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Journal articles on the topic 'Carbon Nitride'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 September 2023

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1

Ryabov, A. V. "Medium-Carbon Free-Cutting Steel." Materials Science Forum 946 (February 2019): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.946.47.

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The paper presents theoretical and experimental studies of the formation processes of boron nitride, aluminium nitride, aluminium oxide and manganese sulphide inclusions in a free-cutting steel. Fact Sage software was used to model the behaviour of non-metallic inclusions. Formation temperatures and the amount of key inclusions in steel were calculated. Formation order of inclusions is as follows: aluminium oxide > boron nitride > manganese sulphide > aluminium nitride. The object of study was the A45AR grade steel in 1.1–1.2 kg ingots. It was melted in an induction furnace, and aluminium, nitrided ferrosilicon and ferroboron were added after deoxidation before tapping. Quality estimation included chemical composition, macro-and microstructure, the character and shape of non-metallic inclusions. The finished metal contained fine and uniformly distributed inclusions of boron nitride. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of boron nitrides distribution in metal matrix showed that they were present both as individual and complex compounds, mostly of spherical shape. The size of BN inclusions varied from 0.18 to 6.52 μm. The amount of boron added to steel did not affect the size of MnS non-metallic inclusions.

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2

Jasman, Siti Maryam, Hendrik Oktendy Lintang, Siew Ling Lee, and Leny Yuliati. "Photocatalytic oxidation of nitrite ion over carbon nitride." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 14, no. 1-2 (April 30, 2018): 174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v14n1-2.987.

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Nitrite ion (NO2-) is a toxic inorganic contaminant, which is widely used in industry and agriculture as a food preservative and a fertilizing agent. One of the methods to reduce the toxicity of the NO2- is by oxidizing it into less hazardous compounds, such as nitrate ion (NO3-). In this study, we demonstrated that a simple and green photocatalytic process can be employed to oxidize the NO2- to NO3- over a metal free-carbon nitride photocatalyst under ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation. The carbon nitride was synthesized via pyrolysis of urea precursor by a thermal polymerization process at 823 K for 4 hours. The prepared carbon nitride was then characterized by using X-ray diffractometer (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), diffuse reflectance UV-visible (DR UV-vis), fluorescence, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometers, as well as nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm analyzer. All the characterization results supported the successful synthesis of the carbon nitride. The carbon nitride was then used as the photocatalyst for oxidation of NO2- to NO3- under UV light irradiation for 3 h. The decrease of the NO2- and the formation of the NO3- were analyzed by using a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with Hypersil GoldTM PFP column. The mobile phase used was a mixture of methanol (MeOH) and water (H2O) with the ratio of MeOH:H2O was 30:70. The addition of orthophosphoric acid was required to set the pH at 2.5. The flow rate was fixed at 0.8 ml min-1 and the monitored wavelength was 220 nm. It was revealed that carbon nitride could oxidize NO2- to NO3- with a moderate conversion of 15%. Fluorescence quenching showed that there were good interactions between the emission sites of carbon nitride and the NO2- molecules. The good interactions would be one driving force for the carbon nitride to act as a good photocatalyst to oxidize the NO2- to NO3-. The oxidation pathway by the photogenerated species was also proposed.

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3

Vinu, Ajayan, Srinivasan Anandan, Narasimhan Gokularkrishnan, Pavuluri Srinivasu, Toshiyuki Mori, and Katsuhiko Ariga. "Mesoporous Nitrides through Nano-Hard Templating Techniques." Solid State Phenomena 119 (January 2007): 291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.119.291.

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Mesoporous carbon nitride materials have been synthesized using SBA-15 by pore filling technique whereas mesoporous boron nitride and boron carbon nitride have been prepared by elemental substitution technique using mesoporous carbon as template. The obtained materials have been unambiguously characterized by sophisticated techniques such as XRD, HRTEM, EELS, XPS, FT-IR and N2 adsorption. The textural parameters of the materials are quite higher as compared to the respective nonporous nitrides. These materials could offer great potential for the applications, such as catalytic supports, gas storage, biomolecule adsorption and drug delivery.

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4

Jun, Young-Si, Won Hi Hong, Markus Antonietti, and Arne Thomas. "Mesoporous, 2D Hexagonal Carbon Nitride and Titanium Nitride/Carbon Composites." Advanced Materials 21, no. 42 (November 13, 2009): 4270–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.200803500.

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5

Sung, S. L., S. H. Tsai, X. W. Liu, and H. C. Shih. "A novel form of carbon nitrides: Well-aligned carbon nitride nanotubes and their characterization." Journal of Materials Research 15, no. 2 (February 2000): 502–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2000.0075.

