Journal articles: 'Carbon fibre (CF)'

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Li, Nan, Xiuxiu Yang, Feng Bao, Yunxing Pan, Chenghao Wang, Bo Chen, Lishuai Zong, Chengde Liu, Jinyan Wang, and Xigao Jian. "Improved Mechanical Properties of Copoly(Phthalazinone Ether Sulphone)s Composites Reinforced by Multiscale Carbon Fibre/Graphene Oxide Reinforcements: A Step Closer to Industrial Production." Polymers 11, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11020237.

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The properties of carbon fibre (CF) reinforced composites rely heavily on the fibre-matrix interface. To enhance the interfacial properties of CF/copoly(phthalazinone ether sulfone)s (PPBES) composites, a series of multiscale hybrid carbon fibre/graphene oxide (CF/GO) reinforcements were fabricated by a multistep deposition strategy. The optimal GO loading in hybrid fibres was investigated. Benefiting from the dilute GO aqueous solution and repeated deposition procedures, CF/GO (0.5%) shows a homogeneous distribution of GO on the hybrid fibre surface, which is confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscope, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thereby ensuring that its PPBES composite possesses the highest interlaminar shear strength (91.5 MPa) and flexural strength (1886 MPa) with 16.0% and 24.1% enhancements, respectively, compared to its non-reinforced counterpart. Moreover, the incorporation of GO into the interface is beneficial for the hydrothermal ageing resistance and thermo-mechanical properties of the hierarchical composite. This means that a mass production strategy for enhancing mechanical properties of CF/PPBES by regulating the fiber-matrix interface was developed.

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Li, J. "Interfacial features of polyamide 6 composites filled with oxidation modified carbon fibres." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 223, no. 9 (May 22, 2009): 2135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes1402.

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Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon fibres were surface treated by ozone modification method and air-oxidation treatment. The interfacial properties of carbon fibre reinforced polyamide 6 (CF/PA6) composites were investigated by means of the single fibre pull-out tests. The surface characteristics of carbon fibres were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). As a result, it was found that interfacial shear strength values of the composites with ozone-treated carbon fibre are greatly increased. XPS results show that ozone treatment increases the amount of carboxyl groups on the carbon fibre surface, thus the interfacial adhesion between carbon fibre and PA6 matrix is effectively promoted. The effect of surface treatment of carbon fibres on the tribological properties of CF/PA6 composites was comparatively investigated. Experimental results revealed that surface treatment can effectively improve the interfacial adhesion between carbon fibre and PA6 matrix. Thus the wear resistance was significantly improved.

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Zhang, Qiangjun, Yong C. Wang, Constantinos Soutis, Colin G. Bailey, and Yuan Hu. "Fire Safety Assessment of Epoxy Composites Reinforced by Carbon Fibre and Graphene." Applied Composite Materials 27, no. 5 (July 14, 2020): 619–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10443-020-09824-4.

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Abstract This paper presents a coupled numerical investigation to assess the reaction to fire performance and fire resistance of various types of epoxy resin (ER) based composites. It examines the fire response of carbon fibre (CF) reinforced ER (CF/ER), ER with graphene nanoplatelets (GNP/ER) and CF reinforced GNP/ER (CF/GNP/ER). Thermal, physical and pyrolysis properties are presented to assist numerical modelling that is used to assess the material ability to pass the regulatory vertical burn test for new aircraft structures and estimate in-fire and post-fire residual strength properties. Except for the CF/GNP/ER composite, all other material systems fail the vertical burn test due to continuous burning after removal of the fire source. Carbon fibres are non-combustible and therefore reduce heat release rate of the ER composite. By combining this property with the beneficial barrier effects of graphene platelets, the CF/GNP/ER composite with 1.5 wt% GNP and 50 wt% CF self-extinguishes within 15 s after removal of the burner with a relatively small burn length. Graphene drastically slows down heat conduction and migration of decomposed volatiles to the surface by creating improved char structures. Thus, graphene is allowing the CF/GNP/ER composite panel to pass the regulatory vertical burn test. Due to low heat conduction and reduced heat release rate, the maximum temperatures in the CF/GNP/ER composite are low so the composite material retains very high in-fire and post-fire mechanical properties, maintaining structural integrity. In contrast, temperatures in the CF/ER composite are much higher. At a maximum temperature of 86 °C, the residual in-fire tensile and compressive mechanical strengths of CF/GNP/ER are about 87% and 59% respectively of the ambient temperature values, compared to 70% and 21% respectively for the CF/ER composite that has a temperature of 140 °C at the same time (but the CF/ER temperature will be higher due to continuing burning). Converting mass losses of the composites into char depth, the post-fire mechanical properties of the CF/GNP/ER composite are about 75% of the ambient condition compared to about 68% for the CF/ER composite.

