Journal articles: 'Carbon payback time'

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Bentsen, Niclas Scott. "Carbon debt and payback time – Lost in the forest?" Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 73 (June 2017): 1211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.02.004.

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Mello, Francisco F. C., Carlos E. P. Cerri, Christian A. Davies, N. Michele Holbrook, Keith Paustian, Stoécio M. F. Maia, Marcelo V. Galdos, Martial Bernoux, and Carlos C. Cerri. "Payback time for soil carbon and sugar-cane ethanol." Nature Climate Change 4, no. 7 (June 8, 2014): 605–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2239.

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de Simón-Martín, Miguel, Montserrat Díez-Mediavilla, and Cristina Alonso-Tristán. "Real Energy Payback Time and Carbon Footprint of a GCPVS." AIMS Energy 5, no. 1 (2017): 77–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2017.1.77.

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(Mariska) de Wild-Scholten, M. J. "Energy payback time and carbon footprint of commercial photovoltaic systems." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 119 (December 2013): 296–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2013.08.037.

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Utamura, Motoaki. "Carbon Dioxide Emission Analysis With Energy Payback Effect." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 126, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 322–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1691442.

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Analytical model is proposed to account for carbon emission behavior during replacement of power source from fossil to renewable energy in which sustainability of energy supply is stressed. Analyses show that energy payback time (EPT) should be much shorter than the doubling time of manufacturing cycle to secure adequate available energy during as well as after the replacement. Nuclear, small hydropower, and photovoltaic cell are taken as representative candidates and investigated as an option to replace fossil power until mid-century. Nuclear and small hydropower can be promising candidates but photovoltaic cell needs further development efforts to reduce EPT to avoid energy expense after the replacement.

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Faludi, Jeremy, and Michael Lepech. "ECOLOGICAL PAYBACK TIME OF AN ENERGY-EFFICIENT MODULAR BUILDING." Journal of Green Building 7, no. 1 (January 2012): 100–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.7.1.100.

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Ecological payback time was calculated for demolishing an existing commercial building with average energy performance and replacing it with an energy-efficient, prefabricated building. A life-cycle assessment was performed for a 5,000 ft2commercial building designed by Project Frog and prefabricated in San Francisco, California, and compared to the impacts of annual energy consumption and continued status quo operation of a comparable average commercial building. Scenarios were run both with and without rooftop solar panels intended to make the prefabricated building net zero energy. The analysis considers the materials and manufacturing, transportation, annual energy use of the new building, and disposal of the existing building, compared to continued annual energy use of the existing building. The carbon payback of a new building with no solar against operation of an existing commercial building was found to be roughly eleven years, and a building with enough rooftop solar to be net zero energy was roughly 6.5 years. The full EcoIndicator99 environmental impact payback for a new efficient building with no solar was found to be twenty years, and a solar net-zero building was roughly eleven years against operation of an existing commercial building.

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Pinto, Mauricio Almeida, Cláudio Albuquerque Frate, Thiago Oliveira Rodrigues, and Armando Caldeira-Pires. "Sensitivity analysis of the carbon payback time for a Brazilian photovoltaic power plant." Utilities Policy 63 (April 2020): 101014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2020.101014.

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Yang, Yi, and Sangwon Suh. "Marginal yield, technological advances, and emissions timing in corn ethanol’s carbon payback time." International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 20, no. 2 (November 29, 2014): 226–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-014-0827-x.

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Jiao, Yubo, Alex Salce, Wade Ben, Feng Jiang, Xiaoyang Ji, Evan Morey, and David Lynch. "Siemens and siemens-like processes for producing photovoltaics: Energy payback time and lifetime carbon emissions." JOM 63, no. 1 (January 2011): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-011-0007-4.

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Tian, Xueyu, Samuel D. Stranks, and Fengqi You. "Life cycle energy use and environmental implications of high-performance perovskite tandem solar cells." Science Advances 6, no. 31 (July 2020): eabb0055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb0055.

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A promising route to widespread deployment of photovoltaics is to harness inexpensive, highly-efficient tandems. We perform holistic life cycle assessments on the energy payback time, carbon footprint, and environmental impact scores for perovskite-silicon and perovskite-perovskite tandems benchmarked against state-of-the-art commercial silicon cells. The scalability of processing steps and materials in the manufacture and operation of tandems is considered. The resulting energy payback time and greenhouse gas emission factor of the all-perovskite tandem configuration are 0.35 years and 10.7 g CO2-eq/kWh, respectively, compared to 1.52 years and 24.6 g CO2-eq/kWh for the silicon benchmark. Prolonging the lifetime provides a strong technological lever for reducing the carbon footprint such that the perovskite-silicon tandem can outcompete the current benchmark on energy and environmental performance. Perovskite-perovskite tandems with flexible and lightweight form factors further improve the energy and environmental performance by around 6% and thus enhance the potential for large-scale, sustainable deployment.

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Madsen, Kristian, and Niclas Bentsen. "Carbon Debt Payback Time for a Biomass Fired CHP Plant—A Case Study from Northern Europe." Energies 11, no. 4 (March 31, 2018): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11040807.

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Hu, Allen, Lance Huang, Sylvia Lou, Chien-Hung Kuo, Chin-Yao Huang, Ke-Jen Chian, Hao-Ting Chien, and Hwen-Fen Hong. "Assessment of the Carbon Footprint, Social Benefit of Carbon Reduction, and Energy Payback Time of a High-Concentration Photovoltaic System." Sustainability 9, no. 1 (December 25, 2016): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su9010027.

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Todde, Giuseppe, Lelia Murgia, Isaac Carrelo, Rita Hogan, Antonio Pazzona, Luigi Ledda, and Luis Narvarte. "Embodied Energy and Environmental Impact of Large-Power Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Irrigation Systems." Energies 11, no. 8 (August 14, 2018): 2110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11082110.

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A life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology was used to evaluate the cumulative energy demand and the related environmental impact of three large-power stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) irrigation systems ranging from 40 kWp to 360 kWp. The novelty of this analysis is the large power of these systems as the literature up to now is restricted to modeled PV pumping systems scenarios or small power plants, where the size can be a critical factor for energy and environmental issues. The analysis shows that the yearly embodied energy per unit of PV power ranged from 1306 MJ/kWp to 1199 MJ/kWp depending of the PV generator size. Similarly, the related yearly carbon dioxide impacts ranged from 72.6 to 79.8 kg CO2e/kWp. The production of PV modules accounted for the main portion (about 80%) of the primary energy embodied into the PV irrigation system (PVIS). The outcomes of the study also show an inverse trend of the energy and carbon payback times respect to the PV power size: In fact, energy payback time increased from 1.94, to 5.25 years and carbon payback time ranged from 4.62 to 9.38 years. Also the energy return on investment depends on the PV generator dimension, ranging from 12.9 to 4.8. The environmental impact of the stand-alone PV systems was also expressed in reference to the potential amount of electricity generated during the whole PV life. As expected, the largest PVIS performs the best result, obtaining an emission rate of 45.9 g CO2e per kWh, while the smallest one achieves 124.1 g CO2e per kWh. Finally, the energy and environmental indicators obtained in this study are strongly related to the irrigation needs, which in turn are influenced by other factors as the type of cultivated crops, the weather conditions and the water availability.

