Relevant bibliographies by topics / Carbon history

Academic literature on the topic 'Carbon history'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Carbon history"

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Sequeira, César A. C. "Carbon Anode in Carbon History." Molecules 25, no. 21 (October 28, 2020): 4996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25214996.

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This study examines how the several major industries, associated with a carbon artifact production, essentially belong to one, closely knit family. The common parents are the geological fossils called petroleum and coal. The study also reviews the major developments in carbon nanotechnology and electrocatalysis over the last 30 years or so. In this context, the development of various carbon materials with size, dopants, shape, and structure designed to achieve high catalytic electroactivity is reported, and among them recent carbon electrodes with many important features are presented together with their relevant applications in chemical technology, neurochemical monitoring, electrode kinetics, direct carbon fuel cells, lithium ion batteries, electrochemical capacitors, and supercapattery.
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Smith, H. Jesse. "Carbon cycle history." Science 371, no. 6536 (March 25, 2021): 1328.2–1328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.371.6536.1328-b.

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Camp, Michael. "Carbon, Carbon Everywhere." Reviews in American History 47, no. 3 (2019): 472–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rah.2019.0066.

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Chiao, May. "Formation history written in carbon molecules." Nature Astronomy 5, no. 4 (April 2021): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41550-021-01356-6.

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Megas, Ioannis-Fivos, Justus P. Beier, and Gerrit Grieb. "The History of Carbon Monoxide Intoxication." Medicina 57, no. 5 (April 21, 2021): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina57050400.

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Intoxication with carbon monoxide in organisms needing oxygen has probably existed on Earth as long as fire and its smoke. What was observed in antiquity and the Middle Ages, and usually ended fatally, was first successfully treated in the last century. Since then, diagnostics and treatments have undergone exciting developments, in particular specific treatments such as hyperbaric oxygen therapy. In this review, different historic aspects of the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of carbon monoxide intoxication are described and discussed.
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Rajeshwar, Krishnan. "From the Editor: History and Carbon." Electrochemical Society Interface 8, no. 4 (December 1, 1999): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2.001994if.

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History affords us an opportunity to connect with the past. It also gives us a perspective of where we are at present and guides us to where we should be heading in the future. As with any journey, it is not a bad idea to pause occasionally and glance back. It is sometimes easy to overlook the fact that scientific and technological advancements are more often incremental than quantum in nature.
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Ball, Christine M., and Peter J. Featherstone. "The history of carbon dioxide absorption." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 48, no. 1 (January 2020): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x19898587.

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Kemp, Terence J. "A Brief 100 Year History of Carbon." Science Progress 100, no. 3 (September 2017): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/003685017x14994318577435.

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Elemental carbon has been known from time immemorial in its forms of diamond and graphite, while the Industrial Revolution was powered by coal. The molecular structures of diamond and graphite were established following the inception of X-ray crystallography while the complex natures of charcoal and coal have been investigated for 100 years. Recent developments in activated charcoal are described in an article in this issue of Science Progress. However, no-one could have guessed that carbon would have presented such structural surprises as those of C60 fullerene, carbon nanotubes, and graphene. Materials science has benefited from the discovery of carbon fibres, and our understanding of the spectroscopy and bonding in the simplest carbon molecule, C2, has reached new depths.
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Featherstone, P. J., and C. M. Ball. "The History of Carbon Dioxide in Resuscitation." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 44, no. 3 (May 2016): 327–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x1604400319.

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Extavour, Marcius. "XPRIZE Carbon Removal: largest incentive prize in history." Clean Energy 5, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 474–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkab026.

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XPRIZE Carbon Removal is a 4-year global competition that invites innovators and teams from anywhere on the planet to create and demonstrate solutions that can pull carbon dioxide directly from the atmosphere or oceans, and sequester it.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Carbon history"

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Ellis, Aja Anne. "History and characterization of atmospheric black carbon in the Anthropocene." Thesis, Curtin University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/54045.