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Well-aligned carbon nitride nanotubes were prepared with a porous alumina membrane as a template when using electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma in a mixture of C2H2 and N2 as the precursor with an applied negative bias to the graphite sample holder. The hollow structure and good alignment of the nanotubes were verified by field-emission scanning electron microscopy. Carbon nitride nanotubes were transparent when viewed by transmission electron microscopy, which showed that the nanotubes were hollow with a diameter of about 250 nm and a length of about 50–80 μm. The amorphous nature of the nanotubes was confirmed by the absence of crystalline phases arising from selected-area diffraction patterns. Both Auger electron microscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra indicated that these nanotubes are composed of nitrogen and carbon. The total N/C ratio is 0.72, which is considerably higher than other forms of carbon nitrides. No free-carbon phase was observed in the amorphous carbon nitride nanotubes. The absorption bands between 1250 and 1750 cm−1 in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy provided direct evidence for nitrogen atoms, effectively incorporated within the amorphous carbon network. Such growth of well-aligned carbon nitride nanotubes can be controlled by tuning the ECR plasma conditions and the applied negative voltage to the alumina template.

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6

Idris, Azeez O., Ekemena O. Oseghe, Titus A. M. Msagati, Alex T. Kuvarega, Usisipho Feleni, and Bhekie Mamba. "Graphitic Carbon Nitride: A Highly Electroactive Nanomaterial for Environmental and Clinical Sensing." Sensors 20, no. 20 (October 10, 2020): 5743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20205743.

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Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a two-dimensional conjugated polymer that has attracted the interest of researchers and industrial communities owing to its outstanding analytical merits such as low-cost synthesis, high stability, unique electronic properties, catalytic ability, high quantum yield, nontoxicity, metal-free, low bandgap energy, and electron-rich properties. Notably, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is the most stable allotrope of carbon nitrides. It has been explored in various analytical fields due to its excellent biocompatibility properties, including ease of surface functionalization and hydrogen-bonding. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) acts as a nanomediator and serves as an immobilization layer to detect various biomolecules. Numerous reports have been presented in the literature on applying graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) for the construction of electrochemical sensors and biosensors. Different electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry, electrochemiluminescence, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, square wave anodic stripping voltammetry, and amperometry techniques have been extensively used for the detection of biologic molecules and heavy metals, with high sensitivity and good selectivity. For this reason, the leading drive of this review is to stress the importance of employing graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) for the fabrication of electrochemical sensors and biosensors.

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7

Li Qiang and Liang Er-Jun. "Comparison of field emission of carbon, carbon nitride and boron carbon nitride nanotubes." Acta Physica Sinica 54, no. 12 (2005): 5931. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.54.5931.

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8

Byers, Joshua C., Florence Billon, Catherine Debiemme-Chouvy, Claude Deslouis, Alain Pailleret, and Oleg A. Semenikhin. "Photocurrent Generation in Carbon Nitride and Carbon Nitride/Conjugated Polymer Composites." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 4, no. 9 (August 21, 2012): 4579–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/am3009482.

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9

Rounaghi, Seyyed Amin, Danny E. P. Vanpoucke, Hossein Eshghi, Sergio Scudino, Elaheh Esmaeili, Steffen Oswald, and Jürgen Eckert. "Mechanochemical synthesis of nanostructured metal nitrides, carbonitrides and carbon nitride: a combined theoretical and experimental study." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 19 (2017): 12414–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp00998d.

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10

Szuromi, Phil. "Carbon nitride nanotube reactors." Science 372, no. 6541 (April 29, 2021): 477.6–478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.372.6541.477-f.

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11

Dante, Roberto C., Pablo Martín-Ramos, Luis M. Navas-Gracia, Francisco M. Sánchez-Arévalo, and Jesús Martín-Gil. "Polymeric Carbon Nitride Nanosheets." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part B 52, no. 4 (August 3, 2012): 623–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222348.2012.716336.

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12

Zhang, G. Y., X. C. Ma, D. Y. Zhong, and E. G. Wang. "Polymerized carbon nitride nanobells." Journal of Applied Physics 91, no. 11 (June 2002): 9324–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1476070.

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13

MARTON, D., K. J. BOYD, and J. W. RABALAIS. "SYNTHESIS OF CARBON NITRIDE." International Journal of Modern Physics B 09, no. 27 (December 15, 1995): 3527–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979295001385.

