Journal articles on the topic 'Carbon monoxide asphyxia'
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Parfenova, Helena, Massroor Pourcyrous, Alex L. Fedinec, Jianxiong Liu, Shyamali Basuroy, and Charles W. Leffler. "Astrocyte-produced carbon monoxide and the carbon monoxide donor CORM-A1 protect against cerebrovascular dysfunction caused by prolonged neonatal asphyxia." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 315, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): H978—H988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00140.2018.
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Neonatal asphyxia leads to cerebrovascular disease and neurological complications via a mechanism that may involve oxidative stress. Carbon monoxide (CO) is an antioxidant messenger produced via a heme oxygenase (HO)-catalyzed reaction. Cortical astrocytes are the major cells in the brain that express constitutive HO-2 isoform. We tested the hypothesis that CO, produced by astrocytes, has cerebroprotective properties during neonatal asphyxia. We developed a survival model of prolonged asphyxia in newborn pigs that combines insults of severe hypoxia, hypercapnia, and acidosis while avoiding extreme hypotension and cerebral blood flow reduction. During the 60-min asphyxia, CO production by brain and astrocytes was continuously elevated. Excessive formation of reactive oxygen species during asphyxia/reventilation was potentiated by the HO inhibitor tin protoporphyrin, suggesting that endogenous CO has antioxidant effects. Cerebral vascular outcomes tested 24 and 48 h after asphyxia demonstrated the sustained impairment of cerebral vascular responses to astrocyte- and endothelium-specific vasodilators. Postasphyxia cerebral vascular dysfunction was aggravated in newborn pigs pretreated with tin protoporphyrin to inhibit brain HO/CO. The CO donor CO-releasing molecule-A1 (CORM-A1) reduced brain oxidative stress during asphyxia/reventilation and prevented postasphyxia cerebrovascular dysfunction. The antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects of HO/CO and CORM-A1 were confirmed in primary cultures of astrocytes from the neonatal pig brain exposed to glutamate excitotoxicity. Overall, prolonged neonatal asphyxia leads to neurovascular injury via an oxidative stress-mediated mechanism that is counteracted by an astrocyte-based constitutive antioxidant HO/CO system. We propose that gaseous CO or CO donors can be used as novel approaches for prevention of neonatal brain injury caused by prolonged asphyxia. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Asphyxia in newborn infants may lead to lifelong neurological disabilities. Using the model of prolonged asphyxia in newborn piglets, we propose novel antioxidant therapy based on systemic administration of low doses of a carbon monoxide donor that prevent loss of cerebral blood flow regulation and may improve the neurological outcome of asphyxia.
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Li, Lixia. "Clinical Nursing Experience Sharing of Patients with Severe Lung Injury Caused by Gas Poisoning." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2022 (April 4, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4888524.
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Objective. To study the first aid and nursing methods of patients with coal gas poisoning and explore the nursing effect. Method. The clinical data of 50 patients with carbon monoxide poisoning admitted to the emergency department of our hospital from February 2011 to August 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients with severe toxic pulmonary edema were selected as the sample population, and all patients were equally divided by drawing lots. The two groups were divided into the study group and control group. The patients in the control group were given routine nursing intervention, while the patients in the study group were given routine nursing intervention. After the timely treatment of doctors in our hospital and the careful nursing of nursing staff, 45 patients in 50 patients were cured and discharged; 3 patients died of asphyxia due to long poisoning time. Two patients died of severe complications. Result. The total effective rate and oxygenation index of the study group were significantly different from those of the control group ( P < 0.05 ). Conclusion. In the clinical nursing work of patients with severe carbon monoxide toxic pulmonary edema, the nursing effect of emergency cluster therapy is ideal. Patients with carbon monoxide poisoning have obvious age, gender, poisoning causes, and seasonal characteristics. It is an important means to carry out targeted publicity and education in daily life and take effective preventive measures to prevent carbon monoxide poisoning. Once poisoning occurs, timely treatment should be carried out, and careful nursing should be provided to help patients get rid of the danger.
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Indiaminov, Sayit I., and Antonina A. Kim. "Epidemiological aspects and a current approach to the problem of carbon monoxide poisoning." Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine 6, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.19048/fm344.
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Background: Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is the leading cause of death from poisoning (accidental and intentional). The number of cases of CO poisoning is increasing day by day.