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Black carbon aerosols (BC) from incomplete combustion have substantial effects on the atmosphere and climate, but climate forecasting is poorly constrained due to uncertainties in atmospheric lifetime and removal rates. Herein, we detail the recent history, characteristics, and composition of BC deposited in rain from Australia and ice cores from Antarctica. Results show new complex particle characteristics and an increase in BC in West Antarctica driven by changing emissions and atmospheric transport conditions.
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Hayes, Katherine. "Fire History and Soil Carbon in Old Growth Coast Redwood Forests across the Late Holocene." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/23746.

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Fire is an important ecological feature across temperate forests, yet characteristics of the coast redwood fire regime remain uncertain due to generally few fire histories. This study examines legacies of fire in redwood forests in northern California through radiocarbon dating and quantification of soil macro-charcoal, soil carbon and pyrogenic carbon in old growth redwood stands. We sampled soils in the Headwaters Forest Reserve, a protected fragment of old growth redwood in Humboldt County, California. Radiocarbon dates from macro-charcoal indicate fire events occurring a maximum of 6,840 calibrated years BP, predating existing records. Composite 14C dates show increased fire activity within the last 1,000 years in synchrony with existing dendrochronological records. Soil C averaged 928 g/m2, of which a high proportion was pyrogenic C (15-30%). Information from this multi-proxy reconstruction clarifies our understanding of the nature of coast redwood fires, contributing to ongoing discussions of coast redwood fire management.
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Betts, Makayla N. (Makayla Nicole). "Gene transfer history of carbon fixation proteins constrains marine cyanobacteria divergence times." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/118026.

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Thesis: S.M. in Geophysics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2018.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. "June 2018."
Includes bibliographical references (pages 18-24).
Carboxysomes provide an avenue for narrowing the timing of evolutionary events in groups of cyanobacteria that are ecologically dominant in modem marine environments - groups that may have an integral role in oxygenating the Earth's atmosphere. Here I show that using concatenated phylogenies of carbon fixation proteins better informs the horizontal gene transfer event that brought carboxysomes from purple sulfur bacteria into marine cyanobacteria and that this gene history aids in constraining the evolutionary timing of carbon fixation. Genes encoding the proteins for the a-carboxysomal shell as well as RuBisCO and carbonic anhydrase are co-located on the genomes of various cyanobacteria in the Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus groups. Previous studies have shown that these genes were likely horizontally transferred together from Chromatiales (purple sulfur bacteria), a group of phototrophic Gammaproteobacteria. While many of these genes are highly conserved and thus yield poorly resolved phylogenies, their concatenation clarifies a shared evolutionary history. This work integrates gene transfer with molecular clock calibration methods to determine divergence times. Accordingly, I evaluate the relationship between atmospheric evolution and the ecology of important groups of phototrophs.
by Makayla N. Betts.
S.M. in Geophysics
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Seow, Victor Kian Giap. "Carbon Technocracy: East Asian Energy Regimes and the Industrial Modern, 1900-1957." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11472.

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Carbon Technocracy argues for the centrality of fossil fuel energy to the making of global industrial modernity and to the emergence of East Asian technocratic imaginaries in the first half of the twentieth century. It advances the premise that coal and later oil enabled not only the transformation of human society’s material foundations, but also allowed for new kinds of publics and politics.
East Asian Languages and Civilizations
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Wang, Ning, and 王宁. "Organic carbon signatures of the middle-late quaternary lacustrine history of tropical South China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/208631.

