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1

Nakayama, Y. "ES 10.04 Carbon-ion Therapy." Journal of Thoracic Oncology 12, no. 11 (November 2017): S1631—S1632. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2017.09.142.

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2

Amos, Richard A. "Proton and Carbon Ion Therapy." Medical Physics 40, no. 5 (April 22, 2013): 057301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4802213.

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3

Yoshida, Yukari, Akihisa Takahashi, and Koichi Ando. "8.2.6 Fractionation in Carbon-Ion Therapy." RADIOISOTOPES 68, no. 10 (October 15, 2019): 723–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3769/radioisotopes.68.723.

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4

Kramer, David. "Carbon-ion cancer therapy shows promise." Physics Today 68, no. 6 (June 2015): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/pt.3.2812.

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5

Maruyama, K., R. Imai, T. Kamada, H. Tsuji, and H. Tsujii. "Carbon Ion Radiation Therapy for Chondrosarcoma." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 84, no. 3 (November 2012): S139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2012.07.159.

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6

Ando, Koichi, and Yuki Kase. "Biological characteristics of carbon-ion therapy." International Journal of Radiation Biology 85, no. 9 (January 2009): 715–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09553000903072470.

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7

Demizu, Yusuke, Osamu Fujii, Hiromitsu Iwata, and Nobukazu Fuwa. "Carbon Ion Therapy for Early-Stage Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/727962.

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Carbon ion therapy is a type of radiotherapies that can deliver high-dose radiation to a tumor while minimizing the dose delivered to the organs at risk; this profile differs from that of photon radiotherapy. Moreover, carbon ions are classified as high-linear energy transfer radiation and are expected to be effective for even photon-resistant tumors. Recently, high-precision radiotherapy modalities such as stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT), proton therapy, and carbon ion therapy have been used for patients with early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer, and the results are promising, as, for carbon ion therapy, local control and overall survival rates at 5 years are 80–90% and 40–50%, respectively. Carbon ion therapy may be theoretically superior to SBRT and proton therapy, but the literature that is currently available does not show a statistically significant difference among these treatments. Carbon ion therapy demonstrates a better dose distribution than both SBRT and proton therapy in most cases of early-stage lung cancer. Therefore, carbon ion therapy may be safer for treating patients with adverse conditions such as large tumors, central tumors, and poor pulmonary function. Furthermore, carbon ion therapy may also be suitable for dose escalation and hypofractionation.
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8

Brower, V. "Carbon Ion Therapy To Debut in Europe." JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 101, no. 2 (January 13, 2009): 74–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djn496.

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9

Story, Michael, Arnold Pompos, and Robert Timmerman. "On the value of carbon-ion therapy." Physics Today 69, no. 11 (November 2016): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/pt.3.3348.

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10

Ewell, Lars. "On the value of carbon-ion therapy." Physics Today 69, no. 11 (November 2016): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/pt.3.3349.

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11

Schulz, Robert J. "On the value of carbon-ion therapy." Physics Today 69, no. 11 (November 2016): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/pt.3.3350.

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12

Ishikawa, Hitoshi, Hiroshi Tsuji, Tadashi Kamada, Koichiro Akakura, Hiroyoshi Suzuki, Jun Shimazaki, and Hirohiko Tsujii. "Carbon-ion radiation therapy for prostate cancer." International Journal of Urology 19, no. 4 (February 9, 2012): 296–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-2042.2012.02961.x.

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13

Nakayama, Yuko. "SC03.03 Carbon-Ion Therapy of Lung Cancer." Journal of Thoracic Oncology 12, no. 1 (January 2017): S81—S82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2016.11.072.

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14

Puchalska, Monika, Thomas Tessonnier, Katia Parodi, and Lembit Sihver. "Benchmarking of PHITS for Carbon Ion Therapy." International Journal of Particle Therapy 4, no. 3 (October 2017): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14338/ijpt-17-00029.1.

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15

Boytsov, A. Yu, D. E. Donets, E. D. Donets, E. E. Donets, K. Katagiri, K. Noda, D. O. Ponkin, A. Yu Ramzdorf, V. V. Salnikov, and V. B. Shutov. "Electron string ion sources for carbon ion cancer therapy accelerators." Review of Scientific Instruments 86, no. 8 (August 2015): 083308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4927821.

