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1
Ellis, Aja Anne. "History and characterization of atmospheric black carbon in the Anthropocene." Thesis, Curtin University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/54045.
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Black carbon aerosols (BC) from incomplete combustion have substantial effects on the atmosphere and climate, but climate forecasting is poorly constrained due to uncertainties in atmospheric lifetime and removal rates. Herein, we detail the recent history, characteristics, and composition of BC deposited in rain from Australia and ice cores from Antarctica. Results show new complex particle characteristics and an increase in BC in West Antarctica driven by changing emissions and atmospheric transport conditions.
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Hayes, Katherine. "Fire History and Soil Carbon in Old Growth Coast Redwood Forests across the Late Holocene." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/23746.
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Fire is an important ecological feature across temperate forests, yet characteristics of the coast redwood fire regime remain uncertain due to generally few fire histories. This study examines legacies of fire in redwood forests in northern California through radiocarbon dating and quantification of soil macro-charcoal, soil carbon and pyrogenic carbon in old growth redwood stands. We sampled soils in the Headwaters Forest Reserve, a protected fragment of old growth redwood in Humboldt County, California. Radiocarbon dates from macro-charcoal indicate fire events occurring a maximum of 6,840 calibrated years BP, predating existing records. Composite 14C dates show increased fire activity within the last 1,000 years in synchrony with existing dendrochronological records. Soil C averaged 928 g/m2, of which a high proportion was pyrogenic C (15-30%). Information from this multi-proxy reconstruction clarifies our understanding of the nature of coast redwood fires, contributing to ongoing discussions of coast redwood fire management.
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Betts, Makayla N. (Makayla Nicole). "Gene transfer history of carbon fixation proteins constrains marine cyanobacteria divergence times." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/118026.
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Thesis: S.M. in Geophysics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2018.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. "June 2018."
Includes bibliographical references (pages 18-24).
Carboxysomes provide an avenue for narrowing the timing of evolutionary events in groups of cyanobacteria that are ecologically dominant in modem marine environments - groups that may have an integral role in oxygenating the Earth's atmosphere. Here I show that using concatenated phylogenies of carbon fixation proteins better informs the horizontal gene transfer event that brought carboxysomes from purple sulfur bacteria into marine cyanobacteria and that this gene history aids in constraining the evolutionary timing of carbon fixation. Genes encoding the proteins for the a-carboxysomal shell as well as RuBisCO and carbonic anhydrase are co-located on the genomes of various cyanobacteria in the Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus groups. Previous studies have shown that these genes were likely horizontally transferred together from Chromatiales (purple sulfur bacteria), a group of phototrophic Gammaproteobacteria. While many of these genes are highly conserved and thus yield poorly resolved phylogenies, their concatenation clarifies a shared evolutionary history. This work integrates gene transfer with molecular clock calibration methods to determine divergence times. Accordingly, I evaluate the relationship between atmospheric evolution and the ecology of important groups of phototrophs.
by Makayla N. Betts.
S.M. in Geophysics
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Seow, Victor Kian Giap. "Carbon Technocracy: East Asian Energy Regimes and the Industrial Modern, 1900-1957." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11472.
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Carbon Technocracy argues for the centrality of fossil fuel energy to the making of global industrial modernity and to the emergence of East Asian technocratic imaginaries in the first half of the twentieth century. It advances the premise that coal and later oil enabled not only the transformation of human society’s material foundations, but also allowed for new kinds of publics and politics.East Asian Languages and Civilizations
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Wang, Ning, and 王宁. "Organic carbon signatures of the middle-late quaternary lacustrine history of tropical South China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/208631.
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In order to reconstruct a long-time tropical terrestrial record of Asian monsoon in South China, the organic carbon in a 120 m lacustrine sediments from Maar Lake Tianyang was analyzed. Results in TOC, C/N and δ13C value show two lines of variations: (1) from a deep lake environment below 42 m to a shallow lake environment of the upper 42 m, (2) environmental changes between glacial and interglacial conditions throughout the lacustrine sediment sequence. In the shallow lake stage, δ13C values change according to glacial and interglacial periods, comparable with other proxies such as pollen, TOC and magnetic susceptibility. However, variations of these proxies including δ13C values are suppressed in the deep lake sequence, a result of the exceptionally high in-situ aquatic (diatom) productivity within this tropical lake. To differentiate the internal productivity and terrigenous high plant input for the deep lake sequence, a three-end-member model (diatom, C3 and C4 land plants) was developed. The result helps extract further information from the deep lake sequence that reveals both the autochthonous productivity caused by lake-level and terrestrial changes by external forcing mechanisms.
The n-alkanes indexes from 115 selected samples show distinctive distributions of various chain-length homologues. Most n-alkane indexes (e.g. Paq, CPI and ACL) show more frequent fluctuations than organic carbon records, implying other environmental alterations within the glacial and interglacial periods. Most n-alkanes indexes show a clear relationship with the palaeoclimate history, but further comparison of individual compound concentrations to other environmental indexes (pollen and δ13C values) suggests that n-C29 is a better index of tree concentration while n-C31 has alternative source from flowering trees instead of grasses. Unique appearance of hopanes in the deep lake sediments suggests high activity of methanotrophic bacteria in chemocline.
The examination of GDGT concentration from 130 samples indicates pH, temperature and evolution of archaea and bacteria communities. Complications in the interpretation and correction of GDGT results are also discussed and several alternative corrections for palaeo-temperature reconstruction are provided for further investigations. According to both n-alkane and GDGT results, the sediment sequence contains mainly three different stages: the aquatic mixing community (Crenarchaeota and methanotrophic bacteria) from the bottom to 78m; the aquatic methanotrophic community (Euryarchaeota and methanotrophic bacteria); the terrestrial aerobic community (aerobic bacteria).published_or_final_version
Earth Sciences
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Albright, Rebecca. "Effects of Ocean Acidification on Early Life History Stages of Caribbean Scleractinian Corals." Scholarly Repository, 2011. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/574.
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Ocean acidification (OA) refers to the increase in acidity (decrease in pH) of the ocean’s surface waters resulting from oceanic uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Mounting experimental evidence suggests that OA threatens numerous marine organisms, including reef-building corals; however, few studies have focused on the effects on early life history stages. Coral recruitment is critical to the persistence and resilience of coral reefs and is regulated by several early life processes, including: larval availability (gamete production, fertilization, etc.), larval settlement, post-settlement growth, and survival. Environmental factors that disrupt these early life processes can result in compromised or failed recruitment and profoundly affect future population dynamics. To evaluate the effects of OA on the sexual recruitment of corals, sexual reproduction (including fertilization and sperm swimming speeds) and several critical early life history stages (including larval metabolism, larval settlement, and post-settlement growth) were tested in common Caribbean coral species. Three pCO2 levels were used: ambient seawater (380 µatm) and two pCO2 scenarios that are projected to occur by the middle (560 µatm) and end (800 µatm) of the century as determined by the Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change. Results show that fertilization success, larval metabolic rates, larval settlement rates, and post-settlement growth rates are all compromised with increasing pCO2. This dissertation demonstrates that OA has the potential to negatively impact sexual reproduction and multiple early life history processes of several common Caribbean coral species and may contribute to substantial declines in sexual recruitment that are felt at the community and/or ecosystem scale.
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Prėskienis, Vilmantas. "Holocene development and permafrost history of two mires in Tavvavuoma, Northern Sweden." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi och kvartärgeologi (INK), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-92709.
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Two peat cores from two mires with different characteristics, but both containingpermafrost features and located in the eastern part of the Tavvavuoma mire complex innorthernmost Sweden, were analysed for macrofossils and geochemical properties. Local vegetationsequences and changes in geochemical properties of peat were used to reconstruct development ofthe studied mires during the Holocene. The study includes measurements of water/ice content, bulkdensity, loss-on-ignition and C/N ratio. Radiocarbon dates for peatland inception and permafrostaggradation are available. The main purpose of the study is to verify permafrost history in thepeatlands. The results of the macrofossil analysis and values of C/N ratio indicate nutrient poor tointermediate fen environments in both studied mires until recently. Signs of permafrost upheavalwhich caused formation of xerophilic peat can be proved only since late 1950’s. The study resultscorroborate with other studies from Northern Fennoscandia and infer peatland initiation soon afterthe deglaciation of the area and permafrost-free conditions throughout entire Holocene untilrecently.
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Trudeau, M. E. "Stable isotopic analysis and firn air reconstruction of the atmospheric history of methane and delta-carbon-13." Diss., Connect to online resource, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3165813.
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Chen, Bo [Verfasser], and Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Joachimski. "Permian Palaeotemperature and Ice Volumes History: Evidence from Carbon and Oxygen isotopes / Chen Bo. Betreuer: Michael Joachimski." Erlangen : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1024608689/34.
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Urbano, Andrea Rose. "Long-term forest carbon storage and structural development as influenced by land-use history and reforestation approach." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2016. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/448.
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Temperate forests are an important carbon sink, yet there is uncertainty regarding land-use history effects on biomass accumulation and carbon storage potential in secondary forests. Understanding long-term biomass dynamics is important for managing forests as carbon sinks and for co-benefits such as watershed protection and biodiversity. However there are many unanswered questions regarding these dynamics in northeastern U.S. forests: How have secondary forests of the U.S. Northeast recovered post nineteenth century agricultural abandonment? How has the region's extensive land-use history influenced long-term structural development and aboveground carbon storage? To answer these questions, we employed a longitudinal study based on twelve years of empirical data (2001-2013) from the Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller (MBR) National Historical Park in Woodstock, VT. MBR Park was the first parcel of land to actively be reforested in the eastern U.S., and as such, its diverse forest mosaic reflects a history of alternate reforestation approaches and varied successional trajectories indicative of secondary forest recovery occurring across the broader northeastern forest landscape. We also used 150 years of documentary data from park management records. This research evaluates the effects of reforestation approaches (planting vs. natural regeneration), management regimes (long-term low-to-intermediate harvest intensities at varied harvest frequencies), and stand development pathways on biomass outcomes. We generated biometrics representative of stand structural complexity, including the H' structural diversity index, and aboveground biomass (live trees, snags, and downed coarse woody debris pools) estimates. Multivariate analyses evaluated the predictive strength of reforestation approach, management history, and site characteristics relative to aboveground carbon pools and stand structural complexity.
Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis ranked reforestation approach (plantation or natural regeneration) as the strongest predictor of long-term mean total aboveground carbon storage, while harvest frequency, and stand age were selected as secondary variables. CART ranked forest percent conifer (a metric closely associated with reforestation approach) as the strongest predictor of H' index, while harvest intensity, and harvest frequency were selected as secondary variables. Increases in harvest intensity can significantly reduce aboveground carbon storage. Our results suggest that a variety of long-term recovery pathways converge on high levels of aboveground carbon storage, including both conifer plantations and naturally regenerated hardwood stands, but choice of silvicultural management approach can dramatically alter those trajectories. Importantly, total aboveground biomass (i.e., carbon) co-varied with H' (r2 = 0.25), and thus, our dataset showed a positive relationship between forest carbon storage and structural complexity, supporting the concept of multifunctional forestry emphasizing late-successional habitats.
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Miller, Despina. "Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis in Italy and Croatia: Bronze Age food practices across the Adriatic." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/27752.
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This research aims to look at dietary practices of separate populations from across the
Adriatic Sea (Italy and Croatia). Paleodietary studies through stable isotope analysis is a means to
look at possible food catchments chosen by past communities in order to make educated
assumptions of economic and cultural practices. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis was
carried out successfully on 22 humans and 28 animal bones from four separate Bronze Age sites.
The sites analyzed are Coppa Nevigata (Apulia, Italy), Gusica Gomila, Jukica Gomila, and Brnjica
(Dalmatia, Croatia), all dated to the Bronze Age (approximately XVIII-XII century BCE). The
main objective is to investigate the contribution of different food sources (terrestrial and marine)
and to observe distinctions on animal versus plant proteins in the diet to examine dietary
differences within each site. This will allow for a greater understanding of dietary patterns in both
Bronze Age Italy and Croatia and to possibly investigate any differences between the two areas.
Collectively, the sites have presented carbon and nitrogen isotopic ranges that illustrate a diet
dominated with C3 terrestrial plants and relative consumption of herbivore animal proteins.
Compared to recent studies of Bronze Age Italy and Croatia, the results correlate well with a diet
consisting mostly of cultivated C3 plants. Although, the Bronze Age is an important period for the
introduction for a new crop, the C4 plant group of millets, only two individuals from Brnjica show
signs of small consumption of C4 plants and/or marine foodstuffs. The individuals from Coppa
Nevigata do not indicate any C4 plant consumption which supports recent studies that millet has
only been proven to be consumed in North and Central Italy during the Middle to Late Bronze
Age. Two individuals from Coppa Nevigata do however indicate small consumption (15-20%) of
freshwater foodstuffs. No significant differences in stable isotope values in terms of intrapopulation variations such as sex, age, burial type, or period as far as the samples have provided.
This study contributes to our understanding of dietary practices in prehistoric Italy and Croatia and
provides new data on Southern and Eastern regions of the Italian Peninsula, all of which are
generally under-represented in the Bronze Age. Further it adds interesting information on a clear
distinction between Northern and Southern regions of Italy, which suggests that food practices are
a good means to investigate on past cultural complexity
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Irulappa, Pillai Vijayakumar Dinesh Babu. "Hybrid modeling of aboveground biomass carbon using disturbance history over large areas of boreal forest in eastern Canada." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26572.
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Le feu joue un rôle important dans la succession de la forêt boréale du nord-est de l’Amérique et le temps depuis le dernier feu (TDF) devrait être utile pour prédire la distribution spatiale du carbone. Les deux premiers objectifs de cette thèse sont: (1) la spatialisation du TDF pour une vaste région de forêt boréale de l'est du Canada (217,000 km2) et (2) la prédiction du carbone de la biomasse aérienne (CBA) à l’aide du TDF à une échelle liée aux perturbations par le feu. Un modèle non paramétrique a d’abord été développé pour prédire le TDF à partir d’historiques de feu, des données d'inventaire et climatiques à une échelle de 2 km2. Cette échelle correspond à la superficie minimale d’un feu pour être inclus dans la base de données canadienne des grands feux. Nous avons trouvé un ajustement substantiel à l’échelle de la région d’étude et à celle de paysages régionaux, mais la précision est restée faible à l’échelle de cellules individuelles de 2 km2. Une modélisation hiérarchique a ensuite été développée pour spatialiser le CBA des placettes d’inventaire à la même échelle de 2 km2. Les proportions des classes de densité du couvert étaient les variables les plus importantes pour prédire le CBA. Le CBA co-variait également avec la vitesse de récupération du couvert au travers de laquelle le TDF intervient indirectement. Finalement, nous avons comparé des estimations de CBA obtenues par télédétection satellitaire avec celles obtenues précédemment. Les résultats indiquent que les proportions des classes de densité du couvert et des types de dépôts ainsi que le TDF pourraient servir comme variables auxiliaires pour augmenter substantiellement la précision des estimés de CBA par télédétection. Les résultats de cette étude ont montré: 1) l'importance d’allonger la profondeur temporelle des historiques de feu pour donner une meilleure perspective des changements actuels du régime de feu; 2) l'importance d'intégrer l’information sur la reprise du couvert après feu aux courbes de rendement de CBA dans les modèles de bilan de carbone; et 3) l'importance de l'historique des feux et de la récupération de la végétation pour améliorer la précision de la cartographie de la biomasse à partir de la télédétection.Fire is as a main succession driver in northeastern American boreal forests and time since last fire (TSLF) is seen as a useful covariate to infer the spatial variation of carbon. The first two objectives of this thesis are: (1) to elaborate a TSLF map over an extensive region in boreal forests of eastern Canada (217,000 km2) and (2) to predict aboveground carbon biomass (ABC) as a function of TSLF at a scale related to fire disturbances. A non-parametric model was first developed to predict TSLF using historical records of fire, forest inventory data and climate data at a 2-km2 scale. Two kilometer square is the minimum size for fires to be considered important enough and included in the Canadian large fire database. Overall, we found a substantial agreement at the scale of both the study area and landscape units, but the accuracy remained fairly low at the scale of individual 2-km2 cells. A hierarchical modeling approach is then presented for scaling-up ABC from inventory plots to the same 2 km2 scale. The proportions of cover density classes were the most important variables to predict ABC. ABC was also related to the speed of post-fire canopy recovery through which TSLF acts indirectly upon ABC. Finally, we compared remote sensing based aboveground biomass estimates with our inventory based estimates to provide insights on improving their accuracy. The results indicated again that abundances of canopy cover density classes of surficial deposits, and TSLF may serve as ancillary variables for improving substantially the accuracy of remotely sensed biomass estimates. The study results have shown: 1) the importance of lengthening the historical records of fire records to provide a better perspective of the actual changes of fire regime; 2) the importance of incorporating post-fire canopy recovery information together with ABC yield curves in carbon budget models at a spatial scale related to fire disturbances; 3) the importance of adding disturbance history and vegetation recovery trends with remote sensing reflectance data to improve accuracy for biomass mapping.
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Baich, Keith David. "American Scientists, Americanist Archaeology: The Committee on Radioactive Carbon 14." PDXScholar, 2010. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/168.
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Willard Libby's development of carbon-14 dating at the University of Chicago immediately following World War II provided an unprecedented opportunity for the collaboration of archaeologists with a physical chemist. Libby's need for archaeological samples to test the dating process (1947-1951) meant that he relied upon the Committee on Radioactive Carbon 14, formed by the American Anthropological Association, for datable materials, as well as for assistance in all other archaeologically related aspects of the testing phase. The committee, under the leadership of archaeologist Frederick Johnson, served the mandated function of providing assistance to Libby, but simultaneously endeavored to utilize the new dating method to promote the development of the authority of anthropological professional organizations and further establish Americanist archaeology in a national and global context. Johnson's and the committee's approach to collaboration was informed by an understanding of opportunities provided by the postwar restructuring of the sciences. The purpose of the present study is to provide a history of the Committee on Radioactive Carbon 14 (1948-1952) as well as a to provide the context necessary to describe the bureaucratic and scientific goals of the committee. Frederick Johnson's career, and the manner in which it reflected general trends in twentieth century American anthropology, is discussed in detail, and utilized to present an explanation of his actions as committee chair. Willard Libby's development of carbon-14 dating is also discussed in detail, particularly in regard to his request for assistance from the archaeological community and subsequent collaborative work. The undeniable influence of carbon-14 dating on archaeological practice worldwide, and Libby's acceptance of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1960) for his development of the dating method, has provided reason enough for a plethora of articles and book length studies regarding carbon-14 dating. Yet, little has been written about the Committee on Radioactive Carbon 14 and its place in an analysis of the bureaucratic and collaborative science of the American mid-century. It is for this reason that the present study was undertaken.
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Akhlaghi-Esfahani, Siamak. "Effect of a thermomechanical history on the hot ductility of a Nb-Ti microalloyed steel and a low carbon steel." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36866.