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In order to reconstruct a long-time tropical terrestrial record of Asian monsoon in South China, the organic carbon in a 120 m lacustrine sediments from Maar Lake Tianyang was analyzed. Results in TOC, C/N and δ13C value show two lines of variations: (1) from a deep lake environment below 42 m to a shallow lake environment of the upper 42 m, (2) environmental changes between glacial and interglacial conditions throughout the lacustrine sediment sequence. In the shallow lake stage, δ13C values change according to glacial and interglacial periods, comparable with other proxies such as pollen, TOC and magnetic susceptibility. However, variations of these proxies including δ13C values are suppressed in the deep lake sequence, a result of the exceptionally high in-situ aquatic (diatom) productivity within this tropical lake. To differentiate the internal productivity and terrigenous high plant input for the deep lake sequence, a three-end-member model (diatom, C3 and C4 land plants) was developed. The result helps extract further information from the deep lake sequence that reveals both the autochthonous productivity caused by lake-level and terrestrial changes by external forcing mechanisms. The n-alkanes indexes from 115 selected samples show distinctive distributions of various chain-length homologues. Most n-alkane indexes (e.g. Paq, CPI and ACL) show more frequent fluctuations than organic carbon records, implying other environmental alterations within the glacial and interglacial periods. Most n-alkanes indexes show a clear relationship with the palaeoclimate history, but further comparison of individual compound concentrations to other environmental indexes (pollen and δ13C values) suggests that n-C29 is a better index of tree concentration while n-C31 has alternative source from flowering trees instead of grasses. Unique appearance of hopanes in the deep lake sediments suggests high activity of methanotrophic bacteria in chemocline. The examination of GDGT concentration from 130 samples indicates pH, temperature and evolution of archaea and bacteria communities. Complications in the interpretation and correction of GDGT results are also discussed and several alternative corrections for palaeo-temperature reconstruction are provided for further investigations. According to both n-alkane and GDGT results, the sediment sequence contains mainly three different stages: the aquatic mixing community (Crenarchaeota and methanotrophic bacteria) from the bottom to 78m; the aquatic methanotrophic community (Euryarchaeota and methanotrophic bacteria); the terrestrial aerobic community (aerobic bacteria).
published_or_final_version
Earth Sciences
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Albright, Rebecca. "Effects of Ocean Acidification on Early Life History Stages of Caribbean Scleractinian Corals." Scholarly Repository, 2011. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/574.

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Ocean acidification (OA) refers to the increase in acidity (decrease in pH) of the ocean’s surface waters resulting from oceanic uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Mounting experimental evidence suggests that OA threatens numerous marine organisms, including reef-building corals; however, few studies have focused on the effects on early life history stages. Coral recruitment is critical to the persistence and resilience of coral reefs and is regulated by several early life processes, including: larval availability (gamete production, fertilization, etc.), larval settlement, post-settlement growth, and survival. Environmental factors that disrupt these early life processes can result in compromised or failed recruitment and profoundly affect future population dynamics. To evaluate the effects of OA on the sexual recruitment of corals, sexual reproduction (including fertilization and sperm swimming speeds) and several critical early life history stages (including larval metabolism, larval settlement, and post-settlement growth) were tested in common Caribbean coral species. Three pCO2 levels were used: ambient seawater (380 µatm) and two pCO2 scenarios that are projected to occur by the middle (560 µatm) and end (800 µatm) of the century as determined by the Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change. Results show that fertilization success, larval metabolic rates, larval settlement rates, and post-settlement growth rates are all compromised with increasing pCO2. This dissertation demonstrates that OA has the potential to negatively impact sexual reproduction and multiple early life history processes of several common Caribbean coral species and may contribute to substantial declines in sexual recruitment that are felt at the community and/or ecosystem scale.
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Prėskienis, Vilmantas. "Holocene development and permafrost history of two mires in Tavvavuoma, Northern Sweden." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi och kvartärgeologi (INK), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-92709.

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Two peat cores from two mires with different characteristics, but both containingpermafrost features and located in the eastern part of the Tavvavuoma mire complex innorthernmost Sweden, were analysed for macrofossils and geochemical properties. Local vegetationsequences and changes in geochemical properties of peat were used to reconstruct development ofthe studied mires during the Holocene. The study includes measurements of water/ice content, bulkdensity, loss-on-ignition and C/N ratio. Radiocarbon dates for peatland inception and permafrostaggradation are available. The main purpose of the study is to verify permafrost history in thepeatlands. The results of the macrofossil analysis and values of C/N ratio indicate nutrient poor tointermediate fen environments in both studied mires until recently. Signs of permafrost upheavalwhich caused formation of xerophilic peat can be proved only since late 1950’s. The study resultscorroborate with other studies from Northern Fennoscandia and infer peatland initiation soon afterthe deglaciation of the area and permafrost-free conditions throughout entire Holocene untilrecently.
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Trudeau, M. E. "Stable isotopic analysis and firn air reconstruction of the atmospheric history of methane and delta-carbon-13." Diss., Connect to online resource, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3165813.