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Hofmann, Marcel, Dirk Wenzel, Bernd Gulich, Heike Illing-Günther, and Daisy Nestler. "Development of Nonwoven Preforms Made of Pure Recycled Carbon Fibres (rCF) for Applications of Composite Materials." Key Engineering Materials 742 (July 2017): 555–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.742.555.

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For the development of an efficient and economic recycling process of carbon fibers (CF) still many technological challenges have to be mastered. One of them is the removal of all extraneous natural and synthetic fibres, e.g. polyester sewing threads. The objective of the research was to develop an in-line process for the removal of those extraneous fibres, which result from mechanical processes such as tearing. A promising approach for the removal of extraneous fibres from cut-off carbon-fibre material (CF) has been identified, getting recycled carbon fibres (rCF). For that purpose, the use of modern laser technologies is particularly promising. However, the focus was not the development of new laser systems, but the adaptation of existing technologies and their integration into textile processing steps for carbon fibre recycling. In addition to the removal of the extraneous fibres, the degree of CF losses and quality degradation due to fibre damage have been analysed and compared with optimum fibre characteristics. The separation has been experimented and corresponding laser parameters have been defined. Finally, the obtained carbon-fibre material has been tested with regard to its processability in textile manufacturing processes (dry non-woven fabric production) up to carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP). For the evaluation of the material for potential applications, test plates from irradiated and non-irradiated material have been used. The performed tensile and flexural tests have proved that the irradiated material has similar properties compared to the non-exposed one.

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Kovačević, Stana, Snježana Brnada, Ivana Schwarz, and Ana Kiš. "Bicomponent Carbon Fibre within Woven Fabric for Protective Clothing." Polymers 12, no. 12 (November 27, 2020): 2824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12122824.

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For the purpose of this research, six types of woven fabrics with different proportions of bicomponent carbon fibres (CF), differently distributed in the fabric, were woven and tested. Fibre composition in the core and sheath was determined with X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Two types of bicomponent CF were selected which are characterised by different proportions of carbon and other polymers in the fibre core and sheath and different cross-sections of the fibres formed during chemical spinning. Physical-mechanical properties were investigated, as well as deformations of fabrics after 10,000, 20,000 and 30,000 cycles under biaxial cyclic stress on a patented device. Tests of the surface and vertical electrostatic resistance from fabric front to back side and from the back side to the fabric front were conducted. According to the obtained results and statistical analyses, it was concluded that the proportion of CF affects the fabric’s physical and mechanical properties, the electrostatic resistance as well as the deformations caused by biaxial cyclic stresses. A higher proportion of CF in the fabric and a higher proportion of carbon on the fibre surface, gave lower electrostatic resistance, i.e., better conductivity, especially when CFs are woven in the warp and weft direction. The higher presence of CF on the front of the fabric, as a consequence of the weave, resulted in a lower surface electrostatic resistance.

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Hao, Siqi, Lizhe He, Jiaqi Liu, Yuhao Liu, Chris Rudd, and Xiaoling Liu. "Recovery of Carbon Fibre from Waste Prepreg via Microwave Pyrolysis." Polymers 13, no. 8 (April 10, 2021): 1231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13081231.

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Management of waste from carbon fibre composites has become a significant societal issue as the application of composite grows across many industries. In this study, carbon fibres (CF) were successfully recovered from cured carbon fibre/epoxy (CF/EP) prepreg under microwave pyrolysis at 450, 550 and 650 °C followed by oxidation of any residual char. The recovered fibres were investigated for their tensile properties, surface morphologies and the elements/functional groups presented on the surface. The chemical compositions of gaseous and oil pyrolysis products were also analysed. The microwave pyrolysis effectively pyrolyzed the epoxy (EP) resin. Char residue remained on the fibre surface and the amount of char reduced as the pyrolysis temperature increased. Compared to virgin fibres, the recovered fibre suffered from a strength reduction by less than 20%, and this reduction could be mitigated by reducing the pyrolysis temperature. The surface of recovered fibre remained clean and smooth, while the profile of elements and functional groups at the surface were similar to those of virgin fibres. The main gaseous products were CO, H2, CO2 and CH4, whilst the liquid product stream included phenolic and aromatic compounds.

