Journal articles on the topic 'Carbon monoxide Health aspects'
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1
Acland, Peter R., and Catriona Heaver. "Retrograde amnesia following carbon monoxide poisoning." Medicine, Science and the Law 48, no. 3 (July 2008): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/rsmmsl.48.3.251.
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Aparici, Ines, and Roger W. Byard. "Characteristics of unnatural deaths in Tierra del Fuego, Argentina: A 10-year study (2008–2017)." Medicine, Science and the Law 59, no. 4 (August 28, 2019): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0025802419871216.
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A retrospective review was undertaken of 287 unnatural deaths undergoing medicolegal investigation over a 10-year period from January 2008 to December 2017 in Rio Grande, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. There were 219 males and 68 females, age range 7 months to 88 years (average 38.4 years). The 135 accidental deaths (47%) were due mainly to vehicle crashes ( N = 62) and carbon monoxide toxicity from fires ( N = 31). The 115 cases of suicides (40.1%) were predominantly due to hanging ( N = 75) and gunshot wounds ( N = 20). The 37 cases of homicide (12.9%) were mainly due to stabbing/sharp force injury ( N = 20) and blunt force trauma ( N = 9). Carbon monoxide toxicity from faulty heating accounted for a substantial percentage (8.1%) of the accidental deaths. Firearm homicides and suicides related to drug toxicity and carbon monoxide inhalation were relatively uncommon medicolegal cases in this centre.
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Tokarcikova, Emese, Alzbeta Kucharcikova, and Patricia Janosova. "The Relationship between Environmental and Economic Aspects for Measuring the Sustainability of the Enterprise: A Case Study of Slovak Manufacturing Enterprises." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13 (June 24, 2022): 7784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137784.
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Despite the unbounded and undeniable advantages of manufacturing, affiliated negative externalities, such as environmental pollution, cannot be overlooked. Our article aims to focus on the current interdependence between the selected economic and environmental aspects in related manufacturing enterprises in Slovakia. We focused on analysing the relationship between carbon monoxide emissions from the largest polluters of the Slovak Republic and relevant sales. The data were taken from 83 enterprises from the Slovak Republic. Environmental and economic data were comprehensive during 2014–2019; therefore, this paper focuses on this period. Among the substantial results, we identified that carbon monoxide production from Slovak production companies was almost unchanged from 2014 to 2019, with only minimal deviations. Based on the results, we created an environmental ratio indicator as an appropriate tool for managers for their decision-making process to achieve the enterprise’s sustainability goals.
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Myasnikov, D. V., P. V. Avitisov, A. V. Zolotukhin, and M. F. Barinov. "Methodical approach to determining permissible time limits of intermittent carbon monoxide exposure in rescuers." Medicо-Biological and Socio-Psychological Problems of Safety in Emergency Situations, no. 1 (April 2, 2021): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.25016/2541-7487-2021-0-1-82-88.
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Relevance. Current operation time limits under hazardous chemical conditions (“emergency regulations”) have been developed mainly for a limited number of emergency situations occurring in spacecraft, submarines or other specific objects. At the same time, many emergencies accompanied by large-scale releases of toxic combustion products from various materials and compounds into the environment are not limited to these facilities. Therefore, risks associated with toxic effects of chemicals should be predicted, since permissible time limits with adequate performance of personnel under certain chemical exposures are used for individual protection (time-based protection).Intention: On the basis of physiological aspects, the peculiarities of the work performed by rescuers and the requirements for organizing and conducting emergency rescue operations, to propose a methodical approach to determining the permissible time for rescuers in conditions of intermittent carbon monoxide release.Methodology. The scientific works and results of experiments in the research area were analyzed. Systematization and generalization of empirical and theoretical data, traditional analysis of documents and publications were used with the least squares approximation.Results and Discussion. Specific effects of various carbon monoxide concentrations are shown for different exposure times. Critical concentrations and exposure times are revealed, functional relationships between permissible time of operation and carbon monoxide concentrations are determined. Carboxyhemoglobin formation and effects were taken into account.Conclusion. The data given in the article are an important basis for organizing and conducting emergency rescue operations at increased concentrations of carbon monoxide.
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Tilburg, William C. "Policy Approaches to Improving Housing and Health." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 45, S1 (2017): 90–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110517703334.
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Safe and healthy housing conditions are critical to improving population health, particularly for the most vulnerable – young children, senior citizens, and individuals with chronic illnesses and disabilities – who spend more time at home and are more susceptible to illness and injury. Across the country, millions of Americans are exposed to lead, radon, asbestos, volatile organic compounds, pests, mold, carbon monoxide, and tobacco smoke in the home, affecting the air they breathe and the water they drink. These household hazards are also associated with a wide range of illnesses and injuries, including asthma, cancer, falls, respiratory infections, and mental health issues. Legal and policy interventions can assist communities grappling with the adverse impacts of poor housing conditions and improve the health and safety of all residents, including vulnerable populations.
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Fathey Fayek Tadros, Amgad. "Environmental aspects of petroleum storage in above ground tank." E3S Web of Conferences 166 (2020): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016601006.
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Oil pollution is a severing global environmental problem causing a number of adverse negative impacts on human health air ecosystem and eventually the natural income that is why soil, water, air pollution with petroleum hydrocarbons have become the focus of increasing public and research concern petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants in the air environment are caused by human activities when harmful or excessive quantities of substances are introduced into Earth’s atmosphere. Sources of air pollution include gases such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, methane, the aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH’s) fractions of petroleum are readily evolved to air during refinery and choosing the wrong storage tanks also leak to the soil change the chemical composition of spilled toxicity and biological impacts of the oil and add great difficulties to the identification of the residual spilled oil in the impacted environment and economic cost of air pollution in illness, health care costs, lost productivity so coordination between humans to conserves natural resources for future generation.
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Heckman, Carolyn J., Olivia A. Wackowski, Rohit Mukherjee, Dorothy K. Hatsukami, Irina Stepanov, Cristine D. Delnevo, and Michael B. Steinberg. "Cigarette Relighting: A Series of Pilot Studies Investigating a Common Yet Understudied Smoking Behavior." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12 (June 16, 2021): 6494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126494.
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Background: The act of extinguishing, saving, and later relighting unfinished cigarettes is a common yet understudied behavior that may have implications for tobacco treatment and health. Methods: This paper presents four pilot studies investigating various aspects of this topic: (1) the prevalence of relighting among NJ and NY Quitline callers (n = 20,984); (2) the prevalence and correlates of relighting in two national surveys (n = 1008, n = 1018); (3) a within-subject (n = 16) laboratory experiment comparing cigarettes smoked per day and exhaled carbon monoxide when relighting and not relighting cigarettes; and (4) a national survey of tobacco treatment providers’ (n = 150) perceptions of relighting. Results: Relighting was found to be common (approximately 45% of smokers), and associated with lower socioeconomic status, heavier smoking and nicotine dependence, greater smoking-related concerns, as well as high levels of exhaled carbon monoxide. Providers noted the potential importance of relighting but reported that they do not regularly incorporate it into their assessment or tobacco treatment planning. Conclusions: These findings address a major research gap in the emerging research on this common behavior. Future research is needed to better understand the potential implications of relighting for policies and clinical practices related to tobacco cessation and health.
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Dragone, Roberto, Giorgio Licciardi, Gerardo Grasso, Costantino Del Gaudio, and Jocelyn Chanussot. "Analysis of the Chemical and Physical Environmental Aspects that Promoted the Spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the Lombard Area." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3 (January 29, 2021): 1226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031226.