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Chen, Bo [Verfasser], and Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Joachimski. "Permian Palaeotemperature and Ice Volumes History: Evidence from Carbon and Oxygen isotopes / Chen Bo. Betreuer: Michael Joachimski." Erlangen : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1024608689/34.

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Urbano, Andrea Rose. "Long-term forest carbon storage and structural development as influenced by land-use history and reforestation approach." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2016. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/448.

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Temperate forests are an important carbon sink, yet there is uncertainty regarding land-use history effects on biomass accumulation and carbon storage potential in secondary forests. Understanding long-term biomass dynamics is important for managing forests as carbon sinks and for co-benefits such as watershed protection and biodiversity. However there are many unanswered questions regarding these dynamics in northeastern U.S. forests: How have secondary forests of the U.S. Northeast recovered post nineteenth century agricultural abandonment? How has the region's extensive land-use history influenced long-term structural development and aboveground carbon storage? To answer these questions, we employed a longitudinal study based on twelve years of empirical data (2001-2013) from the Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller (MBR) National Historical Park in Woodstock, VT. MBR Park was the first parcel of land to actively be reforested in the eastern U.S., and as such, its diverse forest mosaic reflects a history of alternate reforestation approaches and varied successional trajectories indicative of secondary forest recovery occurring across the broader northeastern forest landscape. We also used 150 years of documentary data from park management records. This research evaluates the effects of reforestation approaches (planting vs. natural regeneration), management regimes (long-term low-to-intermediate harvest intensities at varied harvest frequencies), and stand development pathways on biomass outcomes. We generated biometrics representative of stand structural complexity, including the H' structural diversity index, and aboveground biomass (live trees, snags, and downed coarse woody debris pools) estimates. Multivariate analyses evaluated the predictive strength of reforestation approach, management history, and site characteristics relative to aboveground carbon pools and stand structural complexity. Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis ranked reforestation approach (plantation or natural regeneration) as the strongest predictor of long-term mean total aboveground carbon storage, while harvest frequency, and stand age were selected as secondary variables. CART ranked forest percent conifer (a metric closely associated with reforestation approach) as the strongest predictor of H' index, while harvest intensity, and harvest frequency were selected as secondary variables. Increases in harvest intensity can significantly reduce aboveground carbon storage. Our results suggest that a variety of long-term recovery pathways converge on high levels of aboveground carbon storage, including both conifer plantations and naturally regenerated hardwood stands, but choice of silvicultural management approach can dramatically alter those trajectories. Importantly, total aboveground biomass (i.e., carbon) co-varied with H' (r2 = 0.25), and thus, our dataset showed a positive relationship between forest carbon storage and structural complexity, supporting the concept of multifunctional forestry emphasizing late-successional habitats.
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Books on the topic "Carbon history"

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Carbon County. Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2004.

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Watt, Ronald G. A history of Carbon County. Salt Lake City: Utah State Historical Society, 1997.

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T, Hill John, ed. Walker Evans: Argento e carbone = carbon and silver. Firenze: Alinari, 2005.

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Steigerwald, Donna. The Liquid story, 1888-1988: A history of Liquid Carbonic's first hundred years. Chicago, Ill: Liquid Carbonic Industries Corp., 1988.

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The carbon bubble. Toronto: Random House Canada, 2015.

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Pelt, Lori Van. Profiles from Carbon County, Wyoming's past. Glendo, Wyo: High Plains Press, 1999.

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Smokestacks and Black Diamonds: A History of Carbon County, Pennsylvania. Easton, PA: Canal History and Technology Press, 1997.

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The carbon rush: America's path to fire and gold. Bainbridge Island, Washington: Blake Island Media LLC, 2012.

