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Journal articles on the topic 'Carbon history'

To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Carbon history.

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Sequeira, César A. C. "Carbon Anode in Carbon History." Molecules 25, no. 21 (October 28, 2020): 4996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25214996.

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This study examines how the several major industries, associated with a carbon artifact production, essentially belong to one, closely knit family. The common parents are the geological fossils called petroleum and coal. The study also reviews the major developments in carbon nanotechnology and electrocatalysis over the last 30 years or so. In this context, the development of various carbon materials with size, dopants, shape, and structure designed to achieve high catalytic electroactivity is reported, and among them recent carbon electrodes with many important features are presented together with their relevant applications in chemical technology, neurochemical monitoring, electrode kinetics, direct carbon fuel cells, lithium ion batteries, electrochemical capacitors, and supercapattery.

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2

Smith, H. Jesse. "Carbon cycle history." Science 371, no. 6536 (March 25, 2021): 1328.2–1328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.371.6536.1328-b.

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3

Camp, Michael. "Carbon, Carbon Everywhere." Reviews in American History 47, no. 3 (2019): 472–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rah.2019.0066.

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4

Chiao, May. "Formation history written in carbon molecules." Nature Astronomy 5, no. 4 (April 2021): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41550-021-01356-6.

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5

Megas, Ioannis-Fivos, Justus P. Beier, and Gerrit Grieb. "The History of Carbon Monoxide Intoxication." Medicina 57, no. 5 (April 21, 2021): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina57050400.

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Intoxication with carbon monoxide in organisms needing oxygen has probably existed on Earth as long as fire and its smoke. What was observed in antiquity and the Middle Ages, and usually ended fatally, was first successfully treated in the last century. Since then, diagnostics and treatments have undergone exciting developments, in particular specific treatments such as hyperbaric oxygen therapy. In this review, different historic aspects of the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of carbon monoxide intoxication are described and discussed.

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6

Rajeshwar, Krishnan. "From the Editor: History and Carbon." Electrochemical Society Interface 8, no. 4 (December 1, 1999): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.001994if.

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History affords us an opportunity to connect with the past. It also gives us a perspective of where we are at present and guides us to where we should be heading in the future. As with any journey, it is not a bad idea to pause occasionally and glance back. It is sometimes easy to overlook the fact that scientific and technological advancements are more often incremental than quantum in nature.

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7

Ball, Christine M., and Peter J. Featherstone. "The history of carbon dioxide absorption." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 48, no. 1 (January 2020): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x19898587.

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8

Kemp, Terence J. "A Brief 100 Year History of Carbon." Science Progress 100, no. 3 (September 2017): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/003685017x14994318577435.

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Elemental carbon has been known from time immemorial in its forms of diamond and graphite, while the Industrial Revolution was powered by coal. The molecular structures of diamond and graphite were established following the inception of X-ray crystallography while the complex natures of charcoal and coal have been investigated for 100 years. Recent developments in activated charcoal are described in an article in this issue of Science Progress. However, no-one could have guessed that carbon would have presented such structural surprises as those of C60 fullerene, carbon nanotubes, and graphene. Materials science has benefited from the discovery of carbon fibres, and our understanding of the spectroscopy and bonding in the simplest carbon molecule, C2, has reached new depths.

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Featherstone, P. J., and C. M. Ball. "The History of Carbon Dioxide in Resuscitation." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 44, no. 3 (May 2016): 327–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x1604400319.

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10

Extavour, Marcius. "XPRIZE Carbon Removal: largest incentive prize in history." Clean Energy 5, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 474–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkab026.

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XPRIZE Carbon Removal is a 4-year global competition that invites innovators and teams from anywhere on the planet to create and demonstrate solutions that can pull carbon dioxide directly from the atmosphere or oceans, and sequester it.

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11

Schrag, Daniel P., John A. Higgins, Francis A. Macdonald, and David T. Johnston. "Authigenic Carbonate and the History of the Global Carbon Cycle." Science 339, no. 6119 (January 31, 2013): 540–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1229578.