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Mudhukrishnan, M., P. Hariharan, and S. K. Malhotra. "Characterization of Glass Fibre/Carbon Fibre Hybrid Thermoplastics Composite Laminates Fabricated by Film Stacking Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 518–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.518.

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The Fibre Reinforced Plastic (FRP) composites are extensively used for a wide variety of applications in automobile, aerospace, chemical, biomedical and civil engineering fields due to their excellent properties. Composite materials offer significant advantages in strength-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance over metallic materials. Initially FRP composites were based mainly on thermoset polymers because of the ease of manufacturing. But, recently FRP composites using thermoplastics matrices are gaining importance because of their advantages over thermoset composites. In the present work, FRP laminates were fabricated using glass fabric and carbon fabric as reinforcements and thermoplastic polymer (polypropylene) as matrix. Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastics (FRTP) laminates of glass fibre /polypropylene (GF/PP), carbon fibre/ polypropylene (CF/PP) and glass-carbon fibre /polypropylene (GF/CF/PP) hybrid composite laminates were fabricated by film stacking method using hot compression molding press under optimum process parameters (pressure, temperature and dwell time). The fabricated FRTP laminates were tested for various mechanical and physical properties viz., tensile strength/modulus, flexural strength/modulus, izod impact strength, moisture absorption, barcol hardness and density as per relevant ASTM standards. The results of the tests carried out on three materials were compared. It was observed that hybrid laminate (GF/CF/PP) is superior in flexural strength/modulus as compared to GF/PP but the little lower mechanical properties compared to CF/PP laminates. But use of hybrid laminates has great cost advantage compared to CF/PP.

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Agarwal, Jyoti, Smita Mohanty, and Sanjay K. Nayak. "Polypropylene hybrid composites: Effect of reinforcement of sisal and carbon fibre on mechanical, thermal and morphological properties." Journal of Polymer Engineering 41, no. 6 (April 20, 2021): 431–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2019-0355.

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Abstract Polypropylene (PP)/sisal fibre (SF)/carbon fibre (CF) hybrid composites were prepared by melt blending process at a variable weight percentage (wt%) of carbon: sisal fibre loading (20:10, 15:15, 10:20, and 5:25). MA-g-PP (MgP) as a compatibiliser was used to improve the dispersion of the fibres within the PP matrix. The composites were subjected to mechanical tests to optimize the fibre content of CF: SF. Incorporation of 20 wt% of CF and 10 wt% of SF with 5 wt% MgP resulted in higher mechanical performance of about 67.02 and 112% over that of PP/SF composite. Similarly, the impact strength was found to be optimum which enhanced to the tune of 39.62% as compared with PP/SF composites. Halpin Tsai model was used to compare the theoretical tensile modulus of PP/SF/MgP composites and PP/SF/CF/MgP hybrid composites with experimental evaluated values. Fracture toughness parameters such as K IC (critical stress intensity factor) and G IC (critical strain energy release rate) are determined for PP/SF/MgP composites and PP/SF/CF/MgP hybrid composites and compared by using single edge notch test. DSC study showed higher melting temperature (T m ) of PP/SF/CF/MgP composites as compared to PP revealing the enhancement in thermal stability. TGA/DTG study revealed the synergistic effect of the hybrid composite thus confirming the hybridisation effect of the system. DMA study showed that the hybridisation of CF and SF within the matrix polymer contributes to an increase in the storage modulus (Eʹ). Morphological observation by SEM confirmed that the carbon fibres and sisal fibres are well uniformly dispersed within the PP matrix, in the presence of MgP.

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Tanaka, Kazuto, Daiki Kugimoto, and Tsutao Katayama. "Effects of Temperature on the Fibre Matrix Interfacial Shear Strength of Carbon Nanotube Grafted Carbon Fibre Reinforced Heat Resistant Resin." Key Engineering Materials 827 (December 2019): 488–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.827.488.

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Transportation sector is required to reduce CO2 emissions as environmental problems are becoming more serious. Carbon fibre reinforced thermoplastic (CFRTP) are expected to be applied to the structural parts of automobiles and aircrafts because of their superior mechanical properties such as high specific strength, high specific stiffness and high recyclability. One of the problems in using CFRTP for the structural parts is heat resistance, and it is necessary to clarify the mechanical properties under their service environmental temperature. The tensile strength of CFRTP at high temperatures decreases with temperature rise. The fibre matrix interfacial shear strength is reported to be improved by grafting of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the surface of carbon fibre. In this study, in order to clarify the effects of temperature on the fibre matrix interfacial shear strength of CNTs grafted carbon fibre reinforced PPS resin, single fibre pull-out test was conducted. While the interfacial shear strength of CNT grafted-CF/PPS is higher than that of As-received-CF/PPS at 25 °C, no significant difference was found in the interfacial shear strength of As-received-CF/PPS and CNT grafted-CF/PPS at 80 °C.