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In 1990, Liu and Cohen presented a pseudopotential study of the structural and electronic properties of β- C 3 N 4, a hypothetical compound. The calculated properties of β- C 3 N 4, including bulk modulus and velocity of sound, were found to be comparable to that of diamond suggesting high values for hardness and for thermal conductivity. In this paper, the field of experimental efforts to produce carbon nitride is reviewed. Synthesis of β- C 3 N 4 has been claimed on the basis of diffraction data. However, the overall composition of the materials obtained in these as in most other experiments is not stoichiometric; the N-to-C concentration ratio attained in most cases is [ N ]/[ C ] < 1. The likely reasons for this and the dependence of the nitrogen content and bonding on deposition conditions are discussed. The determination of the carbon and nitrogen contents and, more importantly, their contents in specific bonding states is a complex problem to which a significant part of this paper is devoted. Most of the experimental work to date, including those claiming success, applied deposition methods using energetic particles. Among these methods, ion beam deposition (IBD) stands out for its ability to control deposition conditions. We discuss in particular detail our work based on IBD. On the basis of results from electron spectroscopies and computer simulations, a film growth model that includes surface deposition, subplantation and preferential sputtering of nitrogen has been developed. Some future possibilities for the deposition of C-N films are discussed on the basis of this model.

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14

Sekine, T., H. Kanda, Y. Bando, M. Yokoyama, and K. Hojou. "A graphitic carbon nitride." Journal of Materials Science Letters 9, no. 12 (December 1990): 1376–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00721588.

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15

Ji, Jiawei, Tianqing Zhang, Lunhuan Xia, Zikai Chen, Weikai Wang, and Xiaokang Wan. "Design of cobalt nickel nitrides/carbon nitride composite catalysts for enhanced electrochemical water splitting." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2334, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2334/1/012011.

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Abstract Design of efficient non-noble metal electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) have been considered as a crucial issue in the development of future renewable energy utilization. In this paper, we report a composite structure of cobalt nickel nitrides and carbon nitrides as efficient OER electrocatalysts. A facile hydrothermal method was utilized to synthesize the precursors, then the samples were treated with melamine and heated in an N2 atmosphere. The successful preparation of the cobalt nitride nickel/carbon nitride composite catalysts was confirmed by SEM, XRD, and the OER electrochemical performance characterizations. The Co2NiNx/CN catalyst demonstrate an optimal electrocatalytic performance with an overpotential of 0.62 V to reach the current density of 10 mA/cm2, which is lower than that of Ni3N, Ni3N/CN and Co2NiNx. The Tafel slope of Co2NiNx/CN catalyst is only 83.68 mV/dec. The significantly improved electrocatalytic ability is owing to the synergetic effect of cobalt incorporation and imbedding of carbon nitride. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy characteristics were further investigated to understand the mechanism of the novel non-noble metal electrocatalysts with high efficiency.

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16

Lydmila, Kamkina, Mishalkin Anatilii, Kamkin Volodimir, Grishchenko Yuorii, and Isaeva Lyudmila. "Reduction of harmful effects of nitrogen on the properties of low-carbon steel 08Y by electing a rational amount of nitride-forming elements." Theory and practice of metallurgy, no. 6 (November 27, 2019): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.34185/tpm.6.2019.03.

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Based on the thermodynamic analysis of nitride formation reactions, the advantage of titanium nitride formation and the lowest probability of boron nitride formation are established. Based on the analysis of experimental data, an analytical expression was established to calculate the required amount of titanium additives to neutralize the harmful effects of nitrogen, which also takes into account the concentration of aluminum in steel and prevents the formation of harmful aluminum nitrides. Necessary and sufficient concentrations of boron in steel are calculated to start the nitride formation reaction and to provide a strengthening effect associated with the formation of boron nitrides. Thermodynamic calculations and based on the analysis of the results of previous experimental melts of low-carbon steel, it is shown that the activity of oxygen in the intermediate to obtain particularly low-carbon steel should be such as to ensure the removal of carbon from it to a given limit, as well as the amounts of carbon deoxidized steels from ferroalloys and electrodes when heating steel on ladle-furnace installations, as well as from periclase-carbon lining-stalkovsha (carbon content in the area of the slag belt 10-12%, in the lining of the walls and bottom - 6%). The consumption of aluminum at the outlet of the furnace should be correlated with the degree of peroxidation of the metal, which would be desirable to stabilize and reduce the precipitation of silicomanganese and ring-containing ferroalloys. When organizing the evacuation of steel, reducing the pressure in the vacuum chamber to 100 mbar is theoretically sufficient for the predominant oxidation of carbon in comparison with manganese and silicon in the entire temperature range of the process. When evacuating non-deoxidized aluminum metal, the final carbon content in the metal of 0.01% is achieved even at its initial content of 0.074%. Due to the use of vacuum oxygen decarburization reaction without additional introduction of oxygen in gaseous form or in the form of oxides, it is possible to obtain a low-carbon metal with a guaranteed carbon content of 0.01% in the finished metal and a minimum manganese content of 0.12% and silicon up to 0.02 %, which provides high plastic properties of the metal. Keywords: low carbon steel, nitrides, titanium, boron, aluminum, vacuum carbon deoxidation

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17

Baowan, D., and J. M. Hill. "Nested boron nitride and carbon-boron nitride nanocones." Micro & Nano Letters 2, no. 2 (2007): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/mnl:20070041.