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Clarke, Arthur C. Greetings, Carbon-Based Bipeds!: Collected Essays, 1934-1998. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press, 1999.

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Mathews, Alfred. History of the counties of Lehigh and Carbon, in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. [Salem, Mass.] (14 Derby Square, P.O. Box 778, Salem 01970): [Higginson Book Co., 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Carbon history"

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Dunster, Bill, Craig Simmons, and Bobby Gilbert. "Make carbon history." In the ZED book, 9–18. London: Taylor & Francis, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003073130-2.

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Park, Soo-Jin, and Seul-Yi Lee. "History and Structure of Carbon Fibers." In Carbon Fibers, 1–30. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9478-7_1.

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Park, Soo-Jin. "History and Structure of Carbon Fibers." In Carbon Fibers, 1–30. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0538-2_1.

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Srikanth, Namburu, and Anitha C. Kumar. "History of Carbon Nanotubes." In Handbook of Carbon Nanotubes, 1–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70614-6_51-1.

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Srikanth, Namburu, and Anitha C. Kumar. "History of Carbon Nanotubes." In Handbook of Carbon Nanotubes, 3–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91346-5_51.

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Tsujii, Hirohiko. "History of Charged Particle Radiotherapy." In Carbon-Ion Radiotherapy, 3–10. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54457-9_1.

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Lo, Alex. "The End of History?" In Carbon Trading in China, 134–43. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137529008_8.

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Du, Xiangwan, Dadi Zhou, Qingchen Chao, Zongguo Wen, Taoli Huhe, and Qiang Liu. "The History of Human Civilization." In Overview of Low-Carbon Development, 1–40. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9250-4_1.

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Popp, Brian N., Kristi L. Hanson, John E. Dore, Robert R. Bidigare, Edward A. Laws, and Stuart G. Wakeham. "Controls on the Carbon Isotopic Composition of Phytoplankton." In Reconstructing Ocean History, 381–98. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4197-4_21.

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Revelle, Roger. "Introduction: The Scientific History of Carbon Dioxide." In The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO2: Natural Variations Archean to Present, 1–4. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm032p0001.

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Conference papers on the topic "Carbon history"

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Merchant, David. "Enhanced Oil Recovery – the History of CO2 Conventional Wag Injection Techniques Developed from Lab in the 1950’s to 2017." In Carbon Management Technology Conference. Carbon Management Technology Conference, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7122/502866-ms.

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Planavsky, Noah J., Edward W. Bolton, and Christopher T. Reinhard. "ORGANIC AND CARBONATE CARBON BURIAL THROUGH EARTH’S HISTORY." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-285286.

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Cox, Randy. "The History and Significance of the Carbon Oxide Ratio." In 2019 IEEE 20th International Conference on Dielectric Liquids (ICDL). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdl.2019.8796815.

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Masseron, Thomas. "Stellar Nucleosynthesis in the Galactic History: the Carbon Stars." In FIRST STARS III: First Stars II Conference. American Institute of Physics, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2905535.

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Rodvelt, Gary, Gregory Allen Dials, and Monte Hay. "Case History: Carbon Dioxide Foam Stimulates Rome in Eastern Kentucky." In SPE Eastern Regional Meeting. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/57430-ms.

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Wan, Zhenzhu, Peter Jenden, Andreas Schmidt Mumm, and Khaled Arouri. "STABLE CARBON ISOTOPIC VARIATION OF FLUID INCLUSION GASES FOR CHARGE HISTORY ANALYSIS." In GSA Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018am-319945.

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Jin, Sung Hun. "Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs); history and future prospects for electronic applications." In 2016 23rd International Workshop on Active-Matrix Flatpanel Displays and Devices (AM-FPD). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/am-fpd.2016.7543611.

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Branda, Alex, Lief Swanbom, and Bradford R. Burton. "STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY AND EMPLACEMENT HISTORY OF THE CARBON PEAK LACCOLITH, GUNNISON COUNTY, COLORADO." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-283853.