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Zhang, Haiming, Junzong Feng, Liangjun Li, Yonggang Jiang, and Jian Feng. "Preparation of a carbon fibre-reinforced carbon aerogel and its application as a high-temperature thermal insulator." RSC Advances 12, no. 22 (2022): 13783–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ra00276k.

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A carbon fiber reinforced carbon aerogel (CF/CA) was prepared by impregnating polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibre felts with a resorcinol (R)–furfural (F) sol containing a salt (ZnCl2), followed by ageing and pyrolysis. The RF sol containing the salt was synthesized by direct polymerisation of R and F in methanol (MeOH) using ZnCl2 as a salt template. Compared with the traditional sol–gel method for preparing CF/CAs, this procedure eliminates the need for solvent-exchange and supercritical-fluid drying processes. This novel strategy may lead to lower-cost and large scale industrial processes of CF/CAs.

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Sandhanshiv, Rahul D., and Dilip M. Patel. "Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Nickel Coated Carbon Fibre Rod Reinforced Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite Material for using in Automobile Application." Advanced Engineering Forum 46 (June 28, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-ik37iv.

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A carbon fibre (CF) in the form of a rod (continuous fibre) was used as reinforcement due to its superior strength and modulus properties. Carbon fibre rod reinforced aluminium 6061 alloy metal matrix composite material was synthesized using the stir casting liquid metallurgy route. Aluminium based metal matrix composite materials are light in weight. Very few researchers were worked on carbon fibre rod reinforced metal matrix composites (MMC). Electroless nickel deposition on carbon fibre rods (2mm and 3mm diameter) were carried out for improvement in wettability. On carbon fibre rods, the effectiveness of electroless nickel coating was validated using SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and EDAX (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy) analysis. A further coating thickness of nickel was improved using nickel electroplating. In a cast iron mould, nickel-coated carbon fibre rods were arranged in a circular pattern. Completely degassed molten aluminium 6061 alloy was poured in cast iron mould at 600-700 °C. The enhancement in Tribological and mechanical properties is always a prerequisite for technological advancement in automobile sector. From synthesized composites (11.11% Vol. CF and 25% Vol. CF reinforcement) specimen were prepared for density tests, bulk and microhardness tests, friction and wear tests. Synthesized composite has low density, increased bulk and microhardness, low coefficient of friction and reduced wear rate in comparison with aluminium 6061 alloy. Keywords: Carbon Fibre (CF) rod, MMC, Nickel coating, Casting, Mechanical, Tribological

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Mgbemena, Chinedum, and Chika Mgbemena. "Carbon Nanomaterials for Tailored Biomedical Applications." Asian Review of Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 2 (November 5, 2021): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arme-2021.10.2.3167.

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Carbon Fibre (CF) and Carbon Nanotube (CNT) are typical Carbon nanomaterials that possess unique features which make them particularly attractive for biomedical applications. This paper is a review of the Carbon Fibre (CF) and Carbon Nanotube (CNT) for biomedical applications. In this paper, we describe their properties and tailored biomedical applications. The most recent state of the art in the biomedical application of CFs and CNTs were reviewed.

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Hu, Changtong, Ruyu Ruan, Wenshun Wang, Aijun Gao, and Lianghua Xu. "Electrochemical grafting of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) on a carbon-fibre surface." RSC Advances 10, no. 18 (2020): 10599–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra00562b.

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In this work, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) was polymerised and grafted onto the surface of carbon fiber (CF) by using electrochemical grafting to improve the interfacial properties between the fibre and epoxy resin.

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Zhao, Dan, Jinmei He, Nan Zheng, and Yudong Huang. "Improved atomic oxygen erosion resistance of the carbon fibre–epoxy interface with polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane." High Performance Polymers 32, no. 6 (January 8, 2020): 681–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008319896828.