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18

GOPALAKRISHNAN, B., and S. V. SUBRAMANYAM. "SYNTHESIS OF CRYSTALLITES OF CARBON NITRIDE IN AMORPHOUS CARBON." International Journal of Modern Physics B 16, no. 06n07 (March 20, 2002): 1148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979202011020.

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We report the successful synthesis of crystalline carbon nitride by chemical vapor deposition of certain nitrogen containing organic precursors. The precursor is heated and the vapors enter the hot deposition zone where they are pyrolysed and deposited in the form of thin films over pretreated substrates. The powder x-ray diffraction analysis shows clear peaks corresponding to the carbon nitride crystals of tetragonal form in addition to a broad hump corresponding to the amorphous nitrogenated carbon. The crystallites size is ~300Å and the volume fraction of the crystallites is about ~7%. The optimum conditions of preparation are found out. The Infrared spectra of these samples also suggest the formation of Carbon Nitride crystals. The analysis reconfirms that the material contains crystallites of Carbon Nitride embedded in an amorphous matrix of nitrogenated carbon. Further the material is characterized by C,H,N elemental analysis, EDX and Raman spectra. Since all the above analyses probe the bulk material, the background amorphous matrix in this case, expecting a clear evidence of nanometer sized crystallites from these tests are unlikely. Attempts are being made to increase the yield of these carbon nitride crystallites.

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19

Kosaka, Maito, Noriyuki Urakami, and Yoshio Hashimoto. "Formation of graphitic carbon nitride and boron carbon nitride film on sapphire substrate." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 57, no. 2S2 (January 9, 2018): 02CB09. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/jjap.57.02cb09.

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20

Wang, Hongwei, Guiqing Huang, Zhiwei Chen, and Weibing Li. "Carbon Self-Doped Carbon Nitride Nanosheets with Enhanced Visible-Light Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production." Catalysts 8, no. 9 (August 29, 2018): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal8090366.

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In this study, we prepared carbon self-doped carbon nitride nanosheets through a glucose synergic co-condensation method. In the carbon self-doped structure, the N atoms in the triazine rings were substituted by C atoms, resulting in enhanced visible-light photocatalytic hydrogen production, which is three-times higher than that of bulk carbon nitride. The enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production was attributed to the higher charge-carrier transfer rate and widened light absorption range of the carbon nitride nanosheets after carbon self-doping. Thus, this work highlights the importance of carbon self-doping for improving the photocatalytic performance. Meanwhile, it provides a feasible method for the preparation of carbon self-doped carbon nitride without destroying the 2D conjugated backbone structures.

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21

Sui, Xue Ye, Jie Xu, Han Li, Hong Zhao Xu, Chong Hai Wang, Chang Ling Zhou, and Rui Xiang Liu. "Preparation of Aluminum Nitride Whiskers." Advanced Materials Research 1058 (November 2014): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1058.7.

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Aluminum nitride whiskers have excellent characteristics, not only can be used in the high heat conductivity for the preparation of a new composite, but also can be used as a reinforcing agent for the preparation of a new composite toughened. Using wet, melamine, and aluminum nitrate as raw material, aluminum nitride whiskers precursor are prepared and pure aluminum nitride whiskers can be obtained by nitrogen and carbon removal processes. This kind of aluminum nitride whiskers possess smooth surface, uniform length, straight whisker, and a long cylindrical structure with a diameter of 4-6 μm and a length diameter ratio of 40-100.

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22

Kreider, K. G., M. J. Tarlov, G. J. Gillen, G. E. Poirier, L. H. Robins, L. K. Ives, W. D. Bowers, R. B. Marinenko, and D. T. Smith. "Sputtered amorphous carbon nitride films." Journal of Materials Research 10, no. 12 (December 1995): 3079–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1995.3079.