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16

Zhang, Yihe, Xiaojun Li, Yanshan Zhang, Yancheng Ye, Xin Pan, Tingchao Hu, Weizuo Chen, Hongyu Chai, Xin Wang, and Yuling Yang. "Carbon ion radiotherapy for recurrent ameloblastoma: A case report." SAGE Open Medical Case Reports 10 (January 2022): 2050313X2210824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050313x221082416.

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Ameloblastoma is a kind of benign, odontogenic tumor of epithelial origin, and surgery is mainstay treatment method; however, recurrence is common, and usually the treatment for recurrence is still surgery. We report on a patient of recurrent ameloblastoma treated with carbon ion radiation therapy and achieved a good efficacy. A 25-year-old female with relapse of an ameloblastoma was referred to the Wuwei Heavy Ion Center for carbon ion therapy. She had been initially diagnosed with ameloblastoma 8 years ago and underwent operation of right mandible ameloblastoma. After she transferred to our center, she accepted a dose of 60 GyE carbon ion radiation therapy, and the efficacy is good. Carbon ion radiation therapy can be an effective treatment option for ameloblastoma.
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17

Ishikawa, Hitoshi, Kayoko Ohnishi, Masashi Mizumoto, Yoshiko Oshiro, Toshiyuki Okumura, and Hideyuki Sakurai. "Particle Beam Therapy: Proton Beam Therapy and Carbon Ion Radiotherapy." Haigan 54, no. 7 (2014): 917–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2482/haigan.54.917.

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18

Tinganelli, Walter, and Marco Durante. "Carbon Ion Radiobiology." Cancers 12, no. 10 (October 17, 2020): 3022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12103022.

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Radiotherapy using accelerated charged particles is rapidly growing worldwide. About 85% of the cancer patients receiving particle therapy are irradiated with protons, which have physical advantages compared to X-rays but a similar biological response. In addition to the ballistic advantages, heavy ions present specific radiobiological features that can make them attractive for treating radioresistant, hypoxic tumors. An ideal heavy ion should have lower toxicity in the entrance channel (normal tissue) and be exquisitely effective in the target region (tumor). Carbon ions have been chosen because they represent the best combination in this direction. Normal tissue toxicities and second cancer risk are similar to those observed in conventional radiotherapy. In the target region, they have increased relative biological effectiveness and a reduced oxygen enhancement ratio compared to X-rays. Some radiobiological properties of densely ionizing carbon ions are so distinct from X-rays and protons that they can be considered as a different “drug” in oncology, and may elicit favorable responses such as an increased immune response and reduced angiogenesis and metastatic potential. The radiobiological properties of carbon ions should guide patient selection and treatment protocols to achieve optimal clinical results.
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19

Pullia, Marco G. "Synchrotrons for Hadrontherapy." Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology 02, no. 01 (January 2009): 157–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793626809000284.

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Since 1990, when the world's first hospital-based proton therapy center opened in Loma Linda, California, interest in dedicated proton and carbon ion therapy facilities has been growing steadily. Today, many proton therapy centers are in operation, but the number of centers offering carbon ion therapy is still very low. This difference reflects the fact that protons are well accepted by the medical community, whereas radiotherapy with carbon ions is still experimental. Furthermore, accelerators for carbon ions are larger, more complicated and more expensive than those for protons only. This article describes the accelerator performance required for hadrontherapy and how this is realized, with particular emphasis on carbon ion synchrotrons.
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20

Wang, Lina, Xiaohu Wang, Qiuning Zhang, Juntao Ran, Yichao Geng, Shuangwu Feng, Chengcheng Li, and Xueshan Zhao. "Is there a role for carbon therapy in the treatment of gynecological carcinomas? A systematic review." Future Oncology 15, no. 26 (September 2019): 3081–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fon-2019-0187.