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Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) was grafted onto the surface of carbon fibres (CFs) to fabricate carbon fibre/epoxy (CF/EP) composites with improved interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) and atomic oxygen (AO) erosion resistance. POSS-CF was prepared by reacting amine groups on the pretreated CF surface with the POSS to form a continuous uniform layer of siloxane oligomers. X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy demonstrated that POSS was successfully grafted onto the CF surface. The ILSS and AO erosion resistance of the POSS-treated CFs and CF-EP interface were improved because a SiO2 passivation layer formed with AO exposure, especially with POSS-EP0409. This is an effective solution for enhancing the interfacial bonding force and interfacial AO erosion resistance for the low-Earth orbit environment.

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Privalko, Valery P., Dmitry I. Sukhorukov, and József Karger-Kocsis. "Thermoelastic Behavior of the Single Carbon Fibre/Polycarbonate Microcomposites." Advanced Composites Letters 6, no. 6 (November 1997): 096369359700600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369359700600602.

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Stretching calorimetry technique was used to evaluate Young's moduli ( E), linear expansivities (α L) and internal energy changes (Δ U) in stretching/contraction cycles for single carbon fiber/ polycarbonate (CF/PC) microcomposites. Within the interval of elastic strains, microcomposites with both sized and unsized CF were characterized by significantly higher values of E and Δ U and by lower values ofα L compared to the plain PC matrix. The results obtained suggest the formation of interfacial boundary PC layers with changed structure around CF which affect the thermoelastic properties of the CF/PC microcomposites.

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Reverte, José María, Miguel Ángel Caminero, Jesús Miguel Chacón, Eustaquio García-Plaza, Pedro José Núñez, and Jean Paul Becar. "Mechanical and Geometric Performance of PLA-Based Polymer Composites Processed by the Fused Filament Fabrication Additive Manufacturing Technique." Materials 13, no. 8 (April 19, 2020): 1924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13081924.

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In this work, the effect of short carbon fibre (CF) on the mechanical and geometric properties of 3D printed polylactic acid (PLA) composite parts processed using the Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) technique have been analysed. Tensile, flexural and interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) tests were performed to obtain the mechanical performance of the different samples. The surface quality and geometric accuracy of the printed specimens were also evaluated. Finally, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images of the printed samples are analysed. The results revealed that the addition of carbon fibres effectively improved all assessed mechanical properties of PLA-CF composites as compared to the neat PLA. In particular, Flat PLA-CF samples showed an average increase in tensile performance of 47.1% for the tensile strength and 179.9% for the tensile stiffness in comparison to the neat PLA. From the flexural behaviour point of view, Flat PLA-CF samples revealed an increase in average flexural strength and stiffness of 89.75% and 230.95%, respectively in comparison to the neat PLA. Furthermore, PLA-CF samples depicted the best ILSS performance. In general, the use of short carbon fibre as reinforcement did not affect the dimensional accuracy of the PLA-CF samples, and even improved the surface roughness in certain cases, particularly in Flat and On-edge orientations.

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Li, J., and X. Z. Li. "Evaluation of the Tribological Properties of Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Composites Filled with Carbon Fibers." Advanced Composites Letters 18, no. 2 (March 2009): 096369350901800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369350901800203.

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The tribological performance of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and carbon fibre reinforced poly(vinylidene fluoride) (CF/PVDF) were examined. Different contents of carbon fibres were employed as reinforcement. All filled and unfilled polyimide composites were tested against CGr15 ball and representative testing was performed. The effects of carbon fibre content on tribological properties of the composites were investigated. The worn surface morphologies of neat PVDF and its composites were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the wear mechanisms were discussed. Moreover, all filled PVDFs have superior tribological characteristics to unfilled PVDFs. The optimum wear reduction was obtained when the content of carbon fibre is 20vol%.

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Ashok Kumar, M., T. Maruthi Chowdary, K. Chandra Sekhar Balaji, E. Dhanunjaya Goud, S. Nagaraju, K. Shaik Ahmmed, and B. Raja Sekhar. "Effects of Performance on Mechanical Properties of Sawdust/Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer Matrix Hybrid Composites." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 54 (July 2015): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.54.122.

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Short carbon fibre (CF) and sawdust (SD) were dispersed in to the epoxy (EP) matrix in order to manufacture polymer hybrid composites using compression moulding technique. The mechanical properties of flexural properties of hybrid, compression moulded, chopped CF/SD/epoxy composites have been investigated taking into account the effect of hybridization by these two fillers. Hybridization with small amounts of SD makes these CF composites more suitable for technical applications. The simultaneous compounding of epoxy with two fillers was done to obtain a hybrid composite. This system is expected to have considerable mechanical properties, good surface finish and low cost. It has been found that the tensile properties of filled epoxy were higher than unfilled epoxy. By incorporating up to 30% (by mass) Carbon fiber (CF) and 10% sawdust (SD) namely S3 sample flexural strength was increased by 12.5%. Thus it is shown that the durability of CF/SD filled epoxy composites can be enhanced by hybridization with small amount of CF. The hybrid effects of the flexural strength and modulus were studied by the rule of hybrid mixture.