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Recent works have demonstrated that particulate matter (PM) and specific meteorological conditions played an important role in the airborne transmission of the SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV. These studies suggest that these parameters could influence the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. In the present investigation, we sought to investigate the association between air pollution, meteorological data, and the Lombardy region COVID-19 outbreak caused by SARS-CoV-2. We considered the number of detected infected people at the regional and provincial scale from February to March 2020. Air pollution data were collected over the Lombardy region, nominally, sulphur dioxide, ammonia, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen monoxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, and suspended particulate matter measuring less than 10 μm (PM10) and less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5). Meteorological data have been collected over the same region for temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. In this work, we evaluated the combined impact of environmental pollutants and climate conditions on the COVID-19 outbreak. The analysis evidenced a positive correlation between spatial distribution of COVID-19 infection cases with high concentrations of suspended particulate matter and a negative relationship with ozone. Moreover, suspended particulate matter concentration peaks in February correlated positively with infection peaks according to the virus incubation period. The obtained results suggested that seasonal weather conditions and concentration of air pollutants seemed to influence COVID-19 epidemics in Lombardy region.
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Wood, Patrick Small, and George Murray. "Neuropsyehiatrie Aspects of Carbon Monoxide Poisioning: A Review and Single Case Report Suggesting a Role for Amphetamines." Annals of Clinical Psychiatry 11, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10401239909147044.
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McKivigan, James, and Gregory Gilmour. "Neuro-Anatomical Changes of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning on Advanced Imaging: A Literature Review." International Journal of Healthcare and Medical Sciences, no. 72 (February 17, 2021): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/ijhms.72.6.12.
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Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is a major public health issue in the United States that accounts for approximately 50% of poisoning cases in the nation each year and around 50,000 emergency room visits. In most instances of CO poisoning, the culprit is a malfunctioning or poorly tended heating system within the home or, occasionally, commercial building, which causes the system to leak this hazardous gas. One of the more insidious aspects of CO poisoning is that the gas is odorless and colorless, and victims of CO poisoning often do not realize that there is a problem until they begin to experience the effects of poisoning and have no choice but to seek medical attention. Unfortunately, many victims of CO poisoning die before they are able to seek treatment. This paper makes use of a qualitative, systematic literature review to examine the four major parts of the brain that are most severely affected by CO poisoning. Overall, the literature review showed that the white matter, globus pallidus, basal ganglia, and cortex are the parts of the brain most severely impacted by CO poisoning. While many CO poisoning victims do make it to the hospital on time and are treated, they may nonetheless suffer long-term neurological consequences as a result of their exposure. As such, CO poisoning is a major public health issue.
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Sreesurya, Aitha. "IOT based Voice Controlled Robot with Pollution Detection." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 10, 2021): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.34883.
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Air pollution is a serious situation which ruins future generations.as of increasing population daily, lots of exploitation of resources takes place which in turn causes pollution. Mainly pollution due to vehicles & industries leads to much damage of health hazards and turned out to be one of the major problem world is facing now. Apart from oxygen, we breathe in fumes. outdoor air pollution has existed for a long time. Radon, volatile organic compounds, formaldehyde, biological contaminants, and combustion by-products such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen dioxides, and particles contribute to indoor air pollution, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, ozone, total suspended particle matter, lead, carbon dioxide, and hazardous pollutants are the principal pollutants that contribute to outdoor air pollution. Air pollution causes severe diseases like asthma, cancer, breathing, skin irritation, and liver problems. We see there’s a lot of pollution around us makes it difficult for plants, animals, and humans to survive as the air becomes polluted. the pollution due to vehicles is one of the major aspects of pollution. this is because of in efficient fuel in vehicles and long term of vehicles (internal problem). so we have come up with a solution by testing this application by making voice controlled robot with pollution detection at toll gates.
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Bowden, Catherine. "Are We Justified in Introducing Carbon Monoxide Testing to Encourage Smoking Cessation in Pregnant Women?" Health Care Analysis 27, no. 2 (December 5, 2018): 128–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10728-018-0364-z.
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Chao, Tzee Cheng, Danny S. T. Lo, and Bosco Chen Bloodworth. "Common Poisons in Singapore – Past and Present." Medicine, Science and the Law 32, no. 2 (April 1992): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809203200208.
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A study on past toxicological activities in Singapore enabled us to capture the trends of poisons abused in this country over the last 108 years. Until the early sixties, corrosive alkali and acids, alcohol (poisoning cases), inorganic chemicals, heavy metals and plant alkaloids were the mainstay of poisons principally used. The seventies and eighties saw a swing towards pharmaceuticals. The 1988–89 data gave alcohol (poisoning cases), pharmaceuticals, household items such as detergents, hypochlorite and antiseptic, carbon monoxide, paraquat, malathion, organic solvents (toluene and xylenes) and narcotics as the mainstay of poisons encountered. The last two classes of poisons reflect the continuing problems of glue sniffing and narcotics abuse facing Singapore.
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Betz, P., G. Roider, L. V. Meyer, G. Drasch, and W. Eisenmenger. "Carboxyhemoglobin Blood Concentrations in Suicides by Fire." Medicine, Science and the Law 36, no. 4 (October 1996): 313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580249603600407.
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A total of 21 suicides by fire (16 males and 5 females) were investigated. In at least 18 of the 21 cases, flammable liquids were used as accelerants leading to severe and extensive burns. The determination of carboxyhemoglobin concentrations revealed comparatively low levels of between 3 and 30 per cent in suicides committed in the open whereas four out of five deceased found dead in gutted cars showed carbon monoxide saturations ranging from 34 to 87 per cent. In 18 cases (86%) soot was detectable in the airways even in cases with slightly elevated carboxyhemoglobin concentrations, indicating the importance of a careful examination of the airways at autopsy for the detection of vital signs.
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Alderwish, Ahmed M., and Fayad A. Alderwish. "Environmental Aspects of the Accelerated Urbanization in Sana’a, Yemen." Sultan Qaboos University Journal for Science [SQUJS] 16 (December 1, 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/squjs.vol16iss0pp1-12.
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From an environmental viewpoint, the prevailing health problems must be a “first priority” in all major development projects. Public water supply provides only 36% of domestic water. Disinfection of public water supply from the south well field is essential to avoid health problems. About 60% of the drinking water sold by ‘hygienic’ stations is of questionable quality. Expansion and upgrading in hospitals, pharmacies and industries (waste producers) will have an immediate impact on the amount of hazardous waste that will have to be disposed of. To achieve a sustainable urban development and to avoid environment/resources degradation, care should be taken now to monitor and improve handling and management of hazardous waste. Initiating management programs for reducing or preventing the generation of waste during production processes or other operations would be the first step to an economically and environmentally sound way of dealing with hazardous wastes. As complete elimination cannot be realized, ways to recycle the wastes should be sought. Major air pollutants in Sana’a include dust and SPM, carbon monoxide, photochemical oxidants, hydrogen sulfide and ammonia, sulfur oxides and hydrocarbons. The main sources of pollution in the cities are the mobile sources. The emissions of gases from oil consumption are exceeding the permissible level and it is essential that the gases be monitored, at least in the congested areas of the cities. Integration of environmental concerns with economic growth in Yemen should occur at the planning stage, adopting a positive approach and focusing on improvement in the health and welfare of the residents of the program area. Mitigating measures relating to the protection of the urban environment and improving public health must be primary objectives of EIA investigation for any upgrading project within urban areas and any other projects impacting on an urban environment.
