Journal articles on the topic 'Carbon filler'
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1
Ma, Jian-Hua, Su-He Zhao, Li-Qun Zhang, and You-Ping Wu. "COMPARISON OF STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF TWO STYRENE–BUTADIENE RUBBERS FILLED WITH CARBON BLACK, CARBON–SILICA DUAL-PHASE FILLER, AND SILICA." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 86, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 664–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.13.87956.
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ABSTRACT Heat buildup, wet skid resistance (WSR), wear resistance (WR), and cutting and chipping resistance (CCR) of carbon black (CB), carbon–silica dual-phase filler (CSDPF), and silica-filled two kinds of styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) were investigated. For the same SBR systems, the composite filled with silica exhibited the lowest heat generation and highest WSR performance, whereas it showed the worst WR and CCR among the three composites. The CSDPF-filled composite obtained a balanced overall performance. Rubber processing analyzer (RPA) strain sweep results showed that the CSDPF-filled composite exhibits the lowest Payne effect, which is related to filler networking in the rubber matrix. Solid-state 1H low-field NMR demonstrated that the sequence of the filler–rubber interaction of the composites was CB > CSDPF > silica. Bis-(3-(triethoxysilyl)-propyl)-tetrasulfide increased the cross-link density of the silica-filled composite. For the composites with different fillers, the lower filler network structure and higher cross-link density result in the lowest heat generation of silica-filled composite, and the strongest filler–rubber interaction leads to the best WR and CCR performances of the CB-filled composite. Filled SBR5025 composites exhibited better WR, lower heat buildup, and worse CCR than filled SBR1712 composites with the same filler.
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Jung, Jae Kap, Chang Hoon Lee, Min Seok Son, Ji Hun Lee, Un Bong Baek, Ki Soo Chung, Myung Chan Choi, and Jong Woo Bae. "Filler Effects on H2 Diffusion Behavior in Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Blended with Carbon Black and Silica Fillers of Different Concentrations." Polymers 14, no. 4 (February 11, 2022): 700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14040700.
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Filler effects on H2 diffusion in nitrile butadiene rubbers (NBRs) blended with carbon black and silica fillers of different concentrations are first investigated by employing a volumetric analysis. Total uptake, solubility, and diffusivity of hydrogen for ten filled-NBR, including neat NBR, are determined in an exposed pressure range of 1.3 MPa~92.6 MPa. Filler dependence on hydrogen uptake and diffusion is distinctly observed in the NBRs blended with high abrasion furnace (HAF) carbon black (CB) fillers compared to NBRs blended with medium thermal furnace (MT) CB and silica filler, which is related to the specific surface area of carbon black and interface structure. The HAF CB filled-NBR follows dual sorption behavior combined with Henry’s law and the Langmuir model, responsible for two contributions of solubility from polymer and filler. However, a single gas sorption behavior coming from the polymer is observed satisfying Henry’s law up to 92.6 MPa for NBR blended with MT CB filled-NBR and silica filled-NBR. Diffusion demonstrates Knudsen and bulk diffusion behavior below and above, respectively, at certain pressures. With increasing pressure, the filler effect on diffusion is reduced, and diffusivity converges to a value. The correlation observed between diffusivity and filler content (or crosslink density) is discussed.
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Amin, L. Muhamad Nadhli, Hanafi Ismail, and O. Nadras. "Comparative Study of Bentonite Filled Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber and Carbon Black Filled NBR Composites Properties." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 15, no. 3 (October 5, 2018): 5468–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.15.3.2018.5.0420.
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This paper determines the potential of bentonite to replace the commonly used carbon black as filler in synthetic rubber composite product. Thus, the study made by comparing the results of curing, tensile thermal and morphological properties of bentonite and carbon black filled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber composites. The result of the tensile strength (TS), modulus at 100 % elongation (M100) and modulus at 300 % elongation (M300) for both bentonite (Bt) and carbon black (CB) filled NBR composites increased as the filler loading increased. The elongation at break (Eb) for Bt followed the same trend but not for NBR/CB composites. At similar filler loading, CB filled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) composites demonstrated higher TS, M100, M300, and Eb compared to the Bt filled NBR composites. As the filler loading increased, the swelling percentage decreased for both types of fillers. However, at similar filler loading, the swelling percentage of CB filled NBR (NBR/CB) is lower than the Bt filled NBR (NBR/Bt). Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of the tensile fractured surface of NBR/CB composites exhibits better filler dispersion and more tear lines compared to the NBR/Bt composites.
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Bokobza, Liliane. "ELASTOMERIC COMPOSITES BASED ON NANOSPHERICAL PARTICLES AND CARBON NANOTUBES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 86, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 423–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.13.86983.
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ABSTRACT The reinforcement of elastomeric materials by addition of mineral fillers represents one of the most important aspects in the field of rubber science and technology. The improvement in mechanical properties arises from hydrodynamic effects depending mainly on the amount of filler and the aspect ratio of the particles and also on polymer–filler interactions depending on the surface characteristics of the filler particles and the chemical nature of the polymer. The past few years have seen the extensive use of nanometer-scale particles of different morphologies on account of the small size of the filler and the corresponding increase in the surface area that allow a considerable increase in mechanical properties even at very low filler loading. Among these nanoparticles, spherical particles (such as silica or titania) generated in situ by the sol-gel process and carbon nanotubes are typical examples of materials used as a nanosize reinforcing additive. Specific features of filled elastomers are discussed through the existing literature and through results of the author's research based on poly(dimethylsiloxane) filled with spherical silica or titania particles and on styrene–butadiene rubber filled with multiwall carbon nanotubes. The reinforcing ability of each type of filler is discussed in terms of morphology, state of dispersion (investigated by transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, small-angle neutron scattering), and mechanical and electrical properties. In addition, the use of molecular spectroscopies provides valuable information on the polymer–filler interface. Spherical silica and titania spherical particles are shown to exhibit two distinct morphologies, two different polymer–filler interfaces that influence the mechanical properties of the resulting materials. The superiority of carbon nanotubes over carbon black for mechanical reinforcement and electrical conduction is mainly attributed to their large aspect ratio rather than to strong polymer–filler interactions. The use of hybrid fillers (carbon nanotubes in addition to carbon black or silica, for example) has been shown to give promising results by promoting an enhancement of mechanical and electrical properties with regard to each single filler.
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Joseph, S., V. A. Bambole, and P. A. Mahanwar. "Mechanical Properties of Poly(ether ether ketone) Composites Reinforced by Carbon Nano-Platelet Chains and Nanoalumina." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 24, no. 6 (July 29, 2011): 755–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705711403638.
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Carbon nanoplatelet and nanoalumina reinforced PEEK nanocomposites were fabricated by twin-screw extrusion followed by injection molding. The effect of the filler loading on mechanical properties, morphology, dielectric strength, and thermal stability of the composites has been analyzed. The mechanical properties were found to increase with nanoplatelet content up to 1% loading (optimum filler content) and after that, due to agglomeration of filler, slight decrease in properties were observed. For alumina-filled systems mechanical properties increased with increasing filler content due to the well-dispersed fillers in the composites. The modulus and toughness of alumina-filled composites were higher than platelet-filled composites.
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Sattayanurak, S., J. W. M. Noordermeer, K. Sahakaro, W. Kaewsakul, W. K. Dierkes, and A. Blume. "Silica-Reinforced Natural Rubber: Synergistic Effects by Addition of Small Amounts of Secondary Fillers to Silica-Reinforced Natural Rubber Tire Tread Compounds." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (February 3, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5891051.
