional considerations." Nature Reviews Microbiology 9, no. 7 (May 31, 2011): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2386-c4.
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Sunda, W. G. "Iron and the Carbon Pump." Science 327, no. 5966 (February 4, 2010): 654–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1186151.
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Lin, Yaolin, Zhenyan Bu, Wei Yang, Haisong Zhang, Valerie Francis, and Chun-Qing Li. "A Review on the Research and Development of Solar-Assisted Heat Pump for Buildings in China." Buildings 12, no. 9 (September 13, 2022): 1435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091435.
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The building sector accounts for over 40% of global energy consumption. The utilization of renewable energy systems such as the solar-assisted heat pump (SAHP) in buildings has been shown to improve building energy efficiency and achieve carbon neutrality. This paper presents a review of the research and development of solar-assisted heat pumps for buildings in China. It firstly introduces the different stages of solar-assisted heat pump research. Secondly, the research on different types of heat pumps, the core components of heat pumps, the computer software used, and the economic feasibility evaluation of solar-assisted heat pumps are presented. Thirdly, the application of SAHPs in practical projects is examined and relevant regulations, standards, and policies for solar-assisted heat pump development in China are highlighted. Finally, recommendations for the future development of solar-assisted heat pumps in China are suggested.
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Sit, M. L., A. A. Juravleov, M. S. Tirsu, D. V. Timchenko, M. L. Lupu, and V. P. Daud. "Bivalent Carbon Dioxide Heat Pump for Heating Multi-Storey Buildings." Problems of the Regional Energetics, no. 2(58) (May 2023): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.52254/1857-0070.2023.2-58-09.
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The aim of the work is to analyze the operation of a hybrid heat pump that simultaneously uses the heat of the return network water and outdoor air for heating multi-storey buildings. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are solved: the influence of influences on the temperature of the return network water, air temperature and their compensation on the operation of the product is considered, intermediate circuits at the evaporator and gas cooler are considered for transferring a variable heat load to the heat pump and from the heat pump. The most significant results are the hydraulicaerodynamic scheme of the heat pump, the schemes of the intermediate circuits before the evaporator and the gas cooler. The significance of the results obtained lies in the establishment of such technical solutions for the CHP - heat pumps system, which allow saving gas consumption at the CHP, the cost of heat consumers to pay bills. The use of a working fluid cooler before the gas cooler of the heat pump to control the temperature of the direct network water of the heating system of the building allows you to select such a compressor pressure at which the amount of heat given off by the heat pump to the building will correspond to the temperature curve. In this case, it is desirable to install an air-torefrigerant heat exchanger after the compressor before the gas cooler. It has been established that a PI controller can be used to control the temperature at the outlet of the gas cooler through the inlet air channel.of various parameters, including solar radiation, ambient temperature, compressor speed and initial water temperature, have been simulated and analyzed on the thermal performance of the system.
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Valancius, Rokas, Rao Martand Singh, Andrius Jurelionis, and Juozas Vaiciunas. "A Review of Heat Pump Systems and Applications in Cold Climates: Evidence from Lithuania." Energies 12, no. 22 (November 13, 2019): 4331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12224331.
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Similar to other cold climate countries, space heating and domestic hot water (DHW) accounts form the largest share of household energy demand in Lithuania. Heat pump technology is considered to be one of the environmentally friendly solutions to increase energy efficiency and reduce the carbon footprint of buildings. Heat pumps have been finding their way into the Lithuanian market since 2002, and currently there are many good practice examples present in the country, especially in the residential and public sectors. Heat pump use is economically advantageous in the Baltic Region, and the market share of these systems is growing. Studies have reported seasonal performance factor (SPF) ranges within 1.8 and 5.6. The lower SPF values are typically attributable to air source heat pumps, whereas the higher efficiency is achieved by ground or water source heat pump applications. While the traditional heat pump techniques are well established in the region, there is a slow uptake of new technologies, such as solar-assisted heat pumps, absorption heat pumps and heat pumps integrated into foundations, tunnels or diaphragm walls. This paper provides a critical review of different heat pump technologies, using Lithuania as a cold climate case study to overview the market trends within the European context. Potential trends for the heat pump technology development in terms of application areas, cost-benefit predictions, as well as environmental aspects, are discussed.
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Pei, Yingju, Qingyou Liu, and Kim Tiow Ooi. "Research on Energy-Efficient Disc Pumps: A Review on Physical Models and Energy Efficiency." Machines 11, no. 10 (October 12, 2023): 954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines11100954.
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Disc pumps have obvious advantages in dealing with difficult-to-pump media. Energy efficiency and sustainable energy management are important topics with regard to reducing costs and promoting carbon neutrality. Though the concept of the disc pump was proposed in the 1850s, development was slow and limited by its initial model. However, with the development of industries such as petrochemicals and food, the efficient pumping of difficult-to-pump media is much needed, but facing challenges. Therefore, research on energy-efficient disc pumps is particularly important moving forward. In this paper, the available information from the open literature about the research and development of the disc pump will be thoroughly reviewed. It focuses on the historical development, energy efficiency and physical model application of the disc pump. The review ends with a proposal for the direction of future development, and in this aspect, it is proposed that the energy efficiency prediction model based on velocity slip theory, the energy management system based on multi-scenarios and the design method based on energy conversion theory are important. The latest achievements in energy conversion are given. This review also provides a new perspective for the development of energy-efficient disc pumps.