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Muhammad Wafiuddin Wa’ie, Illyana Rashidah, David Koh Soo Quee, Shahrimawati H. Sharbini, Salmah H. Mohd Noor, Ramlah Kisut, Nik AA Tuah, Hanif Abdul Rahman, Nurolaini Kifli, Mas Rina Wati H. Abdul Hamid, and Khadizah H. Abdul-Mumin. "Practice of Postpartum Warming Among Mothers in Brunei." Journal of Transcultural Nursing 31, no. 6 (April 21, 2020): 576–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043659620914713.
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Introduction: Postpartum warming is widely practiced among women in Asian countries despite unsubstantiated health claims. This study aimed to identify sources of knowledge and explore the practices of postpartum warming among mothers in Brunei. Methods: A cross-sectional study using a self-administered questionnaire was conducted on 124 mothers who had experience in postpartum warming. Results: Coal was commonly used for heat. Main source of knowledge came from family members. Older women had significantly lower intention to perform the practice in future pregnancies. Women who lived in nuclear families practiced it to a significantly higher frequency compared with those living in extended families. Discussion: Women still practice warming to adhere with family expectations and traditions although noticeable changes have been observed as society modernizes. It still poses a risk of carbon monoxide poisoning and fire hazard from burning coal. Future studies should focus on health and safety aspects to provide evidence on the actual health benefits and ameliorate risk factors.
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Crowe, M. T. I. "Trends in Fatal Poisonings in Leeds, 1977 to 1987." Medicine, Science and the Law 29, no. 2 (April 1989): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580248902900207.
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The records of all deaths due to poisoning investigated by the Leeds University Department of Forensic Medicine, over an eleven-year period between 1977 and 1987, were studied. There were 422 cases consisting of 208 males and 214 females. Two of these cases were homicidal in nature (both were unconnected cases of children poisoned with amitriptyline). Only 12 were accidental and the rest either suicidal or para-suicidal. More than 20% of cases had recorded blood ethanol levels greater than the legal driving limit of 80 mg of alcohol per 100 ml of blood. The results show a steady decrease in the number of deaths from poisoning over this period, due mainly to falls in self-poisonings from barbiturates and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Curiously, the number of carbon monoxide poisonings was the same in 1987 as 1977. Some interesting trends and sex variations have also been highlighted.
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Joffe, Ari R., Geoff Brin, and Sarah Farrow. "Unreliable Early Neuroprognostication After Severe Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Is Likely Due to Cytopathic Hypoxia: A Case Report and Discussion." Journal of Child Neurology 35, no. 2 (October 17, 2019): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883073819879833.
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A 17-year-old girl was found unconscious in a running vehicle. She developed very severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (which was treated with rescue high-frequency oscillation), hemodynamic instability, acute kidney injury, rhabdomyolysis, and remained comatose with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 3 and gasping respirations for 67 hours (when the Glasgow Coma Scale score improved to 6, with tachypnea to Paco 2 28 and pH 7.5). By 92 hours, she was obeying commands, and she was extubated at 96 hours, shortly after which she was conversing with family and texting on her phone. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan 6 days after being found showed subacute infarctions affecting the medial aspect of the globus pallidus bilaterally as well as a small cortical/subcortical infarction in the right parietal lobe. At a 7-week follow-up, she had no delayed-onset signs of brain injury. This case demonstrated that neurologic prognostication after carbon monoxide poisoning may be unreliable for more than 72 hours after injury. We discuss that it is possible that the mitochondrial dysfunction induced by carbon monoxide was responsible for a functional coma without irreversible brain injury, similar to the mechanism of cytopathic hypoxia in multiple-organ dysfunction that allows some other organ recovery without necrosis in survivors.
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Bradley, M. C. "Changing Patterns of Suicide in Leeds, 1979 to 1985." Medicine, Science and the Law 27, no. 3 (July 1987): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580248702700312.
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This study involves an investigation of deaths due to suicide occurring in Leeds. It is based upon data collected by the Department of Forensic Medicine at the University of Leeds and covers the period 1979 to 1985 inclusive. Use is also made of information obtained from the Coroner's office. A total of 467 cases were identified using clinical criteria. Results show a marked fall in the number of suicide deaths during the period 1980 to 1985, this being largely accounted for by a drop in the number of deaths due to self-poisoning. A small but steady increase in the use of carbon monoxide inhalation as a means of suicide is also noted. Further analysis reveals that there has been a fall in the use of barbiturates and ‘distalgesic’ (dextropropoxyphene/paracetamol) as a means of self-poisoning. Examination of verdicts returned at inquest from 202 selected cases reveals that only 66 per cent were classified as suicide. Attempts are made to relate these local changes to trends occurring nationally, and the problems involved when using data drawn from inquest verdicts are highlighted.
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Byard, Roger W., Carl Winskog, and Karen Heath. "Nitrogen inhalation suicide pacts." Medicine, Science and the Law 59, no. 1 (January 2019): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0025802419828914.
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Suicide pacts usually result in simultaneous deaths by mutual arrangement. While nitrogen and helium gas inhalation are being increasingly used in solitary suicide attempts, for some reason they have been rarely utilised in suicide pacts. A search of autopsy files at Forensic Science SA over a 15-year period (2003–2017) was undertaken to determine how often this method of joint suicide occurs. Only two cases were found. Case 1 comprised a 64-year-old husband and wife (who had a history of multiple sclerosis). They were found deceased in a vehicle with two empty cylinders of nitrogen gas. Case 2 comprised an 87-year-old man (who had a history of ischaemic heart disease) and his 81-year-old wife who were found deceased with plastic bags over their heads, with plastic tubes connecting the bags to opened cylinders of nitrogen. The deaths in all cases were due to nitrogen-induced asphyxiation, in the latter instance augmenting plastic-bag asphyxia. Although suicide pacts have previously usually involved carbon-monoxide toxicity or drug overdose, it is possible that dissemination of information on the use of inert gases in individual suicide attempts may alter the methods used in future.
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Bartholome, William G. "Physician-Assisted Suicide, Hospice, and Rituals of Withdrawal." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 24, no. 3 (1996): 233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.1996.tb01857.x.
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As I write, I hear that Dr. Jack Kevorluan has delivered another victim to the emergency room of his local Michigan hospital. Why do physicians and terminally ill patients feel we need to change the law with respect to assisted suicide when a rogue pathologist, who has been stripped of his medical license, is allowed to pursue his appetite for providing his clients with inhalation treatments of carbon monoxide gas? If no court will convict this outlaw, what makes the physicians and patients who brought Compassion in Dying v. State of Washington and Quill v. Vacco fear that any court would ever convict a licensed physician of assisting in a suicide when he/she writes one of her established patients a prescription for a short-acting barbiturate? Moreover, it is not even clear that laws against assisted suicide in most jurisdictions were ever intended to apply to the actions of licensed physicians. Nonetheless, the plaintiffs in the Second and Ninth Circuit Courts of Appeals were clearly seeking some kind of redress, some kind of protection from potential legal claims they feared might be made against them.
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Freeman, T. P., J. M. Stone, B. Orgaz, L. A. Noronha, S. L. Minchin, and H. V. Curran. "Tobacco smoking in schizophrenia: investigating the role of incentive salience." Psychological Medicine 44, no. 10 (November 1, 2013): 2189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291713002705.