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The recent announcement of the synthesis of C3N4 has increased interest in this unique material. Carbon nitride may have several useful applications as wear and corrosion resistant coatings, electrical insulators, and optical coatings. We have produced amorphous carbon nitride coatings containing up to 40% nitrogen using planar magnetron RF sputtering with and without an ion beam in a nitrogen atmosphere. Both wavelength dispersive x-ray spectrometry (WDX) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicate this composition. Coatings up to 2 μm thick were produced on alumina, silicon, SiO2, and glass substrates using a graphite target. Films with transparency greater than 95% in the visible wavelengths and harder than silicon have been produced. The properties of these films are correlated with composition, fabrication, conditions, and subsequent heat treatments. A scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the morphology of the films. XPS studies confirm the stability of a carbon nitrogen phase up to 600 °C. Compositional variations were determined with secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) depth profiling, and the Raman spectra are compared with those of carbon and carbon nitride films prepared by other methods.

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23

Xiao, Yawei, Xu Tian, Yunhua Chen, Xuechun Xiao, Ting Chen, and Yude Wang. "Recent Advances in Carbon Nitride-Based S-scheme Photocatalysts for Solar Energy Conversion." Materials 16, no. 10 (May 15, 2023): 3745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16103745.

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Energy shortages are a major challenge to the sustainable development of human society, and photocatalytic solar energy conversion is a potential way to alleviate energy problems. As a two-dimensional organic polymer semiconductor, carbon nitride is considered to be the most promising photocatalyst due to its stable properties, low cost, and suitable band structure. Unfortunately, pristine carbon nitride has low spectral utilization, easy recombination of electron holes, and insufficient hole oxidation ability. The S-scheme strategy has developed in recent years, providing a new perspective for effectively solving the above problems of carbon nitride. Therefore, this review summarizes the latest progress in enhancing the photocatalytic performance of carbon nitride via the S-scheme strategy, including the design principles, preparation methods, characterization techniques, and photocatalytic mechanisms of the carbon nitride-based S-scheme photocatalyst. In addition, the latest research progress of the S-scheme strategy based on carbon nitride in photocatalytic H2 evolution and CO2 reduction is also reviewed. Finally, some concluding remarks and perspectives on the challenges and opportunities for exploring advanced nitride-based S-scheme photocatalysts are presented. This review brings the research of carbon nitride-based S-scheme strategy to the forefront and is expected to guide the development of the next-generation carbon nitride-based S-scheme photocatalysts for efficient energy conversion.

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24

Szuromi, Phil. "Tuning boron-carbon-nitride films." Science 371, no. 6525 (January 7, 2021): 138.6–139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.371.6525.138-f.

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25

Burdina, Klavdia P., Nikita B. Zorov, Oleg V. Kravchenko, Yuri Ya Kuzyakov, Jong I. Kim, and Sergei A. Kulinich. "Synthesis of crystalline carbon nitride." Mendeleev Communications 10, no. 6 (January 2000): 207–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/mc2000v010n06abeh001299.

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26

Alcalá, M. D., J. C. Sánchez-López, C. Real, A. Fernández, and P. Matteazzi. "Mechanosynthesis of carbon nitride compounds." Diamond and Related Materials 10, no. 11 (November 2001): 1995–2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-9635(01)00467-8.

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27

Kong, Lingru, Jiangcai Wang, Fengcai Ma, Mengtao Sun, and Jun Quan. "Graphitic carbon nitride nanostructures: Catalysis." Applied Materials Today 16 (September 2019): 388–424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2019.06.003.

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28

Kola, P. V., D. C. Cameron, and M. S. J. Hashmi. "Magnetron sputtered carbon nitride films." Surface and Coatings Technology 68-69 (December 1994): 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0257-8972(94)90158-9.

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29

Balázsi, Csaba, Zsolt Czigány, Ferenc Wéber, Zoltán Kónya, Zófia Vértesy, László Péter Biró, Imre Kiricsi, and Péter Arató. "Silicon Nitride – Carbon Nanotube Composites." Materials Science Forum 554 (August 2007): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.554.123.

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Multiwall carbon nanotube reinforced silicon nitride composites have been prepared by hot isostatic pressing. A manufacturing process has been worked out to avoid the damage of nanotubes during sintering. This method provides their preservation even in severe circumstances at temperature 1700°C and gas pressure 20 MPa. As shown by scanning and transmission electron microscopy after low and high pressure processing, carbon nanotubes have good adherence to the silicon nitride grains. Moreover, carbon nanotubes have been found to be located not only at grain surfaces, but in several cases they are well integrated with the silicon nitride grains. Composites with higher strengths can be obtained by increasing the nitrogen gas pressure.

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30

Liu, Amy Y., and Renata M. Wentzcovitch. "Stability of carbon nitride solids." Physical Review B 50, no. 14 (October 1, 1994): 10362–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.50.10362.