Aims: The aim of the study was to analyze the epidemiological situation of CO poisoning and identify the urgent aspects of this problem. In the article, the author provided a retrospective analysis of 117 cases of CO poisoning, registered in a number of regional branches of the Republican Scientific and Practical Center of the Forensic Medical Examination of Uzbekistan, after he studied and analyzed the world literature on the epidemiology of CO poisoning. It has been revealed that fatal poisoning ranks third after mechanical injuries and mechanical asphyxia and constitutes 6.3% (513 cases) in the range of deaths by violence (8078 cases). Therefore, CO poisoning is considered as one of the most prevailing (51%) causes of mortality.
Conclusion: This is a global problem, with young males at risk. Further studies on the current clinical and forensic aspects of CO poisoning are required, and the necessity for regular analysis of epidemiological data for taking comprehensive measures to prevent CO poisoning is emphasized.
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Haliti, Naim, Hilmi Islami, Nevzat Elezi, Ragip Shabani, Bedri Abdullahu, and Gani Dragusha. "In Vitro Research of the Alteration of Neurons in Vagal Core in Medulla Oblongata at Asphyxic Deaths." Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 10, no. 3 (August 20, 2010): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17305/bjbms.2010.2695.
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The aim of this study was to research the morphological changes of neurons in the vagus nerve nuclei in medulla oblongata in asphyxia related death cases. Morphological changes that were investigated were mainly in the dorsal motor respiratory center (DMRC), nucleus tractus solitarius (nTS) and nucleus ambigus (nA) in the medulla oblongata. In our research, the autopsy material from asphyxia related death cases was used from various etiologies: monoxide carbon (CO), liquid drowning, strangulation, electricity, clinical-pathological death, firing weapon, explosive weapon, sharp and blunt objects and death cases due to accident. The material selected for research was taken from medulla oblongata and lungs from all lobes. The material from the medulla oblongata and lungs was fixed in a 10% solution of buffered formalin. Special histochemical methods for central nervous system (CNS) were employed like: Cresyl echt violet, toluidin blue, Sevier-Munger modification and Grimelius. For stereometrical analysis of the quantitative density of the neurons the universal testing system Weibel M42 was used. The acquired results show that in sudden asphyxia related death cases, there are alterations in the nuclei of vagal nerve in form of: central chromatolysis, axonal retraction, axonal fragmentation, intranuclear vacuolization, cytoplasmic vacuolization, edema, condensation and dispersion of substance of Nissl, proliferation of oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglia. The altered population of vagus nerve neurons does not show an important statistica! significarne compared to the overall quantity of the neurons in the nuclei of the vagus nerve (p<0,05).
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Thacore, Vinod Rai, and Shashjit Lal Varma. "A Study of Suicides in Ballarat, Victoria, Australia." Crisis 21, no. 1 (January 2000): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//0227-5910.21.1.26.
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Objective:To study suicides occurring in Ballarat with regard to incidence, demographic variables, possible causal factors, and association with psychiatric disorders over a period of 5 years. Method:A detailed review of the coroner's record of every suicide occurring during 1992-1996 was undertaken. Information was obtained on socio-demographic variables, method and circumstances of suicide, and associated psychiatric disorders in each case and subjected to psychological autopsy. Results:75 suicides were recorded. The male to female ratio was 4:1 and average age was 43 years. 60% had associated psychiatric illnesses, mainly affective disorders. Carbon monoxide self-poisoning accounted for 40%, firearms for 30%, and hanging, overdose, asphyxia and other methods for the remaining 30%. It was statistically significant that the younger age group preferred firearms to other methods, and that their suicides were precipitated by interpersonal conflicts. Social and personal difficulties were associated in 33%, and triggering factors were present in 40%. Previous suicide attempts were present in 28%, while 32% had manifest behavior changes preceding suicides or verbalized their intent to suicide. Conclusions:Suicide rates in Ballarat were higher than the average overall Victorian and Australian rates. After a consistent decline over 4 years an increase occurred in 1996. The preferred method of suicide was carbon monoxide, although the young preferred firearms. Demographic and other psychosocial factors were similar to the rest of Australia. Unemployment was not a significant factor. Psychiatric conditions, personal and social problems figured prominently as factors of etiological significance in suicide subjects.