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Marrone, Paola, Francesco Asdrubali, Daniela Venanzi, Federico Orsini, Luca Evangelisti, Claudia Guattari, Roberto De Lieto Vollaro, et al. "On the Retrofit of Existing Buildings with Aerogel Panels: Energy, Environmental and Economic Issues." Energies 14, no. 5 (February 25, 2021): 1276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051276.

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Among the super insulating materials, aerogel has interesting properties: very low thermal conductivity and density, resistance to high temperatures and transparency. It is a rather expensive material, but incentives in the field can improve its economic attractiveness. Starting from this, the thermal behavior of a test building entirely insulated with aerogel panels was investigated through an extended experimental campaign. A dynamic simulation model of a case study building was generated to better comprehend the energy savings obtained through aerogel in terms of energy demand over a whole year. The investigation was completed by computing the carbon and energy payback times of various retrofit strategies through a life cycle assessment approach, as well as by a cost-benefit analysis through a probabilistic financial framework. Compared to conventional insulation materials, aerogel is characterized by a higher energy and carbon payback time, but it guarantees better environmental performance in the whole life cycle. From an economic-financial perspective, the aerogel retrofit is the best in the current tax incentive scenario. However, due to its higher lump-sum investment, aerogel’s net present value is very sensitive to tax deductions, and it is riskier than the best comparable materials in less favorable tax scenarios.

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Prakash, Om, and Anil Kumar. "Environomical Analysis and Mathematical Modelling for Tomato Flakes Drying in a Modified Greenhouse Dryer under Active Mode." International Journal of Food Engineering 10, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 669–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijfe-2013-0063.

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Abstract In this study, the main concern is to complete a performance analysis, a mathematical modelling and an environmental analysis of tomato flakes drying in a modified greenhouse dryer under active mode. Experimentation was conducted simultaneously in the designed dryer and also with natural drying processes. Tomato flakes were dried from an initial moisture of 96.0% w.b. to a final moisture of 9.09% w.b. for 15 h in the dryer. In this communication, mathematical modelling and environmental analysis were done for tomato flakes drying in the designed dryer. In the environmental analysis, various environmental and economic parameters have been evaluated, including the payback period by cost, energy payback time (EPBT), embodied energy, CO2 emission and the earned carbon credit. Seven existing drying kinetics models have been applied and one mathematical model has been proposed. The coefficient of determination for the proposed model is 0.9985, which is higher than all other existing models. The payback period by the cost of the dryer is only 1.9 years. The embodied energy of the dryer is 628.7287 kWh. The EPBT is only 1.14 year, and CO2 emission per year is 17.6 kg per year. The net CO2 emission is 38.06 tonnes and the earned carbon credit varies from 12,561.70 INR to 50,245.49 INR during its lifespan. The nutrient content of the dried tomato – in the dryer as well as in open sun drying – was examined. Tomato dried in the dryer was found to have more nutrient content than with open sun drying. The total experimental uncertainty is 23.41%.

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Zhang, Hanfei, Ligang Wang, Jan Van herle, François Maréchal, and Umberto Desideri. "Techno-Economic Optimization of CO2-to-Methanol with Solid-Oxide Electrolyzer." Energies 12, no. 19 (September 30, 2019): 3742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193742.

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Carbon capture and utilization are promising to tackle fossil-fuel depletion and climate change. CO2 hydrogenation can synthesize various chemicals and fuels, such as methanol, formic acid, urea, and methane. CO2-to-methanol integrated with solid-oxide electrolysis (SOE) process can store renewable power in methanol while recycling recovered CO2, thus achieving the dual purposes of storing excess renewable power and reducing lifetime CO2 emissions. This paper focuses on the techno-economic optimization of CO2 hydrogenation to synthesize green methanol integrated with solid-oxide electrolysis process. Process integration, techno-economic evaluation, and multi-objective optimization are carried out for a case study. Results show that there is a trade-off between energy efficiency and methanol production cost. The annual yield of methanol of the studied case is 100 kton with a purity of 99.7%wt with annual CO2 utilization of 150 kton, representing the annual storage capacity of 800 GWh renewable energy. Although the system efficiency is rather high at around at 70% and varies within a narrow range, methanol production cost reaches 560 $/ton for an electricity price of 73.16 $/MWh, being economically infeasible with a payback time over 13 years. When the electricity price is reduced to 47 $/MWh and further to 24 $/MWh, the methanol production cost becomes 365 and 172 $/ton with an attractive payback time of 4.6 and 2.8 years, respectively. The electricity price has significant impact on project implementation. The electricity price is different in each country, leading to a difference of the payback time in different locations.

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Mahmoud, Ahmed, and Jaka Sunarso. "A new graphical method to target carbon dioxide emission reductions by simultaneously aligning fuel switching, energy saving, investment cost, carbon credit, and payback time." International Journal of Energy Research 42, no. 4 (November 27, 2017): 1551–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/er.3946.

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Virupaksha, Vinay, Mary Harty, and Kevin McDonnell. "Microgeneration of Electricity Using a Solar Photovoltaic System in Ireland." Energies 12, no. 23 (December 3, 2019): 4600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12234600.

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Microgeneration of electricity using solar photovoltaic (PV) systems is a sustainable form of renewable energy, however uptake in Ireland remains very low. The aim of this study is to assess the potential of the community-based roof top solar PV microgeneration system to supply electricity to the grid, and to explore a crowd funding mechanism for community ownership of microgeneration projects. A modelled microgeneration project was developed: the electricity load profiles of 68 residential units were estimated; a community-based roof top solar PV system was designed; an electricity network model, based on a real network supplying a town and its surrounding areas, was created; and power flow analysis on the electrical network for system peak and minimum loads was carried out. The embodied energy, energy payback time, GHG payback time, carbon credits and financial cost relating to the proposed solar PV system were calculated. Different crowdfunding models were assessed. Results show the deployment of community solar PV system projects have significant potential to reduce the peak demand, smooth the load profile, assist in the voltage regulation and reduce electrical losses and deliver cost savings to distribution system operator and the consumer.

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Kassai, Miklós. "Heat Pump Heating System Development of Educational Building based on Energy, Economical and Environmental Impacts." Periodica Polytechnica Mechanical Engineering 63, no. 3 (May 20, 2019): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppme.13872.

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In this research the technical designing of energy efficient heating system with vertical-borehole heat pumps for institutional buildings was performed. The local government would like to change the old gas boiler-based heat producing system to up-to-date, environmental friendly equipment with the financial support of the European Union. The payback time was calculated and environmental calculations were achieved with carbon dioxide saving by various conditions that were also achieved during the research project. The results show that the heat pump system also provides a significant reduction of environmental load, in addition to significant energy savings. The amount of calculated savings justifies the environmental friendliness of heat pump systems.