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We present a framework for interpreting the carbon isotopic composition of sedimentary rocks, which in turn requires a fundamental reinterpretation of the carbon cycle and redox budgets over Earth's history. We propose that authigenic carbonate, produced in sediment pore fluids during early diagenesis, has played a major role in the carbon cycle in the past. This sink constitutes a minor component of the carbon isotope mass balance under the modern, high levels of atmospheric oxygen but was much larger in times of low atmospheric O2or widespread marine anoxia. Waxing and waning of a global authigenic carbonate sink helps to explain extreme carbon isotope variations in the Proterozoic, Paleozoic, and Triassic.

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12

KEELING, C. I., E. NELSON, and K. N. SLESSOR. "STABLE CARBON ISOTOPE MEASUREMENTS OF THE CARBOXYL CARBONS IN BONE COLLAGEN." Archaeometry 41, no. 1 (February 1999): 151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.1999.tb00857.x.

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13

OHSHIMA, Kazuo. "Carbon Dioxide and Climatic Changes Through Earth History." Journal of the Japanese Association for Petroleum Technology 56, no. 4 (1991): 300–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3720/japt.56.300.

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14

Harris, Peter. "Transmission Electron Microscopy of Carbon: A Brief History." C 4, no. 1 (January 12, 2018): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/c4010004.

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15

Halme, P. "CARBON DEBT AND THE (IN)SIGNIFICANCE OF HISTORY." Trames. Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences 11, no. 4 (2007): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/tr.2007.4.02.

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16

YAMAGUCHI, Koji. "A History and An Application of Carbon Fiber." Journal of The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan 134, no. 6 (2014): 360–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejjournal.134.360.

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17

Luque, F. J., E. Crespo-Feo, J. F. Barrenechea, and L. Ortega. "Carbon isotopes of graphite: Implications on fluid history." Geoscience Frontiers 3, no. 2 (March 2012): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2011.11.006.

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18

Amaldi, Ugo. "History of hadrontherapy." Modern Physics Letters A 30, no. 17 (May 22, 2015): 1540018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732315400180.

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Hadrontherapy is today an established modality in cancer radiation therapy. Based on the superior ballistic and radiobiological properties of accelerated ions, this discipline experienced a remarkable growth in the last 20 years. This paper reviews the history of hadrontherapy, from the early days to the most recent developments. In particular, the evolution of proton and carbon ion therapy is presented together with a glance at future solutions such as single-room facilities.

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19

Nicholson, Simon. "Carbon Removal to the Rescue?" Current History 120, no. 829 (November 1, 2021): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2021.120.829.301.

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This article looks at the current state of carbon removal approaches and some of the politics that surround them. It outlines what carbon removal is, charts some of the major challenges and controversies, and sketches some of the work needed to ensure that carbon removal developments are attentive to environmental sustainability and social justice. It also examines some of the major carbon removal options that are either in development or in discussion, starting with biological approaches and then looking at engineered options.

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20

Fakhraee, Mojtaba, Lidya G. Tarhan, Noah J. Planavsky, and Christopher T. Reinhard. "A largely invariant marine dissolved organic carbon reservoir across Earth's history." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 40 (September 27, 2021): e2103511118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2103511118.

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Marine dissolved organic carbon (DOC), the largest pool of reduced carbon in the oceans, plays an important role in the global carbon cycle and contributes to the regulation of atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide abundances. Despite its importance in global biogeochemical cycles, the long-term history of the marine DOC reservoir is poorly constrained. Nonetheless, significant changes to the size of the oceanic DOC reservoir through Earth’s history have been commonly invoked to explain changes to ocean chemistry, carbon cycling, and marine ecology. Here, we present a revised view of the evolution of marine DOC concentrations using a mechanistic carbon cycle model that can reproduce DOC concentrations in both oxic and anoxic modern environments. We use this model to demonstrate that the overall size of the marine DOC reservoir has likely undergone very little variation through Earth’s history, despite major changes in the redox state of the ocean–atmosphere system and the nature and efficiency of the biological carbon pump. A relatively static marine DOC reservoir across Earth’s history renders it unlikely that major changes in marine DOC concentrations have been responsible for driving massive repartitioning of surface carbon or the large carbon isotope excursions observed in Earth’s stratigraphic record and casts doubt on previously hypothesized links between marine DOC levels and the emergence and radiation of early animals.