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The susceptibility of steels to transverse cracking during continuous casting depends, in part, on the hot ductility of the steel. In the past, hot ductility has been measured in the laboratory by tensile testing specimens reheated to a high temperature (preferably melted), and then cooled down to the desired test temperature before isothermally testing to fracture. More recently, isothermal tensile testing has been performed after imposing different thermal histories prior to reaching the test temperature. The most relevant thermal history is that of the solidifying strand surface. Such thermal histories have been found to be quite complex, and invariably involve rapid cooling and heating cycles. This will therefore lead to high thermal gradients, which, in turn, can generate strains in the surface of the solidifying strand. Thus, the purpose of this thesis was to consider the effect of the thermomechanical history on the hot ductility of steel.A Nb-Ti microalloyed steel was chosen to be studied, since microalloying often increases susceptibility to transverse cracking. After in-situ melting and solidification, tensile test specimens were subjected to the thermal history typical of a continuously cast billet. Different amounts of prior deformations in various schedules were imposed on the specimens at selected stages during the thermal history, before tensile testing to fracture at the time and temperature corresponding to the unbending stage of the billet casting. It was found that the hot ductility varied from 1% to 98%, depending on the stage in the thermal history at which prior deformation was executed. Microstructural studies showed remarkable changes in the precipitation pattern occurred due to the employed prior deformation. Similar hot ductility measurements executed on a low carbon steel, that was free from microalloy elements, exhibited an effect of prior hot deformation which was quite different to the Nb-Ti microalloyed steel. In particular, the effect on the hot ductility was not as dramatic. The effects were also postulated to be due to precipitation.
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Li, Xiaoyun, and 李瀟云. "Late quaternary climate and sedimentary history derived from N-alkanes, alkenones and bulk organic carbon analyses in Fujian coast, China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/207998.
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Late Quaternary is an important period for paleoclimate study due to the boom of human civilization and thus its influence on climate conditions of the present interglacial period. In this study, a 52 m long borehole was drilled in a coastal embayment of Fujian, China, within which a thick marine layer from 16.05 to 32.60 m is found. Bulk organic geochemical analyses, containing total organic carbon content (TOC), carbon isotope ratio (δ13C), alkenones and n-alkanes, were analyzed for the whole core. Organic carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) of the sediment layers vary between -22.1‰ and -32.9‰, with higher values in the two marine sequences and lower in the two aquatic sequences. In the thick marine sequence, the δ13C is relatively stable, and it becomes gradually enriched from the base upwards and depleted rapidly at the top, indicating a full cycle of marine transgression and regression. The n-alkanes exhibit a similar trend, with several indexes, i.e., maximum concentration (Cmax), carbon preference index (CPI), average chain length (ACL), terrestrial-aquatic ratio (TAR), Paq and C31/(C29+C31). These results suggest the control of EAM and sea-level change in the sedimentary processes. Analysis on alkenones shows sea surface temperature (SST) variations as well as sea-level oscillations in the study site.published_or_final_version
Earth Sciences
Master
Master of Philosophy
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Hagos, Saba. "Effect of experimental warming and assembly history on wood decomposition." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-39370.
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Sammanfattning: Wood decay fungi are the main decomposer of lignocellulose material stored in wood. Thus, all factors that affect them could affect their ecological function. This in return, may affect ecosystem functioning in terms of altered carbon emissions from dead wood. Increased temperature is one of the main factors influencing fungal decay. The aim of the current study is to explore the effects of temperature and assembly history (order of species arrival), two important regulators of fungal communities, on wood decomposition. I conducted a microcosm experiment with two temperature treatments and eight assembly histories where each species was allowed to colonize the wood two weeks ahead of the rest of the species. The temperature treatments were set to mimic the effect of climate induced warming. Therefore, I had one treatment with relatively high temperature, representing the expected temperatures year 2100 given the current emission trends of the northern inland of Sweden, and another treatment representing the current normal temperature (1961-1990). The temperature treatments had an average difference of 5°C. In order to see how climate induced warming and fungal assembly history influenced decomposition, I measured and analyzed initial fungal growth, fungal respiration and wood weight loss. Both temperature and assembly history had a significant influence on fungal growth, fungal respiration and wood decomposition. There was also strong interaction between the two factors. The average increase in mass loss under elevated temperature was 19% compared to 14% under normal temperature. The highest mass loss (25%) was when Phlebia centrifuga was the initial species under elevated temperature and the lowest (12%) was when Climacocystis borealis was initial species under normal temperature. All assembly histories had higher mass loss under elevated temperature, but the magnitude varied. For example, when C. borealis was the initial species, mass loss increased by 60% compared to only 7% when Antrodia sinuosa was the initial species. Six out of eight assembly histories had higher CO2 under elevated temperature, with the highest increase (88%) in P. centrifuga histories and the lowest (7%) in C. borealis histories. Even if the results need to be confirmed by field studies, my data illustrates that climate induced warming probably results in higher fungal respiration and deadwood decomposition and that the magnitude of this effect depends on fungal assembly history.
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Rasheed, Ali Suad. "Economics Of Carbon Dioxide Sequestration In A Mature Oil Field." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12610177/index.pdf.
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To meet the goal of atmospheric stabilization of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) levels a technological transformation should occur in the energy sector. One strategy to achieve this is carbon sequestration. Carbon dioxide can be captured from industrial sources and sequestered underground into depleted oil and gas reservoirs. CO2 injected into geological formations, such as mature oil reservoirs can be effectively trapped by hydrodynamical (structural), solution, residual (capillary) and mineral trapping methods.
In this work, a case study was conducted using CMG-STARS software for CO2 sequestration in a mature oil field. History matching was done with the available production, bottom hole pressures and water cut data to compare the results obtained from the simulator with the field data.
Next, previously developed optimization methods were modified and used for the case of study. The main object of the optimization was to determine the optimal location, number of injection wells, injection rate, injection depth and pressure of wells to maximize the total trapped amount of CO2 while enhancing the amount of oil recovered.
A second round of simulations was carried out to study the factors that affect the total oil recovery and CO2 ¬storage amount. These include relative permeability end points effect, hysteresis effect, fracture spacing and additives of simultaneous injection of carbon dioxide with CO and H2S. Optimization runs were carried out on a mildly heterogeneous 3D model for variety of cases. When compared with the base case, the optimized case led to an increase of 20% in the amount of oil that is recovered
and more than 95% of the injected CO2 was trapped as solution gas on and as an immobile gas. Finally, an investigation of the economical feasibility was accomplished. NPV values for various cases were obtained, selected and studied yielding in a number of cases that are found to be applicable for the field of concern.
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Kelly, JoEllen. "A numerical and experimental investigation of the effects of thermal history on the structure/property relationship of PPS/carbon fiber composites." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/39780.
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The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of thermal history during cooling from the melt on the degree of crystallinity, morphology, and mechanical properties of (polyphenylenesulfide) PPS/carbon fiber composites. Three thermal treatments were employed in this study: isothermal crystallization from the melt at 140,160,180,200, and 220°C, quenching from 315° C and then annealing at 160 and 200° C, and nonisothennal crystallization from the melt at rates varying from 0040 C/minute to 68° C/second. The effect of varying the thermal history of the sample on the degree of crystallinity developed in the matrix polymer was determined using differential scanning calorimetry. The effect of thermal history on and the resulting matrix morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The subsequent effects of the degree of crystallinity and the morphology on the mechanical behavior of the samples were monitored by transverse tensile tests and flexural tests. In all cases, the transverse tensile and flexural moduli increased as the amount of crystallinity in the samples increased. However, samples with greater amounts of crystallinity did not always yield higher transverse tensile or flexural strengths. Upon examination of the composite samples by electron microscopy, it was observed that trends in the values of the transverse tensile and flexural strengths could be correlated with structural changes in the matrix.
This paper is concerned with the simulation of the development of crystallinity and morphology (both amount of crystallinity and the size of spherulites) which arise during the cooling of a slab of a semicrystalline polymer reinforced with long continuous carbon fibers. This situation is commonly found during the processing of semicrystalline thermoplastic composites. Whereas published attempts at simulating this process have treated the composite material as a continuum and thereby used mass averaged physical properties (such as thermal conductivity, density, and specific heat), we use a quasi-continuum approach in which locally we consider the properties of the matrix and fiber separately. Once a temperature distribution is calculated using the continuum approach, the fmite element method is applied locally at various points in the slab to calculate the amount of crystallinity and the size of the developing spherulites. This is done by using the Avrami equation and the Hoffman and Lauritzen radial growth equation. The amount of crystallinity and the spherulite size are predicted as a function of fiber spacing and packing geometry, and the predictions are found to be in good agreement with experimental results obtained on polyphenylenesulfide/carbon fiber composites. The advantages of our approach over the continuum approach is that a relatively accurate prediction of the spherulite size is possible due to constraints imposed by the fiber on the spherulitic growth.Ph. D.
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Reitsema, Laurie Jean. "Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Analysis of Human Diet Change in Prehistoric and Historic Poland." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1330969837.
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Grover, Samantha Patricia Power, and samgrover1@gmail com. "Carbon and water dynamics of peat soils in the Australian Alps." La Trobe University. Centre for Applied Alpine Ecology, School of Life Sciences, 2006. http://www.lib.latrobe.edu.au./thesis/public/adt-LTU20070627.172842.
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This research investigated carbon dynamics, water dynamics and peat formation at
Wellington Plain peatland in the Victorian Alps. The properties of bog peat and dried
peat were measured, and the ensuing results are outlined below.
The carbon chemistries of both bog peat and dried peat displayed changes with
depth consistent with an increase in the extent of decomposition of the organic
material. Representative changes in the alkyl:O-alkyl ratio down the profile were
0.14 to 0.96 for bog peat and 0.28 to 1.07 for dried peat. Laboratory incubations on
the influence of chemistry, particle size, water content and sample preparation
indicated that, in the absence of confounding factors, peat chemistry was the most
important factor in determining the size of the mineralisable carbon pool. Water
content was the most important factor in determining the rate of carbon
mineralization. In the field, both bog peat and dried peat emitted an average of
2 g CO2/m2/d from the surface. Carbon mineralisation was related to both soil
temperature and soil water content, and this relationship was used to model peat
mineralisation under a range of possible future climate scenarios. Below the surface,
however, I measured lower rates of decomposition in the dried peat than in the bog
peat.