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31

Dante, Roberto C. "Water photolysis by carbon nitride." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 44, no. 38 (August 2019): 21030–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.01.202.

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32

Rodil, S. E., and S. Muhl. "Bonding in amorphous carbon nitride." Diamond and Related Materials 13, no. 4-8 (April 2004): 1521–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2003.11.008.

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33

Caicedo, J. C., C. Amaya, G. Cabrera, J. Esteve, W. Aperador, M. E. Gómez, and P. Prieto. "Corrosion surface protection by using titanium carbon nitride/titanium–niobium carbon nitride multilayered system." Thin Solid Films 519, no. 19 (July 2011): 6362–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2011.04.035.

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34

Li, Xuefei, Qianyu Sun, Ming Li, Jinghai Yang, Xi Chen, Yuzhe Yang, Xiuyan Li, Tingjing Hu, Yingrui Sui, and Xingtong Wu. "Photocatalytic properties of nano-structured carbon nitride: a comparison with bulk graphitic carbon nitride." International Journal of Materials Research 109, no. 2 (February 12, 2018): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/146.111586.

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35

Chen, Zupeng, Evgeniya Vorobyeva, Sharon Mitchell, Edvin Fako, Núria López, Sean M. Collins, Rowan K. Leary, Paul A. Midgley, Roland Hauert, and Javier Pérez-Ramírez. "Single-atom heterogeneous catalysts based on distinct carbon nitride scaffolds." National Science Review 5, no. 5 (April 17, 2018): 642–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwy048.

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Abstract Carbon nitrides integrating macroheterocycles offer unique potential as hosts for stabilizing metal atoms due to their rich electronic structure. To date, only graphitic heptazine-based polymers have been studied. Here, we demonstrate that palladium atoms can be effectively isolated on other carbon nitride scaffolds including linear melem oligomers and poly(triazine/heptazine imides). Increased metal uptake was linked to the larger cavity size and the presence of chloride ions in the polyimide structures. Changing the host structure leads to significant variation in the average oxidation state of the metal, which can be tuned by exchange of the ionic species as evidenced by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and supported by density functional theory. Evaluation in the semi-hydrogenation of 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol reveals an inverse correlation between the activity and the degree of oxidation of palladium, with oligomers exhibiting the highest activity. These findings provide new mechanistic insights into the influence of the carbon nitride structure on metal stabilization.

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36

TAN, GUOQIANG, HONGYAN MIAO, MIN DONG, and HUIJUN REN. "EFFECTS OF CARBON SOURCE ON THE TITANIUM NITRIDE POWDER SYNTHESIZED BY CARBON THERMAL REDUCTION." International Journal of Nanoscience 05, no. 04n05 (August 2006): 571–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x06004814.

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Glucose, carbamide and petroleum coke as carbon sources are separately added to butyl titanate and ethanol system. The initial powder containing titanium source and carbon source is prepared by sol–gel method. IR analysis of the initial powder shows that: glucose-butyl titanate system and carbamide-butyl titanate system form water-soluble compounds. After being dried, they form Ti 2 O 3 and C mixed powder. Petroleum coke-butyl titanate system forms TiO 2 powder with nanometer size in carbon. Regarding initial powder as a raw material, titanium nitride powder is prepared by carbon thermal reduction. The XRD analysis shows that the titanium nitride powder is formed after the initial powder prepared in petroleum coke-butyl titanate system is kept at 1350°C for 5 h. The added Fe 2 O 3 accelerates the synthesis of titanium nitride; the initial powder prepared in glucose-butyl titanate is kept at 1400°C for 5 h and then synthesizes the titanium nitride powder. Fe 2 O 3 does not accelerate the synthesis of titanium nitride. The initial powder prepared in carbamide-butyl titanate system is found to form volatile material in N 2, but no titanium nitride powder is found.

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37

Balázsi, Csaba. "Development of Multifunctional Silicon Nitride Based Nanocomposites." Materials Science Forum 659 (September 2010): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.659.121.

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Silicon nitride based composites with 3 wt% different carbon additives (multiwall carbon nanotubes, graphene and carbon black) have been prepared. Optimisation of the manufacturing processes has been conducted to preserve the carbon nanotubes in composites and to avoid damaging during high temperature processing. The results show that carbon additives have a good contact to the surface of silicon nitride grains. It was found that the different carbon additions have significant effect to the electrical, mechanical, tribological and thermophysical properties of silicon nitride based composites in comparison with pure silicon nitride.