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21

Maeda, Hiroshi A., and Alisdair R. Fernie. "Evolutionary History of Plant Metabolism." Annual Review of Plant Biology 72, no. 1 (June 17, 2021): 185–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-080620-031054.

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Tremendous chemical diversity is the hallmark of plants and is supported by highly complex biochemical machinery. Plant metabolic enzymes originated and were transferred from eukaryotic and prokaryotic ancestors and further diversified by the unprecedented rates of gene duplication and functionalization experienced in land plants. Unlike microbes, which have frequent horizontal gene transfer events and multiple inputs of energy and organic carbon, land plants predominantly rely on organic carbon generated from CO2 and have experienced very few, if any, gene transfers during their recent evolutionary history. As such, plant metabolic networks have evolved in a stepwise manner and on existing networks under various evolutionary constraints. This review aims to take a broader view of plant metabolic evolution and lay a framework to further explore evolutionary mechanisms of the complex metabolic network. Understanding the underlying metabolic and genetic constraints is also an empirical prerequisite for rational engineering and redesigning of plant metabolic pathways.

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22

Ryazantsev, M. V., and E. V. Lozin. "Carbon dioxide flooding: history of world and local investigations." Neftyanoe khozyaystvo - Oil Industry 7 (2020): 100–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.24887/0028-2448-2020-7-100-103.

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23

Novakov, Tica, and Hal Rosen. "The Black Carbon Story: Early History and New Perspectives." AMBIO 42, no. 7 (April 5, 2013): 840–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-013-0392-8.

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24

Severinghaus, John W., and Poul B. Astrup. "History of blood gas analysis. III. Carbon dioxide tension." Journal of Clinical Monitoring 2, no. 1 (January 1986): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01619178.

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25

Krisnawati, Haruni, Wahyu C. Adinugroho, Rinaldi Imanuddin, Suyoko, Christopher J. Weston, and Liubov Volkova. "Carbon balance of tropical peat forests at different fire history and implications for carbon emissions." Science of The Total Environment 779 (July 2021): 146365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146365.

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26

Holm, Antoinette, and Erik Eklund. "A Post-Carbon Future?" (Post-)Industrial Memories. Oral History and Structural Change 31, no. 2-2018 (October 6, 2020): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3224/bios.v31i2.06.

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The Latrobe Valley, Australia, is a resource community in transition. The post-carbon future has yet to be realised, and the immediate future is one of economic uncertainty. A state and national economy was built upon energy production from brown coal (or lignite) since the early 1920s, but the realities of changing international and national markets and economies for coal-fired electricity are seeing its value diminish. The consequences of mining and power generation, of course, were left to be experienced by the residents of the Valley. The 2017 closure of Hazelwood Power Station and the Morwell or Hazelwood open-cut mine (as it has been called since the 2014 mine fire) proved to be the Valley’s tipping point for a future without brown coal generation. This article uses the case study of the Latrobe Valley to explore government and corporate renderings of the transition, and the closure of Hazelwood Power Station in particular. We introduce the concept of “extractive meaningˮ to understand and theorise the way that narratives are evoked by government and coal-related corporations that use the structures of collective memory and oral history, but that appear to be more akin to practices that seek to codify, confine, and strip popular and local experience of its meaning. Regional memory and oral history are blanketed under a powerful set of discourses. In this exploratory analysis, we contend that in this version of regional restructuring neo-liberalism is given full rein, history and heritage are in flux with strong Government and corporate direction to assist current policy priorities, even whilst dissonant elements of a vernacular interpretation of regional changes are still discernible.

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27

WOODLEY, JOHN M., ROBIN K. MITRA, and MALCOLM D. LILLY. "Carbon-Carbon Bond Synthesis." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 799, no. 1 Enzyme Engine (October 1996): 434–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb33238.x.