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Rengasamy, Mageswaran, Sivasankar Gangatharan, Rajvikram Madurai Elavarasan, and Lucian Mihet-Popa. "The Motivation for Incorporation of Microgrid Technology in Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic Deployment to Enhance Energy Economics." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 11, 2020): 10365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410365.

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Deployment of rooftop solar Photovoltaic technology in domestic premises plays a significant role in accomplishing renewable energy transformation. The majority of domestic consumers still do not have a positive perception about adopting rooftop solar PV technology, due to its high capital cost and prolonged payback period. In this aspect, the proposed work identifies the factors causing energy deprivation in the present distribution and utilization system. To explicitly express the importance of the present work, an extensive case study based on an Indian scenario has been carried out to investigate where the losses occur in the existing distribution system and how the solar power and its storage system have been ineffectively utilized. The deep investigation has thrown light on several issues that lead to the performance deterioration of PV technology. Finally, in this work, a scheme to incorporate hybrid microgrid technology in the domestic distribution network has been proposed to effectively manage the distribution system and to efficiently utilize solar power and its storage systems. The real-time electricity tariff data have been taken for cost comparison and payback period calculations to prove the effectiveness of the proposed method. Crucial comparisons have been presented based on energy saving and carbon dioxide CO2 emission reduction strategies.

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Sander, Leon, Christopher Jung, and Dirk Schindler. "Greenhouse Gas Savings Potential under Repowering of Onshore Wind Turbines and Climate Change: A Case Study from Germany." Wind 1, no. 1 (September 8, 2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wind1010001.

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Wind energy is crucial in German energy and climate strategies as it substitutes carbon-intensive fossil fuels and achieves substantial greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions. However, wind energy deployment currently faces several problems: low expansion rates, wind turbines at the end of their service life, or the end of remuneration. Repowering is a vital strategy to overcome these problems. This study investigates future annual GHG payback times and emission savings of repowered wind turbines. In total, 96 repowering scenarios covering a broad range of climatological, technical, economic, and political factors affecting wind energy output in 2025–2049 were studied. The results indicate that due to more giant wind turbines and geographical restrictions, the amount of repowerable sites is reduced significantly. Consequently, in most scenarios, emission savings will dramatically diminish compared to current savings. Even in the best-case scenario, the highest emission savings’ growth is at 11%. The most meaningful drivers of GHG payback time and emission savings are wind turbine type, geographical restrictions, and GHG emissions. In contrast, climate change impact on the wind resource is only marginal. Although repowering alone is insufficient for achieving climate targets, it is a substantial part of the wind energy strategy. It could be improved by the synergies of different measures presented in this study. The results emphasize that a massive expansion of wind energy is required to establish it as a cornerstone of the future energy mix.

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Zahran, A., A. M. Arafa, A. M. Alaam, and G. El Saiedy. "Environmental and Economic Benefits of Some Air Pollutants Control Case Study: Emissions from different Boilers of different Factories." Environmental Management and Sustainable Development 9, no. 1 (January 26, 2020): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/emsd.v9i1.16352.

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This search is evidence that development plans and environmental conservation go in one direction, where we can decrease environmental pollution with economic benefits simultaneously. By monitoring emissions from four boilers stacks (from petrochemical and food sectors) which working by natural gas. Changes in excess air were conducted to increase combustion efficiency means fuel savings, and decrease pollutant concentration, where there is a relationship between cost, combustion, stack heat loss, fuel-saving, and environment. Combustion efficiency and emitted pollutants from the stacks were measured before and after maintenance, where mixed-air with fuel is changed. In boiler 1 of petrochemical sector, carbon monoxide changed from 2222 to 21 mg/m3. In boiler 2, CO changed from 4695.3 to 5.5 mg/m3. The efficiency of boiler 1 and 2 improved from 75.5% to 92.1%, and from 71.5 to 93.1% respectively. In boiler 1 of food sector CO changed from 2200 to 45 mg/m3. In boiler 2, CO changed from 1900 to 59 mg/m3. The efficiency of boiler1 and 2 improved from 69.8% to 91.4%, and from 76.5% to 91.1% respectively. The cost reduction per year was 8469.1$ and 11692.8$ in the petrochemical sector, while it was 11624.4$ and 12168.2$ in the food sector. Where the cost of maintenance for each boiler was 100,000$, the payback time is 5.11 years for boiler 1 in the petrochemical sector and 3.99 years for boiler 2, while the payback time is 3.86 years for boiler 1 in the food sector and 5.68 years for boiler 2.

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Asamoah, J. "Innovation in the economic performance of a power station through monetised carbon dioxide credits." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 18, no. 4 (August 1, 2007): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2007/v18i4a3388.

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It is proposed to generate part of the future base load power requirements of South Africa using nat-ural gas as a substitute for coal. By this substitution, combined-cycle gas turbine power stations will be built instead of pulverised fuel coal-fired power sta-tions to generate base load power. This substitution will lead to abatement in the emission of green-house gases, especially carbon dioxide. In this paper, an innovative mode of amortizing capex is applied to reduce the payback time of a bank loan through the combined use of proceeds from the sale of electricity and monetised carbon dioxide credits. This innovation stems from the reduction in emission of carbon dioxide due to the proposal to generate part of the future base load power requirements using natural gas as a substitute for coal. The carbon credits emanate from undertaking projects resulting in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions under the Clean Development Mechan-ism of the Kyoto Protocol. This is possible because South Africa is regarded as a developing country. This additional revenue results in reducing the loan payments by 2.1 years, saving 19% in interest pay-ments. Furthermore, this innovation would allow scarce finance available for project funding to be extended to other projects to the advantage of national economic development.

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Cui, Yuanlong, Elmer Theo, Tugba Gurler, Yuehong Su, and Riffat Saffa. "A comprehensive review on renewable and sustainable heating systems for poultry farming." International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 15, no. 1 (November 20, 2019): 121–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctz048.

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Abstract Poultry farming is one of energy intensive industries that consume large amount of energy to provide the suitable indoor environment for chicken health and production like meat and eggs. Currently, there are extensive researches and practices of applying renewable and sustainable energy technologies to poultry farming to achieve energy saving and carbon dioxide emission reduction. Therefore, it is worth to retrospect the state-of-the-art development and summarize the key features in this field. The main technologies include photovoltaic (PV), solar collector, hybrid PV/Thermal, thermal energy storage, ground/water/air sources heat pumps, lighting and radiant heating. It is found that up to 85% energy saving can be achieved by using these advanced technologies in comparison to the traditional poultry houses with a payback time of 3–8 years.

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Ahmad Ludin, Norasikin, Nurfarhana Alyssa Ahmad Affandi, Kathleen Purvis-Roberts, Azah Ahmad, Mohd Adib Ibrahim, Kamaruzzaman Sopian, and Sufian Jusoh. "Environmental Impact and Levelised Cost of Energy Analysis of Solar Photovoltaic Systems in Selected Asia Pacific Region: A Cradle-to-Grave Approach." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010396.