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Manikandan, P., P. Gokulnathan, S. Darshis Pream Kumar Simson, M. Yogesh, and M. Hariprakash. "Design and Analysis of Fixed-Segment Carrier at Carbon Thrust Bearing." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 5 (May 31, 2023): 3235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.52324.
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Abstract: This thesis work aimed to provide a design and analysis of fixed segment carrier at carbon thrust bearing. With increased the bearing efficiency and reduced the frictional loss and wear resistance. Thrust bearings plays vital role in submersible pumps. Thrust bearings are fixed bottom of the submersible pumps so total thrust or axial load acting on the thrust collar. Thrust collar are manufacturing with resin mixed carbon and casting material and the segments are manufacturing with casting material and stainless steel material. Two types of materials combines to manufacture the segment carrier. The materials hardness and density properties are different from on materials to another material. If suddenly power cut is happen the total load acting on thrust collar. The collar under heavy load carbon surface and segment carrier surface are scratched or damaged the carbon surface. This type of damages are affecting submersible pump. Submersible pumps are fixed with maximum 900 feet under the boar well but this damages are happen we spend more money to lifting the pump from well and also time is wasted. Segment carrier segment surface and thrust pad surface in between micron level film thickness. If the loose segment carrier the loose segment will tilt under the load and vibration of pump. The thrust collar surface is scratched with thrust collar is not rotate because the thrust collar is fitted with rotating shaft with key way. In this study the segment carrier were made with same materials and the hardness of the materials is same and making process are compared to normal bearing were reduced. The segment carrier is made with stainless steel 410 material. The materials are bought a rod or using pattern with investment casting. After the materials is after completing machining process will goes to hardening and materials surface will go to grinding process. The segment surfaces are grinded and achieve the required surface finish. The surface finish techniques are available no of methods. Triondur coating system is more effective than other process. The grinded segment carrier surfaces are goes to next process of lapping. Here the surface is lapped and get required level of surface roughness. In this process the surface roughness is get required level. Because the lapping coating ratio is high the material removal and surface roughness is get more level like 0.2 micron. The diamond powder coating using 100 CRT is lapping process to achieve the required surface finish. The main purpose of the study is to reduce the bearing damages and frictional loss and wear loss and pump damages. And increase the pump life and reduce the raw materials usage
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Denton, Richard A. "Development of high-vacuum equipment for EM specimen preparation." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 2 (August 1992): 1082–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100130043.
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High-vacuum techniques made electron microscopy possible. In the 1930s vacuum evaporators with glass or metal chambers, diffusion pumps and oil sealed mechanical pumps were used in Europe and the U.S. The earliest systems used mercury pumps with liquid air traps. Oil diffusion pumps were manufactured in the U.S. by D.P.I. from glass or metal. In 1940 the first RCA TEM went into production as the EMB. First shadow casting in the U.S. was by Williams and Wycoff in 1944 and in Europe by Műller in 1942. Due to war secrecy, neither knew about the other. In 1944 RCA built the first production evaporator for EM under the direction of Bob Picard. The system had an 18" dia. glass bell jar and a metal baseplate with an oil diffusion pump backed by a Cenco Hypervac 20 mechanical pump. In 1948 Optical Film Engineering designed a 12" dia. bell jar evaporator for EM. This SC-3 employed a Welch 5 cfm mechanical pump and a 3" diffusion pump. Carbon evaporation for substrates or replicas was invented by D.E. Bradley in England and published in 1954.
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Li, Ya Rong, and Teng Fei Zheng. "Design of Household Carbon Dioxide Heat Pump Controller Man-Machine Interface Based on C8051F500." Advanced Materials Research 945-949 (June 2014): 2606–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.945-949.2606.
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Carbon dioxide heat pump controller using carbon dioxide phase transition theory, in conjunction with the heat pump main controller and man-machine interface, can realize the user free on the regulation of water temperature. The carbon dioxide heat pump controller design of a human-computer interface. The control core with C8051F500 MCU as the main body of the system, has a unique memory function, including function: display module, key module, clock module, communication module, power module, and the heat pump main control board through the CAN bus. Through the experiment, the system is stable and reliable, has the features of functional diversity, humanization design, can promote household CO2 heat pump.
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Li, Xinyi, Feifan Cao, Yanjie Hu, and Yingqi Hui. "Externalities Analysis on Heat Pump System (EU)." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 28, no. 1 (November 10, 2023): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/28/20231274.