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Modern fuel-saving tire treads are commonly reinforced by silica due to the fact that this leads to lower rolling resistance and higher wet grip compared to carbon black-filled alternatives. The introduction of secondary fillers into the silica-reinforced tread compounds, often named hybrid fillers, may have the potential to improve tire performance further. In the present work, two secondary fillers organoclay nanofiller and N134 carbon black were added to silica-based natural rubber compounds at a proportion of silica/secondary filler of 45/10 phr. The compounds were prepared with variable mixing temperatures based on the mixing procedure commonly in use for silica-filled NR systems. The results of Mooney viscosity, Payne effect, cure behavior, and mechanical properties imply that the silica hydrophobation and coupling reaction of the silane coupling agent with silica and elastomer are significantly influenced by organoclay due to an effect of its modifier: an organic ammonium derivative. This has an effect on scorch safety and cure rate. The compounds where carbon black was added as a secondary filler do not show this behavior. They give inferior filler dispersion compared to the pure silica-filled compound, attributed to an inappropriate high mixing temperature and the high specific surface area of the carbon black used. The dynamic properties indicate that there is a potential to improve wet traction and rolling resistance of a tire tread when using organoclay as secondary filler, while the combination of carbon black in silica-filled NR does not change these properties.
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Boonbumrung, Atip, Pongdhorn Sae-oui, and Chakrit Sirisinha. "Reinforcement of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube in Nitrile Rubber: In Comparison with Carbon Black, Conductive Carbon Black, and Precipitated Silica." Journal of Nanomaterials 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6391572.
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The properties of nitrile rubber (NBR) reinforced by multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT), conductive carbon black (CCB), carbon black (CB), and precipitated silica (PSi) were investigated via viscoelastic behavior, bound rubber content, electrical properties, cross-link density, and mechanical properties. The filler content was varied from 0 to 15 phr. MWCNT shows the greatest magnitude of reinforcement considered in terms of tensile strength, modulus, hardness, and abrasion resistance followed by CCB, CB, and PSi. The MWCNT filled system also exhibits extremely high levels of filler network and trapped rubber even at relatively low loading (5 phr) leading to high electrical properties and poor dynamic mechanical properties. Although CCB possesses the highest specific surface area, it gives lower level of filler network than MWCNT and also gives the highest elongation at break among all fillers. Both CB and PSi show comparable degree of reinforcement which is considerably lower than CCB and MWCNT.
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Mat, Fauziah, K. A. Ismail, Masniezam Ahmad, Yaacob Sazali, and Inayatullah Othman. "Dynamic Axial Crushing of Empty and Foam-Filled Conical Aluminium Tubes: Experimental and Numerical Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 566 (June 2014): 305–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.566.305.
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This paper presents the crushing behaviour of empty and foam-filled conical tubes under axial dynamic loading. A nonlinear finite element (FE) model was developed and validated against experiments. The validated model was subsequently used to assess the beneficial of foam filling with regards to the variation in filler densities and tube materials. The results obtained were further analyzed and compared with straight tubes. We aim to evaluate the critical effective point for different density of fillers in foam-filled tubes based on specific energy absorption (SEA) value. The SEA value was highest for foam-filled conical aluminium tube with aluminium foam filler, followed by straight aluminium tube, straight carbon steel tube and conical carbon steel tube. Moreover, the initial peak force was found lower in aluminium tubes than carbon steel tubes and lower in conical tubes than that in straight tubes. The combination of conical aluminium tube and aluminium foam filler successfully convey the beneficial of foam filling and thus signify that proper combination and selection of tube and filler is vital in assessing the effectiveness of foam-filled tubes.
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Wang, Meng-Jiao, Ping Zhang, and Khaled Mahmud. "Carbon—Silica Dual Phase Filler, a new Generation Reinforcing Agent for Rubber: Part IX. Application to Truck Tire Tread Compound." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 74, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 124–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547633.
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Abstract The application of carbon-silica dual phase fillers (CSDPF) to natural rubber compound was investigated. It was found that these new fillers give significantly better overall performances in comparison with the conventional fillers—carbon black and silica. In a typical truck-tread compound, due to its high polymer—filler interaction and lower filler—filler interaction, the CSDPF E shows a comparable laboratory abrasion resistance and more than 40% reduction in tan δ at 70 °C, a parameter for rolling resistance, compared to compound filled with its carbon black counterpart, N1 10. These properties can, to a certain degree, be further improved by the addition of a small amount of coupling agent, bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfane (TESPT). In the case of wet skid resistance measured using the British Portable Skid Tester, the data show that CSDPF gives better performance than the conventional fillers, with and without coupling agent.
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Roy, Kumarjyoti, Subhas Chandra Debnath, and Pranut Potiyaraj. "A critical review on the utilization of various reinforcement modifiers in filled rubber composites." Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 52, no. 2 (March 12, 2019): 167–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095244319835869.
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Presently, the development of high-performance filled rubber composites offers a new era in the industrial field of polymer research. This article reviews the utilization of various reinforcement modifiers on the successive property enhancement of rubber composites containing different commonly used fillers like silica, nanoclay, carbon nanotube, natural fibers, and so on. The practical importance of reinforcement modifiers in rubber technology is systematically described in the light of filler dispersion, processing, and mechanical properties of filled rubber compounds. A special emphasis is given on the mechanism of interaction between reinforcement modifiers and filler surface in filled rubber composites. Filler dispersion in the rubber matrix is the key parameter that controls the ultimate performance and rubber–filler interaction of filled rubber system. The use of some fixed reinforcement modifiers is an innovative way not only to solve the dispersion problem of filler particles but also to increase the reinforcing ability of most of the fillers in filled rubber products. Thus, the concept of reinforcement modifiers has the potential to facilitate further development of filler reinforcement technology for rubber-based composite materials.
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Qing-xiu, Jia, Wu You-ping, Xiang Ping, Ye Xin, Wang Yi-qing, and Zhang Li-qun. "Combined Effect of Nano-clay and Nano-carbon Black on Properties of NR Nanocomposites." Polymers and Polymer Composites 13, no. 7 (October 2005): 709–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110501300707.
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Natural rubber (NR)/clay/carbon black nanocomposites, filled with 10 phr, 20 phr, and 30 phr of filler (in total) were obtained by adding carbon black (N330) on a two-roll mill to NR/clay nano-compounds prepared by the emulsion compounding method. X-ray diffraction patterns and transmission electron microscope photographs of the nanocomposites showed that both fillers were dispersed randomly in the NR matrix at nano-scale and that the space between the clay layers was filled with carbon black particles. At the same total filler loadings, the mechanical properties of the naocomposites filled with both clay and carbon black, such as moduli at 100% and 300% elongation, tensile strength and tear strength, were greatly improved compared with those of either NR/clay nanocomposites or NR/carbon black nanocomposites. This indicates that the samples with both fillers possessed excellent mechanical properties. It was found that the NR/clay/carbon black nanocomposites retained advantages from both fillers, for example, the processability and dynamic properties were close to those of NR/carbon black nanocomposites, and the gas barrier properties were almost as good as those of NR/clay nanocomposites.
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Khun, Nay Win, Henry Kuo Feng Cheng, Lin Li, and Erjia Liu. "Thermal, mechanical and tribological properties of polyamide 6 matrix composites containing different carbon nanofillers." Journal of Polymer Engineering 35, no. 4 (May 1, 2015): 367–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2013-0241.
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Abstract Polyamide 6 (PA6) matrix composites were prepared by incorporating multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) or by co-incorporating MWCNTs and carbon black (CB) of different contents. The thermal, mechanical and tribological properties of the composites were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis, nano-indentation, ball-on-disc micro-tribological test and micro-scratch test. It was found that a proper carbon filler content in the composites promoted the thermal stability of the composites, but an excessive loading of carbon fillers degraded the thermal stability of the composites. Although the hardness of the composites decreased with increased carbon filler content, the composites filled with mixed MWCNTs and CB had a higher load bearing capacity than the ones without CB. The tribological results indicated that the increased carbon filler content apparently lowered the friction coefficient of the composites due to the lubricating effect of the carbon fillers. It was also observed that the friction coefficients of the PA6-MWCNT-CB composites were consistently higher than those of the PA6-MWCNT composites due to the lower wear resistance of the PA6-MWCNT-CB composites. The scratch resistance of the composites decreased with increased carbon filler content due to the reduced cohesive strength of the composites.