The water-holding capacity of peat was measured in the laboratory, as was the
rate of water movement through peat. Specific yield decreased down the profile in
both bog peat (0.88 to 0.45 cm3/cm3) and dried peat (0.36 to 0.11 cm3/cm3). Hydraulic
conductivity also decreased down the profile in both peats: 5.1x10-4 to 3.0x10-6 m/s in
bog peat, and 1.0x10-4 to 7.0x10-6 m/s in dried peat. Relationships between the
hydrologic properties of peat and its physical and chemical properties were identified.
In the field, fluctuations in the watertable were monitored in concert with rainfall.
These laboratory and field measurements enabled me to develop models of the
hydrology of bog peat and dried peat.
Radioisotope dating indicated that both bog peat and dried peat began forming
around 3300 years ago. The bog peat appeared to have drained to form dried peat
between 131 and 139 years ago. Since that time, erosion appeared to have contributed
more to the loss of organic material from dried peat than carbon mineralisation had.
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Sullivan, Nicholas B. "Refinements to the Depositional History of Lower Silurian Strata in the Northeastern United States by means of Conodont Biostratigraphy, d13C Chemostratigraphy, Sequence Stratigraphy, and Magnetic Susceptibility." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1378112630.
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Steenwerth, Kerri Loraine. "Links between soil microbial communities and transformations of soil carbon and nitrogen along a gradient in land-use history and soil disturbance /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2003. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
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McGranahan, Devan Allen. "Degradation and restoration in remnant tallgrass prairie grazing history, soil carbon, and invasive species affect community composition and response to the fire-grazing interaction /." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2008.
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Boehme-Terrana, Linae Marie. "Trace metals and stable isotopes as tracers of life history and trophic connections in estuarine-dependent fish from Tampa Bay, Florida." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2007. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002241.
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Wernert, Carole. "L'historicité de la transition énergétique bas carbone : analyse comparée des politiques énergie-climat locales en France (Metz) et en Allemagne (Sarrebruck)." Thesis, Le Mans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LEMA3016.
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Cette thèse interroge les capacités des villes à s'emparer de la question énergétique dans l'histoire, puis dans une perspective bas carbone. Elle s'appuie sur des hypothèses portant sur l'instauration de l'énergie comme ressource locale en tant que motif d'entrée en transition bas carbone des villes. L'historicité de cette transition indique que ses linéaments sont parfois identifiables avant l'avènement de ses impératifs. A travers une histoire territoriale de l'énergie, la thèse contribue au décryptage des clés d'intéressement des villes à la transition bas carbone ainsi qu'à la mise en perspective de « ses éléments atomiques » à l'échelle locale.La ville de Metz dispose d'une Entreprise Locale de Distribution (ELD), rare en France, créée sous annexion allemande en 1901 : Usine d'Electricité de Metz (UEM). L'entreprise produit et distribue de l'électricité et de la chaleur. Elle appartient à la ville (85%) et consolide les finances publiques tout en développant des ressources locales et/ou renouvelables.Sarrebruck, capitale d'un Land charbonnier et industriel allemand, semble peu encline à la transition bas carbone. Cependant, dans les années 1980-1990, la ville et sa « Stadtwerk » (ELD allemande) ont contesté des installations nucléaires et joué le rôle de laboratoire des renouvelables. La transition énergétique à Sarrebruck montre aussi des ruptures, des sentiers de dépendance au charbon et illustre la non-linéarité du processus. En fonction des caractéristiques historiques des villes et des pressions exogènes sur l'approvisionnement urbain, les transitions énergétiques bas carbone intéressent différemment les acteurs locaux et prennent diverses formes et rythmesThis thesis questions the capacity of cities to seize the energy issue through history, then through a low carbon perspective. It is based on assumptions that the introduction of energy as a local resource, is to become a reason for low carbon transition in cities. The historicity of this transition indicates that its lineaments are sometimes identifiable before the advent of its imperatives. Through a territorial history of energy, the thesis contributes to decoding keys of interest of cities to the low carbon transition as well as "its atomic elements" at the local scale.The city of Metz has a Local Distribution Company (ELD), rare in France, created under German annexation in 1901: Usine d'Electricité de Metz (UEM). The company produces and distributes electricity and heat. It belongs to the city (85%) and consolidates public finances while developing local and / or renewable resources.Saarbrücken, the capital of a German coal and industrial land, seems reluctant to the low carbon transition. However, in the years 1980-1990, the city and its "Stadtwerk" (German ELD) challenged nuclear power-plants and played the role of laboratory for renewables. The energy transition in Saarbrücken also shows ruptures, coal path dependencies, and illustrates the non-linearity of the process. Depending on the historical characteristics of cities and the exogenous pressures on urban supply, low-carbon energy transitions interest local actors to different extents and take various forms and rhythms
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Levin, Mikael. "Att elda för kråkorna? : hushållens energianvändning inom bostadssektorn i Sverige 1913-2008." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för geografi och ekonomisk historia, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-97497.
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This thesis investigates the development of the long-term energy consumption in the Swedish households by estimating the sector’s total energy use and moreover, by examining how structural, institutional and economic factors have affected the demand for energy in the residential sector during the period 1913-2008. The investigated period covers a transition from traditional fuels, such as firewood, to fossil fuels and finally renewable energy. Previous quantitative research in the field of energy history has mainly focused on estimates of the primary energy supply, and further, this research has primarily been supply-oriented and has therefore focused the production of energy and the supporting infrastructure. Overall, there is currently a lack of knowledge covering the long-term patterns in Swedish household’s energy consumption, including changes of the household energy mix. Identifying the central mechanisms behind these changes is the central research question in this thesis. Improved understanding of the energy transformation in Swedish households constitutes important knowledge for all actors who address energy and climate policy, not the least are knowledge about the complex factors that have affected the household consumption of fossil fuels, and thereby the household’s carbon dioxide emissions, important.- The aim of this thesis is to contribute to a better under-standing of the households' role in the energy system and how this role has changed during the 1900s until 2008. The thesis uses a structural analytical approach, based on the concepts suggested by foremost Olle Krantz and Lennart Schön, to understand how the household’s energy consumption is linked to structural changes and techno-logical development. Although the structural analytical chronology, as suggested by Schön, primary builds on the industrial sector, the households can be expected to follow a similar pattern of transformation. This since general-purpose energy technologies is central for the pattern of transformation. However, since different sectors face different conditions and different abilities to utilize the energy, it is equally plausible to assume that the households follow a different pattern than other sectors. The response could either have been faster or slower. The thesis concludes that the period covering the years 1913 to 1973 was a catching-up phase. The households lagged behind the industrial sector with respect to the transition to coal, electricity and oil. But in 1973 the households had however a similar energy mix to other sectors. The second conclusion is therefore that the households made a faster transition from oil to electricity and district heating. After 1985 the household’s energy mix took a different path compared to other sectors, which is the third conclusion. After 1985 the household’s oil consumption continued to decline as the consumption of district heating was increasing. The households were also more prone to increase their consumption of bio-fuels during the 1990s.
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McCullagh, James Stephen Oswin. "Development of new analytical techniques for amino acid isotope analysis and their application to palaeodietary reconstruction." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670162.
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Khalifa, Muftah. "Parameters Controlling Distribution of Diagenetic Alterations within Fluvial and Shallow Marine Sandstone Reservoirs : Evidence from the Libyan Basins." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Mineralogi, petrologi och tektonik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-284581.
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This thesis demonstrates that geological setting, depositional facies, open system flux of hot basinal brines and descending of shallow waters have a strong impact on the distribution of the diagenetic alterations within continental and paralic/shallow marine sandstones which in turn control the quality and heterogeneities of the reservoirs. Geological setting controls the mineralogical and textural maturity of sandstone, whereas depositional facies control the pore water chemistry (marine, brackish or meteoric), sedimentary texture and sand body geometry. Eogenetic alterations in the fluvial deposits are dominated by precipitation of infiltrated clays, kaolinitization of detrital silicates, whereas the shallow marine deposits are dominated by precipitation of early calcite and kaolinite. Conversely mesogenetic alterations are dominated by clay minerals transformation, quartz overgrowths and Ferroan- carbonates, barite and anhydrite. Flux of hot basinal brines is evidenced by precipitation of mesogenetic minerals that lack of internal sources (e.g. barite, anhydrite and ferroan carbonate cements), which is evidenced by: (1) restricted occurrence of these minerals in downthrown blocks. (2) The high fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures (Th) of quartz overgrowths (Th > 110-139°C), and carbonate cements (T > 80-140°C), which also have light δ18OV-PDB(-17.6‰ to -6.7‰). Flux of hot basinal brines is further evidenced by occurrence of saddle Fe-dolomite along stylolites. Fluid inclusion microthermometry further revealed a dramatic shift in pore- water chemistry from NaCl dominated brines during precipitation of quartz overgrowths to NaCl-CaCl2 dominated brines during cementation by Fe-dolomite. Presence of mixed brine (NaCl+CaCl2) systems in the fluid inclusions suggests flux of descending waters, which have circulated in the overlying carbonate-evaporite successions. The restricted occurrence of oil- filled inclusion to quartz overgrowths and methane to Fe-carbonate cements suggest migration of oil during precipitation by quartz and migration of methane during precipitation by Fe- carbonate cements. The extensive mesogenetic cements in the down thrown blocks is attributed to flux of basinal brines along deep seated faults, i.e. open system diagenesis. Integration of fluid inclusion microthermometry, isotopes, Raman spectrometry and thermal tectonic evolution of basins are essential techniques for unraveling the evolution of basinal fluids, cementation conditions and relative timing of hydrocarbons migration.Errata: Felaktigt disputationsdatum på spikbladet.
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Budd, Chelsea. "Neolithic Anatolia and Central Europe : disentangling enviromental impacts from diet isotope studies." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3166062c-6c74-4d5c-b347-c9967bedbbde.