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This paper analysis the positive externalities of using heat pumps in European so-ciety to solve the high-temperature problem. Through the paper, heat pump as a potential solution to the climate problem, contemplating how it is done, why it is the best solution, and what are the positive externalities specifically to the City of London. The heat pump is renewable and can reduce carbon dioxide and sulfur emissions. In order to better introduce the benefits of heat pumps in those high-temperature cities, the author thus chooses to create a hypothetical city which is called M&M City. In the stimulating process, we predict the specific circum-stances of heat pumps that may be needed in the simulated city and associated packages, analyze the value and feasibility, as well as present the shortcomings and look to the future.
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Birch, Heather, Daniela N. Schmidt, Helen K. Coxall, Dick Kroon, and Andy Ridgwell. "Ecosystem function after the K/Pg extinction: decoupling of marine carbon pump and diversity." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1953 (June 23, 2021): 20210863. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.0863.
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The ocean biological pump is the mechanism by which carbon and nutrients are transported to depth. As such, the biological pump is critical in the partitioning of carbon dioxide between the ocean and atmosphere, and the rate at which that carbon can be sequestered through burial in marine sediments. How the structure and function of planktic ecosystems in the ocean govern the strength and efficiency of the biological pump and its resilience to disruption are poorly understood. The aftermath of the impact at the Cretaceous/Palaeogene (K/Pg) boundary provides an ideal opportunity to address these questions as both the biological pump and marine plankton size and diversity were fundamentally disrupted. The excellent fossil record of planktic foraminifera as indicators of pelagic-biotic recovery combined with carbon isotope records tracing biological pump behaviour, show that the recovery of ecological traits (diversity, size and photosymbiosis) occurred much later (approx. 4.3 Ma) than biological pump recovery (approx. 1.8 Ma). We interpret this decoupling of diversity and the biological pump as an indication that ecosystem function had sufficiently recovered to drive an effective biological pump, at least regionally in the South Atlantic.
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Galimullin, Minivaris L., and Marat Ya Khabibullin. "Optimization of capital repair of rod pumps by advanced technologies." Oil and Gas Studies, no. 1 (April 4, 2019): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-0108-2019-1-90-96.
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The designs of rod pumps, produced by domestic factories, have a significant repair resource. It allows us to make repeatedly a deep overhaul of the plunger pair with usage of advanced technologies. This technologies include mechanical treatment of deep holes (cylinder rod pump L = 3 m or more); thermochemical treatment of the cylinder in shaft furnaces in a carbon dioxide environment; hot spraying with wear-resistant powder grade PRNH16SRZ. Application of the above-mentioned advanced technologies during overhaul of rod pump allows optimizing the costs of its repair, increasing the service life and getting the pump after overhaul with the same technical parameters, and even higher, when compared with new designs.
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Jónasdóttir, Sigrún Huld, André W. Visser, Katherine Richardson, and Michael R. Heath. "Seasonal copepod lipid pump promotes carbon sequestration in the deep North Atlantic." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 39 (September 3, 2015): 12122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1512110112.
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Estimates of carbon flux to the deep oceans are essential for our understanding of global carbon budgets. Sinking of detrital material (“biological pump”) is usually thought to be the main biological component of this flux. Here, we identify an additional biological mechanism, the seasonal “lipid pump,” which is highly efficient at sequestering carbon into the deep ocean. It involves the vertical transport and metabolism of carbon rich lipids by overwintering zooplankton. We show that one species, the copepod Calanus finmarchicus overwintering in the North Atlantic, sequesters an amount of carbon equivalent to the sinking flux of detrital material. The efficiency of the lipid pump derives from a near-complete decoupling between nutrient and carbon cycling—a “lipid shunt,” and its direct transport of carbon through the mesopelagic zone to below the permanent thermocline with very little attenuation. Inclusion of the lipid pump almost doubles the previous estimates of deep-ocean carbon sequestration by biological processes in the North Atlantic.
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Yu, Yunjin, Yadong Wei, and Jian Wang. "Carbon nanotube-based quantum spin pump." New Journal of Physics 8, no. 5 (May 25, 2006): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/8/5/073.
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Kintisch, E. "CARBON SEQUESTRATION: Should Oceanographers Pump Iron?" Science 318, no. 5855 (November 30, 2007): 1368–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.318.5855.1368.
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Zhao, Ruikai, Shuai Deng, Yinan Liu, Qing Zhao, Junnan He, and Li Zhao. "Carbon pump: Fundamental theory and applications." Energy 119 (January 2017): 1131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.11.076.
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Bonilla Garcia, Diego Ramon, Margarita Gil Samaniego Ramos, Conrado García, Armando Perez-Sanchez, and Marcos Coronado. "Real-Time Generation of Operational Characteristic Curves for Municipal Water Pumping Systems: An Approach to Energy Efficiency and Carbon Footprint." Energies 16, no. 22 (November 12, 2023): 7532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16227532.