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Azrem, Ahmad Azmi, N. Z. Noriman, and M. N. Razif. "The Effects of Carbon Black and Calcium Carbonate as a Filler on Cure Characteristic and Physical Properties of SBR/CRr Blends." Key Engineering Materials 594-595 (December 2013): 867–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.594-595.867.
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Filler are compounding ingredients added to a rubber compound for the purpose of iether reinforcing or cheapening the compound. Despite that, fillers can also be used to modify the physical properties of both unvulcanized and vulcanized rubbers. Typically filler materials include carbon black, calcium silicate, calcium carbonate and clay [. The mechanism of reinforcement of elastomers by fillers has been reviewed by several workers. They considered that the effect of filler is to increase the number of chains, which share the load of a broken polymer chain. It is known that in the case of filled vulcanizates, the efficiency of reinforcement depends on a complex interaction of several filler related parameters. They include particle size, particle shape, particle dispersion, surface area, surface reactivity, structure of the filler and the bonding quality between the filler and the rubber matrix [.
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Krause, Beate, Piotr Rzeczkowski, and Petra Pötschke. "Thermal Conductivity and Electrical Resistivity of Melt-Mixed Polypropylene Composites Containing Mixtures of Carbon-Based Fillers." Polymers 11, no. 6 (June 21, 2019): 1073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11061073.
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Melt-mixed composites based on polypropylene (PP) with various carbon-based fillers were investigated with regard to their thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity. The composites were filled with up to three fillers by selecting combinations of graphite nanoplatelets (GNP), carbon fibers (CF), carbon nanotubes (CNT), carbon black (CB), and graphite (G) at a constant filler content of 7.5 vol%. The thermal conductivity of PP (0.26 W/(m·K)) improved most using graphite nanoplatelets, whereas electrical resistivity was the lowest when using multiwalled CNT. Synergistic effects could be observed for different filler combinations. The PP composite, which contains a mixture of GNP, CNT, and highly structured CB, simultaneously had high thermal conductivity (0.5 W/(m·K)) and the lowest electrical volume resistivity (4 Ohm·cm).
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Qian, Miaomiao, Weimin Huang, Jinfeng Wang, Xiaofeng Wang, Weiping Liu, and Yanchao Zhu. "Surface Treatment Effects on the Mechanical Properties of Silica Carbon Black Reinforced Natural Rubber/Butadiene Rubber Composites." Polymers 11, no. 11 (October 27, 2019): 1763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11111763.
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For the first time, phenolic formaldehyde resin (PF)-treated silica carbon black (SiCB) were prepared with different treatment conditions and their effect as fillers on the mechanical properties of filler filled natural rubber/butadiene rubber (NR/BR) composites were investigated in detail. The PF coating layer on the SiCB derived from rusk husk not only promoted the dispersion of the fillers but also improved the interfacial interactions between fillers and the rubber matrix. As a result, both the cross-link density and mechanical properties of the obtained composites were effectively enhanced. The filler SiCB with 3 wt % PF surface treatment greatly improved the tensile strength of NR/BR composites and reached 7.1 MPa, which increased by 73.7% compared with that of SiCB-filled NR/BR composites. The improved interfacial interactions promoted higher energy dissipation, leading to simultaneously enhancing the glass transition temperature of the obtained composites. Due to the easy processing and low cost of filler as well as the effectively enhanced mechanical properties of composites, the PF-coating methodology has a great potential for practical applications in SiCB reinforced high-performance composites. A commercial filler, carbon black (N774), was also used in this study and evaluated under the same conditions for comparison.
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Pingot, Tomasz, Martyna Pingot, and Marian Zaborski. "The Effect of Carbon Fillers on Elastomer Composite Properties." Materials Science Forum 714 (March 2012): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.714.159.
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The aim of this work was to obtain elastomer composite filled with carbon fillers with different structure. Three types of carbon black were used as reinforcing fillers: FEF N550, Colour Black FW200, Printex XE2B. In order to improve dispersion of fillers, different dispersing agents were used: anionic, cationic, nonionic and ionic liquids. As an elastomer matrix the acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) was used. The fillers were characterized by dibutylphtalate (DBP) absorption analysis, aggregates size, rheological properties of filler suspensions and Zeta potential analysis. The compounding was carried out in a laboratory rolling mill. Samples were prepared through the vulcanization process at 160°C. The vulcanization kinetics of rubber compounds, crosslink density, mechanical properties, hysteresis losses, conductive and thermal properties of vulcanizates were also measured. In order to characterize filler dispersion in elastomer matrix the SEM images were obtained.
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Dhote, Sharvari, Kamran Behdinan, Jan Andrysek, and Jia Bian. "Experimental investigation of a hybrid nickel-carbon black polydimethylsiloxane conductive nanocomposite." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 15 (December 1, 2019): 2051–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998319890406.
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This paper presents an experimental investigation of single and hybrid carbon black and spiky nickel-filled conductive composite to understand the synergy effect when different types and shapes of fillers are combined in a silicone polymer matrix. The electrical and mechanical properties of the conductive composites are measured under a compressive loading cycle. The results showed that the electrical properties of the hybrid conductive polymer composites have a better repeatability at low filler ratio as compared to the virgin nickel or carbon black composite. The new hybrid composite piezoresistive behavior is similar to a high filler ratio nickel composite. This study provided insights to develop a tailored conductive composite with a low mass-ratio and different morphology of fillers.
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Mamunya, Ye P. "Polymer blends with ordered distribution of conductive filler." Polymer journal 43, no. 4 (November 26, 2021): 240–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/polymerj.43.04.240.
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This review highlight approaches to the formation of an ordered distribution of conductive filler in polymer blends. This distribution leads to a significant decrease of the percolation threshold in the polymer mixture, i.e. to a decrease in the critical concentration of the filler, at which the transition of the system from a non-conductive to a conductive state occurs. This improves the mechanical properties of the composition and its processability. It is shown that the ordered structure of the filler is formed in the polymer blend upon mixing the components in the melt under the action of three factors - thermodynamic (the ratio between the values of the interfacial tension of the filler-polymer A and filler-polymer B, as well as between polymers A and B), kinetic (the ratio between viscosities of polymer components A and B) and technological (the intensity and temperature of processing, as well as the order of introduction of a filler into a heterogeneous polymer matrix, which can enhance or suppress the effect of thermodynamic or kinetic factors). On the example of the works performed by the author on mixtures of thermoplastics filled with electrically conductive carbon fillers such as carbon black and carbon nanotubes, as well as a metal filler - dispersed iron, with the involvement of literature data on filled polymer blends, the influence of each of the factors on the formation of an ordered structure of the conducting phase in polymer blends is shown.
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Syed, Imran Hussain, and Jorge Lacayo-Pineda. "Superharmonic Resonance in Carbon-Black-Filled Rubber by High-Frequency DMA." Polymers 11, no. 10 (October 11, 2019): 1653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11101653.
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A systematic study of several SBR compounds filled with carbon black of various grades were analysed with the high-frequency Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (HF DMA) in order to quantify the degree of nonlinearity induced by fillers in rubber compounds. These filler grades indirectly reflect different degrees of microdispersion, which seems to be the main influence on the superharmonic resonance phenomenon observed in HF DMA. This statement arises from the comparison of the microdispersion observed in TEM images. In the second part of the paper, a model compound filled with carbon black is enhanced with a standard reinforcing resin, which leads to a more compact filler network. This induces a higher superharmonic resonance response as well as a higher transmissibility behaviour.
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Osabohien, Emmanuel, Ufuoma Soya, and Nduka Obichukwu Ojeifo. "Characteristics of natural rubber – carbonized pawpaw seed composites." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 14, no. 8 (December 9, 2020): 2951–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i8.23.