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The aim of this thesis was to reconstruct dietary choices for Neolithic populations in Anatolia and Poland using stable isotope analysis, and to examine the extent to which local environmental factors in these regions affected the isotope values recorded from skeletal collagen. In total 278 new δ13C and δ15N values were obtained from human and animal bone collagen for this project (161 from the site of Oslonki 1, 59 from Barçin Höyük, and 58 from the site of Aktopraklik). From an environmental perspective, the multi-level statistical modelling highlighted a clear relationship with δ13C and δ15N and moisture availability, which was most evident through the proxy of mean annual precipitation (MAP). The modelling highlighted a 0.4‰ decrease in d13C for every 100mm decrease of MAP, and a 0.5‰ decrease in d15N for every 100mm decrease between sites. The δ13C and δ15N values for the North-West Anatolian sites are the first dietary isotopic studies for the Neolithic period in the region. The values are largely commensurate with the dietary isotope studies from Neolithic sites located on the Central Anatolian plateau, with the caveat that the North-West sites perhaps had a greater reliance on herbivore protein (instead of plant protein) than their plateau counterparts. The dietary reconstruction of Oslonki 1 uncovered a rather unexpected outcome - namely that status exerted a degree of control over human diet. If this is indeed true it will be the earliest evidence in Europe of a distinct relationship between the socioeconomic status and diet of an individual.
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Williams, Nicholas Philip. "Carbon management and the historic built environment in Wales." Thesis, Bangor University, 2016. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/carbon-management-and-the-historic-built-environment-in-wales(be4a871f-cf60-432a-99f0-1df60da0cb23).html.
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A potential clash of ideologies is identified between the climate change agenda and the conservation of the historic built environment. Whilst the conservation of both the natural environment and our built heritage should ideally be mutually beneficial, the lack of a robust policy framework within the planning system is proving to be highly problematic. The study examines how the historic built environment in Wales can contribute towards the national target of achieving a carbon neutral society within a generation through policy reform within the planning system. A brief history of the building conservation movement is provided, along with a description of how it has evolved. Climate change and its implications for the planning system are also examined. A hypothesis is also included in the study, which suggests that the current planning policy framework is insufficiently equipped to aid the historic built environment in adequately contributing towards the target of achieving a carbon neutral society within a generation. The analytical section draws upon the evidence base of the study, which is in the form of primary data such as surveys and secondary data such as previously published statistics. The findings of the study are identified and analysed in order to reach robust conclusions, which in turn lead onto a series of recommendations on how the planning policy framework for the historic built environment in Wales can be modified to become more effective in making significant reductions in carbon emissions over the next generation. The duration of the study period is from 1st January 2010 to 31st December 2014. All literature, data and other information included in this thesis, and subsequent analysis and conclusions, are considered to be up-to-date at the study’s ‘cut-off’ date of 31st December 2014. The Viva Voce for the study took place on 7th October 2015. Subsequently, changes have been made to the thesis that refer to information released after the original 31th December 2014 cut-off date.
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Aboglila, Salem Abdulghni-O. "Organic and isotopic geochemistry of source-rocks and crude oils from the East Sirte Basin (Libya)." Thesis, Curtin University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2118.
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The Sirte Basin is a major oil producing area in Libya, but the understanding of the processes that have led to the petroleum accumulation is still limited. Exploration studies of this area have shown that the oils are mixtures of several charges and may be from different source rocks. The main aims of this thesis are to improve our understanding of the petroleum accumulation history in the East Sirte Basin.Biomarker ratios, together with stable carbon (δ[superscript]1[superscript]3C) and hydrogen (δD) isotopic compositions of individual hydrocarbons have been applied to 24 crude oils from the East Sirte Basin to delineate their sources and respective thermal maturities. The crude oil samples are divided into two main families (A and B) based on differences in source inputs and thermal maturity. Using source-specific biomarker parameters based on pristane/phytane (Pr/Ph), hopane/sterane ratios, dibenzothiophene (DBT) / phenanthrene (P), Pr/n-C[subscript]1[subscript]7, Ph/n-C[subscript]l[subscript]8 and the distribution of tricyclic and tetracyclic terpanes, family B oils are ascribed a marine source rock deposited under sub-oxic conditions, whereas family A oils have a more terrestrial source affinity. This source classification is supported by the stable carbon isotopic compositions (δ[superscript]1[superscript]3C) of the n-alkanes. Family A oils were found to be more mature based on differences between the stable hydrogen isotopic compositions (δD) of Pr and Ph and the n-alkanes, as well as the δ[superscript]1[superscript]3C values of n-alkanes.Within a complex geological setting several potential source rocks have been recognised, ranging in age from Precambrian to Eocene. Biomarker ratios, together with δ[superscript]1[superscript]3C and δD of individual hydrocarbons have been applied to 21 source rock extracts from the East Sirte Basin to establish their respective thermal maturity and palaeoenvironmental conditions of deposition. Rock Eval pyrolysis data obtained from the source rocks of the Sirte, Tagrifet, Rakb, Rachmat, Bahi and Nubian Formations show that the organic matter (OM) is mainly dominated by a Type II/III kerogen. Vitrinite reflectance (% R[subscript]o range: 0.46 – 1.38) data support variations in thermal maturity and indicate mature to post mature rocks of Sirte and Rachmat Formations and early to mid stage maturities for the rest of the formations. The Sirte Formation in the studied area was found to be relatively more thermally mature than the Tagrifet, Rakb, Rachmat, Bahi, and Nubian Formations, reflected by δD of Pr and Ph (less depleted in D).Various unusual steroid biomarkers in the oils and East Sirte source-rocks were identified by gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and GC- metastable reaction monitoring (MRM) mass spectrometry. These included 24-norcholestanes, dinosteranes, 4α-methyl-24-ethylcholestanes and triaromatic steroids. Diatoms, dinoflagellates and/or their direct ancestors are the proposed sources of these components. These biomarker parameters have been used to establish a Mesozoic oil-source correlation of the East Sirte Basin. This is consistent with the presence of dinoflagellate cysts in the Nubian Formation of Lower Cretaceous age.
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Romanova, Liubomira. "Évolution de l'alimentation et de l'économie chez les Iakoutes du XVIIe au début du XXe siècle : confrontations des données biologiques et culturelles." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOU30017.
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Située à l'interface de la biologie et des sciences humaines, l'anthropologie de l'alimentation est un domaine privilégié de l'étude des sociétés anciennes. Restituer l'alimentation du passé dans toute sa complexité et diversité ne peut se faire que grâce au croisement des diverses sources disponibles. Traditionnellement, l'alimentation des populations passées est étudiée par les historiens (sources écrites) et les archéologues (sources matérielles), mais aujourd'hui, le développement des techniques d'analyses biologiques des échantillons humains offre de nouvelles façons d'aborder cette problématique. Nous avons choisi le cas d'étude de la Iakoutie, l'abondance de données historiques et ethnographiques fournissant un cadre contextuel solide, et des tombes découvertes dans le pergélisol permettant l'accès non seulement au mobilier et aux repas funéraires, mais aussi à des échantillons biologiques très bien conservés. L'étude de l'alimentation des Iakoutes, éleveurs de chevaux et de bovins, s'inscrit dans l'histoire de la colonisation européenne et illustre donc la transition d'un mode de vie traditionnel vers un mode de vie dominé par l'économie de marché, et ce dans un environnement particulier où la température peut atteindre -71°C en hiver. Le territoire, étalé sur trois millions de km2, englobe des biotopes variés avec des vallées et des lacs riches en pâturages en Iakoutie Centrale et en Viliouï, et des régions montagneuses moins propices à l'élevage dans le Nord, où la chasse est toujours restée une source importante de l'alimentation. Nos objectifs sont de reconstituer l'évolution de l'alimentation des Iakoutes et de déterminer ses particularités régionales ainsi que celles de ses catégories sociales (telles que déterminées par le mobilier retrouvé dans les tombes) et sexuelles. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, nous avons confronté les données de plusieurs sources : 1. La synthèse des sources historiques, de documents de l'administration russe - dont certains inédits -, ainsi que de récits de voyageurs et de descriptions ethnographiques du XVIIe au début du XXe siècle, qui attestent que l'alimentation des Iakoutes est basée principalement sur les produits d'élevage de chevaux et de bovins, la chasse, la pêche et la cueillette servant de source de nourriture d'appoint suivant les régions. Ils témoignent de la multiplicité de produits laitiers et de la consommation de divers végétaux. Une transformation profonde de la société après l'arrivée des Russes est due à la sédentarisation des Iakoutes qui a mené au développement de l'élevage de bovins et la réduction du nombre de chevaux. Le commerce a introduit de nouveaux aliments. Enfin, l'agriculture instaurée par les Russes remplace progressivement la cueillette et la préparation du cambium des arbres, utilisé jusqu'alors comme farine. 2. L'étude du mobilier archéologique (restes alimentaires, leurs contenants et accessoires à fumer) déposé dans plus de 150 tombes couvrant une période courant du XVe au début du XIXe siècle souligne le rôle important des offrandes alimentaires (viande et produit laitier) dans le rite funéraire avant la christianisation en masse au XIXe siècle. [...]Situated at the interface of biology and the humanities, the anthropology of food is a privileged field for the study of ancient societies. Reconstructing the food of the past in all its complexity and diversity can only be achieved by combining the various available sources. Traditionally, the diet of past populations has been studied by historians (written sources) and archaeologists (material sources), but today the development of techniques of biological analysis on human samples offers new ways of tackling this issue. We have chosen the case study of Yakutia, as the abundance of historical and ethnographic data provide a solid contextual framework, and tombs discovered in the permafrost allow access not only to artefacts and funeral meals, but also to very well preserved biological samples. The study of the diet of the Yakuts, who are traditionally horse and cattle breeders, is part of European colonial history and therefore illustrates the transition from a traditional way of life to one dominated by a market economy, in a particular environment where the temperature can reach -71° C in winter. The territory of Yakutia, spread over three million square kilometers, includes various biotopes with valleys and lakes rich in pastures in Central Yakutia and Viluy, and mountainous regions in the North less favourable for breeding, where hunting has always remained an important food source. Our objective is to reconstruct the evolution of the Yakut diet, and to determine its regional particularities as well as those of its social (as determined by artefacts found in the tombs) and sexual categories. To achieve these objectives, we compared data from several sources: 1. The synthesis of historical sources, documents of Russian administration -- some of them unpublished --, as well as ethnographic descriptions from the 17th century to the beginning of the 20th century, which attest that the diet of the Yakuts was mainly based on the products of horse and cattle breeding, while hunting, fishing, and gathering served as a source of supplementary food, in a variable way depending on the region. They attest to the diversity of dairy products and the consumption of various plants. A profound transformation of society after the arrival of the Russians is due to the sedentarization of the Yakuts, with the development of cattle breeding and a decline in the number of horses. Trade also introduced new products. Finally, the agriculture instituted by the Russians gradually replaced the gathering and preparation of the cambium of trees, used until then as flour. 2. The study of archaeological artefacts (food remains, dishes and smoking accessories), deposited in more than 150 tombs during the period extending from the 15th century to the beginning of the 19th century, highlights the important role of food offerings (meat and dairy products) in funeral rites prior to mass Christianization in the 19th century. 3. The analysis of stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen on the bone collagen of 61 buried subjects and 19 fauna samples (including 11 archaeological and 8 modern) distinguishes meat and fish consumption. It reveals differences of diet by geographic region, and a stable diet among the wealthier Yakuts. [...]