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Water supply represents a significant electrical load worldwide. The operation of inefficient pumps contributes to increased energy demand and carbon footprint. Current methods for evaluating industrial water pumps present technical and economic challenges that need to be addressed. For these reasons, we developed a practical and cost-effective virtual instrument called the Pumping Evaluation System (PES). The PES tool performs real-time monitoring of electrical, hydraulic, and efficiency data, as well as the Operating Characteristic (OC) curves. The PES tool was implemented on a vertical pump currently used by a municipal water distribution plant in Mexicali, Mexico. A comparative analysis between the experimental data and the manufacturer’s data revealed potential energy savings of 361,455 kWh/year (24.35%) and an equivalent carbon footprint reduction of 157,233 kg of CO2eq/year if the old pump is replaced by a new one, which is the lowest cost alternative according to a Life Cycle Cost (LCC).
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Sun, Jian, Yinwu Wang, Yu Qin, Guoshun Wang, Ran Liu, and Yongping Yang. "A Review of Super-High-Temperature Heat Pumps over 100 °C." Energies 16, no. 12 (June 8, 2023): 4591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16124591.
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The high-temperature heat pump, as a low-carbonization technology, has broad application prospects in replacing boiler heating, reducing carbon dioxide emissions, and improving the energy utilization efficiency. In this paper, the working fluid, cycle process, key equipment (compressor), and application scenarios of high-temperature heat pumps are introduced in detail. Firstly, the research direction of the working fluid is introduced and the existing working fluid substitution is analyzed and summarized. Then, the characteristics of different heat pump cycles such as compression, absorption, and hybrid heat pumps are introduced. In the aspect of key equipment, the application range and research status of different types of compressors are emphatically introduced. Finally, the application scenario of high-temperature heat pumps is prospected. In addition to the application of industrial heating, it is often used for heat storage to improve the regulatory characteristics of the system. The new heat pump electricity storage system has great application potential in the field of renewable energy consumption. Based on the above analysis of high-temperature heat pumps, four development prospects are put forward: low-Global-Warming-Potential (GWP) working fluid; cycles of temperature lift greater than 80 °C; a compressor with better high-temperature performance; and circulation characteristics of heat pump electricity storage.
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Spahiu, Dr Sc Aida, Dr Sc Orion Zavalani, and MSc Altin Uka. "Using Variable Speed Control on Pump Application." ILIRIA International Review 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2012): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.21113/iir.v2i1.174.
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Pumps are one of the most common variable speed drive (VSD) system applications and special interest has focused on improving their energy efficiency by using variable speed control instead of throttling or other less efficient flow control methods. Pumps are the single largest user of electricity in industry in the European Union, consuming 160 TWh per annum of electricity and accounting for 79 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions [1]. Centrifugal pumps are the most likely pump style to provide a favorable return based on energy savings when applied with a variable speed drive. To help illustrate this, are conducted benchmark testing to document various head and flow scenarios and their corresponding effect on energy savings. Paper shows the relationship of static and friction head in the energy efficiency equation and the effect of motor, pump and VSD efficiencies. The received results are good reference points for engineers and managers of water sector in Albania to select the best prospects for maximizing efficiency and energy savings.
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Li, Yantong, Natasa Nord, Inge Håvard Rekstad, Stein Kristian Skånøy, and Lars Konrad Sørensen. "Study of a water-source CO2 heat pump for residential use: experimental discharge pressure control and performance analysis." E3S Web of Conferences 246 (2021): 06010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124606010.
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The heat pumps with the refrigerant of carbon dioxide (CO2), i.e., CO2 heat pumps, have the merits of low price and environmentally friendliness in comparison with those with traditional refrigerants, e.g., hydrochlorofluorocarbons and chlorofluorocarbons. Current studies mainly focused on the air-source CO2 heat pumps, while investigations about the CO2 heat pumps gaining heat or cold energy from different mediums, e.g., water, are lacking. In addition, although few studies presented the investigations on the discharge pressure of the CO2 heat pumps (e.g., investigations of optimal discharge pressure), how to realize the effective discharge pressure control in the experimental conditions is still lacking. To remedy these knowledge gaps, this study presented an experimental investigation of a water-source CO2 heat pump for residential use. A PI controller was used to maintain the fixed discharge pressure by adjusting the opening of the electronic expansion valve. The dynamic performance of the CO2 heat pump in the typical discharge pressure of 7,200 to 8,400 kPa were analyzed. The results indicated that the method of using the PI controller to adjust the opening of the electronic expansion valve could effectively maintain the desired discharge pressure of the CO2 heat pump in the experimental conditions.
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Abildinova, S. K., R. A. Musabekov, A. S. Rasmukhametova, and S. V. Chicherin. "Evaluation of the Energy Efficiency of the Stage Compression Heat Pump Cycle." ENERGETIKA. Proceedings of CIS higher education institutions and power engineering associations 62, no. 3 (June 3, 2019): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1029-7448-2019-62-3-293-302.