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Sustainability has been greatly impacted by the reality of budgets and available resources as a targeted range of carbon emission reduction greatly increases due to climate change. This study analyses the technical and economic feasibility for three types of solar photovoltaic (PV) renewable energy (RE) systems; (i) solar stand-alone, a non-grid-connected building rooftop-mounted structure, (ii) solar rooftop, a grid-connected building rooftop-mounted structure, (iii) solar farm, a grid-connected land-mounted structure in three tropical climate regions. Technical scientific and economic tools, including life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost assessment (LCCA) with an integrated framework from a Malaysian case study were applied to similar climatic regions, Thailand, and Indonesia. The short-term, future scaled-up scenario was defined using a proxy technology and estimated data. Environmental locations for this scenario were identified, the environmental impacts were compared, and the techno-economic output were analysed. The scope of this study is cradle-to-grave. Levelised cost of energy (LCOE) was greatly affected due to PV performance degradation rate, especially the critical shading issues for large-scale installations. Despite the land use impact, increased CO2 emissions accumulate over time with regard to energy mix of the country, which requires the need for long-term procurement of both carbon and investment return. With regards to profitably, grid-connected roof-mounted systems achieve the lowest LCOE as compared to other types of installation, ranging from 0.0491 USD/kWh to 0.0605 USD/kWh under a 6% discounted rate. A simple payback (SPB) time between 7–10 years on average depends on annual power generated by the system with estimated energy payback of 0.40–0.55 years for common polycrystalline photovoltaic technology. Thus, maintaining the whole system by ensuring a low degradation rate of 0.2% over a long period of time is essential to generate benefits for both investors and the environment. Emerging technologies are progressing at an exponential rate in order to fill the gap of establishing renewable energy as an attractive business plan. Life cycle assessment is considered an excellent tool to assess the environmental impact of renewable energy.

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Najini, Hiba, and Senthil Arumugam Muthukumaraswamy. "Piezoelectric Energy Generation from Vehicle Traffic with Technoeconomic Analysis." Journal of Renewable Energy 2017 (2017): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9643858.

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This paper presents a technical simulation based system to support the concept of generating energy from road traffic using piezoelectric materials. The simulation based system design replicates a real life system implementation. It investigates practicality and feasibility using a real-time simulation platform known as MATLAB-Simulink. The system design structure was proposed considering factors involved with the field of material sciences for piezoelectric generator modeling and field of power electronics for additional components in producing a realist outcome. It also ensures ease of vehicle performance, as this system utilizes energy source derived as kinetic energy released from vehicles into electrical power output, that is, obtained by harnessing kinetic energy due to strain of vehicles over asphalt road surface. Due to the real-time simulation platform, the system simulation predicts the effective global carbon footprint. In addition to evaluating technical viability, a technoeconomical business analysis provides a strategic perspective. By using the simulation based power generation results, an estimation of implementation cost and payback time in real life (for United Arab Emirates) was derived, hence validating and predicting real-time economic outcome. This is followed by a comparative study with other sources of renewable energy based on levelized energy cost factor that justifies the performance of the proposed system over other renewable energy sources, in support of providing an economical solution on reducing global carbon footprint.

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Constantino, Gabriel, Marcos Freitas, Neilton Fidelis, and Marcio Pereira. "Adoption of Photovoltaic Systems Along a Sure Path: A Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) Study Applied to the Analysis of GHG Emission Impacts." Energies 11, no. 10 (October 18, 2018): 2806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102806.

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The expansion of photovoltaic solar energy in the world is significant. However, its contribution to decreases in greenhouse gases (GHG) is not an absolute guarantee. In this context, it is necessary to evaluate its benefits in advance, considering the structure of the electric energy supply matrix of the country producing the photovoltaic solar system, as well as the country where the technology will be implemented. This study evaluates the adoption of renewable sources for electric power generation in a country with a high share of renewable energy. A life-cycle assessment (LCA) of a set of multi-Si photovoltaic (PV) systems installed in the Brazilian northeast (NE), was carried out. The actual generation data of 10 plants totaling 1.1 MWp installed capacity were evaluated during two years of operation. Energy payback time (EPBT), greenhouse gas emission rate (GHGe-rate), and emission payback time were calculated. The great influence of the electric matrix characteristics of the country manufacturing PV systems was evidenced in the results. The interconnected Brazilian electrical system had a 2020 projected GHGe-rate of 63.9 g CO2/kWh, while the results of 70% of the photovoltaic solar power plants (PSPS) assessed herein exhibit higher GHGe-rates. Thus, in countries where the electric matrix comprises a high share of renewable sources, such as Brazil, the incentive to use PV systems manufactured in nations whose electric matrix registers high emission factors should be well evaluated in terms of the impacts of GHG concentrations and the promotion of sustainable development, in order to avoid indirect import of significant amounts of carbon embedded in the systems.

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Monzón-Chavarrías, Marta, Silvia Guillén-Lambea, Sergio García-Pérez, Antonio Luis Montealegre-Gracia, and Jorge Sierra-Pérez. "Heating Energy Consumption and Environmental Implications Due to the Change in Daily Habits in Residential Buildings Derived from COVID-19 Crisis: The Case of Barcelona, Spain." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 18, 2021): 918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020918.

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The COVID-19 crisis has changed daily habits and the time that people spend at home. It is expected that this change may have environmental implications because of buildings’ heating energy demand. This paper studies the energy and environmental implications, from a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach, due to these new daily habits in residential buildings at their current level of thermal insulation, and in different scenarios of thermal retrofit of their envelope. This study has a building-to-building approach by using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) for the residential housing stock in the case of Barcelona, Spain. The results show that a change in daily habits derived from the pandemic can increase the heating energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission in residential buildings by 182%. Retrofitting all buildings of Barcelona, according to conventional energy renovation instead of nearly Zero Energy Buildings (nZEB), will produce between 2.25 × 107 and 2.57 × 107 tons of carbon dioxide. Retrofitting the building stock using energy recovery is the option with better energy and emission savings, but also is the option with higher payback time for buildings built until 2007. The methodology presented can be applied in any city with sufficient cadastral data, and is considered optimal in the European context, as it goes for calculating the heating energy consumption.

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Metcalf, Steven, Ángeles Rivero-Pacho, and Robert Critoph. "Design and Large Temperature Jump Testing of a Modular Finned-Tube Carbon–Ammonia Adsorption Generator for Gas-Fired Heat Pumps." Energies 14, no. 11 (June 5, 2021): 3332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113332.