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38

Maya, Leon, David R. Cole, and Edward W. Hagaman. "Carbon-Nitrogen Pyrolyzates: Attempted Preparation of Carbon Nitride." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 74, no. 7 (July 1991): 1686–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1991.tb07161.x.

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39

Aguiar, Julio C., Carlos R. Quevedo, José M. Gomez, and Héctor O. Di Rocco. "Theoretical Compton profile of diamond, boron nitride and carbon nitride." Physica B: Condensed Matter 521 (September 2017): 361–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2017.07.016.

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Wang, X. C., W. B. Mi, E. Y. Jiang, and H. L. Bai. "Structure and mechanical properties of titanium nitride/carbon nitride multilayers." Applied Surface Science 255, no. 7 (January 2009): 4005–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2008.10.066.

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41

Chalmpes, Nikolaos, Georgios Asimakopoulos, Konstantinos Spyrou, Konstantinos C. Vasilopoulos, Athanasios B. Bourlinos, Dimitrios Moschovas, Apostolos Avgeropoulos, Michael A. Karakassides, and Dimitrios Gournis. "Functional Carbon Materials Derived through Hypergolic Reactions at Ambient Conditions." Nanomaterials 10, no. 3 (March 20, 2020): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10030566.

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Carbon formation from organic precursors is an energy-consuming process that often requires the heating of a precursor in an oven at elevated temperature. In this paper, we present a conceptually different synthesis pathway for functional carbon materials based on hypergolic mixtures, i.e., mixtures that spontaneously ignite at ambient conditions once its ingredients contact each other. The reactions involved in such mixtures are highly exothermic, giving-off sizeable amounts of energy; hence, no any external heat source is required for carbonization, thus making the whole process more energy-liberating than energy-consuming. The hypergolic mixtures described here contain a combustible organic solid, such as nitrile rubber or a hydrazide derivative, and fuming nitric acid (100% HNO3) as a strong oxidizer. In the case of the nitrile rubber, carbon nanosheets are obtained, whereas in the case of the hydrazide derivative, photoluminescent carbon dots are formed. We also demonstrate that the energy released from these hypergolic reactions can serve as a heat source for the thermal conversion of certain triazine-based precursors into graphitic carbon nitride. Finally, certain aspects of the derived functional carbons in waste removal are also discussed.

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42

Majumdar, Abhijit, Sadhan Chandra Das, T. Shripathi, Joachim Heinicke, and Rainer Hippler. "Shake up satellites and fluorescence property of carbon nitride and hydrogenated carbon nitride: Annealing effect." Surface Science 609 (March 2013): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.susc.2012.11.003.

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43

Yuliati, Leny, Mohd Hayrie Mohd Hatta, Siew Ling Lee, and Hendrik Oktendy Lintang. "Optimized Synthesis Temperature and Time to Obtain Crystalline Carbon Nitride with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity for Phenol Degradation." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 20, no. 6 (September 30, 2020): 1392. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.52345.

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In this work, the crystalline carbon nitride photocatalysts were synthesized by an ionothermal technique with varied synthesis temperature of 500, 550, and 600 °C, and synthesis time of 2, 4, and 6 h. Fourier transform infrared spectra showed the successful formation of the prepared carbon nitrides from their characteristic vibration peaks. X-ray diffraction patterns suggested that the same phase of poly(triazine imide) and heptazine could be observed, but with different crystallinity. The optical properties showed that different temperatures and synthesis time resulted in the different band gap energy (2.72–3.02 eV) as well as the specific surface area (24–73 m2 g–1). The transmission electron microscopy image revealed that the crystalline carbon nitride has a near-hexagonal prismatic crystallite size of about 50 nm. Analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography showed that the best photocatalytic activity for phenol degradation under solar light simulator was obtained on the crystalline carbon nitride prepared at the 550 °C for 4 h, which would be due to the high crystallinity, suitable low band gap energy (2.82 eV), and large specific surface area (73 m2 g–1). Controlling both the temperature and synthesis time is shown to be important to obtain the best physicochemical properties leading to high activity.

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44

Su, Yan Liang, Sun Hui Yao, Yi Ru Wu, and Cheng Yeh Lin. "Effect of Flow Rate of Reactive Gas on Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Carbon Nitride Coatings." Applied Mechanics and Materials 883 (July 2018): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.883.48.

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This study discusses the mechanical and tribological properties of a series of carbon nitride coatings deposited by unbalanced DC magnetron sputtering using nitrogen-argon mixture gas and graphite targets. The carbon nitride coatings were with varying carbon/nitrogen ratio by varying the gas flow rate ratio of nitrogen gas/argon while kept the overall gas flow rate at constant. The carbon nitride coatings with C/N ratios from 2.01 to 3.27 were obtained. The coatings were characterized and studied by nanohardness, scratching, and wear testers. It was found that the carbon nitride coatings with C/N ratio=2.36 showed the best performance of all the evaluated properties.