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The increase in production and modernization of existing heat pumps are global trends in the development and implementation of heat pump technology. Application of refrigerant with zero potential ozone depletion relative to fluorinetrichloromethane and minimum values of global warming potentials relative to carbon dioxide is environmentally justified in pumps. Prospective are stage compression heat pump units and, also, consecutive and cascade schemes of inclusion which provide higher temperature of the heat carrier in the system of heat supply. Improving the efficiency of the heat pump depends on the perfection of the thermodynamic cycle, on the choice of the working agent and on the quality of the operation of the unit in off-design conditions of a temperature mode. The article presents the results of a study of the performance of stage compression heat pump. The concepts of application of the heat pump of two-stage compression of the working agent are formulated. Experimental researches has been fulfilled with the use of Altal GWHP26Н heat pump of 24.2 kW capacity operating on an eco-friendly refrigerants of R134a and R600а. The results of comparative calculation of performance indicators of one- and two-stage heat pumps are presented. Various schemes of realization of a thermodynamic cycle for one- and two-stage heat pumps are considered. The efficiency of two-stage heat pumps that implement thermodynamic cycle with supercooling of condensate and regeneration of steam heat of the working agent has been proved. The two-stage thermodynamic cycle of the heat pump is accompanied by minimal losses during the throttling of the liquid refrigerant, and it solves the problem of useful heat use to increase the temperature of the heated coolant for heating and hot water supply systems. Steam regeneration of the working agent at the outlet from the evaporator through the use of regenerative heat exchanger also provides the additional effect of minimization of thermodynamic losses and improving efficiency of cycles with vapor compression heat pumps in the conditions of large temperature differences in the evaporator and the condenser.
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Rezaei, Abolfazl, Bahador Samadzadegan, Hadise Rasoulian, Saeed Ranjbar, Soroush Samareh Abolhassani, Azin Sanei, and Ursula Eicker. "A New Modeling Approach for Low-Carbon District Energy System Planning." Energies 14, no. 5 (March 3, 2021): 1383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051383.
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Designing district-scale energy systems with renewable energy sources is still a challenge, as it involves modeling of multiple loads and many options to combine energy system components. In the current study, two different energy system scenarios for a district in Montreal/Canada are compared to choose the most cost-effective and energy-efficient energy system scenario for the studied area. In the first scenario, a decentral energy system comprised of ground-source heat pumps provides heating and cooling for each building, while, in the second scenario, a district heating and cooling system with a central heat pump is designed. Firstly, heating and cooling demand are calculated in a completely automated process using an Automatic Urban Building Energy Modeling System approach (AUBEM). Then, the Integrated Simulation Environment Language (INSEL) is used to prepare a model for the energy system. The proposed model provides heat pump capacity and the number of required heat pumps (HP), the number of photovoltaic (PV) panels, and AC electricity generation potential using PV. After designing the energy systems, the piping system, heat losses, and temperature distribution of the centralized scenario are calculated using a MATLAB code. Finally, two scenarios are assessed economically using the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) method. The results show that the central scenario’s total HP electricity consumption is 17% lower than that of the decentral systems and requires less heat pump capacity than the decentral scenario. The LCOE of both scenarios varies from 0.04 to 0.07 CAD/kWh, which is cheaper than the electricity cost in Quebec (0.08 CAD/kWh). A comparison between both scenarios shows that the centralized energy system is cost-beneficial for all buildings and, after applying the discounts, the LCOE of this scenario decreases to 0.04 CAD/kWh.
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Mathi, Selvam, Rudra Kumar, Rajaram K. Nagarale, and Ashutosh Sharma. "Graphitic carbon coupled poly(anthraquinone) for proton shuttle flow-in-a-cell application." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 12 (2017): 8447–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp08419b.
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Duan, Wen Hui, and Quan Wang. "Water Transport with a Carbon Nanotube Pump." ACS Nano 4, no. 4 (March 4, 2010): 2338–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn1001694.
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Omta, Anne Willem, Jorn Bruggeman, Bas Kooijman, and Henk Dijkstra. "The organic carbon pump in the Atlantic." Journal of Sea Research 62, no. 2-3 (August 2009): 179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2009.06.005.
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Liang, Chao. "Soil microbial carbon pump: Mechanism and appraisal." Soil Ecology Letters 2, no. 4 (August 28, 2020): 241–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42832-020-0052-4.
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Sevindik, Selman, and Catalina Spataru. "An Integrated Methodology for Scenarios Analysis of Low Carbon Technologies Uptake towards a Circular Economy: The Case of Orkney." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010419.