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Gas-fired heat pumps are a potential replacement for condensing boilers, utilizing fossil-fuel resources more efficiently and reducing the amount of biogas or hydrogen required in sustainable gas grids. However, their adoption has been limited due to their large size and high capital cost, resulting in long payback times. For adsorption-based heat pumps, the major development challenge is to maximize the rate of heat transfer to the adsorbent, whilst minimizing the thermal mass. This work develops a modular finned-tube carbon–ammonia adsorption generator that incorporates the adsorbent in highly compacted 3-mm layers between aluminum fins. Manufacturing techniques that are amenable to low cost and high-volume production were developed. The module was tested using the large temperature jump (LTJ) method and achieved a time constant for adsorption and desorption of 50 s. The computational model predicted that if incorporated into two adsorption generators of 6 L volume each, they could be used to construct a gas-fired heat pump with a 10 kW heat output and a gas utilization efficiency (GUE, the ratio of useful heat output to higher calorific value of gas used) of 1.2.

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Piotrowska-Woroniak, Joanna. "The Photovoltaic Installation Application in the Public Utility Building." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 24, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 517–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2017-0034.

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Abstract The article presents the use of photovoltaic installation in a building with office space and a section for kindergarten to support the production of electricity using solar energy. Accepted technological installation solution, capital expenditures to be incurred for the project and payback time are shown. Paper presents the results of the performance simulation of the PV system adopted depending on the angle of photovoltaic panels. Designed photovoltaic installation consists of 62 panels with a total nominal power of 15.5 kW. The use of photovoltaics in the facility allow reducing carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere by approximately 52%. In Poland, most of the electricity produced is still based on coal and lignite. Photovoltaics is one of the renewable sources of energy, so-called “Green” energy. The investment could be made thanks to the Regional Operational Programme Podlaski, Activity 5.2 Development of local infrastructure, environmental protection 2007-2013.

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Branco, Najmat Celene, and Carolina M. Affonso. "Probabilistic Approach to Integrate Photovoltaic Generation into PEVs Charging Stations Considering Technical, Economic and Environmental Aspects." Energies 13, no. 19 (September 29, 2020): 5086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13195086.

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This paper investigates the integration of a photovoltaic system into plug-in electric vehicles charging stations in a university campus building located in Belem, Brazil, considering technical, economic, and environmental impacts in a probabilistic approach. Monte Carlo method is implemented to probabilistically estimate output variables, representing uncertainties from input data such as solar generation, vehicles demand and building load. Simulations are based on local irradiance data and electricity demand measurements collected by a local monitoring system installed in the building. The analysis comprehends a study time horizon of 10 years and evaluates transformer load and voltage level, carbon emissions avoided, and the financial feasibility of the project. Results show the connection of a PV system with penetration level of 15.6% can significantly reduce transformer overload occurrence by 69% and decrease overload duration time on average from 4 to 1 h at 10th year. PV system can reduce PEV CO2 emission by 97.4% on average compared with internal combustion engine vehicles. From a financial perspective, the project is feasible and economically attractive with a payback time that ranges from 6 to 8 years, being an attractive solution to the Amazon region to support a cleaner energy matrix.

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Wang, Xiaohang, Wentong Chong, Kokhoe Wong, Saihin Lai, Liphuat Saw, Xianbo Xiang, and Chin-Tsan Wang. "Preliminary Techno–Environment–Economic Evaluation of an Innovative Hybrid Renewable Energy Harvester System for Residential Application." Energies 12, no. 8 (April 19, 2019): 1496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12081496.

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A technical, environmental, and economic feasibility study for a patented hybrid renewable energy harvester system for residential application is conducted in this paper. This system can be mounted on top of an existing residential building to provide electricity from renewable sources. The system is characterized by its V-shaped roof guide vane (VRGV) that directs and augments airflow into the wind turbine, to enhance the rotational and power generation performance of the wind turbines in low wind speed areas. Furthermore, the VRGV increases the installation area for the solar photovoltaic panels and expand the rainwater collection area for the building, and facilitates natural ventilation and prevents excessive solar radiation into the room. The environment–economic evaluation of the system is conducted based on the life-cycle cost (LCC) in terms of low carbon and economic cost-effectiveness. The evaluation of the system with dimensions of 15 m (L) × 16 m (W) × 17.05 m (H) showed that the annual energy generated is 21.130 MWh. Annual low-carbon benefit of the system is estimated to be 11.894 t. The cumulative net present value (NPV) of the system in the life cycle time (20 years) is $52,207.247, with the consideration of a discount rate of 8%; also, the cash flow breakeven occurs in the 11th year. It is important to note that the carbon payback period (CPP) of the system is five years.

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Savickis, J., A. Ansone, L. Zemite, I. Bode, L. Jansons, N. Zeltins, A. Koposovs, L. Vempere, and E. Dzelzitis. "The Natural Gas as a Sustainable Fuel Atlernative in Latvia." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 58, no. 3 (June 1, 2021): 169–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/lpts-2021-0024.

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Abstract Despite various benefits that the natural gas mobility can provide, CNG (hereinafter – compressed natural gas) and LNG (hereinafter – liquified natural gas) filling infrastructure both in Latvia and the Baltic States as a whole is still at the stage of active development. As a result, the natural gas fuelled vehicle fleet comprises less than 1 % of all registered road vehicles in the Baltics, but, with regards to transport and climate policies of the European Union (hereinafter – the EU), it has a significant potential for further growth. In order to estimate the perspectives of mobility of natural gas, including bioCNG and liquified biomethane (hereinafter – LBM), CNG has been chosen and analysed as a possible alternative fuel in Latvia with its environmental and economic benefits and payback distance for CNG vehicles compared to petrol and diesel cars. The review of various types of CNG filling stations is also presented, along with information on operating tax rates and currently registered vehicles divided by types of fuel in Latvia. It was established that with the Latvian fuel price reference of the late 2020, exploitation of CNG-powered vehicle was by 24 % cheaper per kilometre in comparison with diesel and by 66 % cheaper in comparison with petrol vehicles. CNG vehicles have smaller operational taxes, since they are based on carbon dioxide (hereinafter – CO) emissions, which are lower for CNG-powered vehicles. Calculation results also indicate that CNG vehicle payback time may fall within the warrant period, if at least 57650 kilometres as an alternative to a petrol vehicle or 71 531 kilometres as an alternative to a diesel vehicle are driven by it.

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Rajoria, C. S., Sanjay Agrawal, Amit K. Dash, G. N. Tiwari, and M. S. Sodha. "A newer approach on cash flow diagram to investigate the effect of energy payback time and earned carbon credits on life cycle cost of different photovoltaic thermal array systems." Solar Energy 124 (February 2016): 254–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2015.11.034.

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Zani, Caio F., Arlete S. Barneze, Andy D. Robertson, Aidan M. Keith, Carlos E. P. Cerri, Niall P. McNamara, and Carlos C. Cerri. "Vinasse application and cessation of burning in sugarcane management can have positive impact on soil carbon stocks." PeerJ 6 (August 7, 2018): e5398. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5398.