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This Systematic Review summarizes the literatures of clinical trials on the efficacy and safety of carbon ion therapy for gynecological carcinomas. The protocol is detailed in the online PROSPERO database, registration no. CRD42019121424, and a final set of eight studies were included. In the treatment of cervical carcinomas, both carbon ion therapy alone and carbon ion therapy concurrent chemotherapy have presented good efficacy. Besides, the efficacy of inoperable endometrial carcinomas and gynecological melanoma are similar to that of surgical treatment. In terms of safety, gastrointestinal and genitourinary toxicities are low and could be controlled by limiting the volume and dose of intestinal tract and bladder. Carbon ion radiotherapy could be considered a safe, effective and feasible therapy for gynecological carcinomas.
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21

Okano, Naoko, Makoto Sakai, Kei Shibuya, Kazuhisa Tsuda, Takao Kanzaki, Masato Sano, Yoshiaki Kaneko, and Tatsuya Ohno. "Safety verification of carbon-ion radiotherapy for patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs)." Journal of Radiation Research 63, no. 1 (November 8, 2021): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrr/rrab105.

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Abstract According to guidelines, carbon-ion beam therapy is considered to carry a high safety risk for patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs), although the actual impacts remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the safety of carbon-ion beam therapy in patients with CIEDs. Patients with CIEDs who underwent carbon-ion therapy at Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center between June 2010 and December 2019 were identified and investigated for abnormalities in the operation of their CIEDs, such as oversensing and resetting during irradiation, and abnormalities in operation after treatment. In addition, the risk of irradiation from carbon-ion beam therapy was evaluated by model simulations. Twenty patients (22 sites) with CIEDs were identified, 19 with pacemakers and one with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). Treatments were completed without any problems, except for one case in which the treatment was discontinued because of worsening of the primary disease. Monte Carlo simulation indicated that the carbon beam irradiation produced neutrons at a constant and high level in the irradiation field. Nevertheless, with the distances between the CIEDs and the irradiation fields in the analyzed cases, the quantity of neutrons at the CIEDs was lower than that within the irradiation. Although carbon-ion beam therapy can be safely administered to patients with CIEDs, it is advisable to perform the therapy with sufficient preparation and backup devices because of the risks involved.
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22

Takahashi, Akihisa, Yukari Yoshida, and Koichi Ando. "8.2.3 Relative Biological Effectiveness in Carbon-Ion Therapy." RADIOISOTOPES 68, no. 10 (October 15, 2019): 701–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3769/radioisotopes.68.701.

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23

Karger, Christian P., and Peter Peschke. "RBE and related modeling in carbon-ion therapy." Physics in Medicine & Biology 63, no. 1 (December 19, 2017): 01TR02. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/aa9102.

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24

Rackwitz, Tilmann, and Jürgen Debus. "Clinical applications of proton and carbon ion therapy." Seminars in Oncology 46, no. 3 (June 2019): 226–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.seminoncol.2019.07.005.

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25

NODA, Koji, Takuji FURUKAWA, Takashi FUJISAWA, Yoshiyuki IWATA, Tatsuaki KANAI, Mitsutaka KANAZAWA, Atsushi KITAGAWA, et al. "New Accelerator Facility for Carbon-Ion Cancer-Therapy." Journal of Radiation Research 48, Suppl.A (2007): A43—A54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1269/jrr.48.a43.

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26

Brüningk, Sarah C., Florian Kamp, and Jan J. Wilkens. "EUD‐based biological optimization for carbon ion therapy." Medical Physics 42, no. 11 (October 8, 2015): 6248–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.4932219.

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27

Combs, Stephanie E., Christian Hartmann, Anna Nikoghosyan, Oliver Jäkel, Christian P. Karger, Thomas Haberer, Andreas von Deimling, et al. "Carbon ion radiation therapy for high-risk meningiomas." Radiotherapy and Oncology 95, no. 1 (April 2010): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2009.12.029.

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28

Karasawa, K., N. Yamamoto, S. Yamada, M. Shinoto, M. Wakatsuki, and T. Kamada. "Carbon Ion Radiation Therapy for Lymph Node Recurrence." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 84, no. 3 (November 2012): S579—S580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2012.07.1545.

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29

Schardt, D. "Tumor therapy with high-energy carbon ion beams." Nuclear Physics A 787, no. 1-4 (May 2007): 633–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2006.12.097.

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30

Fukumitsu, Nobuyoshi. "Particle Beam Therapy for Cancer of the Skull Base, Nasal Cavity, and Paranasal Sinus." ISRN Otolaryngology 2012 (May 31, 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/965204.