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28

BROCKLEBANK, SIMON P., ROBIN K. MITRA, JOHN M. WOODLEY, and MALCOLM D. LILLY. "Carbon-Carbon Bond Synthesis." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 799, no. 1 Enzyme Engine (October 1996): 729–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb33282.x.

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29

Armitage, A. R., and J. W. Fourqurean. "Carbon storage in seagrass soils: long-term nutrient history exceeds the effects of near-term nutrient enrichment." Biogeosciences 13, no. 1 (January 15, 2016): 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-313-2016.

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Abstract. The carbon sequestration potential in coastal soils is linked to aboveground and belowground plant productivity and biomass, which in turn, is directly and indirectly influenced by nutrient input. We evaluated the influence of long-term and near-term nutrient input on aboveground and belowground carbon accumulation in seagrass beds, using a nutrient enrichment (nitrogen and phosphorus) experiment embedded within a naturally occurring, long-term gradient of phosphorus availability within Florida Bay (USA). We measured organic carbon stocks in soils and above- and belowground seagrass biomass after 17 months of experimental nutrient addition. At the nutrient-limited sites, phosphorus addition increased the carbon stock in aboveground seagrass biomass by more than 300 %; belowground seagrass carbon stock increased by 50–100 %. Soil carbon content slightly decreased ( ∼ 10 %) in response to phosphorus addition. There was a strong but non-linear relationship between soil carbon and Thalassia testudinum leaf nitrogen : phosphorus (N : P) or belowground seagrass carbon stock. When seagrass leaf N : P exceeded an approximate threshold of 75 : 1, or when belowground seagrass carbon stock was less than 100 g m−2, there was less than 3 % organic carbon in the sediment. Despite the marked difference in soil carbon between phosphorus-limited and phosphorus-replete areas of Florida Bay, all areas of the bay had relatively high soil carbon stocks near or above the global median of 1.8 % organic carbon. The relatively high carbon content in the soils indicates that seagrass beds have extremely high carbon storage potential, even in nutrient-limited areas with low biomass or productivity.

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30

Armitage, A. R., and J. W. Fourqurean. "Carbon storage in seagrass soils: long-term nutrient history exceeds the effects of near-term nutrient enrichment." Biogeosciences Discussions 12, no. 19 (October 2, 2015): 16285–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-16285-2015.

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Abstract. The carbon sequestration potential in coastal soils is linked to aboveground and belowground plant productivity and biomass, which in turn, is directly and indirectly influenced by nutrient input. We evaluated the influence of long-term and near-term nutrient input on aboveground and belowground carbon accumulation in seagrass beds, using a nutrient enrichment (nitrogen and phosphorus) experiment embedded within a naturally occurring, long-term gradient of phosphorus availability within Florida Bay (USA). We measured organic carbon stocks in soils and above- and belowground seagrass biomass after 17 months of experimental nutrient addition. At the nutrient-limited sites, phosphorus addition increased the carbon stock in aboveground seagrass biomass by more than 300 %; belowground seagrass carbon stock increased by 50–100 %. Soil carbon content slightly decreased (~ 10 %) in response to phosphorus addition. There was a strong but non-linear relationship between soil carbon and Thalassia testudinum leaf nitrogen: phosphorus (N : P) or belowground seagrass carbon stock. When seagrass leaf N : P exceeded a threshold of 75 : 1, or when belowground seagrass carbon stock was less than 100 g m−2, there was less than 3 % organic carbon in the sediment. Despite the marked difference in soil carbon between phosphorus-limited and phosphorus-replete areas of Florida Bay, all areas of the bay had relatively high soil carbon stocks near or above the global median of 1.8 % organic carbon. The relatively high carbon content in the soils indicates that seagrass beds have extremely high carbon storage potential, even in nutrient-limited areas with low biomass or productivity.

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31

Schidlowski, M. "Organic carbon isotope record: index line of autotrophic carbon fixation over 3.8 Gyr of Earth history." Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences 5, no. 1-4 (January 1991): 333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0743-9547(91)90045-y.