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BackgroundSmoking is highly prevalent in people diagnosed with schizophrenia, but the reason for this co-morbidity is currently unclear. One possible explanation is that a common abnormality underpins the development of psychosis and independently enhances the incentive motivational properties of drugs and their associated cues. This study aimed to investigate whether incentive salience attribution towards smoking cues, as assessed by attentional bias, is heightened in schizophrenia and associated with delusions and hallucinations.MethodTwenty-two smokers diagnosed with schizophrenia and 23 control smokers were assessed for smoking-related attentional bias using a modified Stroop task. Craving, nicotine dependence, smoking behaviour and positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia were also recorded.ResultsBoth groups showed similar craving scores and smoking behaviour according to self-report and expired carbon monoxide (CO), although the patient group had higher nicotine dependence scores. Attentional bias, as evidenced by significant interference from smoking-related words on the modified Stroop task, was similar in both groups and correlated with CO levels. Attentional bias was positively related to severity of delusions but not hallucinations or other symptoms in the schizophrenia group.ConclusionsThis study supports the hypothesis that the development of delusions and the incentive motivational aspects of smoking may share a common biological substrate. These findings may offer some explanation for the elevated rates of smoking and other drug use in people with psychotic illness.
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Simonit, Francesco, Orazio Elia Sciarappa, Fabio Bassan, Carlo Scorretti, Fabiola Giudici, and Lorenzo Desinan. "Complex and complicated suicides in Friuli (1993–2017)." Medicine, Science and the Law 61, no. 1_suppl (January 2021): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0025802420934661.
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Complex suicides involve more than one suicide method. According to the intention of the victim, they are classified as ‘planned’ when the use of more than one suicide technique has been previously devised by the victim and ‘unplanned’ when the first method turns out to be too painful or insufficient to cause death, and the individual then resorts to other means of suicide. Complicated suicide, on the other hand, is a term that was introduced by Töro and Pollak, in which a failed act of suicide is followed by traumatisation, which has a fatal outcome. This type of death must be distinguished from complex suicides. From a sample of 1160 fatalities (837 males) between 1993 and 2017, we identified 20 (1.72%) cases of complex suicide and three (0.26%) cases of complicated suicide. We considered age, sex, psychiatric history, previous suicide attempts, suicide methods and eventual secondary traumatisation. We also compared planned and unplanned complex suicides. The results show a higher number of planned complex suicides (16 vs. 4), a prevalence of males ( n = 17) and adults (median age = 48 years, range 21–74 range). Plastic bag suffocation and gas inhalation ( n = 8) were the most commonly used methods. Firearms ( n = 4) were used exclusively by males in planned complex suicides. Wrist and forearm cuts ( n = 5) were found in four unplanned and one planned complex suicides, and all of the cases with known previous suicidal attempts ( n = 3) involved planned complex suicides. Complicated suicides concerned three male victims in two failed attempts of hanging and an unforeseen carbon monoxide intoxication following a non-fatal gunshot to the mouth, confirming the rarity of these fatalities.
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Cooper, P. N., and C. M. Milroy. "The Coroner's System and Under-Reporting of Suicide." Medicine, Science and the Law 35, no. 4 (October 1995): 319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580249503500409.
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This study investigates the under-reporting of suicide with particular reference to differences between sex and age groups and the various modes of suicide. The study was performed retrospectively using the files of H M Coroner for South Yorkshire (West) over the years 1985 to 1991. There were 536 deaths judged on the balance of probability to be suicidal in nature. Only 60 per cent of these deaths received a suicide verdict and would therefore register in official suicide statistics. A significantly smaller proportion of females (51.7 per cent) received a suicide verdict than males (64.5 per cent). Of the young females (<45) 61.7 per cent were given a suicide verdict compared to 46.6 per cent of older females (45+). These differences are explained by different preferences for mode of suicide, in particular for poisoning using solids or liquids. Only 40 per cent of cases within this category received a suicide verdict. Drowning showed an even smaller percentage (24 per cent). Self-immolation (42 per cent) and jumping from a height (51 per cent) were also under-represented. Of these, self-poisoning, drowning and jumping from a height were relatively popular among females. In contrast, common causes of death favoured predominantly by males — hanging and carbon monoxide poisoning — received a high percentage of suicide verdicts (81 per cent and 90 per cent). Thus official suicide statistics produce a distorted view of the suicide population with relative underreporting of females, particularly older females, and marked under-reporting of some causes of death, notably poisoning using solids or liquids, drowning, self-immolation and jumping from a height.
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Fingas, Mervin F., Patrick Lambert, Ken Li, Zhendi Wang, Francine Ackerman, Robert Nelson, Mike Goldthorp, et al. "Studies of Emissions from Oil Fires." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1999, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 541–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1999-1-541.
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ABSTRACT Over 35 meso-scale burns were conducted to study various aspects of diesel and crude oil burning in situ. Extensive sampling and monitoring of these burns were conducted at downwind stations, upwind stations, and in the smoke plume. Particulate samples were taken in air and analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs were found to be lower in the soot than in the starting oil, although higher concentrations of the larger molecular PAHs were found in the soot and residue, especially for diesel burns. Particulates in the air were measured by several means, and were found to be greater than recommended exposure levels up to 500 meters downwind at ground level, depending on the size and type of fire. Diesel fires emit much more particulate matter and have longer exposure zones. Combustion gases, including carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, were below exposure level maximums. Volatile organic compound (VOCs) emissions were measured, but the levels were less than from an evaporating crude oil spill. Over 140 compounds were identified and quantified. Carbonyls, including aldehydes and ketones, were found to be below human health concern levels. Emission data from over 30 experimental burns were used to develop prediction equations for over 150 specific compounds or emission categories. These were used to calculate safe distances and levels of concern for a standard burn size of 500 square meters, an amount that would typically be contained in a boom. The safe distance for a crude oil burn of this size is about 500 m and for a diesel burn, much farther.
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Perlmutter, Alexander, Mehdi Benchoufi, Philippe Ravaud, and Viet-Thi Tran. "Identification of Patient Perceptions That Can Affect the Uptake of Interventions Using Biometric Monitoring Devices: Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 9 (September 11, 2020): e18986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/18986.
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Background Biometric monitoring devices (BMDs) are wearable or environmental trackers and devices with embedded sensors that can remotely collect high-frequency objective data on patients’ physiological, biological, behavioral, and environmental contexts (for example, fitness trackers with accelerometer). The real-world effectiveness of interventions using biometric monitoring devices depends on patients’ perceptions of these interventions. Objective We aimed to systematically review whether and how recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating interventions using BMDs assessed patients’ perceptions toward the intervention. Methods We systematically searched PubMed (MEDLINE) from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2018, for RCTs evaluating interventions using BMDs. Two independent investigators extracted the following information: (1) whether the RCT collected information on patient perceptions toward the intervention using BMDs and (2) if so, what precisely was collected, based on items from questionnaires used and/or themes and subthemes identified from qualitative assessments. The two investigators then synthesized their findings in a schema of patient perceptions of interventions using BMDs. Results A total of 58 RCTs including 10,071 participants were included in the review (the median number of randomized participants was 60, IQR 37-133). BMDs used in interventions were accelerometers/pedometers (n=35, 60%), electrochemical biosensors (eg, continuous glucose monitoring; n=18, 31%), or ecological momentary assessment devices (eg, carbon monoxide monitors for smoking cessation; n=5, 9%). Overall, 26 (45%) trials collected information on patient perceptions toward the intervention using BMDs and allowed the identification of 76 unique aspects of patient perceptions that could affect the uptake of these interventions (eg, relevance of the information provided, alarm burden, privacy and data handling, impact on health outcomes, independence, interference with daily life). Patient perceptions were unevenly collected in trials. For example, only 5% (n=3) of trials assessed how patients felt about privacy and data handling aspects of the intervention using BMDs. Conclusions Our review showed that less than half of RCTs evaluating interventions using BMDs assessed patients’ perceptions toward interventions using BMDs. Trials that did assess perceptions often only assessed a fraction of them. This limits the extrapolation of the results of these RCTs to the real world. We thus provide a comprehensive schema of aspects of patient perceptions that may affect the uptake of interventions using BMDs and which should be considered in future trials. Trial Registration PROSPERO CRD42018115522; https://tinyurl.com/y5h8fjgx
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Maddocks, Matthew, Dinesh Shrikrishna, Simone Vitoriano, Samantha A. Natanek, Rebecca J. Tanner, Nicholas Hart, Paul R. Kemp, John Moxham, Michael I. Polkey, and Nicholas S. Hopkinson. "Skeletal muscle adiposity is associated with physical activity, exercise capacity and fibre shift in COPD." European Respiratory Journal 44, no. 5 (July 3, 2014): 1188–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00066414.