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Particle beam therapy has been rapidly developed in these several decades. Proton and carbon ion beams are most frequently used in particle beam therapy. Proton and carbon ion beam radiotherapy have physical and biological advantage to the conventional photon radiotherapy. Cancers of the skull base, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinus are rare; however these diseases can receive the benefits of particle beam radiotherapy. This paper describes the clinical review of the cancer of the skull base, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinus treated with proton and carbon ion beams, adding some information of feature and future direction of proton and carbon ion beam radiotherapy.
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31

Jäkel, O., D. Schulz-Ertner, C. P. Karger, A. Nikoghosyan, and J. Debus. "Heavy Ion Therapy: Status and Perspectives." Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment 2, no. 5 (October 2003): 377–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153303460300200503.

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Starting with the pioneering work at the University of California in Berkeley in 1977, heavy ion radiotherapy has been of increasing interest especially in Japan and Europe in the last decade. There are currently 3 facilities treating patients with carbon ions, two of them in Japan within a clinical setting. In Germany, a research therapy facility is in operation and the construction of a new hospital based facility at the Heidelberg university will be started soon. An outline of the current status of heavy ion radiotherapy is given with emphasis to the technical aspects of the respective facilities. This includes a description of passive and active beam shaping systems, as well as their implications for treatment planning and dosimetry. The clinical trials and routine treatments performed at the German heavy ion facility are summarized. An overview over the upcoming new facilities and their technical possibilities is given. It is discussed what the necessary improvements are to fully exploit the potential of these facilities. Especially the new Heidelberg facility with the possibility of active beam scanning in combination with the first isocentric gantry for ions and offering beams of protons, helium, oxygen and carbon ions has implications on treatment planning, dosimetry and quality assurance. The necessary and ongoing developments in these areas are summarized. The new facilities also offer the possibilities to perform more extensive clinical studies and to explore future indications for radiotherapy with heavy ions. An overview over the indications and treatment schemes is also given.
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32

Kim, Jung-in, Jong Min Park, and Hong-Gyun Wu. "Carbon Ion Therapy: A Review of an Advanced Technology." Progress in Medical Physics 31, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14316/pmp.2020.31.3.71.

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33

Mori, Shinichiro, Toshiyuki Shirai, Yuka Takei, Takuji Furukawa, Taku Inaniwa, Yuka Matsuzaki, Motoki Kumagai, Takeshi Murakami, and Koji Noda. "Patient handling system for carbon ion beam scanning therapy." Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics 13, no. 6 (November 2012): 226–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1120/jacmp.v13i6.3926.

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34

Muramatsu, M., A. Kitagawa, Y. Sato, S. Yamada, T. Hattori, M. Hanagasaki, T. Fukushima, and H. Ogawa. "Development of an ECR ion source for carbon therapy." Review of Scientific Instruments 73, no. 2 (February 2002): 573–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1429307.

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35

Trifiletti, Daniel M., and Paul D. Brown. "Proton and carbon ion therapy for skull base chordomas." Neuro-Oncology 22, no. 9 (July 17, 2020): 1241–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noaa169.

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36

Jensen, A. "SP-0342: Carbon ion therapy in adenoid cystic carcinoma." Radiotherapy and Oncology 127 (April 2018): S180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8140(18)30652-2.

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37

Karasawa, K., T. Omatsu, M. Wakatsuki, S. Shiba, S. Fukuda, T. Kamada, N. Yamamoto, T. Ishikawa, A. Arakawa, and M. Saito. "Carbon Ion Radiation Therapy for Stage I Breast Cancer." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 96, no. 2 (October 2016): E7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.06.612.

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38

Xu, Jun-Kui, You-Wu Su, Wu-Yuan Li, Wei-Wei Yan, Xi-Meng Chen, Wang Mao, and Cheng-Guo Pang. "Evaluation of neutron radiation field in carbon ion therapy." Chinese Physics C 40, no. 1 (January 2016): 018201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1137/40/1/018201.

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39

Karasawa, K., T. Omatsu, M. Harada, Y. Koba, S. Fukuda, T. Kamada, M. Saito, N. Kohno, and N. Yamamoto. "Carbon Ion Radiation Therapy for Stage I Breast Cancer." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 90, no. 1 (September 2014): S229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2014.05.820.