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Pauluhn, Jurgen. "A Retrospective Analysis of Predicted and Observed Smoke Lethal Toxic Potency Values." Journal of Fire Sciences 11, no. 2 (March 1993): 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419301100201.
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Combustion toxicity data obtained with the DIN 53436 test method were retrospectively analyzed. The major objective was to evaluate the applicability of mathematical modeling methods for the prediction of the acute lethal toxic potency of fire effluents. All materials were tested using a combus tion temperature of 600°C, duration of exposure of 30 min, and 5 rats/sex/ group. In most experiments the CO2/CO ratio appeared to be smaller than 20. The mathematical model applied accommodates lethal toxic effects related to carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, sulphur dioxide, ammonia, and nitrogen oxide(s). The analysis of predicted and observed LC50 data revealed a fairly good correlation (r > 0.8). The best prediction was achieved when toxic potencies of asphyxiants and irritants were additively combined (slope = 0.96, r = 0.82). However, the correlation was best when each mode of action (asphyxia and irri tation) were not considered to be additive (slope = 1.12, r = 0.88). The evalua tion of analytical data revealed that for most of the tests performed the concen tration of irritant gases was relatively low if compared with asphyxic gases. Only in a comparatively small number of studies lethal concentrations of irri tants (NOx and SO2) were produced. Experimental evidence suggests that the use of the female rats does not increase the sensitivity of the bioassay. Assess ment of smoke toxicity from analytical data encourage researchers to minimize the overall use of biological assays.
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Byard, Roger W., Carl Winskog, and Karen Heath. "Nitrogen inhalation suicide pacts." Medicine, Science and the Law 59, no. 1 (January 2019): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0025802419828914.
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Suicide pacts usually result in simultaneous deaths by mutual arrangement. While nitrogen and helium gas inhalation are being increasingly used in solitary suicide attempts, for some reason they have been rarely utilised in suicide pacts. A search of autopsy files at Forensic Science SA over a 15-year period (2003–2017) was undertaken to determine how often this method of joint suicide occurs. Only two cases were found. Case 1 comprised a 64-year-old husband and wife (who had a history of multiple sclerosis). They were found deceased in a vehicle with two empty cylinders of nitrogen gas. Case 2 comprised an 87-year-old man (who had a history of ischaemic heart disease) and his 81-year-old wife who were found deceased with plastic bags over their heads, with plastic tubes connecting the bags to opened cylinders of nitrogen. The deaths in all cases were due to nitrogen-induced asphyxiation, in the latter instance augmenting plastic-bag asphyxia. Although suicide pacts have previously usually involved carbon-monoxide toxicity or drug overdose, it is possible that dissemination of information on the use of inert gases in individual suicide attempts may alter the methods used in future.
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Dalle Zotte, Antonella, Anna Concollato, Giulia Secci, Marco Cullere, and Giuliana Parisi. "Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) farmed at two different temperatures: Post rigor mortis changes in function of the stunning method." Czech Journal of Animal Science 65, No. 9. (September 30, 2020): 354–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/144/2020-cjas.
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Post rigor mortis changes of texture, chemical and sensory properties in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared at two different temperature conditions (8 and 12 °C) were examined to better understand how different stunning methods, i.e. electroshock (E) and asphyxia with carbon monoxide (CO), can influence their evolution during refrigerated storage. Seven days after rigor resolution (T<sub>RR</sub>7), considering ATP catabolites (K- and K1-values), the freshness remained well preserved regardless of the stunning method applied and water temperature. During refrigerated storage fillets from fish reared at 8 °C maintained significantly higher (P < 0.001) pH at the day of rigor resolution (T<sub>RR</sub>0), whereas at the end of the storage time (T<sub>RR</sub>7), 8 °C-reared fish showed a significantly lower pH value (P < 0.05). CO treatment was effective in ensuring a more intense red colour of the fillet and high chroma, whereas E treatment exhibited the lowest a*, b* and chroma values. The texture profile analysis showed a significant effect of the stunning method (S), water temperature (T) and S × T interaction on fillet cohesiveness. TBARS values were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in fish stunned by CO when compared to E group in the first 76 h post mortem (T<sub>RR</sub>0). At the end of the storage period (T<sub>RR</sub>7), no TBARS value difference was detected between treatments. The stunning method had a relevant impact on fillet sensory traits, revealing that CO fillets were the juiciest (P < 0.05) and presented the lowest saltiness (P < 0.05), aroma (P < 0.05) and odour (P < 0.01) intensity. Rearing temperature, instead, had a moderate effect on fillet sensory traits and indicated that the water temperature of 12 °C enhanced juiciness (P < 0.05) and tenderness (P < 0.05) attributes. Overall results suggested that CO is a suitable stunning method for trout that, coupled with 12 °C water temperature, are able to preserve fillet freshness, enhance colorimetric characteristics which are maintained during refrigerated storage, and provide desirable sensory traits.