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Quadriceps muscle phenotype varies widely between patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cannot be determined without muscle biopsy. We hypothesised that measures of skeletal muscle adiposity could provide noninvasive biomarkers of muscle quality in this population.In 101 patients and 10 age-matched healthy controls, mid-thigh cross-sectional area, percentage intramuscular fat and skeletal muscle attenuation were calculated using computed tomography images and standard tissue attenuation ranges: fat -190– -30 HU; skeletal muscle -29–150 HU.Mean±sdpercentage intramuscular fat was higher in the patient group (6.7±3.5%versus4.3±1.2%, p = 0.03). Both percentage intramuscular fat and skeletal muscle attenuation were associated with physical activity level, exercise capacity and type I fibre proportion, independent of age, mid-thigh cross-sectional area and quadriceps strength. Combined with transfer factor of the lung for carbon monoxide, these variables could identify >80% of patients with fibre type shift with >65% specificity (area under the curve 0.83, 95% CI 0.72–0.95).Skeletal muscle adiposity assessed by computed tomography reflects multiple aspects of COPD related muscle dysfunction and may help to identify patients for trials of interventions targeted at specific muscle phenotypes.
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Serkiz, Anastasiya. "GEOECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF AUTOMOTIVE POLLUTION AND GREENHOUSE GAS PRODUCTION IN THE CITY OF TERNOPOL." SCIENTIFIC ISSUES OF TERNOPIL VOLODYMYR HNATIUK NATIONAL PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY. SERIES: GEOGRAPHY 52, no. 1 (May 30, 2022): 176–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.25128/2519-4577.22.1.22.
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In most cities in the world, air and noise pollution from motor vehicles are, or are fast becoming, major problems for the physical and mental health of the people. At least 90% of the carbon monoxide in urban environments comes from mobile sources. The health risks of air pollution are extremely serious. Poor air quality increases respiratory ailments like asthma and bronchitis, heightens the risk of life-threatening conditions like cancer, and burdens our health care system with substantial medical costs. The publication is an integral part of the collective theme "Conceptual and applied principles of geo-ecological assessment of environmental impact, environmental management and environmental safety of geosystems of the Podolsk region." This paper considers the issue of unsystematic control of emissions of harmful substances into the air, both throughout the country and locally. The main works of scientists devoted to air pollution in the region are highlighted. The volume and structure of emissions of harmful gases by motor transport during 2000 are considered. - 2015 in the city of Ternopil. Statistical data are taken from the archives of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine in Ternopil region. The schedule of changes in the amount of pollutant emissions is given. An analysis of possible causes of changes in greenhouse gas emissions has been made. The data presented in the National Transport Strategy of Ukraine until 2030 are analyzed. The amount of harmful gas emissions in the future is calculated by extrapolation. The analysis of indicators of long-term monitoring of pollutants in atmospheric air is carried out. Based on the strategy and regional reports for 2017, 2018 and 2019, on the state of the environment in Ternopil region, predicted possible ways of development. Specific recommendations have been made to help reduce the level of air pollution by gases, as well as the level of noise and dust pollution. The project of construction of a new bypass road, which will connect such settlements as: Shlyakhtyntsi and Smykivtsi. The 2nd international routes M19 (Domanove, Kovel, Chernivtsi, Terebleche) and M30 (Stryi, Izvarine) will also be merged; installation of multi-storey car parks on the main entrances to Ternopil (P39, M19, P43, E50, H02, P41); introduction of high-speed routes for public transport; replacement of existing passenger cars with improved electric vehicles; Roadways and traffic controls that reduce congestion and idling; analysis of green areas in the city and the introduction of new ones, the functions of which are extremely necessary. Drive less (ride a bike, walk, carpool, or use public transportation instead). Since most pollution from cars and trucks is due to the burning of fuel, you can reduce pollution from these sources by burning less fuel, burning fuel cleaner and burning cleaner fuel. Clean vehicle and fuel technologies provide us with an affordable, available means of reducing transportation-related air pollution and climate change emissions. The implementation of these measures will increase the level of environmental safety in the city.
Key words: air pollution, emissions, vehicles, global warming, Ternopil.
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Fingas, Mervin F., Patrick Lambert, Ken Li, Zhendi Wang, Francine Ackerman, Steve Whiticar, Mike Goldthorp, et al. "Studies of Emissions From Oil Fires." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 539–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-1-539.
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ABSTRACT Over 45 mesoscale burns were conducted to study various aspects of diesel and crude oil burning in situ,. Extensive sampling and monitoring of these burns were conducted at downwind stations, upwind stations, and in the smoke plume. Particulate samples were taken in air and analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs were found to be lower in the soot than in the starting oil, although higher concentrations of the larger molecular PAHs were found in the soot and residue, especially for diesel burns. Overall, the amount of PAHs in the soot and residue were about 2 to 8% of that in the starting oil. This implies a destruction of PAHS by 92 to 98%. Particulates in the air were measured by several means and were found to be greater than recommended exposure levels up to 500 meters downwind at ground level, depending on the size and type of fire. Diesel fires emit much more particulate matter and have longer exposure zones. Combustion gases including carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide are below exposure level maximums. Volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions are extensive from fires, but the levels were less than from an evaporating crude oil spill. Over 140 compounds were identified and quantified. Carbonyls, including aldehydes and ketones, were found to below human health concern levels. Emission data from over 45 experimental burns have been used to develop prediction equations for over 150 specific compounds or emission categories. These are used to calculate safe distances and levels of concern for a standard burn size of 500 square meters, an amount that would typically be contained in a boom. The safe distance for a crude oil burn of this size is about 500 m and for a diesel burn, much further.
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Si, Zizhen, and Xidi Wang. "The Neuroprotective and Neurodegeneration Effects of Heme Oxygenase-1 in Alzheimer’s Disease." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 78, no. 4 (December 8, 2020): 1259–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-200720.