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32

Hopper, Christopher P., Paige N. Zambrana, Ulrich Goebel, and Jakob Wollborn. "A brief history of carbon monoxide and its therapeutic origins." Nitric Oxide 111-112 (June 2021): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.niox.2021.04.001.

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33

Kanai, Tatsuaki. "4.2.1 History of Biophysical Development for Carbon Therapy at NIRS." RADIOISOTOPES 68, no. 6 (June 15, 2019): 361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3769/radioisotopes.68.361.

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34

Planavsky, Noah J., Mojtaba Fakhraee, Edward W. Bolton, Christopher T. Reinhard, Terry T. Isson, Shuang Zhang, and Benjamin J. W. Mills. "On carbon burial and net primary production through Earth's history." American Journal of Science 322, no. 3 (March 2022): 413–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2475/03.2022.01.

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35

MU, Yan, Xiaoguang QIN, Jiaqi LIU, and Zhiqiang YIN. "A REVIEW OF BLACK CARBON STUDY: HISTORY AND CURRENT STATUS." Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology 31, no. 1 (May 9, 2011): 143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1140.2011.01143.

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36

Liang, Zhi, Esben Øster Mortensen, Chiara De Notaris, Lars Elsgaard, and Jim Rasmussen. "Subsoil carbon input by cover crops depends on management history." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 326 (March 2022): 107800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2021.107800.

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37

Chen, Junqi, Shiqin Wei, and Haoyan Xie. "A Brief Introduction of Carbon Nanotubes: History, Synthesis, and Properties." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1948, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 012184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1948/1/012184.

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38

Wetzel, Diane T., Erik H. Hauri, Alberto E. Saal, and Malcolm J. Rutherford. "Carbon content and degassing history of the lunar volcanic glasses." Nature Geoscience 8, no. 10 (August 24, 2015): 755–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2511.

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39

Balter, M. "ARCHAEOLOGY: New Carbon Dates Support Revised History of Ancient Mediterranean." Science 312, no. 5773 (April 28, 2006): 508–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.312.5773.508.

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40

Legrand, Judith, Monique Bolotin-Fukuhara, Aurélie Bourgais, Cécile Fairhead, and Delphine Sicard. "Life-history strategies and carbon metabolism gene dosage in theNakaseomycesyeasts." FEMS Yeast Research 16, no. 2 (December 17, 2015): fov112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/femsyr/fov112.

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41

Caudell, Mark, and Robert Quinlan. "Life-history theory and climate change: resolving population and parental investment paradoxes." Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 11 (November 2016): 160470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160470.

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Population growth in the next half-century is on pace to raise global carbon emissions by half. Carbon emissions are associated with fertility as a by-product of somatic and parental investment, which is predicted to involve time orientation/preference as a mediating psychological mechanism. Here, we draw upon life-history theory (LHT) to investigate associations between future orientation and fertility, and their impacts on carbon emissions. We argue ‘ K -strategy’ life history (LH) in high-income countries has resulted in parental investment behaviours involving future orientation that, paradoxically, promote unsustainable carbon emissions, thereby lowering the Earth's K or carrying capacity. Increasing the rate of approach towards this capacity are ‘ r -strategy’ LHs in low-income countries that promote population growth. We explore interactions between future orientation and development that might slow the rate of approach towards global K . Examination of 67 000 individuals across 75 countries suggests that future orientation interacts with the relationship between environmental risk and fertility and with development related parental investment, particularly investment in higher education, to slow population growth and mitigate per capita carbon emissions. Results emphasize that LHT will be an important tool in understanding the demographic and consumption patterns that drive anthropogenic climate change.

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42

Krause, Andreas, Thomas A. M. Pugh, Anita D. Bayer, Mats Lindeskog, and Almut Arneth. "Impacts of land-use history on the recovery of ecosystems after agricultural abandonment." Earth System Dynamics 7, no. 3 (September 15, 2016): 745–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-7-745-2016.