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Bioenergy crops, such as sugarcane, have the potential to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions through fossil fuel substitution. However, increased sugarcane propagation and recent management changes have raised concerns that these practices may deplete soil carbon (C) stocks, thereby limiting the net greenhouse gas benefit. In this study, we use both a measured and modelled approach to evaluate the impacts of two common sugarcane management practices on soil C sequestration potential in Brazil. We explore how transitions from conventional (mineral fertiliser/burning) to improved (vinasse application/unburned) practices influence soil C stocks in total and in physically fractionated soil down to one metre. Results suggest that vinasse application leads to an accumulation of soil C of 0.55 Mg ha−1yr−1 at 0–30 cm depth and applying unburned management led to gains of ∼0.7 Mg ha−1yr−1 at 30–60 cm depth. Soil C concentration in the Silt+Clay fraction of topsoil (0–20 cm) showed higher C content in unburned management but it did not differ under vinasse application. The CENTURY model was used to simulate the consequences of management changes beyond the temporal extent of the measurements. Simulations indicated that vinasse was not the key factor driving increases in soil C stocks but its application may be the most readily available practice to prevent the soil C losses under burned management. Furthermore, cessation of burning may increase topsoil C by 40% after ∼50 years. These are the first data comparing different sugarcane management transitions within a single area. Our findings indicate that both vinasse application and the cessation of burning can play an important role in reducing the time required for sugarcane ethanol production to reach a net C benefit (payback time).

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Lima, Gabriel Constantino de, Andre Luiz Lopes Toledo, and Leonidas Bourikas. "The Role of National Energy Policies and Life Cycle Emissions of PV Systems in Reducing Global Net Emissions of Greenhouse Gases." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 11, 2021): 961. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14040961.

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The energy sector and electricity generation in particular, is responsible for a great share of the global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. World electricity generation is still largely based on the burning of fossil fuels. However, Brazil has already a very low electricity carbon intensity due to the country’s large hydropower capacity. In countries with low grid carbon intensities such as Brazil, the investment in photovoltaic solar systems (PVSS) even if it is cost-effective, might become challenging as any new generation competes essentially against other renewable generation and the carbon offset is not a key driver for investment anymore. This study builds further upon that case to examine if national renewable energy incentives could actually lead to an increase of global net carbon emissions from the installation of PVSS in countries with a low grid carbon intensity. The study presents a life cycle analysis (LCA) of ten photovoltaic systems representative of the different operational conditions in regions across Brazil. It was found that the average energy payback time of the studied PV plants is between 3 and 5 years of operation. This result shows the feasibility and viability of such investments in the Brazilian context. When the LCA was integrated into the analysis though, the results showed that the “local” direct emissions avoidance from two out of ten studied PV plants would not manage to offset their “global” life cycle emissions due to the 2020 projected Brazilian grid emission factor which is already low. It is important to recognize that public policies of unrestricted, unconditional stimulus to photovoltaic systems investment might not help towards reducing global net emissions when the PV systems are installed at countries with a low carbon emission electric matrix. That is also something to consider for other countries as the carbon intensity of their grids will start reducing at levels similar to Brazil’s. It is likely that in the near future, the real net carbon offset achieved by PV systems at the global level will be largely defined by the manufacture procedures and the production’s carbon intensity at the country of origin of the PV panels.

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Ayyappan, S. "Performance and CO2 mitigation analysis of a solar greenhouse dryer for coconut drying." Energy & Environment 29, no. 8 (June 9, 2018): 1482–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x18781891.

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A natural convection solar greenhouse dryer with biomass back-up heater was developed and tested for its performance during summer and winter months under the meteorological conditions of Pollachi, India, using coconuts as drying material. The dryer maintained the temperature between 33°C and 60°C during summer, 26°C and 43°C during winter periods. The biomass heater maintained the temperature inside the dryer between 35°C and 45°C during night. The coconuts were dried from an initial moisture content of 53% to a final moisture content of around 7% in 54 h in summer and 74 h in winter in the solar-biomass hybrid dryer compared to 153 h during summer and 247 h during winter in open sun drying. The thermal efficiency of the solar-biomass hybrid dryer was found to be 24% and 21%, respectively, during summer and winter time. The embodied energy of the dryer is found to be 18,302 kWh and the CO2 emission was 1518 kg per year. The net CO2 mitigation is 678 tonnes and the total carbon credit earned is $18,645. The payback period of the drier was found to be 3.3 years.

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Andrei, Horia, Cristian Andrei Badea, Paul Andrei, and Filippo Spertino. "Energetic-Environmental-Economic Feasibility and Impact Assessment of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System in Wastewater Treatment Plant: Case Study." Energies 14, no. 1 (December 27, 2020): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14010100.

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Wastewater treatment plants and power generation constitute inseparable parts of present society. So the growth of wastewater treatment plants is accompanied by an increase in the energy consumption, and a sustainable development implies the use of renewable energy sources on a large scale in the power generation. A case study of the synergy between wastewater treatment plants and photovoltaic systems, aiming to improve the energetic, environmental and economic impacts, is presented. Based on data acquisition, the energy consumption analysis of wastewater treatment plant reveals that the highest demand is during April, and the lowest is during November. The placement of photovoltaic modules is designed to maximize the use of free space on the technological area of wastewater treatment plant in order to obtain a power output as high as possible. The peak consumption of wastewater treatment plant occurs in April, however the peak production of the photovoltaic is in July, so electrochemical batteries can partly compensate for this mismatch. The impact of the photovoltaic system connectivity on power grid is assessed by means of the matching-index method and the storage battery significantly improves this parameter. Carbon credit and energy payback time are used to assess the environmental impact. The results prove that the photovoltaic system mitigates 12,118 tons of carbon and, respectively, the embedded energy is compensated by production in 8 ½ years. The economic impact of the photovoltaic system is analyzed by the levelized cost of energy, and the results show that the price of energy from the photovoltaic source is below the current market price of energy.

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Li, Cong, Hua Zheng, Shuzhuo Li, Xiaoshu Chen, Jie Li, Weihong Zeng, Yicheng Liang, et al. "Impacts of conservation and human development policy across stakeholders and scales." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 24 (June 15, 2015): 7396–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1406486112.

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Ideally, both ecosystem service and human development policies should improve human well-being through the conservation of ecosystems that provide valuable services. However, program costs and benefits to multiple stakeholders, and how they change through time, are rarely carefully analyzed. We examine one of China’s new ecosystem service protection and human development policies: the Relocation and Settlement Program of Southern Shaanxi Province (RSP), which pays households who opt voluntarily to resettle from mountainous areas. The RSP aims to reduce disaster risk, restore important ecosystem services, and improve human well-being. We use household surveys and biophysical data in an integrated economic cost–benefit analysis for multiple stakeholders. We project that the RSP will result in positive net benefits to the municipal government, and to cross-region and global beneficiaries over the long run along with environment improvement, including improved water quality, soil erosion control, and carbon sequestration. However, there are significant short-run relocation costs for local residents so that poor households may have difficulty participating because they lack the resources to pay the initial costs of relocation. Greater subsidies and subsequent supports after relocation are necessary to reduce the payback period of resettled households in the long run. Compensation from downstream beneficiaries for improved water and from carbon trades could be channeled into reducing relocation costs for the poor and sharing the burden of RSP implementation. The effectiveness of the RSP could also be greatly strengthened by early investment in developing human capital and environment-friendly jobs and establishing long-term mechanisms for securing program goals. These challenges and potential solutions pervade ecosystem service efforts globally.