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Ashok Kumar, M., T. Maruthi Chowdary, K. Chandra Sekhar Balaji, E. Dhanunjaya Goud, S. Nagaraju, K. Shaik Ahmmed, and B. Raja Sekhar. "Effects of Performance on Mechanical Properties of Sawdust/Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer Matrix Hybrid Composites." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 54 (July 3, 2015): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-21z585.

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Short carbon fibre (CF) and sawdust (SD) were dispersed in to the epoxy (EP) matrix in order to manufacture polymer hybrid composites using compression moulding technique. The mechanical properties of flexural properties of hybrid, compression moulded, chopped CF/SD/epoxy composites have been investigated taking into account the effect of hybridization by these two fillers. Hybridization with small amounts of SD makes these CF composites more suitable for technical applications. The simultaneous compounding of epoxy with two fillers was done to obtain a hybrid composite. This system is expected to have considerable mechanical properties, good surface finish and low cost. It has been found that the tensile properties of filled epoxy were higher than unfilled epoxy. By incorporating up to 30% (by mass) Carbon fiber (CF) and 10% sawdust (SD) namely S3 sample flexural strength was increased by 12.5%. Thus it is shown that the durability of CF/SD filled epoxy composites can be enhanced by hybridization with small amount of CF. The hybrid effects of the flexural strength and modulus were studied by the rule of hybrid mixture.

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Santo, Loredana, Denise Bellisario, Leandro Iorio, Claudia Papa, Fabrizio Quadrini, David Benedetti, and Jacopo Agnelli. "Composite Laminates with Recycled Carbon Fibres and Carbon Nanotubes." Materiale Plastice 57, no. 1 (April 17, 2020): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.20.1.5315.

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Carbon fibre reinforced composites were manufactured by using recycled carbon fibres (CF) and carbon nanotubes (CNT). Dry fabrics were impregnated by hot melting with 1 wt% CNT filled epoxy resin to produce prepregs. Subsequently, composite laminates were manufactured by vacuum bagging and autoclave moulding. Only materials and industrial equipment were used for the laminate production. Laminates with unfilled resin and virgin CFs were also manufactured for comparison. Samples were extracted for physical and mechanical measurements. Dynamic mechanical analyses and bending tests were carried out to evaluate the interaction between CNTs, resin matrix and recycled CFs.

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Koráb, J., S. Krcho, P. Štefánik, and J. Kováčik. "Electrical and thermal conductivities of the Cu–CF composite." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 8 (August 29, 2019): 1023–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998319872261.

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The paper presents a new approach in the field of metal–matrix composite characterisation where an electrical conductivity measurement was used to calculate the electron part of composite thermal conductivity by using the Wiedemann–Franz law. The electrical and thermal conductivities of the composite were characterised and their relationship was analysed. Results showed that in comparison with simple analytical models, this method can also be used for predicting the thermal conductivity of the copper matrix–continuous carbon fibre composite in a transverse direction. The unidirectional composite was produced by diffusion bonding and contained 40–60 vol.% of unidirectional fibres. Experiments were performed in directions parallel and normal to the fibre orientation and showed that with an increasing ratio of fibre volume, both thermal and electrical conductivities decreased from 221.6 W/m·K to 38.7 W/m·K and from 35.8 MS/m to 5.3 MS/m, respectively.

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Bengtsson, Andreas, Jenny Bengtsson, Carina Olsson, Maria Sedin, Kerstin Jedvert, Hans Theliander, and Elisabeth Sjöholm. "Improved yield of carbon fibres from cellulose and kraft lignin." Holzforschung 72, no. 12 (December 19, 2018): 1007–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2018-0028.