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This study aims to create a comprehensive, holistic approach to evaluate the environmental, energy, and economic impacts of air source heat pump deployment scenarios through: (i) a life cycle assessment of air source heat pumps in Orkney houses, (ii) energy systems optimisation modelling to optimise the performance of an air source heat pump coupled with thermal energy storage tank to reduce use phase related impacts in Orkney, (iii) modelling of Orkney’s domestic building stock to understand the housing condition, and (iv) economic modelling to analyse the life cycle cost of an air source heat pump and potential savings when replacing conventional heating systems. The results show that an 82% reduction in energy supply could be achieved when ambitious energy efficiency improvement measures are adopted in the circular economy scenario. The use phase related emissions could be reduced by 98% when the air source heat pump becomes the only heating technology in Orkney. However, the life cycle-wide approach suggests that strong commitments are required in the manufacturing stage of these technologies through implementing circular principles, such as including the use of secondary materials, eco-design, and reusability of all components. Moreover, total heating costs paid by consumers in Orkney could be reduced by 84% in the circular economy scenario when air source heat pump uptake is coupled with energy efficiency improvement measures, but it requires a £130 million investment to insulate the whole housing stock of Orkney. Future scenarios indicate that decision-making has significant importance on overall results. Therefore, circular economy standards for air source heat pump manufacturing and deployment are crucial to reduce the negative impacts of fuel poverty and reach the net zero target.
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Lepiksaar, Kertu, Kiur Kalme, Andres Siirde, and Anna Volkova. "Heat Pump Use in Rural District Heating Networks in Estonia." Environmental and Climate Technologies 25, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 786–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2021-0059.
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Abstract District heating has proven to be an efficient way of providing space heating and domestic hot water in populated areas. It has also proven to be an excellent way to integrate various renewable energy sources (RES) into the energy system. In Estonia, biomass covers most of the heat demand, but carbon-intensive fuels are still used to cover peaks and lows. Heat pumps can be a good solution for rural areas, as there is usually plenty of land available for heat pump facilities. In addition, heat pumps require low-grade heat sources such as ambient air, groundwater, lakes, rivers, sea, sewage water, and industrial waste heat. One of the downsides of heat pumps is the need for large investments compared to boilers fired by natural gas and biomass, and electric boilers. This study examines the impact of heat pump use on consumer prices for district heating in rural district heating networks in Estonia.
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Liu, Hao, Hongyi Zhang, and Saqib Javed. "Long-Term Performance Measurement and Analysis of a Small-Scale Ground Source Heat Pump System." Energies 13, no. 17 (September 1, 2020): 4527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174527.
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Recent data suggest that heat pumps, despite having the potential to cover over 90% of the global space and water heating demands, only provide less than 5% of global heating. Heat pumps, in general, and ground source heat pumps, specifically, offer significant potential for energy savings and carbon emissions reduction in buildings. The realization of these potential benefits, however, requires proper design, installation, and operation of the entire heat pump system. This paper presents the performance analysis of a Swedish ground source heat pump system providing space heating and hot water to a sports clubhouse. The installation has been carefully instrumented to enable full characterization of the whole system including auxiliary components such as circulation pumps and supplementary heating. Seasonal performance factors, calculated for monthly and annual periods using high-quality, high-resolution measurement data collected over three years of system operation, have been reported based on the SEPEMO (SEasonal PErformance factor and MOnitoring for heat pump systems) and Annex 52 boundary schemes for evaluating and benchmarking the performance of the ground source heat pump system. The auxiliary system components were shown to have a large impact on the overall performance of the system. In particular, the legionella protection system was found to affect performance considerably. Recommendations as to how to improve the performance of the system under study and other similar systems are made from the design, installation, and operation perspectives.
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Lin, Jinbao, Yanjuan Jin, Zhu Zhang, and Xiaochao Cui. "Strength Analysis of the Carbon-Fiber Reinforced Polymer Impeller Based on Fluid Solid Coupling Method." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/803261.
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Carbon-fiber reinforced polymer material impeller is designed for the centrifugal pump to deliver corrosive, toxic, and abrasive media in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The pressure-velocity coupling fields in the pump are obtained from the CFD simulation. The stress distribution of the impeller couple caused by the flow water pressure and rotation centrifugal force of the blade is analyzed using one-way fluid-solid coupling method. Results show that the strength of the impeller can meet the requirement of the centrifugal pumps, and the largest stress occurred around the blades root on a pressure side of blade surface. Due to the existence of stress concentration at the blades root, the fatigue limit of the impeller would be reduced greatly. In the further structure optimal design, the blade root should be strengthened.
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de Santoli, Livio, Gianluigi Lo Basso, Davide Astiaso Garcia, Giuseppe Piras, and Giulia Spiridigliozzi. "Dynamic Simulation Model of Trans-Critical Carbon Dioxide Heat Pump Application for Boosting Low Temperature Distribution Networks in Dwellings." Energies 12, no. 3 (February 2, 2019): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030484.
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This research investigates the role of new hybrid energy system applications for developing a new plant refurbishment strategy to deploy small scale smart energy systems. This work deals with a dynamic simulation of trans-critical carbon dioxide heat pump application for boosting low temperature distribution networks to share heat for dwellings. Heat pumps provide high temperature heat to use the traditional emission systems. The new plant layout consists of an air source heat pump, four trans-critical carbon dioxide heat pumps (CO2-HPs), photovoltaic arrays, and a combined heat and power (CHP) for both domestic hot water production and electricity to partially drive the heat pumps. Furthermore, electric storage devices adoption has been evaluated. That layout has been compared to the traditional one based on separated generation systems using several energy performance indicators. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis on the primary energy saving, primary fossil energy consumptions, renewable energy fraction and renewable heat, with changes in building power to heat ratios, has been carried out. Obtained results highlighted that using the hybrid system with storage device it is possible to get a saving of 50% approximately. Consequently, CO2-HPs and hybrid systems adoption could be a viable option to achieve Near Zero Energy Building (NZEB) qualification.