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The search for eco-friendly and less expensive fillers and additives has necessitated the use of renewable natural resources of plant origin in rubber compounding. This research work utilized carbonized pawpaw (Carica papaya) seeds as filler in natural rubber compounds in a bid to determining the reinforcing potentials. The carbonized pawpaw seeds (CPS) and dried raw pawpaw seeds (RPS) were separately pulverized, screened with a 75 μm sized test sieve and incorporated into natural rubber, Standard Nigerian Rubber (SNR 10), loaded between 0 – 50 parts per hundred (Phr) of the rubber. The cure characteristics, physicomechanical properties as well as the percentage swelling characteristics of vulcanizates were measured as a function of filler loading and compared with the values obtained using industrial grade carbon black (N330) as a standard reinforcing filler. Results showed that the CPS and RPS filled SNR 10 influenced the cure characteristics and physicomechanical properties of rubber vulcanizates. The scorch and cure times of the vulcanizates decreased as filler loading is increased while maximum torque increased with increase in filler loading. Tensile strength and modulus at 100% strain for all SNR 10 filled vulcanizates increased to optimum level at 40 phr respectively, thereafter decreased, and elongation at break decreased as filler loading is increased. The hardness and abrasion resistance of the vulcanizates increased with increase in filler loading, while compression set and percentage swelling in both petroleum and aromatic solvents decreased as filler loading is increased. The vulcanizates tend to swell more in aromatic solvents than in petroleum solvents. Percentage swelling of the vulcanizates (N330 – SNR 10 < CPS – SNR 10 < RPS – SNR 10) and in the order benzene > toluene > kerosene > diesel solvents. The research work showed that CPS and RPS fillers exhibited considerable reinforcing potentials but somewhat inferior to carbon black, N330.
Keywords: Natural rubber, pawpaw seeds, fillers, vulcanizates and reinforcement.
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Md Saleh, Siti Shuhadah, Siti Maisarah Suhaimi, Hazizan Md Akil, and Nur Farahiyah Mohammad. "Properties of Carbon Nanotubes-Calcium Carbonate Hybrid Filled Epoxy Composites." Materials Science Forum 1010 (September 2020): 136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1010.136.
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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have a great potential to be used as filler to enhance the mechanical properties of polymer composites due to excellent properties. However, CNTs have limitation of difficult to disperse in polymer matrix. The hybridization of CNTs and inorganic fillers can improve the dispersion and combine their properties in polymer composites. In the present work, the properties of the epoxy composites filled with carbon nanotube-calcium carbonate (CNTs-CaCO3) hybrid, at various filler loading (i.e., 1-5 wt.%) were studied. The CNTs-CaCO3 hybrid fillers were prepared by physically mixing (PHY) method and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. The tensile properties and hardness of both composites were investigated at different weight percentages of filler loading. The CNTs-CaCO3 CVD hybrid composites showed higher tensile strength and hardness than the CNTs-CaCO3 PHY hybrid composites. This increase was associated with the homogenous dispersion of CNT–CaCO3 particle filler. The morphological studies of fracture surfaces after tensile test by means of SEM showed homogenous dispersion of CNTs-calcium carbonate CVD hybrid in epoxy matrix. The result shows that the CNTs-calcium carbonate CVD hybrid composites are capable in increasing tensile strength by up to 116.4%, giving a tensile modulus of 40.3%, and hardness value of 39.2% as compared to a pure epoxy.
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Wang, Meng-Jiao, Siegfried Wolff, and Ewe-Hong Tan. "Filler-Elastomer Interactions. Part VIII. The Role of the Distance between Filler Aggregates in the Dynamic Properties of Filled Vulcanizates." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 66, no. 2 (May 1, 1993): 178–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538305.
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Abstract Based on the concepts of the occlusion of rubber and random packing of spheres whose volume is equivalent to that permeated by individual aggregates, an equation was deduced to estimate the distance between carbon-black aggregates in filled rubber. It was found that when the interaggregate distance reaches a critical point which is approximately identical for all carbon blacks investigated (furnace blacks), the elastic modulus measured at very low strain deviates from the modified Guth-Gold equation. Tan δ and resilience are mainly determined by the distance between aggregates. These phenomena are related to filler networking which is determined by the attractive potential and the distance between individual aggregates. Since the factor Sf, used to characterize the strength of secondary filler networks in hydrocarbon rubbers and measured by means of inverse gas chromatography, is approximately the same for all furnace blacks, the interaggregate distance seems to determine filler networking. A comparison of fillers with different Sf (graphitized vs. nongraphitized carbon blacks, carbon black vs. silica) shows that at the same interaggregate distance, a lower Sf leads to higher tan δ of the filled vulcanizates.
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Damampai, Kriengsak, Skulrat Pichaiyut, Klaus Werner Stöckelhuber, Amit Das, and Charoen Nakason. "Ferric Ions Crosslinked Epoxidized Natural Rubber Filled with Carbon Nanotubes and Conductive Carbon Black Hybrid Fillers." Polymers 14, no. 20 (October 18, 2022): 4392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14204392.
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Natural rubber with 50 mol % epoxidation (ENR-50) was filled with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and conductive carbon black (CCB) hybrid fillers with various CCB loadings of 2.5, 5.0, 7.0, 10.0 and 15.0 phr, and the compounds were mixed with ferric ion (Fe3+) as a crosslinking agent. The ENRs filled exclusively with CNTs, and CNT–CCB hybrid fillers exhibited typical curing curves at different CCB loadings, i.e., increasing torque with time and thus crosslinked networks. Furthermore, the incorporation of CNT–CCB hybrid fillers and increasing CCB loadings caused an enhancement of tensile properties (modulus and tensile strength) and crosslink densities, which are indicated by the increasing torque difference and the crosslink densities. The crosslink densities are determined by swelling and temperature scanning stress relaxation (TSSR). Increasing CCB loadings also caused a significant improvement in bound rubber content, filler–rubber interactions, thermal resistance, glass transition temperature (Tg) and electrical conductivity. A combination of 7 phr CNT and CCB with loading higher than 2.5 phr gave superior properties to ENR vulcanizates. Furthermore, the secondary CCB filler contributes to the improvement of CNT dispersion in the ENR matrix by networking the CNT capsules and forming CNT–CCB–CNT pathways and thus strong CNT–CCB networks, indicating the improvement in the tensile properties, bound rubber content and dynamic properties of the ENR composites. Moreover, higher electrical conductivity with a comparatively low percolation threshold of the hybrid composites was found as compared to the ENR filled with CNTs without CCB composite. The superior mechanical and other properties are due to the finer dispersion and even distribution of CNT–CCB hybrid fillers in the ENR matrix.
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Huang, Neng-Jian, Jing Zang, Guo-Dong Zhang, Li-Zhi Guan, Shi-Neng Li, Li Zhao, and Long-Cheng Tang. "Efficient interfacial interaction for improving mechanical properties of polydimethylsiloxane nanocomposites filled with low content of graphene oxide nanoribbons." RSC Advances 7, no. 36 (2017): 22045–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra02439h.
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GONR-filled H-t-PDMS nanocomposites were fabricated by using a facile solvent-free process, and the reinforcement efficiency of GONRs at low filler content is superior to those of the other carbon nano-fillers.
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Syed Ismail, Sharifah Nafisah, Nik Noor Idayu Nik Ibrahim, Siti Nabila Rasli, Noor Aishatun Majid, Nor Mazlina Abdul Wahab, Siti Noorashikin Jamal, Salamiah Zakaria, and Khuzaimah Nazir. "REINFORCEMENT OF CHARCOAL ACTIVATED CARBON (CAC) IN NATURAL RUBBER (NR) COMPOUND: IN COMPARISON WITH CARBON BLACK." ASEAN Engineering Journal 12, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/aej.v12.17224.