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Abstract. Land-use changes have been shown to have large effects on climate and biogeochemical cycles, but so far most studies have focused on the effects of conversion of natural vegetation to croplands and pastures. By contrast, relatively little is known about the long-term influence of past agriculture on vegetation regrowth and carbon sequestration following land abandonment. We used the LPJ-GUESS dynamic vegetation model to study the legacy effects of different land-use histories (in terms of type and duration) across a range of ecosystems. To this end, we performed six idealized simulations for Europe and Africa in which we made a transition from natural vegetation to either pasture or cropland, followed by a transition back to natural vegetation after 20, 60 or 100 years. The simulations identified substantial differences in recovery trajectories of four key variables (vegetation composition, vegetation carbon, soil carbon, net biome productivity) after agricultural cessation. Vegetation carbon and composition typically recovered faster than soil carbon in subtropical, temperate and boreal regions, and vice versa in the tropics. While the effects of different land-use histories on recovery periods of soil carbon stocks often differed by centuries across our simulations, differences in recovery times across simulations were typically small for net biome productivity (a few decades) and modest for vegetation carbon and composition (several decades). Spatially, we found the greatest sensitivity of recovery times to prior land use in boreal forests and subtropical grasslands, where post-agricultural productivity was strongly affected by prior land management. Our results suggest that land-use history is a relevant factor affecting ecosystems long after agricultural cessation, and it should be considered not only when assessing historical or future changes in simulations of the terrestrial carbon cycle but also when establishing long-term monitoring networks and interpreting data derived therefrom, including analysis of a broad range of ecosystem properties or local climate effects related to land cover changes.

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43

Groenewegen, M. A. T. "Carbon stars in populations of different metallicity." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 191 (1999): 535–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900203525.

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Our current knowledge of carbon stars in the Local Group and beyond, is discussed. Although many carbon stars and late M-stars have been identified in external galaxies, a coherent understanding in terms of the chemical evolution- and star-formation-rate history of a galaxy is still largely lacking. Issues that need to be addressed are: 1) for some of the larger galaxies only a small fraction in area has been surveyed so far, 2) surveys have been conducted using different techniques, and may be incomplete in bolometric magnitude, 3) only for some galaxies is there information about the late M-star population, 4) not all galaxies in the Local Group have been surveyed, 5) only for a sub-set of stars are bolometric magnitudes available.From the existing observations one can derive the following: the formation of carbon stars is both a function of metallicity and star formation. In galaxies with a similar star-formation-rate history, there will be relatively more carbon stars formed in the system with the lower metallicity. On the other hand, the scarcity of AGB-type carbon stars in some systems with the lowest metallicity indicates that these galaxies have had a low, if any, star-formation-rate history over the last few Gyrs.

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44

Mitchell, Timothy. "Carbon democracy." Economy and Society 38, no. 3 (August 2009): 399–432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03085140903020598.

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45

Flannery, Michael A. "Planetary History, Wallace, and Natural Selection." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 43, no. 1 (May 2012): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_00339.

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Concerns about the anthropogenic ecological degradation of the planet—deforestation, species endangerment, pollution, and an increasing carbon footprint—have prompted numerous studies calling for wide-ranging, comprehensive global programs. In this regard, Tim Flannery's effort in Here on Earth to enlist Alfred Russel Wallace, a nineteenth-century naturalist, in the service of a twentieth-century idea falls prey to presentism on the grounds of a conceptual misunderstanding and incomplete or interpolated primary data.

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46

Price, Gregory D., István Főzy, and András Galácz. "Carbon cycle history through the Middle Jurassic (Aalenian – Bathonian) of the Mecsek Mountains, Southern Hungary." Geologica Carpathica 69, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geoca-2018-0007.