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AbstractTo meet the demand for carbon-fibre-reinforced composites in lightweight applications, cost-efficient processing and new raw materials are sought for. Cellulose and kraft lignin are each interesting renewables for this purpose due to their high availability. The molecular order of cellulose is an excellent property, as is the high carbon content of lignin. By co-processing cellulose and lignin, the advantages of these macromolecules are synergistic for producing carbon fibre (CF) of commercial grade in high yields. CFs were prepared from precursor fibres (PFs) made from 70:30 blends of softwood kraft lignin (SW-KL) and cellulose by dry-jet wet spinning with the ionic liquid (IL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([EMIm][OAc]) as a solvent. In focus was the impact of the molecular mass of lignin and the type of cellulose source on the CF yield and properties, while membrane-filtrated kraft lignin and cellulose from dissolving kraft pulp and fully bleached paper-grade SW-KP (kraft pulp) served as sources. Under the investigated conditions, the yield increased from around 22% for CF from neat cellulose to about 40% in the presence of lignin, irrespective of the type of SW-KL. The yield increment was also higher relative to the theoretical one for CF made from blends (69%) compared to those made from neat celluloses (48–51%). No difference in the mechanical properties of the produced CF was observed.

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Manis, Frank, Jakob Wölling, and Klaus Drechsler. "Damage Behaviour of Fibre Reinforced Materials Induced by High Temperature Oxidation for Optimisation of Thermal Recycling Routes." Materials Science Forum 825-826 (July 2015): 1088–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.825-826.1088.

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This study summarizes different characterisation methods performed with new carbon fibres(vCF - virgin carbon fibres) for structural applications as carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP)as well as fiber samples which have been treated under different conditions. These parameters consistof combinations of temperature (400-600 C) and dwell time (30 - 60 min) in an oxidising atmospherein order to provide a fundamental basis for the definition of possible recycling processes to regain thehigh value raw material, i.e. the carbon fibre, after the use-phase of the initial CFRP-structure. The investigationsthat were performed on vCF and secondary fibres (rCF - recycled CF) show in very goodagreement, that below 500 C almost no degradation of the fibre is visible, between 500 and 600 C arapid decrease in different physical and mechanical properties occurs and above 600 C a recovery ofthe fiber in terms of a secondary use in high performance structural context seems not to be feasible.The investigations that were performed consist of optical microscopy for the measurement of the fibrediameter, the deformation of the cross section and a statistical analysis. The second method appliedwas the characterization of the monofilament density, alongside to the breaking force and elongation,leading to the calculation of tensile strength and Youngs Modulus and further statistical analysis ofWeibull Modulus and its decrease over temperature.

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Jin, Hai Yun, Da Wei Feng, Wen Zhao Li, Hong Guang Ren, Ying Su, Bo He, Ze Zhou, Zong Ren Peng, and Chuan Bin Wang. "Fabrication and Properties of Carbon Fibre-Basalt Fibre/Epoxy Resin Composites." Materials Science Forum 695 (July 2011): 501–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.695.501.

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Different compositions of carbon fibre (Cf) - basalt fibre (Bf)/ Epoxy Resin (EP) Composites were fabricated. The mechanical properties were investigated and the microstructure was observed by SEM. The results showed that, the mechanical properties would be improved when suitable content (10-20vol.% of total fibre) of basalt fibre added into carbon fibre/ epoxy composites. It was because that elasticity modulus of basalt fibre was larger than carbon fibre, and for existing of more hydroxyl groups and other active groups, the bonding between basalt fibre and epoxy resin was also better than the bonding between carbon fibre and epoxy resin.

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Kumar, M. Ashok, T. Maruthi Chowdary, K. Chandra Sekhar Balaji, E. Dhanunjaya Goud, S. Nagaraju, K. Shaik Ahmmed, and B. Raja Sekhar. "Utilisation of CF/Sawdust Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Composites on Mechanical Properties." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 50 (May 2015): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.50.143.

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This paper presents the performance of short carbon fibre (CF) reinforced and filled with sawdust (SD) hybrid epoxy composites were evaluated. The results showed that hybridisation of carbon fibre and sawdust was in similarity to EP/CF hybrid composites. Effect of fibre orientation in matrix and the analysis and fracture surface was undertaken. The mechanical properties of injection moulded, chopped carbon fibre/sawdust/epoxy hybrid composites were investigated by considering the effect of hybridisation by these two fillers. It was observed that the tensile, flexural, and impact properties of the filled epoxy were higher than those of unfilled epoxy. The effect of filler on epoxy matrix subjected to the tensile strength and modulus was studied and compared with the rule of hybrid mixtures. The effect of filler on epoxy matrix subjected to the tensile strength and modulus was studied and compared with the rule of mixture. The actual results are marginally low as compared with the values obtained by the rule of hybrid mixtures (RoHM).