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Kassai, Miklós. "Heat Pump Heating System Development of Educational Building based on Energy, Economical and Environmental Impacts." Periodica Polytechnica Mechanical Engineering 63, no. 3 (May 20, 2019): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppme.13872.
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In this research the technical designing of energy efficient heating system with vertical-borehole heat pumps for institutional buildings was performed. The local government would like to change the old gas boiler-based heat producing system to up-to-date, environmental friendly equipment with the financial support of the European Union. The payback time was calculated and environmental calculations were achieved with carbon dioxide saving by various conditions that were also achieved during the research project. The results show that the heat pump system also provides a significant reduction of environmental load, in addition to significant energy savings. The amount of calculated savings justifies the environmental friendliness of heat pump systems.
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Jiao, Nianzhi, and Qiang Zheng. "The Microbial Carbon Pump: from Genes to Ecosystems." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 21 (August 26, 2011): 7439–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.05640-11.
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ABSTRACTThe majority of marine dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is resistant to biological degradation and thus can remain in the water column for thousands of years, constituting carbon sequestration in the ocean. To date the origin of such recalcitrant DOC (RDOC) is unclear. A recently proposed conceptual framework, the microbial carbon pump (MCP), emphasizes the microbial transformation of organic carbon from labile to recalcitrant states. The MCP is concerned with both microbial uptakes and outputs of DOC compounds, covering a wide range from gene to ecosystem levels. In this minireview, the ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter is used as an example for the microbial processing of DOC at the genetic level. The compositions of the ABC transporter genes of the two major marine bacterial cladesRoseobacterand SAR11 demonstrate that they have distinct patterns in DOC utilization:Roseobacterstrains have the advantage of taking up carbohydrate DOC, while SAR11 bacteria prefer nitrogen-containing DOC. At the ecosystem level, bacterially derived RDOC based ond-amino acid biomarkers is reported to be responsible for about a quarter of the total marine RDOC pool. Under future global warming scenarios, partitioning of primary production into DOC could be enhanced, and thus the MCP could play an even more important role in carbon sequestration by the ocean. Joint efforts to study the MCP from multiple disciplines are required to obtain a better understanding of ocean carbon cycle and its coupling with global change.
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Sewastianik, Sara, and Andrzej Gajewski. "Ecological Analysis of Heat Pumps in Poland in Terms of Carbon Dioxide Emissions." Proceedings 51, no. 1 (October 14, 2020): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020051033.
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The purpose of this work is a comparison of indirect carbon dioxide emissions between the different heat pump types that operate in Polish climate conditions. This analysis embraces an air–water heat pump (ASHP), ground–water heat pump (GSHP), water–water heat pump (WSHP), and a WSHP with a separating heat exchanger (SHE) in the selected towns, one in each climatic zone in the country. The study starts from a computation of heat demand and electrical energy consumption in every hour of the heating season using temperature values taken from a typical meteorological year (TMY). Then, seasonal coefficient of performance (SCOP) values are determined, which enables an assessment of which kind of heat pump meets the European Union requirements in every location. Eventually, indirect CO2 emissions that are caused by electrical energy production are estimated for every heat pump in each location.
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Kang, Ligai, Hao Li, Zhichao Wang, Jinzhu Wang, Dongxiang Sun, and Yang Yang. "Investigation of Energy Consumption via an Equivalent Thermal Resistance-Capacitance Model for a Northern Rural Residence." Energies 16, no. 23 (November 29, 2023): 7835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16237835.
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To achieve the goal of carbon peaking, it is crucial to reduce both carbon emissions and energy consumption during the operational stage of residential buildings. This paper proposed a method for assessing carbon emissions and energy consumption for an energy system utilized in a rural residence. First, an equivalent thermal resistance-capacitance model for a rural residence was established. The parameters of thermal resistance and capacitance were optimized based on the data collected from an operating air source heat pump heating system. On this basis, the energy consumption was derived, and it was compared with real consumption. Then, a method of estimating house energy consumption index per unit area under specified weather conditions was proposed. Finally, the carbon emissions of three heating types—heating driven by air source heat pump, gas boiler, and coal boiler—were compared. Results showed that the derived energy consumption index per unit area was 46.77 W/m2. The carbon emissions of the air source heat pump were 1406.1 kgCO2.
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Tagliabue, Alessandro, and Joseph Resing. "Impact of hydrothermalism on the ocean iron cycle." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 374, no. 2081 (November 28, 2016): 20150291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0291.