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AbstractA carbonate carbon isotope curve from the Aalenian–Bathonian interval is presented from the Óbánya valley, of the Mecsek Mountains, Hungary. This interval is certainly less well constrained and studied than other Jurassic time slices. The Óbánya valley lies in the eastern part of the Mecsek Mountains, between Óbánya and Kisújbánya and provides exposures of an Aalenian to Lower Cretaceous sequence. It is not strongly affected by tectonics, as compared to other sections of eastern Mecsek of the same age. In parts, a rich fossil assemblage has been collected, with Bathonian ammonites being especially valuable at this locality. The pelagic Middle Jurassic is represented by the Komló Calcareous Marl Formation and thin-bedded limestones of the Óbánya Limestone Formation. These are overlain by Upper Jurassic siliceous limestones and radiolarites of the Fonyászó Limestone Formation. Our new data indicate a series of carbon isotope anomalies within the late Aalenian and early-middle Bajocian. In particular, analysis of the Komló Calcareous Marl Formation reveals a negative carbon isotope excursion followed by positive values that occurs near the base of the section (across the Aalenian–Bajocian boundary). The origin of this carbon-isotope anomaly is interpreted to lie in significant changes to carbon fluxes potentially stemming from reduced run off, lowering the fertility of surface waters which in turn leads to lessened primary production and a negative δ13C shift. These data are comparable with carbonate carbon isotope records from other Tethyan margin sediments. Our integrated biostratigraphy and carbon isotope stratigraphy enable us to improve stratigraphic correlation and age determination of the examined strata. Therefore, this study of the Komló Calcareous Marl Formation confirms that the existing carbon isotope curves serve as a global standard for Aalenian–Bathonian δ13C variation.

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47

Al Hajji Safi, Maria, Andrea Bourke, D. Noel Buckley, and Robert P. Lynch. "(Invited) How Electrochemical Treatment History Can Change Vanadium Kinetics at Carbon Electrodes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 30 (October 9, 2022): 1096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02301096mtgabs.

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All-Vanadium Flow Batteries (VFBs) are an attractive technology for energy storage, especially in conjunction with a renewable energy source such as wind or solar1. The cells typically have carbon felt electrodes for both half-cells and are separated by an ion-exchange membrane. The catholyte and the anolyte circulate through the electrodes from reservoirs. Electrode performance can be enhanced by thermal, chemical, or electrochemical treatment. Oxygen surface species are often introduced on the surface after such treatment. The effects of those oxygen surface species on electrode performance are known but not yet well understood, with a considerable variation in the reported activity of carbon electrodes toward both redox couples, VIV-VV and VII-VIII. Many researchers2-4 have concluded that redox reaction has slower kinetics, but some4-6 have concluded that redox reaction has slower kinetics. We have previously reported7-9 that cathodic treatment enhances the kinetics of the positive electrode (VIV-VV) but inhibits the kinetics of the negative electrode (VII-VIII), while anodic treatment inhibits the kinetics of the positive electrode but enhances the kinetics of the negative electrode. We observed this for all carbon materials investigated including carbon fibres, glassy carbon, reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) and carbon paper. The lack of agreement in the literature on which electrode has faster kinetics is not surprising because of the sensitivity of carbon materials to changes in their environment.10 Such discrepancies can result from using different treatment methods leading to different surface histories. Therefore, it is not straightforward to compare reported results because of the variety of different surface treatments used, and it is only reasonable to compare the kinetics for electrodes that have been treated in the same manner. In this paper, we further investigate the influence of the treatment potentials on the optimised electrode kinetics and show how electrode history can change which redox couple has the fastest kinetics. References: [1] D.N. Buckley, C. O’Dwyer, N. Quill, R.P. Lynch, Issues in Environmental Science and Technology, 2019-January (46), 115–149 (2019). [2] E. Sum, M. Rychcik, and M. Skyllas-Kazacos, Journal of Power Sources, 16, 85–95 (1985). [3] E. Sum and M. Skyllas-Kazacos, Journal of Power Sources, 15, 179–190 (1985). [4] T. Yamamura, N. Watanabe, T. Yano, and Y. Shiokawa, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 152, A830 (2005). [5] X. W. Wu, T. Yamamura, S. Ohta, Q. X. Zhang, F. C. Lv, C. M. Liu, K. Shirasaki, I. Satoh, T. Shikama, D. Lu, and S. Q. Liu, Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 41, 1183– 1190 (2011). [6] M. Gattrell, J. Park, B. MacDougall, J. Apte, S. McCarthy, and C. W. Wu, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 151, A123 (2004). [7] A. Bourke, M. A. Miller, R. P. Lynch, X. Gao, J. Landon, J. S. Wainright, R. F. Savinell, and D. N. Buckley, J. Electrochem. Soc., 163, A5097 (2016) [8] A. Bourke, M. A. Miller, R. P. Lynch, J. S. Wainright, R. F. Savinell, and D. N. Buckley, J. Electrochem. Soc. 162, A1547 (2015) [9] M. A. Miller, A. Bourke, N. Quill, J. S. Wainright, R. P. Lynch, D. N. Buckley, and R. F. Savinell, J. Electrochem. Soc. 163 A2095 (2016) [10] P. Chen, M. A. Fryling, and R. L. McCreery, Analytical Chemistry, 67, 3115–3122 (1995). Fig.1: The activity of VIV-VV (graph on the right) and VII-VIII (graph on the left) electrodes plotted as a function of the anodic (circular markers) and cathodic (square markers) treatment. The oxidation potential is 1.2 V, while the reduction potential limit in VII/VIII is – 1.2 V (the orange marker) and –1.5 V (the grey marker) and in VIV /VV is – 0.7 V (the pink marker), – 0.9 V (the green marker), – 1.2 V (the orange marker) and –1.5 V (the grey marker). It is clearly shown that the optimised kinetics of VII-VIII and VIV-VV are less favourable with more cathodic treatment potentials. Figure 1