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The physical and mechanical properties of natural rubber (NR) filled with Charcoal Activated Carbon (CAC) and Carbon Black (CB) were studied. NR is a high-quality, bio-based material that has a more environmentally friendly production system than synthetic rubbers. The incorporation of reinforcing fillers into the natural rubber can significantly improve the mechanical properties, and up to now, CB has been one of the widely used filler. CAC had its own set of benefits for polymer engineering applications, particularly as a potential new natural-based filler in rubber composites. SMR-10 was compounded with compounding ingredients using a two-roll mill by Conventional Vulcanization system. As a comparison study, commercial grade CB (N220) filled NR was compounded alongside with the CAC/NR at 10 phr and 15 phr (parts per hundred of rubber) loading. A cure test was performed to determine the scorch time (tS2) and the cure time (tC90). The density, tensile strength, M100 and M300 of CAC/NR were lower than CB/NR due to the poor interaction of CAC-rubber and the possibility of slightly polar. However, the mentioned properties showed a promising increment as the filler loading increased. The swelling index (%) of CAC/NR were higher which might be contributed by the porous structure of CAC that assisting in the penetration of the toluene. As a conclusion, CAC has the potential to be used as reinforcing filler for elastomer due to the porous structure which can provide greater surface area for interaction. However, if compared to CB, higher loading of CAC was required to obtain the properties of CB of lower loading.
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Maijan, Pattarawadee, Nitinart Saetung, and Wisut Kaewsakul. "Mixing and Comparative Properties of NR Compounds Filled with Different Types of Reinforcing Fillers." Solid State Phenomena 266 (October 2017): 172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.266.172.
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Mixing behaviors of the compounds filled with different reinforcing fillers were studied in correlation with compound and vulcanizate properties. Four filler systems were used including: 1) silica plus small amount of silane coupling agent; 2) carbon black; 3) pre-modified silica; and 4) silica+silane-carbon black mixed one. The results have shown that silica provides longer optimum cure time and shorter cure rate than carbon black due to accelerator adsorption on silica surface. In addition, owing to highly polar nature on silica surface the silica-based compounds show rather high viscosity, attributed to stronger filler-filler interaction as can be confirmed by Payne effect and reinforcement index. However, the commercial surface treatment or pre-modified form of silica shows superior properties than in-situ modification of silica by silane during mixing, while it gives comparable properties to carbon black-based compound. Tensile properties of vulcanizates show a good correlation with the basic properties of their compounds.
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Kim, Jin Bong, Sang Kwan Lee, and Chun Gon Kim. "Comparison of Carbon-Based Nano Materials as Conductive Fillers for Single Layer Microwave Absorber." Key Engineering Materials 334-335 (March 2007): 837–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.334-335.837.
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In this paper, we have studied the permittivities of E-glass fabric/epoxy composite laminates containing three different types of carbon-based nano conductive fillers such as carbon black (CB), carbon nano fiber (CNF) and multi-wall carbon nano tube (MWNT). The measurements were performed for permittivities at the frequency band of 0.5 GHz ~ 18.0 GHz using a vector network analyzer with a 7 mm coaxial air line. The experimental results show that the complex permittivities of the composites depend strongly on the natures and concentrations of the conductive fillers. The real and imaginary parts of the complex permittivities of the composites were proportional to the filler concentrations. But, depending on the types of fillers and frequency band, the increasing rates of the real and imaginary parts with respect to the filler concentrations were all different. At the frequency of 10 GHz, the rates in the CNF filled composite and the MWNT filled composite were much larger then those of the CB filled composite. Between the CNF filled composite and MWNT filled composite, however, the former showed a little higher increasing rates than the other. These different rates can have great effect on the thickness in designing the single layer microwave absorbers. The effect of the different rates was examined by using Cole-Cole plots; the plot is composed of a single layer absorber solution line and permittivity lines of these three types of composites.
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Wang, Meng-Jiao, Yakov Kutsovsky, Ping Zhang, Lawrence J. Murphy, Steven Laube, and Khaled Mahmud. "New Generation Carbon-Silica Dual Phase Filler Part I. Characterization and Application to Passenger Tire." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 75, no. 2 (May 1, 2002): 247–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3544975.
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Abstract A new carbon-silica dual phase filler (CSDPF) 4000 has been developed for passenger tire application. Analytically, this filler is featured by higher levels of silica at the surface of the aggregate and higher silanol contents compared with the CSDPF 2000 family of products introduced previously. From the compounding point of view, this new dual phase filler shows higher polymer-filler interaction on the carbon domains and lower filler-filler interaction relative to the conventional fillers used in tire tread compounds. The new filler shows significant improvement in wet skid resistance over the earlier products. When this filler is employed in passenger tire tread compounds, the tradeoff among rolling resistance, wear resistance and wet skid resistance of the tire can be significantly improved compared with conventional fillers.
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Mustafa, Dalia M. T., and Sarkawt Rostam. "Friction and Wear Resistance for Polyetheretherketone Filled with Different Filler Materials: A Comparative Study." Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research 2, no. 3 (August 27, 2017): 335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24017/science.2017.3.55.
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Friction and wear behavior of Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) filled with different filler composites were compared. The comparisons were made for different scholar research works which were published between 1987 – 2017.The comparison took place between different filler composites such as carbon fiber (CF) reinforced Polyetheretherketone, nanometer Al2O3, nanometer SiC, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filled PEEK, nanometer ZrO2, nanometer SiO2, nanometer Si3N4, CuS, short fiber reinforced PEEK composites, PEEK-CF30, GO-Si and Graphite composites.The friction and wear were studied according to different factors of the filler composites such as plasma treated PEEK, volume percentage, weight percentage, sliding distance, surface of roughness, and size of particles.By this work we can understand the effect of some nanometer particles which act as fillers in polyetheretherketone, and by this comparison study we conclude that friction and wear properties can be decreased or increased or stay unchanged by increasing and decreasing the amount of fillers but it can be improved by adding different fillers with certain properties to obtain optimal results.
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Nakatani, A. I., R. Ivkov, P. Papanek, H. Yang, and M. Gerspacher. "Inelastic Neutron Scattering from Filled Elastomers." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 73, no. 5 (November 1, 2000): 847–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547624.
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Abstract Inelastic neutron scattering experiments are powerful techniques for evaluating local molecular dynamics. These methods are especially sensitive to hydrogen atoms containing motions. An overview of these experimental techniques is presented. Neutron filter analyzer and time-of-flight spectroscopy methods are used to characterize the local dynamics of polymers in the presence and absence of fillers. Of particular interest is the comparison between bound rubber attached to the filler surface and the pure, unbound rubber. A commercial synthetic polyisoprene containing approximately 100% cis-1,4 isomers was compounded with three different carbon blacks: N299, G299 (graphitized N299), and N762. Soxhlet extraction on each of the samples was performed so that corresponding samples containing purely bound rubber with filler were obtained. The filter analyzer and time-of flight spectra show distinct differences between the bound and pure rubber as well as differences based on carbon black type. Correlation of the spectral differences to the type of carbon black and initial concentration of carbon black are discussed.
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Yoo, Jongchan, Dong-Young Kim, Hyunwoo Kim, Oh-Nyoung Hur, and Sung-Hoon Park. "Comparison of Pressure Sensing Properties of Carbon Nanotubes and Carbon Black Polymer Composites." Materials 15, no. 3 (February 6, 2022): 1213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15031213.
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Polymer composites containing conductive fillers that utilize the piezoresistive effect can be employed in flexible pressure sensors. Depending on the filler used, different characteristics of a pressure sensor such as repeatability, sensitivity, and hysteresis can be determined. To confirm the variation of the pressure sensing tendency in accordance with the dimensions of the filler, carbon black (CB) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were used as representative 0-dimension and 1-dimension conductive fillers, respectively. The piezoresistive effect was exploited to analyze the process of resistance change according to pressure using CB/PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) and CNT/PDMS composites. The electrical characteristics observed for each filler were confirmed to be in accordance with its content. The pressure sensitivity of each composite was optimized, and the pressure-sensing mechanism that explains the difference in sensitivity is presented. Through repeated compression experiments, the hysteresis and repeatability of the pressure-sensing properties were examined.
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Bartosik, Dominik, Bolesław Szadkowski, Małgorzata Kuśmierek, Przemysław Rybiński, Ulugbek Mirkhodzhaev, and Anna Marzec. "Advanced Ethylene-Propylene-Diene (EPDM) Rubber Composites Filled with Raw Silicon Carbide or Hybrid Systems with Different Conventional Fillers." Polymers 14, no. 7 (March 29, 2022): 1383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14071383.