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Tan, Mustafa Tumer. "Seismic Strengthening Of A Mid-rise Reinforced Concrete Frame Using Cfrps: An Application From Real Life." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12610562/index.pdf.
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SEISMIC STRENGTHENING OF A
MID-RISE REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAME
USING CFRPs: AN APPLICATION FROM REAL LIFE
Tan, Mustafa Tümer M.S., Department Of Civil Engineering Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Gü
ney Ö
zcebe Co-Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. BariS Binici May 2009, 162 pages FRP retrofitting allows the utilization of brick infill walls as lateral load resisting elements. This practical retrofit scheme is a strong alternative to strengthen low to mid-rise deficient reinforced concrete (RC) structures in Turkey. The advantages of the FRP applications, to name a few, are the speed of construction and elimination of the need for building evacuation during construction. In this retrofit scheme, infill walls are adopted to the existing frame system by using FRP tension ties anchored the boundary frame using FRP dowels. Results of experiments have previously shown that FRP strengthened infill walls can enhance lateral load carrying capacity and reduce damage by limiting interstory drift deformations. In previous, analytical studies, a detailed mathematical model and a simplified version of the model for compression struts and tension ties was proposed and verified by comparing model estimations with test results. In this study, an existing 9-storey deficient RC building located in Antakya was chosen to design and apply a hybrid strengthening scheme with FRPs and reduced number of shear walls. Linear elastic analysis procedure was utilized (force based assessment technique) along with the rules of Mode Superposition Method for the reftrofit design. FRP retrofit scheme was employed using the simplified model and design was conducted such that life safety performance criterion is satisfied employing elastic spectrum with 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years according to the Turkish Earthquake Code 2007. Further analytical studies are performed by using Modal Pushover and Nonlinear Time-History Analyses. At the end of these nonlinear analyses, performance check is performed according to Turkish Earthquake Code 2007, using the strains resulting from the sum of yield and plastic rotations at demand in the critical sections. CFRP retrofitting works started at October 2008 and finished at December 2008 for the building mentioned in this study. Eccentric reinforced concrete shearwall installation is still being undertaken. All construction business is carried out without evacuation of the building occupants. This project is one of the first examples of its kind in Turkey. Keywords: CFRP, Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers, Masonry Infill Walls, Reinforced Concrete Infill Walls, Mid-Rise Deficient Structures, Turkish Earthquake Code 2007, Modal Pushover Analysis, Nonlinear Time History Analysis, Linear Elastic Building Assessment
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Elkins, Troy R. "A creditable position James Carson Breckinridge and the development of the Marine Corps Schools." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13160.
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Master of ArtsDepartment of History
Michael A. Ramsay
Immediately after World War I, the Commandant of the United States Marine Corps implemented an officer education program. Called the Marine Corps Schools (MCS), the Commandant, Major General John A. Lejeune, gave the schools the mission of educating officers throughout their career. MCS struggled during its first decade of existence due to operational tempo and a poor curriculum. The direction of MCS changed greatly with the assignment of James Carson Breckinridge as the commanding officer in 1928. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the role Breckinridge, an unconventional and intellectual officer, played in reviving the MCS and turning it into the authority on Small Wars and Amphibious Operations. It will show that Breckinridge, drawing on observations made of college education systems, focused the Marine Corps Schools on the task of teaching officers to analyze problems and find solutions and not rely on memorized book answers.
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Moran, Francis. "Benchmarking the energy use of historic dwellings in Bath and the role for retrofit and LZC technologies to reduce CO2 emissions." Thesis, University of Bath, 2013. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.636542.
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Historic dwellings in the UK make up 20% of all homes and are amongst the most poorly performing part of the English housing stock in energy use terms, with the lowest SAP rating and highest average annual CO2 emissions. The degree to which proposals to retrofit the UK housing stock can reduce emissions depends on current energy use and CO2 emissions. Current methodology relies on national aggregated statistics to provide average energy use data; historic buildings as a subset cannot be segregated. In order to assess realistic carbon reduction potential it is vital that performance of historic dwellings is established from disaggregated data sources or with validated and stakeholder accepted models that can accurately prescribe energy use in an affordable, easy to use and transparent manner. This research attempts to begin such orthodoxy. The benchmark derived in this study suggests that historic buildings in Bath use less energy than predicted by national, regional, and local average energy use, but they are not low energy dwellings. They therefore require retrofit adaptations to reduce CO2 emissions. Procedures to assess the potential for such measures are of primary importance as some adaptations impact on both fabric and aesthetics. It is therefore imperative that the contribution such alterations make towards reducing CO2 emissions can be weighed against the change they may make to our built heritage. Using the Passive House Planning Package modelling tool, predictions of energy use were provided and validated against actual energy use. The model demonstrated accuracy in predicting energy used when incorporating a reduction factor to reflect intermittent heating patterns. The model was then used to assess the retrofit adaptation measures with a suite of measures incorporating renewable energy technology, delivering CO2 emission reductions approaching 80%. This approach can be applied beyond the UK as the model permits the use of local weather data sets. In establishing a benchmark of energy use in domestic historic dwellings, this work assists in developing suitable and effective solutions that are replicable and durable, permitting built heritage to meet UK emissions targets through the provision of empirical data to evaluate any alteration to fabric or aesthetics against the benefit of carbon savings.
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Ruggiero, Amanda Saba. "Jorge Caron: uma trajetória." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18142/tde-17072009-091313/.
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A Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo de São Paulo foi ambiente disseminador de uma série de princípios éticos e estéticos referenciados na responsabilidade social do arquiteto, tendo a figura do mestre João Batista Vilanova Artigas, como eixo difusor e grande condutor destes ideais nas décadas de 50 e 60. O arquiteto Jorge Caron (1936/2000) respondeu ao perfil do arquiteto completo idealizado por este grupo da FAU-USP, atuando como arquiteto e urbanista, educador, paisagista, designer, cenógrafo, cineasta e agitador cultural. Sem dúvida alguma foi personagem de fundamental importância, tendo trabalhado intensamente no campo constitutivo deste rico ambiente de luta pela formação cultural do país. Trata-se do desenho inédito de uma trajetória profissional, executado a partir do resgate e do estudo sistematizado das propostas de Jorge Caron. Seu percurso é entendido através da identificação dos interlocutores, dos conflitos e diálogos estabelecidos nesse panorama, com o intuito de revelar escolhas e estratégias traduzidas também na sua arquitetura.During the years of 1950 and 1960, the Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning of Sao Paulo (FAU-USP) had been a center of ethics and esthetics principles, guided by the master João Batista Vilanova Artigas, architect and urban planner known as a diffuser, an important professor and great leader of the modern movement in Brazil. The architect Jorge Caron (1936/2000) represented the second generation of the modern architect idealized by this group from FAU-USP. He worked as an architect and urban planner, educator, landscape worker, designer, scenographist, movie director and cultural producer. He was indoubtly an important professional, having worked intensely for developing a national culture. In this work, we analyze Jorge Caron professional carrier based on the recovery and the systematic study of his proposals. We identify the interlocutors, the conflicts and dialogs established in this context, aiming to reveal the choices and strategies also translated in his architecture.
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Bernard, Ryan Carlson. "The Rise and Fall of the Hillbilly Music Genre, A History, 1922-1939." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2007. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2059.
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This research will examine the rise in popularity of the hillbilly music genre as it relates to the early part of the twentieth century as well as its decline with the arrival of the western hero, the cowboy.
Chapter 1 examines the origins of traditional music and how instrumental the fiddle and banjo were in that development. Chapter 2 looks closely into the careers of recording artists who recorded what would later be called hillbilly music. Chapter 3 examines the string band and the naming of the hillbilly genre. Chapters 4 and 5 look at the aspect of radio programming and stereotypes.
Chapter 6 discusses the homogenization of the hillbilly genre and the replacement of the hillbilly with the cowboy. This research will clarify the appeal of the hillbilly and highlight the negative stereotypes that started the genre and ultimately ended it leading into the Second World War.
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Newson, Stuart E. "Colonisation and range expansion of inland breeding great cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo in England." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325797.
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Giblin, Julia Irene. "Isotope Analysis on the Great Hungarian Plain: An Exploration of Mobility and Subsistence Strategies from the Neolithic to the Copper Age." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306863726.
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Hise, Patricia Jean Fielder. "Carson McCullers Beyond Southern Boundaries: Diagnosing "An American Malady"." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1998. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc935671/.