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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by complex pathological and biological features. Notably, extracellular amyloid-β deposits as senile plaques and intracellular aggregation of hyperphosphorylated tau as neurofibrillary tangles remain the primary premortem criterion for the diagnosis of AD. Currently, there exist no disease-modifying therapies for AD, and many clinical trials have failed to show its benefits for patients. Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) is a 32 kDa enzyme, which catalyzes the degradation of cellular heme to free ferrous iron, biliverdin, and carbon monoxide under stressful conditions. Several studies highlight the crucial pathological roles of HO-1 in the molecular processes of AD. The beneficial roles of HO-1 overexpression in AD brains are widely accepted due to its ability to convert pro-oxidant heme to biliverdin and bilirubin (antioxidants), which promote restoration of a suitable tissue redox microenvironment. However, the intracellular oxidative stress might be amplified by metabolites of HO-1 and exacerbate the progression of AD under certain circumstances. Several lines of evidence have demonstrated that upregulated HO-1 is linked to tauopathies, neuronal damage, and synapse aberrations in AD. Here, we review the aspects of the molecular mechanisms by which HO-1 regulates AD and the latest information on the pathobiology of AD. We further highlight the neuroprotective and neurodystrophic actions of HO-1 and the feasibility of HO-1 as a therapeutic target for AD.
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Pan, Ke-Ting, Giovanni S. Leonardi, and Ben Croxford. "Factors Contributing to CO Uptake and Elimination in the Body: A Critical Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 2 (January 14, 2020): 528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020528.
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Background: Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is an important public health issue around the world. Research indicates that many factors may be related to the rate of CO uptake and elimination in the human body. However, some factors related to CO uptake and elimination are considered controversial. Relatively little attention has been devoted to review and synthesis of factors affecting CO uptake and elimination. Purpose: This paper provides a critical scoping review of the factors and divides them into four aspects, including environmental, demographic, physiological and treatment factors. Methods: We searched the scientific databases for research that has proposed a mathematical equation as a synthesis of quantities related to CO poisoning, CO elimination, CO uptake, CO half-life, CO uptake and elimination and their relationships. After excluding the studies that did not meet the study criteria, there were 39 studies included in the review and the search was completed before 16 December 2019. Results and conclusion: This review discusses most of the factors that impact the rate of CO uptake and elimination. Several factors may be related to CO uptake and elimination, such as CO concentration, the duration of exposure to CO, age, sex, exercise, minute ventilation, alveolar ventilation, total haemoglobin mass and different treatments for CO poisoning. Although some potential factors were not included in the review, the findings are useful by presenting an overview for discussing factors affecting CO uptake and elimination and provide a starting point for further study regarding strategies for CO poisoning and the environmental standard of CO.
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Kotsen, Chris, Melissa L. Santorelli, Erika Litvin Bloom, Adam O. Goldstein, Carol Ripley-Moffitt, Michael B. Steinberg, Michael V. Burke, and Jonathan Foulds. "A Narrative Review of Intensive Group Tobacco Treatment: Clinical, Research, and US Policy Recommendations." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 21, no. 12 (August 17, 2018): 1580–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nty162.
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Abstract Introduction Clinical practice guidelines recommend comprehensive treatment for tobacco dependence including pharmacotherapies and behavioral interventions. Group counseling may deliver unique treatment aspects not available with other modalities. This manuscript provides a narrative review of group treatment outcomes from real-world practice settings and complements recent meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Our primary goals were to determine whether group treatments delivered in these settings have yielded similar quit rates compared to individual treatment and to provide recommendations for best practices and policy. Methods Group treatment was defined as occurring in a clinical or workplace setting (ie, not provided as part of a research study), led by a professionally trained clinician, and offered weekly over several weeks. English language PubMed articles from January 2000 to July 2017 were searched to identify studies that included outcomes from both group and individual treatment offered in real-world settings. Additional data sources meeting our criteria were also included. Reports not using pharmacotherapy and research studies (eg, RCTs) were excluded. The primary outcome was short-term, carbon monoxide (CO)-validated point prevalence abstinence (4-week postquit date). Results The review included data from 11 observational studies. In all cases, group treatment(s) had higher 4-week CO-validated quit rates (range: 35.5%–67.3%) than individual treatment(s) (range: 18.6%–53.3%). Conclusions Best practice group treatments for tobacco dependence are generalizable from research to clinical settings and likely to be at least as effective as intensive individual treatment. The added advantages of efficiency and cost-effectiveness can be significant. Group treatment is feasible in various settings with good results. Implications A major barrier to achieving high rates of tobacco abstinence is under-utilization of evidence-based treatment interventions. This review demonstrates the effectiveness and utility of group treatment for tobacco dependence. Based on the available data described in this narrative review in conjunction with existing RCT data, group treatment for tobacco dependence should be established and available in all behavioral health and medical settings. Group tobacco treatment is now one of the mandated reimbursable tobacco treatment formats within the US health care system, creating enormous opportunities for widespread clinical reach. Finally, comprehensive worksite group programs can further extend impact.
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Shekhar, Amritanshu. "Role of Forest Management in Environmental Studies with Reference to the Maintaining of Conservation Values." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 496–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.39865.
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Abstract: A forest is a type of ecosystem in which there is high density of trees occupying a relatively large area of land. An ecosystem is an ecological unit consisting of a biotic community together with it’s a biotic environment. In the case of forest, tress dominant the biotic landscape, although there are also other plants and animals. There are many types of forest, such as tropical, evergreen, deciduous and dry forest based on the climatic condition and types of trees present. Forests provide innumerable values to people, provide aspects that address both physical needs as well as the internal nature of people. Forest help cleanse the air by intercepting airborne particles, reducing heat, and absorbing such pollutants as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. Trees remove this air pollution by lowering air temperature, through respiration, and by retaining particulates. Erosion control has always started with tree and grass planting projects. Tree roots bind the soil and their leaves break the force of wind and rain on soil. Trees fight soil erosion, conserve rainwater and reduce water runoff and sediment deposit after storms. Herbs, shrubs and trees in the forests hold the topmost layer firmly by their roots. This does not allow natural forces like wind and water to carry away the topmost fertile layer of the soil easily. Hence, Forests prevent soil erosion. With forest conservation, animal species, insects and all the biodiversity of natural areas is protected. It is noteworthy that these beings and the local vegetation exert influence on conservation beyond deforestation and the regional climate, even interfering with the health of the local community. Keywords: Forest, Natural Resources, Implementation, Ecological Balance, Significance, Deforestation, Climatic Condition
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Fingas, Merv. "Review of Emissions from Oil Fires." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 1795–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.1795.
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The concern over emissions often dominates concerns regarding in-situ burning of oil spills. This paper reviews the results of emission measurement from both test fires and full-scale fires. More than 50 meso-scale burns of crude and diesel were conducted to study various aspects of diesel and crude oil burning in-situ. Extensive sampling and monitoring of these burns were conducted at downwind stations, and in the smoke plume. Later, the burning characteristics of heavy oils and emulsified heavy oils were studied. More than 15 meso-scale burns of these heavy oils were conducted. Measurements of the volatile components and particulates were made. Finally, some measurements were made on the in-situ burns carried out during the 2010 Deepwater Horizon spill. In summary, these measurements found that PAHs were found to be lower in the soot than in the starting oil, although somewhat higher concentrations of the larger molecular PAHs were found in the soot and residue. Particulates in the air were measured by several methods and were only found to be greater than recommended exposure levels at ground level if an inversion was present . Combustion gases including carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide did not reach exposure level maximums. Volatile organic compound (VOCs) emissions were found to be extensive from fires, but the levels were lower than an evaporating crude oil spill. Carbonyls, including aldehydes and ketones, were found to be higher from diesel burns than from crude oil burns. Measurement of the highly toxic compounds, dioxins and dibenzofurans, were made during the test fires. None were found. Similar results were found for the 2010 Deepwater Horizon burns. Water under the burns was analysed in the case of some of the test fires; no compounds of concern could be found at the detection levels of the methods. The burn residue was analysed for the same compounds as the air particulate samples. The concentrations of PAHs were lower in the residue than in the original oil, although the concentrations of some higher molecular weight species increased slightly. Furthermore, in all burns it was found that emissions of any type, did not exceed that of health concerns at distances greater than about 1 km, if the smoke plume did not impact the ground.