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We studied the effects of silicon carbide (SiC) and SiC hybrid systems with different conventional fillers (silica, carbon black, graphene, hydrotalcite, halloysite) on the rheometric measurements, crosslink density, mechanical performance, aging stability, morphology, thermal behaviour, and flammability of ethylene-propylene-diene (EPDM) rubber composites. The hybrid filler systems showed technically promising synergetic effects on the performance of the EPDM composites. A pronounced reinforcing effect in EPDM composites filled with hybrid SiC filler systems was noted. Tensile strength increased in the systems with carbon black, silica, and graphene nanoplatelets, by 21%, 37%, and 68%, respectively, compared to the neat EPDM. Dynamic-mechanical analysis (DMA) revealed a shift of the glass transition temperature (Tg) of EPDM composites towards higher values following the incorporation of hybrid SiC fillers, indicating that the mobility of the macromolecule chains was restricted by the presence of filler particles. Importantly, the application of SiC as a filler in EPDM rubber composites contributed to a considerable reduction in flammability, as demonstrated by microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC). The most promising results were obtained for HAL/SiC and LDH/SiC hybrid systems, which produced final composites with high flame retardancy and good mechanical performance. The study highlights the significant potential of SiC and SiC hybrid systems as effective fillers improving the properties of elastomer composites.
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Mazlina, Mustafa Kamal. "Influence of Fillers Surface Characteristics on Bound Rubber Properties of Filled Natural Rubber Compounds." Advanced Materials Research 845 (December 2013): 412–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.845.412.
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One of the most important phenomena in rubber science is the reinforcement by rigid entities, such as carbon black, clays, silicates and calcium carbonate. Thus, these fillers are added to rubber formulations to optimise properties that meet a given service application or set of performance parameters. Fillers can be divided into three categories reinforcing, semi-reinforcing and non-reinforcing. For a given elastomer and state of mix, bound rubber can be considered as a measurement of a surface activity of a filler and is considered as one of major factors in reinforcement. A strong rubber: filler interaction results in a large bound rubber content. Good dispersions and distribution of filler aggregates is also important for the full reinforcing potential of fillers to be reached. In this study, the influence of fillers on bound rubber content of Natural Rubber compounds were determined and compared. Results showed that the bound rubber content followed the trend of Carbon Black>Silica>Carbon Black>Starch. The two main filler characteristics that affect the bound rubber properties are the filler particle size and surface activity. The specific activity of the filler is determined by the physical and chemical nature of the filler surface in relation to that of elastomer. Keywords: reinforcement, surface energy
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Egbujuo, Wisdom Okechukwu, Placid Ikechukwu Anyanwu, and Henry Chinedu Obasi. "Utilization of chitin powder as a filler in natural rubber vulcanizates: In comparison with carbon black filler." International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 11, no. 1 (April 2020): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/1848.2020.00006.
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AbstractNatural rubber (NR) vulcanizates were prepared from natural rubber and chitin using a two-roll mill. The chitin was extracted from crab shell waste obtained from a local market in Oron, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria using the chemical extraction method. The effects of the chitin at different contents (0–40 phr) on the mechanical properties of the NR/Chitin vulcanizates with carbon black as reference filler have been investigated. The tensile strength of the chitin filled natural rubber (NCH), and the carbon black filled natural rubber (NCB) vulcanizates were found to increase with an increase in filler content to reach optimum at 30 phr after which it decreased. The hardness, impact and abrasion resistance properties of the NCH and NCB vulcanizates increased as filler content increases. The tensile strength and abrasion resistance of the vulcanizates containing blends of varying percentages of carbon black to chitin (CBCH) increased as more carbon black (CB) is introduced while the hardness and impact strength increased with increase in chitin content. However, carbon black filled vulcanizates showed better property enhancement than the chitin filler.
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Zainal Abidin, Zafirah, Siti Nur Liyana Mamauod, Siti Salina Sarkawi, and Nurshamimi Shahirah Binti Saimi. "Influence of filler system on the cure characteristics and mechanical properties of butyl reclaimed rubber." BioResources 15, no. 3 (June 17, 2020): 6045–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.3.6045-6060.
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This research aimed to elucidate the effect of black and non-black filler systems on the cure characteristics and mechanical properties of butyl reclaimed rubber (BRR). In this study, BRR800 was the BRR investigated. Since reclaimed rubber is not entirely 100% rubber, actually being a mixture of rubber, carbon black, oil, zinc oxide, stearic acid and other compounding ingredients used in the original compounds, the reclaimed rubber content in each system was fixed at 161 parts per hundred (pphr). Each mixture was mixed using a two-roll mill. The fillers used in this study were carbon black and calcium carbonate. The Mooney viscosity, cure characteristics, crosslink density, and mechanical properties, such as hardness, abrasion resistance, compression set, tear strength, rebound resilience, and the tensile properties of the vulcanizates were investigated. The results showed that the Mooney viscosity of BRR800 filled with carbon black was increased effectively and had a faster curing time and higher crosslink density than BRR filled with calcium carbonate. In addition, except for compression set and elongation at break, the mechanical properties of BRR800 with a black filler system were higher than those of BRR800 with a non-black filler system.
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Mansor, Mohd Khairulniza, and Dayang Habibah Abang Ismawi Hassim. "A Study on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of ENR Filled with Dual Fillers." Advanced Materials Research 1115 (July 2015): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1115.249.
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The effects of dual fillers, carbon black (CB) and mineral filler mixture (MFM) in epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) compound using BR1600 internal mixer were investigated. In this study, the processability of the compound improved and the cure time decreased with partial replacement of CB with MFM. Results also showed that compound filled with partial replacement of 20 phr of CB with MFM exhibited comparable tensile strength value with compound filled with 50 phr CB as single filler. Nevertheless, based on Thermogravimetri analysis (TGA), ENR filled with 50 phr CB gave higher char yield which can ascribe to the better stability of the char layer formed.
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Wong, W. K., G. Ourieva, M. F. Tse, and H. C. Wang. "Filler-filler interaction and filler-polymer interaction in carbon black and silica filled ExxproTM polymer." Macromolecular Symposia 194, no. 1 (April 2003): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.200390080.
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Raja, R. Satheesh, K. Manisekar, and V. Manikandan. "Effect of Carbon Black and Fly Ash Fillers on Tensile Properties of Composites." Key Engineering Materials 471-472 (February 2011): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.471-472.26.
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Fibre reinforced polymer composites play an incredible role in almost all spheres of day to day life and the field of carbon composites is one of the prime research area in recent decade. Polymers are mostly reinforced with fibre or fillers to obtain better mechanical properties. The properties of the polymer composites can be improved largely by varying the type of filler/fibre materials and its volume percentage. Composites properties depend on the size, shape and other physical properties of the reinforcements. A relative easy way to improve the mechanical properties of a polymer is the addition of filler materials. In all particulate filled systems, the adhesion between the matrix and filler plays a significant role in determining the key properties such as strength and toughness. The mechanical properties of composites are also influenced by the filler’s nature, size and distribution profile, aspect ratio, volume fraction, the intrinsic adhesion between the surfaces of filler and polymer. In this paper, the effect of filler material on mechanical properties of E-Glass fibre reinforced polymer has been studied out by varying filler materials. For these study three different types of specimens were prepared, viz FRP without filler material, the FRP with 10 volume percentages of carbon black and the FRP with 10 volume percentage of Fly ash as filler material. The polyester composites were fabricated by hand-layup method. Mechanical properties of the specimens are analyzed using computerized Universal Testing Machine as per ASTM D 638 standards. The resulting behavioral patterns of the FRP with filler material are listed and compared to those of the FRP without filler material. Mechanical properties such as ultimate tensile strength, percentage of elongation, yield strength, Poisson’s ratio and percentage reduction in area were found out.