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The loneliness theme of Carson McCullers' fiction falls into three divisions or levels. And because of her focus on the individual, her general theme of loneliness as it results from human isolation is universal. She develops her "broad principal theme" through an examination of human characteristics common to all human beings. In expressing her concept of isolation as a human condition, however, she presents loneliness as she believes it exists in her own culture, and, for this reason, her works present a loneliness that results from American cultural attitudes and is tempered by a Southern sense of nostalgia. After first establishing an understanding of McCullers' basic theme through an analysis of The Heart is a Lonely Hunter, this study analyzes the nature of the Southern tradition and its influence on the criticism of her fiction with particular focus on the problems of determining to what degree her Southern settings inhibit the interpretation of her works beyond a regional perspective. A comparison of thematic elements, events, and characterization in The Heart is a Lonely Hunter to nonfiction critical discussions of American culture in The Image by Daniel Boorstin and The Pursuit of Loneliness by Philip Slater shows that the social context and the theme of isolation in the novel reflect a condition of life that is American, not distinctively Southern. The final portion of this study continues the analysis of McCullers' basic theme in Reflections in a Golden Eye, The Member of the Wedding, The Ballad of the Sad Cafe, and Clock Without Hands, comparing elements of these later works to The Image and The Pursuit of Loneliness in order to demonstrate the particularly American loneliness of her characters and the value of her works to the tradition of American novel.
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Vargaftig, Nadia. "Des empires en carton : les expositions coloniales au Portugal et en Italie (1918-1940)." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA070028.
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Ce travail se propose de croiser deux phénomènes politiques, sociaux et culturels qui ont marqué le vingtième siècle européen : l'expansion du vieux continent par l'impérialisme colonial initié dans les années 1870 et les dictatures fascistes et corporatistes de la période qui sépare les deux conflits mondiaux. Dans une approche comparatiste, il s'agit de comprendre par quels mécanismes les représentations de la colonisation portugaise e italienne telles qu'elles apparaissent dans les expositions coloniales de la période reflètent et renforcent des appareils de domination qui s'exercent sur les sociétés métropolitaines et coloniales. En analysant les modalités de fabrication, en dressant l'inventaire des institutions, organisations et individus mobilisés, puis en examinant les ressorts esthétiques, historiques et scientifiques des expositions, foires et participations du Portugal de Salazar et de l'Italie de Mussolini aux expositions internationales, on cherche à identifier les continuités et les ruptures propres à chaque régime dans son approche et son interprétation du fait colonial. Oi constate ainsi combien ces expositions sont le fruit de rapports de force conjoncturels dans lesquels les réalité: du terrain colonial ne constituent qu'un facteur parmi d'autres, comme l'équilibre des pouvpirs au sein des États fasciste et salazariste, les luttes d'influence entre institutions ou les rivalités intereuropéennes, dans un contexte international particulièrement tendu. Enfin, l'étude de la présence des ressortissants des territoires coloniaux permet de mesurer la dimension raciste de ces mises en scène de la domination européenneThis work proposes to confront two political, social and cultural phenomena that marked the twentieth century in Europe: the expansion of the old continent by colonial imperialism which started in the 1870s and the corporatist and fascist dictatorships of the interwar period. A comparative approach enables to understand the mechanisms by which representations of the Portuguese and Italian colonizations as they appeared in the colonial exhibitions of the period reflected and reinforced devices of domination exerted on metropolitan and colonial societies. Examining the aesthetic, historical and scientific motives of exhibitions, fairs and participations of Salazar's Portugal and Mussolini's Italy in international exhibitions, analyzing their manufacturing arrangements, and finally assessing the institutions, organizations and individuals involved in the process, permits to identify continuities and changes in the approach and interpretation of the colonial fact by each regime. These exhibitions were thus the result of evolving power relations in which the realities of the colonial ground were only one factor among others, as the balance of power in the fascist and salazarist states, struggles of influence between institutions, or inter-European rivalries in a particularly tense international context. Finally, the study of the presence of nationals of colonial territories permits to measure the racial dimension of these stagings of European domination
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Bayless, Joseph. "An Iron Catalyst: Virginia’s Roadside Historical Markers and the Shaping of a Historical Consciousness." VCU Scholars Compass, 2011. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2339.
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The thesis analyzes the origins and the formative period of Virginia’s historical marker program. It shows that historical markers were critical to the success of Harry Flood Byrd’s administration and his Commission on Conservation and Development. The thesis also examines how Virginia’s marker program set the standard for roadside commemoration across the entire United States. Lastly, the work appraises the influence of Dr. Hamilton James Eckenrode, his pioneering methods of historical commemoration, and his central role in the success of Virginia’s marker program.
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Tantau, Ioan. "Recherches pollenanalytiques dans les Carpates Orientales (Roumanie). Histoire de la végétation et de l'action humaine." Aix-Marseille 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX30049.
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Cinq zones humides des Carpates orientales et de la partie sud-ouest de la dépression de Transylvanie ont fait l'objet d'études paléoécologiques. Onze diagrammes polliniques établis à partir de 1165 spectres polliniques et étayés par 64 datations 14C permettent de reconstituer l'histoire tardi- et postglaciaire de la végétation. Au cours de l'interstade tardiglaciaire la recolonisation forestière débute avec le développement de boisements en Pinus, sans phase pionnière à Betula. Picea commence à sortir de ses refuges. Après un Dryas récent bien marqué l'Holocène débute par l'expansion de Betula, d'Ulmus et de Picea, puis, vers 9000 B. P. Par celle de Fraxinus, Quercus et Tilia. L'optimum de Corylus est corrélé avec la chronozone Atlantique (postérieur à 8000 BP), celui de Carpinus est caractéristique du Subboréal (a lieu vers 5000 BP). Les forêts de Fagus se répandent à partir de 4000 BP. C'est vers 6500 B. P. Que les premiers signes de céréaliculture se manifestent. La mise en évidence de diachronismes régionaux permet de reconstituer les routes migratoires de quelques taxons forestiersPaleoecological studies of five wetlands from the Eastern Romanian Carpathians and from the southwestern part of Transylvania depression were accomplished. Eleven pollen diagrams established by 1165 pollen spectra and supported by 64 14C datings make it possible to reconstitute the Late Glacial and Holocene vegetation history. Durind the Late Glacial interstadial the forest recolonisation begin with the Pinus developpement, without the Betula phase. Picea begin to expend from the refuges. After an Younger Dryas well marked, the Holocene begin with the Betula, Ulmus and Picea expansion, then, at about 9,000 BP, by that of Fraxinus, Quercus and Tilia. Corylus optimum is correlated with the Atlantic chronozone (after 8,000 BP), that of Carpinus is characteristic of Subboreal (at about 5,000 BP). The forests of Fagus are spread starting from 4,000 BP. The first evidences of cultivation of cereals appear around 6,500 B. P. The regional diachronisms evidences makes it possible to reconstitute the migration routes of some forest taxa
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Rowlings, David William. "Influence of historic land use change on the biosphere-atmosphere-exchange of C and N trace gases in the humid, subtropical region of Queensland." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2010. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/39257/1/David_Rowlings_Thesis.pdf.
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Increases in atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) due to human activities have been linked to climate change. GHG emissions from land use change and agriculture have been identified as significant contributors to both Australia’s and the global GHG budget. This is expected to increase over the coming decades as rates of agriculture intensification and land use change accelerate to support population growth and food production. Limited data exists on CO2, CH4 and N2O trace gas fluxes from subtropical or tropical soils and land uses.
To develop effective mitigation strategies a full global warming potential (GWP) accounting methodology is required that includes emissions of the three primary greenhouse gases. Mitigation strategies that focus on one gas only can inadvertently increase emissions of another. For this reason, detailed inventories of GHGs from soils and vegetation under individual land uses are urgently required for subtropical Australia.
This study aimed to quantify GHG emissions over two consecutive years from three major land uses; a well-established, unfertilized subtropical grass-legume pasture, a 30 year (lychee) orchard and a remnant subtropical Gallery rainforest, all located near Mooloolah, Queensland. GHG fluxes were measured using a combination of high resolution automated sampling, coarser spatial manual sampling and laboratory incubations. Comparison between the land uses revealed that land use change can have a substantial impact on the GWP on a landscape long after the deforestation event.
The conversion of rainforest to agricultural land resulted in as much as a 17 fold increase in GWP, from 251 kg CO2 eq. ha-1 yr-1 in the rainforest to 889 kg CO2 eq. ha-1 yr-1 in the pasture to 2538 kg CO2 eq. ha-1 yr-1 in the lychee plantation. This increase resulted from altered N cycling and a reduction in the aerobic capacity of the soil in the pasture and lychee systems, enhancing denitrification and nitrification events, and reducing atmospheric CH4 uptake in the soil.
High infiltration, drainage and subsequent soil aeration under the rainforest limited N2O loss, as well as promoting CH4 uptake of 11.2 g CH4-C ha-1 day-1. This was among the highest reported for rainforest systems, indicating that aerated subtropical rainforests can act as substantial sink of CH4.
Interannual climatic variation resulted in significantly higher N2O emission from the pasture during 2008 (5.7 g N2O-N ha day) compared to 2007 (3.9 g N2O-N ha day), despite receiving nearly 500 mm less rainfall. Nitrous oxide emissions from the pasture were highest during the summer months and were highly episodic, related more to the magnitude and distribution of rain events rather than soil moisture alone.
Mean N2O emissions from the lychee plantation increased from an average of 4.0 g N2O-N ha-1 day-1, to 19.8 g N2O-N ha-1 day-1 following a split application of N fertilizer (560 kg N ha-1, equivalent to 1 kg N tree-1). The timing of the split application was found to be critical to N2O emissions, with over twice as much lost following an application in spring (emission factor (EF): 1.79%) compared to autumn (EF: 0.91%). This was attributed to the hot and moist climatic conditions and a reduction in plant N uptake during the spring creating conditions conducive to N2O loss.