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L, Wu. "Photocatalytic Degradation of Microcystins-LR over Mesoporous graphitic Carbon Nitride (mpg-CN)." Annals of Advances in Chemistry 1, no. 1 (2017): 012–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.aac.1001002.

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46

Akhmedov, V. M., N. E. Melnikova, A. Z. Babayeva, G. G. Nurullayev, Z. M. Aliyeva, and D. B. Tagiyev. "SYNTHESIS AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL STUDY OF PLATINUM NANOCOMPOSITE ON MESOPOROUS CARBON NITRIDE." Azerbaijan Chemical Journal, no. 3 (October 10, 2019): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32737/0005-2531-2019-3-6-14.

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47

Zikai Dong, Zikai Dong, Runqin Xu Runqin Xu, Wenhai Zhang Wenhai Zhang, Heyang Guoyu Heyang Guoyu, Lingling Hua Lingling Hua, Jinrong Tian Jinrong Tian, and Yanrong Song Yanrong Song. "Er-doped all-fiber laser mode-locked by graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets." Chinese Optics Letters 16, no. 8 (2018): 081402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201816.081402.

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48

Ibrahim Alabid, Khalil, and Hajar Nasser. "Synthesis and Characterization Graphene- Carbon Nitride Nanostructure in One Step." Ibn AL-Haitham Journal For Pure and Applied Sciences 36, no. 3 (July 20, 2023): 260–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30526/36.3.3103.

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Graphene-carbon nitride can be synthesized from thiourea in a single step at a temperature of four hours at a rate of 2.3 ℃/min. Graphene-carbon nitride was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), scanning electron microscopy, and spectrophotometry (UV-VIS). Graphene-carbon nitride was found to consist of triazine and heptazine structures, carbon, and nitrogen. The weight percentage of carbon and the atomic percentage of carbon are 40.08%, and the weight percentage of nitrogen and the atomic percentage of nitrogen are 40.08%. Therefore, the ratio and the dimensions of the graphene-carbon nitride were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, and it was found that the radius was within the range of (2 µm-147.1 nm). In addition, it was found that it absorbed light in the visible field (VIS). The objective of the manufacture and characterization of graphene-carbon nitride for use in the manufacture of a selective electrode for an organic pollutant (currently used in the manufacture of a selective electrode for the analysis of organic dye).

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Hao, Derek, Jiawei Ren, Ying Wang, Hamidreza Arandiyan, Magnus Garbrecht, Xiaojuan Bai, Ho Kyong Shon, Wei Wei, and Bing-Jie Ni. "A Green Synthesis of Ru Modified g-C3N4 Nanosheets for Enhanced Photocatalytic Ammonia Synthesis." Energy Material Advances 2021 (September 6, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2021/9761263.

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Nitrate is a crucial environmental pollutant, and its risk on ecosystem keeps increasing. Photocatalytic conversion of nitrate to ammonia can simultaneously achieve the commercialization of environmental hazards and recovery of valuable ammonia, which is green and sustainable for the planet. However, due to the thermodynamic and kinetic energy barriers, photocatalytic nitrate reduction usually involves a higher selectivity of the formation of nitrogen that largely limits the ammonia synthesis activity. In this work, we reported a green and facile synthesis of novel metallic ruthenium particle modified graphitic carbon nitride photocatalysts. Compare with bulk graphitic carbon nitride, the optimal sample had 2.93-fold photocatalytic nitrate reduction to ammonia activity (2.627 mg/h/gcat), and the NH3 selectivity increased from 50.77% to 77.9%. According to the experimental and calculated results, the enhanced photocatalytic performance is attributed to the stronger light absorption, nitrate adsorption, and lower energy barrier for the generation of ammonia. This work may provide a facile way to prepare metal modified photocatalysts to achieve highly efficient nitrate reduction to ammonia.

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Shan, Qian Yuan, Bo Guan, Shi Jin Zhu, Hai Jun Zhang, and Yu Xin Zhang. "Facile synthesis of carbon-doped graphitic C3N4@MnO2 with enhanced electrochemical performance." RSC Advances 6, no. 86 (2016): 83209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra18265h.

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Exploiting the synergistic advantages of two dimensional architectures, carbon-doped graphitic carbon nitride (CCN) and MnO₂ were coupled to design a highly efficient carbon-doped graphitic carbon nitride@MnO₂ (CCNM) composite for supercapacitors.

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