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Aleksiejuk-Gawron, Joanna, Saulė Milčiuvienė, Julija Kiršienė, Enrique Doheijo, Diego Garzon, Rolandas Urbonas, and Darius Milčius. "Net-Metering Compared to Battery-Based Electricity Storage in a Single-Case PV Application Study Considering the Lithuanian Context." Energies 13, no. 9 (May 5, 2020): 2286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13092286.

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Further increases in the number of photovoltaic installations in industry and residential buildings will require technologically and economically flexible energy storage solutions. Some countries utilize net-metering strategies, which use national networks as “virtual batteries.” Despite the financial attractiveness, net-metering faces many technological and economical challenges. It could also lead to the negative tendencies in prosumer behavior, such as a decrease in motivation for the self-consumption of photovoltaic (PV)-generated electricity. Batteries, which are installed on the prosumer’s premises, could be a solution in a particular case. However, the price for battery-based storage solutions is currently sufficiently unattractive for the average prosumer. This paper aimed to present a comparison of the economic and energy related aspects between net-metering and batteries for a single case study by considering the Lithuanian context. The net present value, degree of self-sufficiency, internal rate of return, payback time, and quantified reduction of carbon emission were calculated using a specially developed Prosumer solution simulation tool (Version 1.1, Delloite, Madrid, Spain) for both the PV and net-metering and PV and batteries cases. The received results highlight that the battery-based energy storage systems are currently not an attractive alternative in terms of price where net-metering is available; a rather radical decrease in the installation price for batteries is required.

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D’Adamo, Idiano. "The Profitability of Residential Photovoltaic Systems. A New Scheme of Subsidies Based on the Price of CO2 in a Developed PV Market." Social Sciences 7, no. 9 (August 31, 2018): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci7090148.

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Photovoltaic (PV) resource drives the clean global economy of the future. Its sustainability is widely confirmed in literature, however some countries present a growth very low in the last years. A new policy proposal is examined in this work. It aims to stimulate a new diffusion of PV plants in mature markets (e.g., Italy) regarding residential consumers. The subsidy is given to the amount of energy produced by PV plant for a period of 20 years (equal to its lifetime) and its value is calculated according to the scheme of European Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) is used as economic method and two indexes are proposed: Net Present Value (NPV) and Discounted Payback Time (DPBT). The baseline case studies vary in function of two variables; (i) the share of self-consumption (30%, 40% and 50%) and (ii) the price of emissions avoided (10, 35 and 70 € per ton of CO2eq). Results confirms the environmental advantages of PV sources as alternative to the use of fossil fuels (685 gCO2eq/kWh) and economic opportunities are verified in several scenarios (from 48 €/kW to 1357 €/kW). In particular, the profitability of PV systems is greater with a subsidized rate of fiscal deduction of 50% in comparison to subsidies with a value of carbon dioxide lower than 18.50 €/tCO2eq.

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Mukhtar, Mustapha, Sandra Obiora, Nasser Yimen, Zhang Quixin, Olusola Bamisile, Pauline Jidele, and Young I. Irivboje. "Effect of Inadequate Electrification on Nigeria’s Economic Development and Environmental Sustainability." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 19, 2021): 2229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042229.

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In this study, the impact of the electricity crisis on the economic growth of Nigeria is presented. Unlike other existing studies that checked the effect of electricity consumption on economic development or environmental sustainability for different countries, the present study will further present a techno-economic analysis of a proffered solution to the imminent electricity crisis. Time-series regression models are used to analyze the effect of electricity consumption on economic development and environmental sustainability while RETScreen professional software is used to perform a techno-economic analysis and determine the feasibility of a 500-kW microgrid Solar Photovoltaic (PV) system integrated for electricity generation. From the analysis results, a strong positive correlation effect is evident between electricity consumption and GNI, as well as a strong negative correlation between electricity consumption and gross domestic savings. Also, strong positive correlation effects are evident in the case of carbon emissions by buildings, by the power industry, and by other combustion industries on electricity consumption in Nigeria. Considering the net present value, internal rate of return and payback periods, the use of solar PV systems for electricity generation is feasible in the 12 different locations in Nigeria studied in this research. The most feasible area for solar PV installation is the northern part of Nigeria as Gombe and Kaduna recorded a simple PBP and an equity PBP are 6.3 years and 7.4 years respectively.

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Rajput, Pramod, Maria Malvoni, Nallapaneni Manoj Kumar, O. S. Sastry, and Arunkumar Jayakumar. "Operational Performance and Degradation Influenced Life Cycle Environmental–Economic Metrics of mc-Si, a-Si and HIT Photovoltaic Arrays in Hot Semi-arid Climates." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (February 3, 2020): 1075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12031075.

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Life cycle metrics evolution specific to the climate zone of photovoltaic (PV) operation would give detailed insights on the environmental and economic performance. At present, vast literature is available on the PV life cycle metrics where only the output energies ignoring the degradation rate (DR) influence. In this study, the environ-economic analysis of three PV technologies, namely, multi-crystalline silicon (mc-Si), amorphous silicon (a-Si) and hetero-junction with an intrinsic thin layer (HIT) have been carried out in identical environmental conditions. The energy performance parameters and the DR rate of three PV technologies are evaluated based on the monitored real time data from the installation site in hot semi-arid climates. The assessment demonstrates that the HIT PV module technology exhibits more suitable results compared to mc-Si and a-Si PV systems in hot semi-arid climatic conditions of India. Moreover, energy metrices which includes energy payback time (EPBT), energy production factor (EPF) and life cycle conversion efficiency (LCCE) of the HIT technologies are found to be 1.0, 24.93 and 0.15 years, respectively. HIT PV system has higher potential to mitigate the CO2 and carbon credit earned compared to mc-Si and a-Si PV system under hot semi-arid climate. However, the annualized uniform cost (UAC) for mc-Si (3.60 Rs/kWh) and a-Si (3.40 Rs/kWh) are more admissible in relation to the HIT (6.63 Rs/kWh) PV module type. We conclude that the approach of considering DR influenced life cycle metrics over the traditional approach can support to identify suitable locations for specific PV technology.

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Beccali, Marco, Marina Bonomolo, Biagio Di Pietra, Giuliana Leone, and Francesca Martorana. "Solar and Heat Pump Systems for Domestic Hot Water Production on a Small Island: The Case Study of Lampedusa." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17 (August 28, 2020): 5968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10175968.