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Jung, Jae Kap, Chang Hoon Lee, Un Bong Baek, Myung Chan Choi, and Jong Woo Bae. "Filler Influence on H2 Permeation Properties in Sulfur-CrossLinked Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer Polymers Blended with Different Concentrations of Carbon Black and Silica Fillers." Polymers 14, no. 3 (February 1, 2022): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14030592.
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Filler effects on H2 permeation properties in sulfur-crosslinked ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) polymers blended with two kinds of carbon black (CB) and silica fillers at different contents of 20 phr–60 phr are investigated by employing volumetric analysis in the pressure exposure range of 1.2 MPa~9.0 MPa. A linear relationship is observed between the sorbed amount and pressure for H2 gas, which is indicative of Henry’s law behavior. The hydrogen solubility of EPDM composites increases linearly with increasing filler content. The magnitude of hydrogen solubility for the filled EPDM composites is dependent on the filler type. The hydrogen solubility is divided into two contributions: hydrogen absorption in the EPDM polymer and hydrogen adsorption at the filler surface. Neat EPDM reveals pressure-dependent bulk diffusion behavior. However, with increasing filler content, the diffusivity for the filled EPDM composites is found to be independent of pressure. The magnitude of filler effects on the hydrogen permeation parameter is measured in the order of high abrasion furnace CB~semireinforcing furnace CB ˃ silica, whose effect is related to the specific surface area of CB particles and interfacial structure. The correlation between the permeation parameters and filler content (or crosslink density) is discussed.
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Gruber, T. C., S. D. Crossley, and A. P. Smith. "COMPUTATIONAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF SPHERICAL FILLER MORPHOLOGY AND LOADING ON DIFFUSION TORTUOSITY AND RUBBER PERMEABILITY." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 86, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 175–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.13.88932.
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ABSTRACT Inflation pressure loss in tires degrades performance, raises rolling resistance, and reduces fuel economy. The incorporation of solid fillers, such as carbon black, at relatively high loadings in tire innerliners helps minimize these pressure losses by reducing innerliner permeability due to increases in average gas molecule diffusion path lengths (tortuosity), as well as reductions in diffusion pathway density (capacity). The effects of filler morphology and loading on diffusion path tortuosity can be explored by modeling biased random-walk diffusion through impermeable sphere-filled matrices. Modeled diffusion rate was found to decrease with increased filler loading, reduced filler sphere sizes, increased random-walk step sizes, and the aggregation of filler spheres. Initial correlations with limited empirical permeability measurements are used to validate the model approach.
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Kunz, Karina, Beate Krause, Bernd Kretzschmar, Levente Juhasz, Oliver Kobsch, Wolfgang Jenschke, Mathias Ullrich, and Petra Pötschke. "Direction Dependent Electrical Conductivity of Polymer/Carbon Filler Composites." Polymers 11, no. 4 (April 1, 2019): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11040591.
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The method of measuring electrical volume resistivity in different directions was applied to characterize the filler orientation in melt mixed polymer composites containing different carbon fillers. For this purpose, various kinds of fillers with different geometries and aspect ratios were selected, namely carbon black (CB), graphite (G) and expanded graphite (EG), branched multiwalled carbon nanotubes (b-MWCNTs), non-branched multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). As it is well known that the shaping process also plays an important role in the achieved electrical properties, this study compares results for compression molded plates with random filler orientations in the plane as well as extruded films, which have, moreover, conductivity differences between extrusion direction and perpendicular to the plane. Additionally, the polymer matrix type (poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyamide 6 (PA6)) and filler concentration were varied. For the electrical measurements, a device able to measure the electrical conductivity in two directions was developed and constructed. The filler orientation was analyzed using the ratio σin/th calculated as in-plane conductivity σin-plane (σin) divided by through-plane conductivity σthrough-plane (σth). The ratio σin/th is expected to increase with more pronounced filler orientation in the processing direction. In the extruded films, alignment within the plane was assigned by dividing the in-plane conductivity in the extrusion direction (x) by the in-plane conductivity perpendicular to the extrusion direction (y). The conductivity ratios depend on filler type and concentration and are higher the higher the filler aspect ratio and the closer the filler content is to the percolation concentration.
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Wang, Xuefei, Lingling Wu, Haiwen Yu, Tongliang Xiao, Huaming Li, and Jun Yang. "Analysis of effect of modification of silica and carbon black co-filled rubber composite on mechanical properties." e-Polymers 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 279–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2021-0034.
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Abstract Silica and carbon black (CB) co-filled rubber composite was widely used for tire tread and other rubber products because of combined advantages of binary fillers, such as low hysteresis, good abrasion resistance, and reinforcement. Numerous studies have been focused on the filler–rubber interaction with the aim of obtaining optimum performances. To investigate the effect of modification on properties of rubber composite, modified silica and CB co-filled rubber composite was prepared with a multi-functional silane coupling agent, 2-aminoethyl-2-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)aminoethyl disulfide (ATD). Such modification significantly enhanced the filler–rubber interaction and improved the filler dispersion. For the modified composites, the state of cure, hardness, tensile strength before and after aging, stress at 300% elongation, tear strength, abrasion resistance, rebound resilience, compression set, temperature rise, and the value of dynamic loss coefficient ranging from −20°C to 80°C were significantly improved, especially with low ATD dosage (3.0 phr). This modification provides an effective route to prepare silica and CB co-filled rubber composites with improved mechanical properties and dynamic mechanical properties.
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Kumar, M. Ashok, T. Maruthi Chowdary, K. Chandra Sekhar Balaji, E. Dhanunjaya Goud, S. Nagaraju, K. Shaik Ahmmed, and B. Raja Sekhar. "Utilisation of CF/Sawdust Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Composites on Mechanical Properties." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 50 (May 2015): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.50.143.
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This paper presents the performance of short carbon fibre (CF) reinforced and filled with sawdust (SD) hybrid epoxy composites were evaluated. The results showed that hybridisation of carbon fibre and sawdust was in similarity to EP/CF hybrid composites. Effect of fibre orientation in matrix and the analysis and fracture surface was undertaken. The mechanical properties of injection moulded, chopped carbon fibre/sawdust/epoxy hybrid composites were investigated by considering the effect of hybridisation by these two fillers. It was observed that the tensile, flexural, and impact properties of the filled epoxy were higher than those of unfilled epoxy. The effect of filler on epoxy matrix subjected to the tensile strength and modulus was studied and compared with the rule of hybrid mixtures. The effect of filler on epoxy matrix subjected to the tensile strength and modulus was studied and compared with the rule of mixture. The actual results are marginally low as compared with the values obtained by the rule of hybrid mixtures (RoHM).
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Kumar, M. Ashok, T. Maruthi Chowdary, K. Chandra Sekhar Balaji, E. Dhanunjaya Goud, S. Nagaraju, K. Shaik Ahmmed, and B. Raja Sekhar. "Utilisation of CF/Sawdust Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Composites on Mechanical Properties." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 50 (May 3, 2015): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-f483e9.
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This paper presents the performance of short carbon fibre (CF) reinforced and filled with sawdust (SD) hybrid epoxy composites were evaluated. The results showed that hybridisation of carbon fibre and sawdust was in similarity to EP/CF hybrid composites. Effect of fibre orientation in matrix and the analysis and fracture surface was undertaken. The mechanical properties of injection moulded, chopped carbon fibre/sawdust/epoxy hybrid composites were investigated by considering the effect of hybridisation by these two fillers. It was observed that the tensile, flexural, and impact properties of the filled epoxy were higher than those of unfilled epoxy. The effect of filler on epoxy matrix subjected to the tensile strength and modulus was studied and compared with the rule of hybrid mixtures. The effect of filler on epoxy matrix subjected to the tensile strength and modulus was studied and compared with the rule of mixture. The actual results are marginally low as compared with the values obtained by the rule of hybrid mixtures (RoHM).