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ERSOY, Sibel, Necla İrem ÖLMEZOĞLU İRİ, Hülya KARADENİZ, Hüseyin Çetin KETENCİ, and Elif ÇELENK KAYA. "Chemical Risk Factors in Work Safety and Security: Carbon Monoxide (CO) Exposition of Workers." Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 11, no. 3 (September 27, 2022): 927–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37989/gumussagbil.1118582.
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Chemical hazards are at the forefront of the sources of danger that adversely affect the health and safety of employees in working environments. Gaseous chemicals, which are classified as simple asphyxiant, irritant and chemical asphyxiant, carry serious risks for the working environment.
In this study, it is aimed to determine the carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels of gasoline distributors, taxi-bus drivers and automotive industry workers in Gümüşhane province, which are exposed to exhaust gases, and to propose occupational health and safety (OHS) measures for them to work in a healthy and safe environment.
In the study, blood samples were taken from the workers who were exposed to CO due to their profession and from the control group who were not exposed to CO, and their COHb saturation percentages were determined by the CO-Oximetry device. An 11-question semi-structured questionnaire was applied to determine the relationships between COHb levels, smoking habits, professional experience, and whether or not they received OHS training, and the results were evaluated with the SPSS program.
As a result of the study, significant differences were revealed between the COHb levels of those exposed to exhaust gas and the control group. When variables such as %COHb levels and the professional experience of the employees, whether they have received OHS training or not, are examined, it is seen that these variables do not affect the result.
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Schmunk, Gregory A., and James A. Kaplan. "Asphyxial Deaths Caused by Automobile Exhaust Inhalation not Attributable to Carbon Monoxide Toxicity: Study of 2 Cases." American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 23, no. 2 (June 2002): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000433-200206000-00002.
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Abhishek, L., and J. Kathirvelan. "Design and development of IoT enabled gas sensing system for remote monitoring of air quality in borewell rescue operations." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2115, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2115/1/012012.
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Abstract The children demise inside the borewell is expanded in nowadays, with uncovered borewell they fallen without knowing and lost their lives due to asphyxiant inside, likewise without oxygen, food and so forth The harmful gases like carbon monoxide, Methane, LPG, hydrogen sulphide inside the bore-well it will influence the children breathing and furthermore this may prompt unconsciousness, and without oxygen it might influence the brain functioning of child and child may die and furthermore explicit distance of the child at what distance child stuck isn’t know. To overcome these, we need to detect the various gases with different multiple gas sensors additionally to get the temperature and humidity condition. Alongside this ultrasonic sensor is utilized to get the distance of child at what distance child got stuck. We have utilized two Arduino Uno microcontrollers which is at the transmitter side and other at Receiver side also utilized two ZigBee’s as the communication devices. With the help of IoT involved in the proposed system. Every one of these information are sent to the cloud and we can monitor the data in the thing speak dashboard through PC or from our smart phone through Android App Usage and also, through LCD at Receiver end. We can utilize this proposed framework inside the borewell for up to 80-meter depth. Thus, we came up with this Design and Development of IoT enabled Gas sensing system for remote monitoring of Air quality in borewell Rescue operations. Based on proposed system results of real time data the Rescue specialists can make a further move by providing of oxygen, food, and so forth Save their lives.
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Yildiz, Hayrettin, Esin Aldemir, Emel Altuncu, Muhittin Celik, and Sultan Kavuncuoglu. "A rare cause of perinatal asphyxia: maternal carbon monoxide poisoning." Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 281, no. 2 (June 6, 2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00404-009-1139-4.
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Liu, Jianxiong, Charles W. Leffler, Alexander L. Fedinec, Massroor Pourcyrous, and Helena Parfenova. "Antioxidant and Cerebroprotective Roles of Carbon Monoxide (CO) Against Cerebrovascular Injury Caused by Prolonged Neonatal Asphyxia." FASEB Journal 32, S1 (April 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.2018.32.1_supplement.712.4.