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The achievement of United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, related to energy and resource use, is a critical issue for small and insulated communities. In many minor islands, solar energy is not correctly exploited, and electrical heaters are connected to weak grids with very a high share of generation by fossil fuels. As a consequence, there is the necessity to assess the potential and the suitability of diffusion of alternative systems to avoid dependency on the electrical grid and reduce carbon emissions. This paper aims to evaluate the technical and economic performances of some alternative systems exploiting renewable energy for domestic hot water production. Four different systems were simulated and studied: a heat pump connected to the grid, a heat pump coupled with a photovoltaic plant, a heat pump combined with a solar thermal collector, and a solar thermal plant. Moreover, heat and electricity storages were studied for reducing impacts on the distribution network. The work presents data gathered for a study on energy-retrofit strategies on Lampedusa Island (Italy, 35°30′56″ north (N), 568 degree-days). Finally, to select the most cost-effective plant, an economic analysis of the chosen systems was carried out. This analysis shows that the best net present values are associated with the heat pump (HP) coupled with a stand-alone PV system and a small battery and solar thermal-assisted HP. The shortest payback time was calculated for the solar thermal system.

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Yahya, Sulaiman Al, Tahir Iqbal, Muhammad Mubashar Omar, and Munir Ahmad. "Techno-Economic Analysis of Fast Pyrolysis of Date Palm Waste for Adoption in Saudi Arabia." Energies 14, no. 19 (September 23, 2021): 6048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196048.

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Date palm trees, being an important source of nutrition, are grown at a large scale in Saudi Arabia. The biomass waste of date palm, discarded of in a non-environmentally-friendly manner at present, can be used for biofuel generation through the fast pyrolysis technique. This technique is considered viable for thermochemical conversion of solid biomass into biofuels in terms of the initial investment, production cost, and operational cost, as well as power consumption and thermal application cost. In this study, a techno-economic analysis has been performed to assess the feasibility of converting date palm waste into bio-oil, char, and burnable gases by defining the optimum reactor design and thermal profile. Previous studies concluded that at an optimum temperature of 525 °C, the maximum bio-oil, char and gases obtained from pyrolysis of date palm waste contributed 38.8, 37.2 and 24% of the used feed stock material (on weight basis), respectively, while fluidized bed reactor exhibited high suitability for fast pyrolysis. Based on the pyrolysis product percentage, the economic analysis estimated the net saving of USD 556.8 per ton of the date palm waste processed in the pyrolysis unit. It was further estimated that Saudi Arabia could earn USD 44.77 million per annum, approximately, if 50% of the total date palm waste were processed through fast pyrolysis, with a payback time of 2.57 years. Besides that, this intervention will reduce 2029 tons of greenhouse gas emissions annually, contributing towards a lower carbon footprint.

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Rolls, Will, and Piers M. Forster. "Quantifying forest growth uncertainty on carbon payback times in a simple biomass carbon model." Environmental Research Communications 2, no. 4 (April 7, 2020): 045001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ab7ff3.

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Castro Oliveira, Miguel, and Muriel Iten. "Modelling of A Solar Thermal Energy System For Energy Efficiency Improvement In A Ceramic Plant." Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability 6 (2021): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rees/2021029.

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The thermal energy use in the manufacturing plants is the most representative parcel of the total energy consumption within the European industry. Such is mainly attributed to the operation of high energy intensive thermal processes such as furnaces and boilers. The implementation of heat recovery technologies is a solution with a great potential to improve the operation of these processes and improve the overall energy efficiency in a plant. On the other hand, the use of renewable energy resources such as solar energy is highly relevant measure to decrease the use of fossil fuels, such as natural gas. This paper presents the modelling of a solar thermal energy system (STES) established by a water circuit and solar thermal collector for the heat supply to two boilers installed in a ceramic plant. Such system has been conceptualised in the scope of industrial practices, proposing solar heat for industrial processes (SHIP). The practical work in this paper aims to the development of a customised simulation tool for the modelling of heat recovery networks and thermal processes in manufacturing industry plants using the Modelica language. The system model has been developed using existing and newly developed equipment models. The simulation results were validated with measured data in the industrial plant, being consistent with the real values (e.g. highest deviation of about 0.01%). In addition to the boilers, the performed simulation allowed to achieve the sizing of the components of the water circuit, in particular for the pumping system (with a required supply of 0.747 kW of electric energy). A techno-economic assessment has been performed to evaluate the viability of the cproposed solution, showing a payback time of approximately 3 years, a total annual economic savings of about 25209 € and associated reduction of equivalent carbon dioxide emissions of about 170 ton/year.

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Staffell, Iain, Andrew Ingram, and Kevin Kendall. "Energy and carbon payback times for solid oxide fuel cell based domestic CHP." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 37, no. 3 (February 2012): 2509–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2011.10.060.

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Gibbs, Holly K., Matt Johnston, Jonathan A. Foley, Tracey Holloway, Chad Monfreda, Navin Ramankutty, and David Zaks. "Carbon payback times for crop-based biofuel expansion in the tropics: the effects of changing yield and technology." Environmental Research Letters 3, no. 3 (July 2008): 034001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/3/3/034001.

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Martinez Castilla, Guillermo, Diana Carolina Guío-Pérez, Stavros Papadokonstantakis, David Pallarès, and Filip Johnsson. "Techno-Economic Assessment of Calcium Looping for Thermochemical Energy Storage with CO2 Capture." Energies 14, no. 11 (May 31, 2021): 3211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113211.

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The cyclic carbonation-calcination of CaCO3 in fluidized bed reactors not only offers a possibility for CO2 capture but can at the same time be implemented for thermochemical energy storage (TCES), a feature which will play an important role in a future that has an increasing share of non-dispatchable variable electricity generation (e.g., from wind and solar power). This paper provides a techno-economic assessment of an industrial-scale calcium looping (CaL) process with simultaneous TCES and CO2 capture. The process is assumed to make profit by selling dispatchable electricity and by providing CO2 capture services to a certain nearby emitter (i.e., transport and storage of CO2 are not accounted). Thus, the process is connected to two other facilities located nearby: a renewable non-dispatchable energy source that charges the storage and a plant from which the CO2 in its flue gas flow is captured while discharging the storage and producing dispatchable electricity. The process, which offers the possibility of long-term storage at ambient temperature without any significant energy loss, is herein sized for a given daily energy input under certain boundary conditions, which mandate that the charging section runs steadily for one 12-h period per day and that the discharging section can provide a steady output during 24 h per day. Intercoupled mass and energy balances of the process are computed for the different process elements, followed by the sizing of the main process equipment, after which the economics of the process are computed through cost functions widely used and validated in literature. The economic viability of the process is assessed through the breakeven electricity price (BESP), payback period (PBP), and as cost per ton of CO2 captured. The cost of the renewable energy is excluded from the study, although its potential impact on the process costs if included in the system is assessed. The sensitivities of the computed costs to the main process and economic parameters are also assessed. The results show that for the most realistic economic projections, the BESP ranges from 141 to −20 $/MWh for different plant sizes and a lifetime of 20 years. When the same process is assessed as a carbon capture facility, it yields a cost that ranges from 45 to −27 $/tCO2-captured. The cost of investment in the fluidized bed reactors accounts for most of the computed capital expenses, while an increase in the degree of conversion in the carbonator is identified as a technical goal of major importance for reducing the global cost.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Carbon payback time'

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