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Pauselli, Luca, Luigi Attademo, Francesco Bernardini, and Michael Compton. "M239. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND RISK FOR PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS: AN UPDATE." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S226—S227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa030.551.
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Abstract Background Environmental pollution is a well-known cause of disease worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, air pollution kills an estimated seven million people worldwide every year. Over the past decade, increasing attention has been drawn to the impact of environmental pollution on mental health. In 2016, our research team (Attademo et al., 2016) performed a literature review focusing on the association with psychotic disorders. The aim of this presentation is to give an update of the science, given the marked increase in the body of literature on this topic. Methods We repeated a search using the Pubmed electronic database for all articles from February 20, 2016 (date of out last search for the previous review) to November 20, 2019, using the same terms that we used in the first review. The search included all languages. Thirty-eight articles were identified. We selected 9 studies related to pollution’s effects on human subjects: seven were research reports and two were review articles. We excluded 29 articles, on the basis of the following exclusion criteria: a) studies unrelated to the topic, and b) letters or commentaries not reporting research findings. For this update, we focus only on research reports. Results Six of the seven research reports (Bai et al., 2019; Duan et al., 2018; Eguchi et al., 2018; Liang et al., 2019; Ma et al., 2018; Newbury et al., 2019; Qiu et al., 2019) focused on air pollution. Only one (Ma et al., 2018) explored the association between serum concentration of six typical toxic metals and risk of schizophrenia in a earth mining area in China and found higher serum levels of antimony, uranium, and lanthanum in patients with schizophrenia. All studies focusing on air pollution considered the following pollutants: particulate matter (PM) 10, PM2.5, and nitrogen dioxide. Some of them also included carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, and carbon dioxide. All the studies found significant associations between pollutant concentrations and psychosis-associated outcomes (adolescent psychotic experience, hospital admissions, and higher Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale scores). Five of the six studies investigating air pollutants also looked into the lag effect between pollutant concentrations and the outcome of the study, supporting the hypothesis of short-term effects (same day or within the first 2–3 days after high concentrations of pollutants). Discussion During our previous review, we found 13 research reports from 1964 to 2016, while in this update in the past 2.5 years, there has been a marked increase in publications on the topic. The association between air pollutants and different aspects of psychotic disorders presentation and manifestation is gaining support and the approaches of looking into this phenomenon are becoming more sophisticated. Nevertheless, further research is needed both at the molecular level to determine the mechanisms that mediate the effects of these pollutants, and at clinical and environmental levels to improve health and well-being of patient with psychotic disorders.
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Horner, J. "Carbon Monoxide." Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health 118, no. 3 (June 1998): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146642409811800303.
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Baker, R. "The Development and Significance of Standards for Smoking-Machine Methodology." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 20, no. 1 (February 1, 2002): 23–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0728.
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AbstractBialous and Yach have recently published an article in Tobacco Control in which they claim that all smoking-machine standards stem from a method developed unilaterally by the tobacco industry within the Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco (CORESTA). Using a few highly selective quotations from internal tobacco company memos, they allege, inter alia, that the tobacco industry has changed the method to suit its own needs, that because humans do not smoke like machines the standards are of little value, and that the tobacco industry has unjustifiably made health claims about low “tar” cigarettes. The objectives of this paper are to review the development of smoking-machine methodology and standards, involvement of relative parties, outline the significance of the results and explore the validity of Bialous and Yach's claims. The large volume of published scientific information on the subject together with other information in the public domain has been consulted. When this information is taken into account it becomes obvious that the very narrow and restricted literature base of Bialous and Yach's analysis has resulted in them, perhaps inadvertedly, making factual errors, drawing wrong conclusions and writing inaccurate statements on many aspects of the subject. The first smoking-machine standard was specified by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), a federal government agency in the USA, in 1966. The CORESTA Recommended Method, similar in many aspects to that of the FTC, was developed in the late 1960s and published in 1969. Small differences in the butt lengths, smoke collection and analytical procedures in methods used in various countries including Germany, Canada and the UK, developed later, resulted in about a 10% difference in smoke “tar” yields. These differences in methodology were harmonised in a common International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) Standard Method in 1991, after a considerable amount of interlaboratory comparisons of the developing methodology had been undertaken by CORESTA. As acknowledged by Bialous and Yach, the purpose of the standards is to determine the “tar”, nicotine and carbon monoxide content of cigarette smoke when the cigarette is smoked under precisely defined conditions, and hence to allow a comparison of the yields from different cigarettes when smoked under identical conditions. Such yields are not predictive of the yields humans obtain when smoking, nor were they ever expected to be so, since no two smokers smoke exactly the same nor does a smoker smoke a cigarette the same way on every occasion. This purpose has been stated consistently many times, originally by the FTC in 1967 and subsequently in the scientific literature, published by the tobacco industry and health/regulatory authorities, over the last 35 years. From the 1950s onwards numerous public health scientists have advocated that lower “tar” cigarettes should be developed on the grounds that they may reduce to some extent the risks of smoking, while at the same time advocating that the best way to avoid risks is not to smoke. Some health authorities have have used the standard machine-smoking yields to set limits on “tar” as a way of reducing the health impact of cigarette use. The tobacco industry has co-operated with these health authorities by developing cigarettes with lower “tar” but has also followed public health advice by not advertising lower “tar” cigarettes as safe cigarettes. The available evidence, taken as a whole, indicates that compensation by smokers who switch from a high to a low “tar” cigarette is partial in the short term, and that such smokers do obtain a reduction in smoke component uptake.
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Kind, T., and R. A. Etzel. "Carbon Monoxide." Pediatrics in Review 26, no. 4 (April 1, 2005): 150–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.26-4-150.
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Kind, Terry. "Carbon Monoxide." Pediatrics In Review 26, no. 4 (April 1, 2005): 150–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.26.4.150.
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Khadka, Yagyarath. "CARBON COMPOUNDS: Pollution Aspects." Patan Pragya 6, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/pragya.v6i1.34408.
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Carbon is one of the major elements by which organic compounds cannot be imagined. Its compounds are very useful in human life as well as for nature. For example, carbon dioxide is used during photosynthesis in plants and CFCs is used in manufacturing of aerosol sprays and as refrigerants. In contrast, serious harmful effects are seen with over exposure or with increasing in level of its compounds. Use of carbon compounds awareness is necessary for its use in different purposes. Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide released by the complete combustion of fossils and by automobile exhaust causes carbon pollution along with other various causes. Reuse and recycling of carbon compounds minimizes its pollution. Carboxy hemoglobin formed by combination of carbon monoxide with red blood cell is also more fatal. As we know, different gases formed due to the combination of carbon with other elements causes various changes like climate change, destruction of heritage goods (acid rain), different human risk, flooding etc. So, pollution of carbon should be managed before it causes any huge harmful effects. Finally, carbon related pollution leads to global warming, greenhouse effects, ozone layer depletion, ocean acidification, acid rain, climate change and also fatal to human beings.
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Senozan, N. M., and J. A. Devore. "Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: Some Surprising Aspects of the Equilibrium between Hemoglobin, Carbon Monoxide, and Oxygen." Journal of Chemical Education 73, no. 8 (August 1996): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed073p767.
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Young, L. J., and W. S. Caughey. "Mitochondrial oxygenation of carbon monoxide." Biochemical Journal 239, no. 1 (October 1, 1986): 225–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2390225.