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Isakov, Vladimir, Aleksandr Bozhchenko, Orasmurad Dgumaevich Yagmurov, Olga Yakovenko, and Yur Viktorovih Nazarov. "DYNAMICS AND STRUCTURE OF FORENSIC MEDICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF VIOLENT DEATH IN ST. PETERSBURG OVER THE PAST 10 YEARS." Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine, October 19, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/fm694.
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The levels of injuries and violent death depend on the state of the economy and health care in the region and the state as a whole. In recent years, another significant factor has been the spread of a new coronavirus infection. The purpose of the work is to study the dynamics of the volume and structure of violent death in the Russian Federation over the past 10 years, including the period of the spread of a new infection, using the example of a megalopolis. Research material: annual reports of the Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination of St. Petersburg. Methods: data grouping, frequency analysis, correlation analysis, comparison, system analysis, inductive generalization. Results. Over the past 10 years, a number of significant changes have taken place in St. Petersburg in the scope and structure of forensic medical investigations of violent deaths. The main positive trend was a decrease in the absolute and relative number of cases of violent death. Statistically significantly (p0.05), the number of cases of transport trauma, injuries resulting from the action of blunt and sharp objects, gunshot, thermal trauma, mechanical asphyxia, as well as poisoning with ethanol and carbon monoxide decreased significantly; infant mortality decreased; there were fewer unidentified and unclaimed corpses. Along with this, there was a steady increase in the number of drug poisoning; the level of fatal injury as a result of falling from a height remained consistently high. The background incidence of a new coronavirus infection in 2020 was 2.4-3.2%. Among the dead with a confirmed diagnosis of a new coronavirus infection, the proportion of cases of falling from a height, thermal burns, strangulation with a noose increased; transport (primarily rail), gunshot and explosive injuries, cases of drowning, poisoning with drugs and alcohol detection in the biological environments of the body of the victims were less common.
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Weiss, Stephanie T., and Kathryn W. Weibrecht. "Toxic Gases." DeckerMed Family Medicine, February 8, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/fm.4342.
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This review looks at the potential causes, diagnoses, and possible treatments for three asphyxiant gases: carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, and hydrogen sulfide, Exposure to these gases can lead to central nervous system depression, unconsciousness, and death due to tissue hypoxia. These gases are among the most common causes of fatalities related to toxic gas poisoning, with carbon monoxide responsible for 36% and hydrogen sulfide 7.7%. It is necessary to remove victims affected by poisoning immediately from the source of the toxic gas, administer oxygen, and assess their stability. As symptoms of these gases can differ widely, ranging from broad and unspecific to highly morbid, and may require different levels of care, the correct diagnosis should also rely on inferences from the patient history and the context of the admission, including evidence of fire and chemical reactions. Normobaric oxygen and hyperbaric oxygen are the two main treatments for carbon monoxide, although studies have been inconclusive in regards to the effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen. The Cyanokit (containing hydroxocobalamin) is considered to be more effective for hydrogen cyanide when compared with the Cyanide Antidote Kit due to the former’s low toxicity and high effectiveness. Hydrogen sulfide is often used as a suicide agent, the mortality of which is close to 100%. Figures show the mechanisms by which the asphyxiant gases carry out their negative effects on the human body. Tables show the half-life of carboxyhemoglobin with oxygen therapy and a comparison between the Cyanide Antidote Kit and the Cyanokit. This review contains 3 figures, 13 tables, and 44 references. Keywords: Inhalation, poisoning, carbon monoxide, cyanide, methemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin, hydrogen sulfide, smoke
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Weiss, Stephanie T., and Kathryn W. Weibrecht. "Toxic Gases." DeckerMed Medicine, February 8, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/im.4342.