These findings demonstrate that land use change in subtropical Australia can be a significant source of GHGs. Moreover, the study shows that modifying the timing of fertilizer application can be an efficient way of reducing GHG emissions from subtropical horticulture.
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Rock, Núñez María Esperanza. "Análisis de la identidad minera en Lota: (1800-2013)." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2014. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/152374.
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Tesis para optar al grado de Doctor en Historia mención etnohistoriaAnálisis de la identidad minera en Lota (1800-2013), es una investigación que intenta buscar el origen, formación y consolidación de la identidad minera del carbón en la Octava Región, desde 1800 hasta 2013. Su objetivo es definir la identidad minera del carbón detectando los procesos históricos, sociales y culturales que participaron en la formación, consolidación y perduración de ésta tras el cierre de la industria carbonífera. ¿Cuál es la identidad minera del carbón? ¿Desde cuándo podemos hablar de ella? ¿Cómo se manifiesta en el tiempo? ¿Cuáles fueron los acontecimientos históricos que la consolidaron como tal? Son solo algunas de las interrogantes que intentaremos resolver. Uno de los temas centrales está dado por el impacto cultural local que provocó la inserción de la industria de extracción en un determinado territorio de Chile. Se analizarán también los fenómenos posteriores a su instauración que, de alguna forma, validaron la identidad minera y su perduración tras el cierre definitivo de los yacimientos de Lota. De acuerdo a lo anterior definiremos tres grandes períodos en este proceso: 1) antes de la llegada de la industrialización, 2) el período de su pleno funcionamiento y 3) la perduración de la identidad tras el cierre definitivo. Abordaremos el estudio con propuestas metodologías que nos entregarán una visión general por cada período, intentando describir: el capital cultural, económico, el espacio social, el grupo humano, las políticas públicas y la repercusión del acontecer nacional en lo local. Los resultados esperados son definir tanto el origen a la identidad minera del carbón de la Octava Región del Biobío, como detectar su consolidación y persistencia a pesar del cierre de la industria. Esta identidad marca un sentir común en la población de la cuenca de Arauco producto de ese largo proceso que intentaremos dilucidar. Los años de historia cultural común constituyen parte fundamental para las familias del sector; lo que explicaría el fracaso de la reconversión laboral, entre otras situaciones socio políticas existentes actualmente.
Beca CONICYT N° 15510545 / 2011
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Sanzana, Molina Francisca. "De la oscuridad de las minas a la oscuridad de un presente sin ellas: crisis en la comunidad de Lota tras el cierre de las minas de carbón. Neoliberalismo y arraigo geográfico: 1964-2010." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2015. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/137607.
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Villa, Martínez Rodrigo. "Historia del clima y la vegetación de Chile Central durante el Holoceno : una reconstrucción basada en el análisis de polen, sedimentos, microalgas y carbón." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2002. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/106699.
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Slippers, Beatrice Barbara. "'n Ding wat homself dra : Anne Carson se Nox as visuele en poetiese ondersoek na haar broer se lewe en dood en Afskrif." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/98038.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2016AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis is ’n studie van Anne Carson se boek Nox wat die vorm, voorkoms, prosesse en samestelling van die teks ondersoek en analiseer. Dit probeer tot ’n begrip kom van presies hoe Carson “a brilliantly curated heap of scraps” verwerk tot ’n outonome kunswerk, “a thing that carries itself.” In die eerste gedeelte van die tesis word Nox as voorbeeld van ’n kunsboek (“artists’ book”) beskou. Nox se inhoud en voorkoms word gemeet aan die definisie en kenmerke van kunsboeke en binne die konteks van die geskiedenis van boekkuns as praktyk geplaas. Daar word veral gefokus op die visuele aard van Nox, die maniere waarop die boek verskil van meer konvensionele tekste, die selfbewustheid en selfrefleksie wat in die teks manifesteer en die eenheid van vorm en inhoud wat die outeur/kunstenaar bewerkstellig. Die tweede gedeelte ondersoek hoe vertaling op verskillende vlakke as proses in die skep van Nox funksioneer. Die fragmente en brokstukke waaruit die teks bestaan word deur middel van vertaling tot ’n eenheid gebind. Die proses van lewensbeskrywing word op metaforiese vlak as ’n soort vertaling gesien, wat parallel staan teenoor die letterlike vertaling van Catullus se “Gedig 101” wat op die bladsye van Nox plaasvind. Terselfdertyd verteenwoordig die wyse waarop ’n private objek (Carson se notaboek waarin sy die oorspronklike brokke byeengebring het) verwerk word tot ’n publieke kunswerk (die kunsboek Nox) ’n volgende vlak van vertaling wat die ander twee vlakke omarm en bevat. Deur middel van ’n proses van intersemiotiese vertaling skep Carson in die kunsboek Nox ’n weergawe van “Gedig 101”. Die manier waarop die gedig betekenis skep word in ander tekensisteme in die kunsboek nageboots. In die laaste afdeling word semiotiek aangewend as teoretiese raamwerk waarbinne ’n teks wat uit verskillende media saamgestel is, ondersoek kan word. In dié gedeelte word ’n stiplees van Nox onderneem om te demonstreer presies hoe Carson die fragmente en brokstukke verwerk om ’n samehangende eenheid te skep. Daar word aangedui dat die teks gelees kan word as ’n vertraagde, verskerpte en ontplofte vertaalhandeling wat uitdrukking en vorm gee aan menslike smart. Die bundel Afskrif bestaan uit gedigte wat die moontlikheid van oorspronklikheid ondersoek en op verskillende maniere kyk na replikas, afskrifte, kopieë en herskrywings.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis is a study of Anne Carson’s book Nox. It investigates the form, aesthetic, process and composition of the text, and attempts to come to an understanding of the way in which Carson transforms a “brilliantly curated heap of scraps” into an autonomous artwork, “a thing that carries itself.” The first section of the thesis discusses Nox as an example of an artist’s book. The content and appearance of the book are measured against the definition and characteristics of artist’s books, before it is placed within the context of the history of bookwork as an artistic practice. The visual nature of the book, the ways in which it challenges conventions of bookmaking, its self-consciousness and self-reflexivity, as well as the author/artist’s means of creating unity between form and content are emphasised. The second section of the thesis investigates how translation is used at different levels in the process of creating the work. Translation is used as a way of drawing together the fragments and scraps from which Nox is essentially made. At a metaphoric level, the process of life writing is seen as a form of translation, which also runs parallel to the literal translation of Catullus’ “Poem 101” contained in the pages of Nox. At the same time, the transformation of a private object (Carson’s personal notebook in which she collected the original scraps) into an artwork for public consumption (the artist’s book Nox) represents a third level of translation, which embraces and contains the other two. Through a process of intersemiotic translation, Carson creates a version of “Poem 101” in her artists’ book that mimics the way in which the poem creates meaning. In the last section of the thesis, semiotics is applied as a theoretical framework to facilitate the reading of a text in which various media is present. A close reading of Nox is undertaken to demonstrate exactly how Carson goes about processing the fragments and scraps into a coherent unity. The close reading reveals that Nox can be read as a slow, intensified and exploded exercise in translation that gives expression to grief. The collection of poems entitled Afskrif consists of poems which question the possibility of originality and investigates replicas, photocopies, copies and rewritings in different ways.
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Lazo, Torres Pablo. "Posición del Partido Comunista de Chile frente a las políticas de bienestar de la Compañía Minera de Lota, 1939-1947." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2018. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/148586.
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Swetnam, Thomas W. "Radial Growth Losses in Douglas-Fir and White Fir Caused by Western Spruce Budworm in Northern New Mexico: 1700-1983." Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/302602.
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Final Report / Contract on 43-8371-4-628 / For: USDA, Forest Service, Southwestern RegionRegional outbreaks of western spruce budworms (Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman) have recurred at least three times in northern New Mexico since the early 1920's when the U. S. Forest Service first began systematic forest-pest surveys and documentation (Lessard 1975, U. S. Forest Service documents). The current outbreak was first noticed in a small area on the Taos Indian Reservation in 1974, and since then the defoliated areas have increased in New Mexico and Arizona to more than 370,000 acres of Federal, Indian, State and private lands (Linnane 1984). Losses in timber values can generally be ascribed to radial growth loss, height growth loss, topkilling, reduced regeneration, and mortality (Carlson et al. 1983, Fellin et al. 1983). A damage assessment project was initiated in 1978 and was aimed at obtaining measurements of some of these losses in budworm infested stands on the Carson National Forest, New Mexico (Holland and Lessard 1979). A large data base has subsequently been developed, including yearly measurements on topkilling, mortality, defoliation, and insect population changes (Stein 1980, 1981, Stein and McDonnell 1982, Rogers 1984). A growth assessment study was undertaken in 1982 to determine the feasibility of using dendrochronological methods to identify the timing of past outbreaks and to quantify radial growth losses associated with budworm defoliation (Swetnam 1984). Results of this work showed that three major outbreaks during the twentieth century were clearly visible in the tree-ring samples obtained from currently infested trees. The radial growth of host trees was corrected for age, climate and other non-budworm environmental effects, and then growth losses were computed as a percentage of expected growth (Swetnam 1984). Additional collections were obtained in 1984 in order to expand the scope of the radial growth study. The objectives included 1) assessment of a larger number of tree -ring samples, 2) comparison of radial growth losses between the two primary host species - Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and white fir (Abies concolor), 3) comparison of radial growth losses between age classes, and 4) analysis of the relationship between yearly measurements of defoliation, insect populations and radial growth. This report summarizes the findings of the above analyses. Increment core samples from the 1982 collections are included here, therefore this report supersedes the earlier report (Swetnam 1984). Information is also presented on observations derived from the dated tree-ring series on the timing of occurrence of known and inferred spruce budworm outbreaks for the past 284 years (1700- 1983). This is the longest record of spruce budworm occurrence yet developed for western North America.