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A variety of mitochondria have been observed to oxidize 13CO to 13CO2 in the presence of dioxygen, and on the basis of earlier studies [Young & Caughey (1986) Biochemistry 25, 152-161; Young (1981) Ph.D. Dissertation, Colorado State University] this activity is attributed to cytochrome c oxidase. Implications of these findings in respect of some aspects of the pathological biochemistry of CO poisoning are discussed.
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Hammond, Stephanie, and Jennan A. Phillips. "Carbon Monoxide Poisoning." Workplace Health & Safety 67, no. 1 (November 15, 2018): 47–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2165079918810672.
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Kim, Hyuk-Hoon, and Sangchun Choi. "Therapeutic Aspects of Carbon Monoxide in Cardiovascular Disease." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 8 (August 13, 2018): 2381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19082381.
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Carbon monoxide (CO) is being increasingly recognized as a potential therapeutic with important signaling functions in various diseases. Carbon monoxide-releasing molecules (CORMs) show anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant effects on the tissues of organisms, thus contributing to tissue homeostasis. An increase in reactive oxygen species production from the mitochondria after exposure to CO is also considered one of the underlying mechanisms of cardioprotection, although mitochondrial inhibition is the main toxic mechanism of CO poisoning. This review highlights the mechanism of the biological effects of CO and its potential application as a therapeutic in clinical settings, including in cardiovascular diseases. This review also discusses the obstacles and limitations of using exogenous CO or CORMs as a therapeutic option, with respect to acute CO poisoning.
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Kinoshita, Hiroshi, Hülya Türkan, Slavica Vucinic, Shahab Naqvi, Rafik Bedair, Ramin Rezaee, and Aristides Tsatsakis. "Carbon monoxide poisoning." Toxicology Reports 7 (2020): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.01.005.
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Gandini, Cristiano, Anna F. Castoldi, Stefano M. Candura, Carlo Locatelli, Raffaella Butera, Silvia Priori, and Luigi Manzo. "Carbon Monoxide Cardiotoxicity." Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology 39, no. 1 (January 2001): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/clt-100102878.
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Harrison, Paul. "Suicides and Carbon Monoxide." Indoor and Built Environment 9, no. 3-4 (May 2000): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x0000900315.
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Intorp, M., S. Purkis, and W. Wagstaff. "Determination of Tobacco Specific Nitrosamines in Cigarette Mainstream Smoke: The CORESTA 2011 Collaborative Study." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 25, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 507–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0926.
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AbstractA CORESTA Recommended Method (CRM 75) has been developed and published, applicable to the quantification of tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), namely, Nnitrosonornicotine (NNN), N-nitrosoanabasine (NAB), Nnitrosoanatabine (NAT) and 4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in cigarette mainstream smoke. The method involves smoke collection on a Cambridge filter pad under both ISO 3308 and the intense conditions adopted by Health Canada. An internal standard solution is added to the smoke collected on the pad and, after extraction, an aliquot is separated and quantitatively analysed by liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).CRM 63 involving gas chromatography coupled with a thermal energy analyser (GC-TEA) was previously developed by the CORESTA Special Analytes Group that had been set up to develop recommended methods on smoke components. However, by 2009 most laboratories had moved to similar LC-MS/MS methods for TSNA analysis and so this technique was chosen as the basis of a new CRM and to complement CRM 63. Initial joint experiments, specific experiments by single laboratories and ongoing discussions identified methodological aspects that needed to be ‘standardised’ before moving to a CRM.A joint experiment by 15 laboratories was carried out in 2010-2011 that investigated and identified important methodological features that needed to be controlled or clarified. CRM 75 was produced through a final collaborative experiment involving 20 laboratories from 12 countries using both linear and rotary smoking machines. Some notes are included in the CRM to inform other laboratories that might wish to adopt the method, concerning aspects that need to be well controlled to provide data as robust as possible and to provide similar repeatability and reproducibility data.Statistical evaluations were made according to ISO 5725 guidelines and are included. Under ISO smoking, the levels of reproducibility (R) expressed as a percentage of the mean of TSNA yields across laboratories are much greater than the levels found for “tar”, nicotine and carbon monoxide and given in the relevant ISO standards. The R value was expressed as a percentage of the mean yield amonglaboratories and across all of the studied products. UnderISO smoking R% values ranged from 25-60% for NNN; from 31-85% for NNK; from 47-58% for NAT and 40-99% for NAB. These levels are generally in line with those determined previously for TSNAs in CRM 63 and for other smoke analytes studied by the Special Analytes Group.Under ‘intense’ smoking, R% values ranged from 30-88% for NNN; from 37-79% for NNK; from 47-83% for NAT and 42-111% for NAB. A plot of R against mean yields suggests that the ‘intense’ regime gives similar or slightly worse reproducibility than the ISO regime in spite of the higher yields generated.
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Kganyago and Shikwambana. "Assessing Spatio-Temporal Variability of Wildfires and their Impact on Sub-Saharan Ecosystems and Air Quality Using Multisource Remotely Sensed Data and Trend Analysis." Sustainability 11, no. 23 (November 30, 2019): 6811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11236811.
Full textAbstract:
Globally, wildfires are considered the most commonly occurring disasters, resulting from natural and anthropogenic ignition sources. Wildfires consist of burning standing biomass at erratic degrees of intensity, severity, and frequency. Consequently, wildfires generate large amounts of smoke and other toxic pollutants that have devastating impacts on ambient air quality and human health. There is, therefore, a need for a comprehensive study that characterizes land–atmosphere interactions with regard to wildfires, critical for understanding the interrelated and multidimensional impacts of wildfires. Current studies have a limited scope and a narrow focus, usually only focusing on one aspect of wildfire impacts, such as air quality without simultaneously considering the impacts on land surface changes and vice versa. In this study, we use several multisource data to determine the spatial distribution, frequency, disturbance characteristics of and variability and distribution of pollutants emitted by wildfires. The specific objectives were to (1) study the sources of wildfires and the period they are prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa over a 9 year period, i.e., 2007–2016, (2) estimate the seasonal disturbance of wildfires on various vegetation types, (3) determine the spatial distribution of black carbon (BC), carbon monoxide (CO) and smoke, and (4) determine the vertical height distribution of smoke. The results show largest burned areas in December–January–February (DJF), June–July–August (JJA) and September–October–November (SON) seasons, and reciprocal high emissions of BC, CO, and smoke, as observed by Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications version 2 (MERRA-2) and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO). In addition, the results reveal an increasing trend in the magnitude of BC, and CO concentration driven by meteorological conditions such as low precipitation, low relative humidity, and low latent heat flux. Overall, this study demonstrates the value of multisource remotely sensed data in characterising long-term wildfire patterns and associated emissions. The results in this study are critical for informing better regional fire management and air quality control strategies to preserve endangered species and habitats, promote sustainable land management, and reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions.
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Megas, Ioannis-Fivos, Justus P. Beier, and Gerrit Grieb. "The History of Carbon Monoxide Intoxication." Medicina 57, no. 5 (April 21, 2021): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina57050400.
Full textAbstract:
Intoxication with carbon monoxide in organisms needing oxygen has probably existed on Earth as long as fire and its smoke. What was observed in antiquity and the Middle Ages, and usually ended fatally, was first successfully treated in the last century. Since then, diagnostics and treatments have undergone exciting developments, in particular specific treatments such as hyperbaric oxygen therapy. In this review, different historic aspects of the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of carbon monoxide intoxication are described and discussed.