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Lindberg, Kurt, Elizabeth K. Thomas, Brad E. Rosenheim, Julio Sepúlveda, and Gifford Miller. "HOLOCENE TERRESTRIAL AND LACUSTRINE CARBON CYCLING HISTORY OF NORTHEASTERN BAFFIN ISLAND, ARCTIC CANADA." In GSA Connects 2022 meeting in Denver, Colorado. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022am-377202.

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Fritz, Jessica Garcia, and Federico Garcia Fritz. "Labor Histories and Carbon Futures." In 2020 ACSA Fall Conference. ACSA Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.2.

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The link between construction labor and the effects of carbon upon climate and globalized labor forces is not central to architectural education. The next ten years of curriculum design in the Department of Architecture (DoArch) at South Dakota State University posits that long-term carbon management should be tied to core educational strategies. This paper outlines a proposed theory sequence that connects the production of architecture with the ongoing global movement and displacement of people. Long-term carbon management strategies and the history of people’s movement across the world are linked through four required classes: Drawing Architecture, Reading Architecture, Writing Architecture, and Practicing Architecture. By positioning carbon footprints beyond technological deterministic outcomes, the relationship between carbon management and the politics of construction labor are foregrounded in the DoArch curriculum.
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Reports on the topic "Carbon history"

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Baker, Lucy. The Political Economy of South Africa’s Carbon Tax. Institute of Development Studies, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2022.017.

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The subject of carbon pricing is rising up the global policy agenda, as countries take action in the aftermath of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’s Conference of the Parties 26 summit in November 2021. South Africa is the only country in sub-Saharan Africa to have enacted a carbon tax to date, and, globally speaking, was ahead of the curve when it started to consider its implementation at the start of 2010. With a historically energy-intensive and carbon-intensive economy as a core feature of its minerals-energy complex, South Africa is the world’s 14th largest emitter of greenhouse gases, and the largest emitter on the continent. Its electricity grid is the world’s most carbon-intensive, and its primary energy consumption is ranked 17th globally. While the country’s gross domestic product is the 30th highest in the world, it is also one of the most unequal. It has a legacy of socioeconomic and political exclusion, and marginalisation created by the apartheid history that has persisted in the decades since the democratic transition in 1994. This paper asks to what extent and in what way has South Africa’s political economy shaped the process and implementation of its carbon tax? In answering this question, the report explores and analyses the design and implementation of the tax; the key criticisms to which it has been subjected; the effectiveness of the tax, not least in light of the considerable allowances and exemptions that have been included in its design; the relationship between the carbon tax and other existing climate change policies; and the potential relevance of South Africa’s experience for other countries on the continent.
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Law, Beverly E. Final Technical Report: The effects of climate, forest age, and disturbance history on carbon and water processes at AmeriFlux sites across gradients in Pacific Northwest forests. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1311771.

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Price, Roz. Overview of Political Economy Analysis Frameworks in the Area of Climate Governance and Key Issues to Consider. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.088.

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Despite global recognition of the urgency of climate action and the need to transition to a low-carbon economy, greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise, and adaptation needs remain urgent. For a number of years, there have been calls for greater attention to political economy in tackling climate change and development outcomes. The political economy analysis is important as it can be used to assess the factors that may enable or constrain the implementation of climate change policies and actions and sustain political commitment. A framework can guide the process of political economy analysis, identifying relevant stakeholders, their incentives and motives, and other structural factors. This rapid review summarises several such frameworks specifically aimed at climate governance issues developed in recent years, some of these also include useful guidance and steps on the implementation of the framework. The review focuses strictly on the literature around political economy analyses in relation to climate change. It does not explore the history of and rationale for political economy analysis in development in general, nor the accompanying frameworks or operational How-To guides. Another K4D helpdesk by Lucas (2019) looking at what factors affect the political will of African governments to address climate change highlights a number of political economy frameworks that may also be useful to draw on.
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Bleile, Ryan C., Patrick S. Brantley, H. H. Childs, David Richards, Shawn Dawson, Michael Scott McKinley, Matthew O’Brien, and Hank Childs. Thin-Threads: An Approach for History-Based Monte Carlo on GPUs. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1542743.