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As the iron supplied from hydrothermalism is ultimately ventilated in the iron-limited Southern Ocean, it plays an important role in the ocean biological carbon pump. We deploy a set of focused sensitivity experiments with a state of the art global model of the ocean to examine the processes that regulate the lifetime of hydrothermal iron and the role of different ridge systems in governing the hydrothermal impact on the Southern Ocean biological carbon pump. Using GEOTRACES section data, we find that stabilization of hydrothermal iron is important in some, but not all regions. The impact on the Southern Ocean biological carbon pump is dominated by poorly explored southern ridge systems, highlighting the need for future exploration in this region. We find inter-basin differences in the isopycnal layer onto which hydrothermal Fe is supplied between the Atlantic and Pacific basins, which when combined with the inter-basin contrasts in oxidation kinetics suggests a muted influence of Atlantic ridges on the Southern Ocean biological carbon pump. Ultimately, we present a range of processes, operating at distinct scales, that must be better constrained to improve our understanding of how hydrothermalism affects the ocean cycling of iron and carbon. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Biological and climatic impacts of ocean trace element chemistry’.
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Wang, Dongsheng, Peng Zhang, Haixiang Ma, Zhixuan Li, Suqian Xu, and Chaoqun Tan. "Intelligent Collaborative Optimal Scheduling for Water Intake-Supply Pump Groups in Drinking Water Treatment Plants." International Journal of Energy Research 2024 (January 16, 2024): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/7800284.
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Up to 80% of the electrical energy is consumed by pump groups in water purification plants. Optimizing the scheduling of water intake-supply pump groups is crucial for saving electrical energy and reducing carbon dioxide emissions while ensuring water supply and security requirements are met. Herein, an intelligent collaborative optimal scheduling method is proposed for the water intake pump groups, clean-water reservoirs, and water supply pump groups. A long short-term memory (LSTM) network is applied to predict the flow of the water supply pump group, and a data-driven approach is used to plan the flow of the water intake pump group and model the working characteristics of working pump configurations. Furthermore, based on the dynamic programming (DP) algorithm, the optimal scheduling scheme of the water intake-supply pump groups as well as the working pump configuration at each moment can be obtained. The proposed approach dynamically updates data on an hourly basis to enhance the precision of collaborative optimal scheduling outcomes. The experimental results of long-term operation showed that pump efficiency was increased by 10.68% and 10.70% of electric energy was effectively saved as compared to the results of previous manual scheduling. This study provides a solution for energy conservation and efficiency enhancement of multiple energy-consuming equipment and carbon emission reduction.
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Pinti, Jérôme, Tim DeVries, Tommy Norin, Camila Serra-Pompei, Roland Proud, David A. Siegel, Thomas Kiørboe, et al. "Model estimates of metazoans' contributions to the biological carbon pump." Biogeosciences 20, no. 5 (March 14, 2023): 997–1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-997-2023.
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Abstract. The daily vertical migrations of fish and other metazoans actively transport organic carbon from the ocean surface to depth, contributing to the biological carbon pump. We use an oxygen-constrained, game-theoretic food-web model to simulate diel vertical migrations and estimate near-global (global ocean minus coastal areas and high latitudes) carbon fluxes and sequestration by fish and zooplankton due to respiration, fecal pellets, and deadfalls. Our model provides estimates of the carbon export and sequestration potential for a range of pelagic functional groups, despite uncertain biomass estimates of some functional groups. While the export production of metazoans and fish is modest (∼20 % of global total), we estimate that their contribution to carbon sequestered by the biological pump (∼800 PgC) is conservatively more than 50 % of the estimated global total (∼1300 PgC) and that they have a significantly longer sequestration timescale (∼250 years) than previously reported for other components of the biological pump. Fish and multicellular zooplankton contribute about equally to this sequestered carbon pool. This essential ecosystem service could be at risk from both unregulated fishing on the high seas and ocean deoxygenation due to climate change.
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Sieres, Jaime, Ignacio Ortega, Fernando Cerdeira, Estrella Álvarez, and José M. Santos. "Seasonal Efficiency of a Brine-to-Water Heat Pump with Different Control Options according to Ecodesign Standards." Clean Technologies 4, no. 2 (June 16, 2022): 542–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol4020033.
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The seasonal performance of a heat pump indicates its average performance during the heating and/or cooling season, taking into account the different energy demands and their variability over time. Several European and international regulations and policies related with energy efficiency and the reduction of the carbon footprint of energy related products are affecting the heat pump industry. Among them, the ecodesign regulations impose minimum energy efficiency values for heat pumps, efficiencies that are based on the seasonal coefficient of performance. This work is focused on a domestic brine-to-water heat pump for low-temperature applications. The methodology to determine its seasonal coefficient of performance (SCOP) according to the European standard EN 14825 is explained and evaluated based on experimental results. The impact on the SCOP of using some technology options such as fixed or variable speed compressors, and fixed or variable outlet temperature operation is evaluated. Results show that between the lowest and highest efficient option, the SCOP can be improved by 26%.