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40

Eichkorn, Tanja, Laila König, Thomas Held, Patrick Naumann, Semi Harrabi, Malte Ellerbrock, Klaus Herfarth, Thomas Haberer, and Jürgen Debus. "Carbon Ion Radiation Therapy: One Decade of Research and Clinical Experience at Heidelberg Ion Beam Therapy Center." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 111, no. 3 (November 2021): 597–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2021.05.131.

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41

Kramer, David. "Slow but steady progress seen for carbon-ion cancer therapy." Physics Today 75, no. 9 (September 1, 2022): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/pt.3.5078.

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42

Nakagawa, Y., H. Yoshihara, T. Kageji, R. Matsuoka, and Y. Nakagawa. "Cost analysis of radiotherapy, carbon ion therapy, proton therapy and BNCT in Japan." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 67, no. 7-8 (July 2009): S80—S83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2009.03.055.

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43

Eley, John G., Thomas Friedrich, Kenneth L. Homann, Rebecca M. Howell, Michael Scholz, Marco Durante, and Wayne D. Newhauser. "Comparative Risk Predictions of Second Cancers After Carbon-Ion Therapy Versus Proton Therapy." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 95, no. 1 (May 2016): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.02.032.

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44

Komatsu, S., M. Murakami, T. Fukumoto, M. Tominaga, T. Iwasaki, D. Miyawaki, H. Nishimura, R. Sasaki, Y. Ku, and Y. Hishikawa. "Proton Therapy and Carbon Ion Therapy for Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma: The Hyogo Ion Beam Medical Center Experience." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 69, no. 3 (November 2007): S266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.07.1286.

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45

Magrin, Giulio, and Ramona Mayer. "Microdosimetry in ion-beam therapy." Modern Physics Letters A 30, no. 17 (May 22, 2015): 1540027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732315400271.

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The information of the dose is not sufficiently describing the biological effects of ions on tissue since it does not express the radiation quality, i.e. the heterogeneity of the processes due to the slowing-down and the fragmentation of the particles when crossing a target. Depending on different circumstances, the radiation quality can be determined using measurements, calculations, or simulations. Microdosimeters are the primary tools used to provide the experimental information of the radiation quality and their role is becoming crucial for the recent clinical developments in particular with carbon ion therapy. Microdosimetry is strongly linked to the biological effectiveness of the radiation since it provides the physical parameters which explicitly distinguish the radiation for its capability of damaging cells. In the framework of ion-beam therapy microdosimetry can be used in the preparation of the treatment to complement radiobiological experiments and to analyze the modification of the radiation quality in phantoms. A more ambitious goal is to perform the measurements during the irradiation procedure to determine the non-targeted radiation and, more importantly, to monitor the modification of the radiation quality inside the patient. These procedures provide the feedback of the treatment directly beneficial for the single patient but also for the characterization of the biological effectiveness in general with advantages for all future treatment. Traditional and innovative tools are currently under study and an outlook of present experience and future development is presented here.
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46

Kang, Heung-Sik, J. Y. Huang, and Jinhyuk Choi. "Lattice Design of a Carbon-Ion Synchrotron for Cancer Therapy." Journal of the Korean Physical Society 53, no. 2 (August 14, 2008): 544–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3938/jkps.53.544.

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47

Wang, Qianxia, Antony Adair, Yu Deng, Hongliang Chen, Michael Moyers, James Lin, and Pablo Yepes. "A track repeating algorithm for intensity modulated carbon ion therapy." Physics in Medicine & Biology 64, no. 9 (May 2, 2019): 095026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ab10d0.

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48

Muramatsu, M., A. Kitagawa, Y. Sakamoto, Y. Sato, S. Yamada, H. Ogawa, A. G. Drentje, S. Biri, and Y. Yoshida. "Compact ECR ion source with permanent magnets for carbon therapy." Review of Scientific Instruments 75, no. 5 (May 2004): 1925–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1699521.

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49

Debus, J., and K. Herfarth. "51: Carbon Ion Therapy: Actual and Future Strategies at HIT." Radiotherapy and Oncology 110 (February 2014): S26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8140(15)34072-x.

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50

Apisarnthanarax, Smith, Stephen R. Bowen, and Stephanie E. Combs. "Proton Beam Therapy and Carbon Ion Radiotherapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma." Seminars in Radiation Oncology 28, no. 4 (October 2018): 309–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semradonc.2018.06.008.

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