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48

Sentman, Lori T., Elena Shevliakova, Ronald J. Stouffer, and Sergey Malyshev. "Time Scales of Terrestrial Carbon Response Related to Land-Use Application: Implications for Initializing an Earth System Model." Earth Interactions 15, no. 30 (October 1, 2011): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011ei401.1.

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Abstract The dynamic vegetation and carbon cycling component, LM3V, of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) prototype Earth system model (ESM2.1), has been designed to simulate the effects of land use on terrestrial carbon pools, including secondary vegetation regrowth. Because of the long time scales associated with the carbon adjustment, special consideration is required when initializing the ESM when historical simulations are conducted. Starting from an equilibrated, preindustrial climate and potential vegetation state in an offline land-only model (LM3V), estimates of historical land use are instantaneously applied in five experiments beginning in the following calendar years: 1500, 1600, 1700, 1750, and 1800. This application results in the land carbon pools experiencing an abrupt change—a carbon shock—and the secondary vegetation needs time to regrow into consistency with the harvesting history. The authors find that it takes approximately 100 years for the vegetation to recover from the carbon shock, whereas soils take at least 150 years to recover. The vegetation carbon response is driven primarily by land-use history, whereas the soil carbon response is affected by both land-use history and the geographic pattern of soil respiration rates. Based on these results, the authors recommend the application of historical land-use scenarios in 1700 to provide sufficient time for the land carbon in ESMs with secondary vegetation to equilibrate to adequately simulate carbon stores at the start of the historical integrations (i.e., 1860) in a computationally efficient manner.

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49

Dalila, A. R., Abu Bakar Suriani, M. S. Rosmi, R. Rosazley, Jaafar Rosli, and M. Rusop. "Carbon Nanotubes: A Brief Outlook on History, Synthesis Methods and Various Bio-Hydrocarbon Sources." Advanced Materials Research 832 (November 2013): 792–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.832.792.

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This paper reports a brief outlook of carbon nanotubes (CNT) history, synthesis methods as well as natural carbon sources such as camphor powder, turpentine, eucalyptus, palm, neem, coconut, castor, olive, corn, sesame oil, palm olein, waste cooking palm oil and waste chicken fat.

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50

Mouillot, Florent, and Christopher B. Field. "Fire history and the global carbon budget: a 1ox 1o fire history reconstruction for the 20th century." Global Change Biology 11, no. 3 (March 2005): 398–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00920.x.

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