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Daniels, R. C., J. F. Richards, and E. P. Flint. Historic land use and carbon estimates for South and Southeast Asia: 1880--1980. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10142986.

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Rau, Stefan. Bridge to Future Livable Cities and City Clusters in the People’s Republic of China: Policy Opportunities for High-Quality Urban Development. Asian Development Bank, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps210372-2.

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The achievements in rapid urbanization and industrialization of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) over the past 40 years were historic. But they came at high environmental and social costs. By 2050, the country will be a high-income, four-generation urban society. Yet, according to the United Nations, the PRC’s population will have halved by 2100. Many cities will lose population and businesses. This will be equally historic and requires urgent action. The author recommends focusing on urban rehabilitation and retrofitting to make cities more livable—with a green circular zero-waste economy, aiming at low-carbon, climate-resilient cities—and making cities healthy and friendly for people of all ages.
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Clague, J. J. Quaternary Stratigraphy and History of Quesnel and Cariboo River Valleys, British Columbia: Implications For Placer Gold Exploration. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/132488.

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Bridges, Todd, Sandra Newell, Alan Kennedy, David Moore, Upal Ghosh, Trevor Needham, Huan Xia, Kibeum Kim, Charles Menzie, and Konrad Kulacki. Long-term stability and efficacy of historic activated carbon (AC) deployments at diverse freshwater and marine remediation sites. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/38781.

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A number of sites around the United States have used activated carbon (AC) amendments to remedy contaminated sediments. Variation in site-specific characteristics likely influences the long-term fate and efficacy of AC treatment. The long-term effectiveness of an AC amendment to sediment is largely unknown, as the field performance has not been monitored for more than three years. As a consequence, the focus of this research effort was to evaluate AC’s long-term (6–10 yr) performance. These assessments were performed at two pilot-scale demonstration sites, Grasse River, Massena, New York and Canal Creek, Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG), Aberdeen, Maryland, representing two distinct physical environments. Sediment core samples were collected after 6 and 10 years of remedy implementation at APG and Grasse River, respectively. Core samples were collected and sectioned to determine the current vertical distribution and persistence of AC in the field. The concentration profile of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediment pore water with depth was measured using passive sampling. Sediment samples from the untreated and AC-treated zones were also assessed for bioaccumulation in benthic organisms. The data collected enabled comparison of AC distribution, PCB concentrations, and bioaccumulation measured over the short- and long-term (months to years).
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Roberson, Madeleine, Kathleen Inman, Ashley Carey, Isaac Howard, and Jameson Shannon. Probabilistic neural networks that predict compressive strength of high strength concrete in mass placements using thermal history. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/44483.

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This study explored the use of artificial neural networks to predict UHPC compressive strengths given thermal history and key mix components. The model developed herein employs Bayesian variational inference using Monte Carlo dropout to convey prediction uncertainty using 735 datapoints on seven UHPC mixtures collected using a variety of techniques. Datapoints contained a measured compressive strength along with three curing inputs (specimen maturity, maximum temperature experienced during curing, time of maximum temperature) and five mixture inputs to distinguish each UHPC mixture (cement type, silicon dioxide content, mix type, water to cementitious material ratio, and admixture dosage rate). Input analysis concluded that predictions were more sensitive to curing inputs than mixture inputs. On average, 8.2% of experimental results in the final model fell outside of the predicted range with 67.9%of these cases conservatively underpredicting. The results support that this model methodology is able to make sufficient probabilistic predictions within the scope of the provided dataset but is not for extrapolating beyond the training data. In addition, the model was vetted using various datasets obtained from literature to assess its versatility. Overall this model is a promising advancement towards predicting mechanical properties of high strength concrete with known uncertainties.
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Rising, Michael. Computational Modeling and Simulation for Nonproliferation: The History (and Present) of Monte Carlo and the MCNP(R) Code at Los Alamos. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1880457.

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