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This review looks at the potential causes, diagnoses, and possible treatments for three asphyxiant gases: carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, and hydrogen sulfide, Exposure to these gases can lead to central nervous system depression, unconsciousness, and death due to tissue hypoxia. These gases are among the most common causes of fatalities related to toxic gas poisoning, with carbon monoxide responsible for 36% and hydrogen sulfide 7.7%. It is necessary to remove victims affected by poisoning immediately from the source of the toxic gas, administer oxygen, and assess their stability. As symptoms of these gases can differ widely, ranging from broad and unspecific to highly morbid, and may require different levels of care, the correct diagnosis should also rely on inferences from the patient history and the context of the admission, including evidence of fire and chemical reactions. Normobaric oxygen and hyperbaric oxygen are the two main treatments for carbon monoxide, although studies have been inconclusive in regards to the effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen. The Cyanokit (containing hydroxocobalamin) is considered to be more effective for hydrogen cyanide when compared with the Cyanide Antidote Kit due to the former’s low toxicity and high effectiveness. Hydrogen sulfide is often used as a suicide agent, the mortality of which is close to 100%. Figures show the mechanisms by which the asphyxiant gases carry out their negative effects on the human body. Tables show the half-life of carboxyhemoglobin with oxygen therapy and a comparison between the Cyanide Antidote Kit and the Cyanokit. This review contains 3 figures, 13 tables, and 44 references. Keywords: Inhalation, poisoning, carbon monoxide, cyanide, methemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin, hydrogen sulfide, smoke
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Weiss, Stephanie T., and Kathryn W. Weibrecht. "Toxic Gases." DeckerMed Emergency Medicine, February 8, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/em.4342.
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This review looks at the potential causes, diagnoses, and possible treatments for three asphyxiant gases: carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, and hydrogen sulfide, Exposure to these gases can lead to central nervous system depression, unconsciousness, and death due to tissue hypoxia. These gases are among the most common causes of fatalities related to toxic gas poisoning, with carbon monoxide responsible for 36% and hydrogen sulfide 7.7%. It is necessary to remove victims affected by poisoning immediately from the source of the toxic gas, administer oxygen, and assess their stability. As symptoms of these gases can differ widely, ranging from broad and unspecific to highly morbid, and may require different levels of care, the correct diagnosis should also rely on inferences from the patient history and the context of the admission, including evidence of fire and chemical reactions. Normobaric oxygen and hyperbaric oxygen are the two main treatments for carbon monoxide, although studies have been inconclusive in regards to the effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen. The Cyanokit (containing hydroxocobalamin) is considered to be more effective for hydrogen cyanide when compared with the Cyanide Antidote Kit due to the former’s low toxicity and high effectiveness. Hydrogen sulfide is often used as a suicide agent, the mortality of which is close to 100%. Figures show the mechanisms by which the asphyxiant gases carry out their negative effects on the human body. Tables show the half-life of carboxyhemoglobin with oxygen therapy and a comparison between the Cyanide Antidote Kit and the Cyanokit. This review contains 3 figures, 13 tables, and 44 references. Keywords: Inhalation, poisoning, carbon monoxide, cyanide, methemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin, hydrogen sulfide, smoke
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Weiss, Stephanie T., and Kathryn W. Weibrecht. "Toxic Gases." DeckerMed Neurology, May 28, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/neuro.4342.
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This review looks at the potential causes, diagnoses, and possible treatments for three asphyxiant gases: carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, and hydrogen sulfide, Exposure to these gases can lead to central nervous system depression, unconsciousness, and death due to tissue hypoxia. These gases are among the most common causes of fatalities related to toxic gas poisoning, with carbon monoxide responsible for 36% and hydrogen sulfide 7.7%. It is necessary to remove victims affected by poisoning immediately from the source of the toxic gas, administer oxygen, and assess their stability. As symptoms of these gases can differ widely, ranging from broad and unspecific to highly morbid, and may require different levels of care, the correct diagnosis should also rely on inferences from the patient history and the context of the admission, including evidence of fire and chemical reactions. Normobaric oxygen and hyperbaric oxygen are the two main treatments for carbon monoxide, although studies have been inconclusive in regards to the effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen. The Cyanokit (containing hydroxocobalamin) is considered to be more effective for hydrogen cyanide when compared with the Cyanide Antidote Kit due to the former’s low toxicity and high effectiveness. Hydrogen sulfide is often used as a suicide agent, the mortality of which is close to 100%. Figures show the mechanisms by which the asphyxiant gases carry out their negative effects on the human body. Tables show the half-life of carboxyhemoglobin with oxygen therapy and a comparison between the Cyanide Antidote Kit and the Cyanokit. This review contains 3 highly rendered figures, 2 tables, 43 references, and 5 MCQs.