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Chen, Yuli, Shengtao Wang, Fei Pan, and Jianyu Zhang. "A Numerical Study on Electrical Percolation of Polymer-Matrix Composites with Hybrid Fillers of Carbon Nanotubes and Carbon Black." Journal of Nanomaterials 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/614797.
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The electrical percolation of polymer-matrix composites (PMCs) containing hybrid fillers of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon black (CB) is estimated by studying the connection possibility of the fillers using Monte Carlo simulation. The 3D simulation model of CB-CNT hybrid filler is established, in which CNTs are modeled by slender capped cylinders and CB groups are modeled by hypothetical spheres with interspaces because CB particles are always agglomerated. The observation on the effects of CB and CNT volume fractions and dimensions on the electrical percolation threshold of hybrid filled composites is then carried out. It is found that the composite electrical percolation threshold can be reduced by increasing CNT aspect ratio, as well as increasing the diameter ratio of CB groups to CNTs. And adding CB into CNT composites can decrease the CNT volume needed to convert the composite conductivity, especially when the CNT volume fraction is close to the threshold of PMCs with only CNT filler. Different from previous linear assumption, the nonlinear relation between CB and CNT volume fractions at composite percolation threshold is revealed, which is consistent with the synergistic effect observed in experiments. Based on the nonlinear relation, the estimating equation for the electrical percolation threshold of the PMCs containing CB-CNT hybrid fillers is established.
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Ezika, A. C., and V. U. Okpechi. "Effects of chemically treated and carbonized spear grass fibre on the curing and mechanical properties of natural rubber vulcanizates." Nigerian Journal of Technology 39, no. 4 (March 24, 2021): 1142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v39i4.22.
Full textAbstract:
Effects of chemically treated and carbonized spear grass fibre on the curing and mechanical properties of natural rubber vulcanizates were carried out. Natural rubber (NR) was filled with carbonized (at carbonization temperatures of 400°C, 600°C and 800°C respectively) and chemically treated (treatment with HCl and NaOH of 5% concentration) spear grass fillers respectively, at a filler loading of 30phr. The rubber compounding was carried out in a bambury mixer. The effect of carbonization temperature and chemical treatment of the filler on the mechanical properties (tensile strength, % elongation, hardness strength, abrasion resistance and compression set) and rheological properties (cure time, scorch time, maximum and minimum torque) were carried out on the samples. The results of the mechanical properties of carbonized spear grass fibre (C-SGF) filled vulcanizates show that the optimum carbonization temperature for an improved tensile strength, % elongation, hardness, abrasion and compression set was obtained at 400°C. NaOH treated fibre filled vulcanizates showed better mechanical properties; with the highest abrasion resistance of 67.65%, while untreated and acidified fibre filled vulcanizates showed poor mechanical properties. Acidified (HCl) uncarbonized spear grass fibre (U-SGF) filled vulcanizate had the highest compression set of 48% against C-SGF filled vulcanzates and carbon black filled vulcanizate, with carbon black filled vulcanizate having 47% as its compression set value. This reveals that at a carbonization temperature of 400°C, C-SGF appears to be a potential substitute filler for carbon black (CB).
Keywords: Spear Grass Fibre, Natural Rubber, Chemical Treatments, Cure Characteristics, Mechanical Properties, Carbonization
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Prasertsri, Sarawut, and Sansanee Srichan. "Influence of Pyrolytic Carbon Black Prepared from Waste Tires on Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Vulcanizates." Key Engineering Materials 751 (August 2017): 332–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.751.332.
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This research aimed to investigate the possibility of pyrolytic carbon black (PCB) used as filler in natural rubber (NR) and its effect on Mooney viscosity, cure characteristics and mechanical properties compared with commercial carbon black (N774). The results revealed that Mooney viscosity, stiffness and heat build-up tended to increase with increasing both PCB and N774 loading, whereas elongation at break decreased. However, the maximum tensile and tear strengths appeared at the optimum filler loading for both PCB and N774. At similar filler content, PCB-filled NR compounds have higher cure time, heat build-up and thermal resistance. Nevertheless, they exhibited lower Mooney viscosity and mechanical properties compared to N774-filled NR. Finally, it can be concluded that PCB could be utilized as filler in NR compound to act as semi-reinforcing filler and was classified as a filler to reduce costs.
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Firoozian, P., H. P. S. Abdul Khalil, Md Akil Hazizan, and Ahmad Md Noor. "Influences and Properties of Various Activated Carbon and Carbon Black Filled in Epoxy Composite." Advanced Materials Research 264-265 (June 2011): 513–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.264-265.513.
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This paper reports the investigation on the flexural properties of activated carbon filled epoxy composites. The Comparison of the properties between different sources of activated carbon, are illustrated. It has to be disposed safely or used for recovery of valuable materials as agricultural wastes like bamboo stem, coconut shell and Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB). Therefore these wastes have been explored for the preparation of activated carbon and carbon black employing chemical activation by H3PO4 and physical activation, respectively. The effect of pyrolysis and chemical activation on the activated carbon filled epoxy composite properties including mechanical (flexural strength), 5 % percent of carbon filler and Scan Electron Microscope SEM micrograph were analyzed. These determined the interaction between activated carbon filled epoxy composite. This study is to compare the effect of the nature of the different types of fillers on the epoxy composites material properties. The microstructures of the farcture surface was examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) were formed during the different preparation stages.
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Galimberti, Maurizio, Valeria Cipolletti, Sara Musto, Serena Cioppa, Giulia Peli, Marco Mauro, Guerra Gaetano, Silvia Agnelli, Riccò Theonis, and Vineet Kumar. "RECENT ADVANCEMENTS IN RUBBER NANOCOMPOSITES." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 87, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 417–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.14.86919.
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ABSTRACT Nanocomposites were prepared via melt blending, based on organically modified clays (OC), carbon nanotubes (CNT), and graphitic nanofillers made by a few layers of graphene (nanoG). In particular, nanocomposites based on a hybrid filler system, with a nanostructured filler such as carbon black (CB), are examined. It is shown that low crystalline order in the interlayer space of a layered nanofiller (such as OC and nanoG) leads to easier delamination. Nanofillers give rise to filler networking at low concentration, particularly in the presence of CB. Hybrid filler systems lead to nanocomposites' having initial moduli that are much higher than those calculated through the sum of the initial modulus of composites containing either only CB or only the nanofiller. Nanofillers enhance the matrix modulus by a multiplication factor that depends only on the nanofiller type and content, regardless of whether the matrix is a neat or a CB-filled polymer. Furthermore, the filler–polymer interfacial area is shown to be a parameter able to correlate the mechanical behavior of both nano-CNT and nanostructured (CB) fillers. By plotting values of the composite initial modulus versus the filler–polymer interfacial area, points due to CB, CNT, and the hybrid CB-CNT system lie on the same curve.
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Marischal, Cayla, Lemort, Campagne, and Devaux. "Selection of Immiscible Polymer Blends Filled with Carbon Nanotubes for Heating Applications." Polymers 11, no. 11 (November 6, 2019): 1827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11111827.
Full textAbstract:
In many application fields, such as medicine or sports, heating textiles use electrically conductive multifilaments. This multifilament can be developed from conductive polymer composites (CPC), which are blends of an insulating polymer filled with electrically conductive particles. However, this multifilament must have filler content above the percolation threshold, which leads to an increase of the viscosity and problems during the melt spinning process. Immiscible blends between two polymers (one being a CPC) can be used to allow the reduction of the global filler content if each polymer is co-continuous with a selective localization of the fillers in only one polymer. In this study, three immiscible blends were developed between polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, or polyamide 6 and a filled polycaprolactone with carbon nanotubes. The morphology of each blend at different ratios was studied using models of co-continuity and prediction of fillers localization according to viscosity, interfacial energy, elastic modulus, and loss factor of each polymer. This theoretical approach was compared to experimental values to find out differences between methods. The electrical properties (electrical conductivity and Joule effect) were also studied. The co-continuity, the selective localization in the polycaprolactone, and the Joule effect were only exhibited by the polypropylene/filled polycaprolactone 50/50 wt.%.