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Kumar, M. Ashok, T. Maruthi Chowdary, K. Chandra Sekhar Balaji, E. Dhanunjaya Goud, S. Nagaraju, K. Shaik Ahmmed, and B. Raja Sekhar. "Utilisation of CF/Sawdust Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Composites on Mechanical Properties." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 50 (May 3, 2015): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-f483e9.

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This paper presents the performance of short carbon fibre (CF) reinforced and filled with sawdust (SD) hybrid epoxy composites were evaluated. The results showed that hybridisation of carbon fibre and sawdust was in similarity to EP/CF hybrid composites. Effect of fibre orientation in matrix and the analysis and fracture surface was undertaken. The mechanical properties of injection moulded, chopped carbon fibre/sawdust/epoxy hybrid composites were investigated by considering the effect of hybridisation by these two fillers. It was observed that the tensile, flexural, and impact properties of the filled epoxy were higher than those of unfilled epoxy. The effect of filler on epoxy matrix subjected to the tensile strength and modulus was studied and compared with the rule of hybrid mixtures. The effect of filler on epoxy matrix subjected to the tensile strength and modulus was studied and compared with the rule of mixture. The actual results are marginally low as compared with the values obtained by the rule of hybrid mixtures (RoHM).

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27

Liu, Jinchang, Hiroki Shimanoe, Seunghyun Ko, Hansong Lee, Chaehyun Jo, Jaewoong Lee, Seong-Hwa Hong, et al. "Highly Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride as a Novel Precursor for Fibrous Carbon Material." Polymers 12, no. 2 (February 5, 2020): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12020328.

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Pure, highly chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), with a 63 wt % of chlorine, showed a unique-thermal-pyrolytic-phenomenon that meant it could be converted to carbon material through solid-phase carbonisation rather than liquid-phase carbonisation. The CPVC began to decompose at 270 °C, with a rapid loss in mass due to dehydrochlorination and novel aromatisation and polycondensation up to 400 °C. In this study, we attempted to prepare carbon fibre (CF) without oxidative stabilisation, using the aforementioned CPVC as a novel precursor. Through the processes of solution spinning and solid-state carbonisation, the spun CPVC fibre was directly converted to CF, with a carbonisation yield of 26.2 wt %. The CPVC-derived CF exhibited a relatively smooth surface; however, it still demonstrated a low mechanical performance. This was because the spun fibre was not stretched during the heat treatment. Tensile strength, Young’s modulus and elongation values of 590 ± 84 MPa, 50 ± 8 GPa, and 1.2 ± 0.2%, respectively, were obtained from the CPVC spun fibre, with an average diameter of 19.4 μm, following carbonisation at 1600 °C for 5 min.

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Hufenbach, Werner, Maik Gude, Andrzej Czulak, Frank Engelmann, Krzysztof Jan Kurzydlowski, and Józef Śleziona. "Characterisation of CF/AL-MMC Manufactured by Means of Gas Pressure Infiltration." Materials Science Forum 690 (June 2011): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.690.116.

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Constantly rising demands on extremely stressed lightweight structures, particularly in traffic engineering as well as in machine building and plant engineering, increasingly require the use of continuous fibre-reinforced composite materials. Due to their selectively adaptable characteristics profiles, they are clearly superior to conventional monolithic materials. Composites with textile reinforcement offer the highest flexibility for adaptation to reinforcing structures in to complex loading conditions. This study shows that the gas pressure infiltration technique was successfully assessed for manufacture of carbon fibre reinforced aluminium metal composites (CF/Al-MMCs), consisting of unidirectional as well as bidirectional Ni-coated carbon fibres with different Al-alloy matrix systems. As wail as investigating of the deformation and failure behaviour of CF/Al-MMCs, their thermo-physical properties, were determined such as the coefficient of thermal expansion. Furthermore, fractographic analysis and closer microscopic inspections indicate they fail with a brittle fracture.

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Hu, Chao, Xinwen Liao, Qinghua Qin, and Gang Wang. "The Fabrication of Hierarchical Carbon Nanotube/carbon fibre/polyethylene Composites via Twin Screw Extruder." MATEC Web of Conferences 237 (2018): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823701006.

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In this research, the hierarchical carbon nanotube/carbon fibre/polyethylene (CNT/CF/PE) composites were fabricated via the conventional twin-screw extrusion technique. For this multi-component composite, 1% wt CNTs were uniformly coated onto the surface of CF by using spray coating method. The effect of CNTs and CFs as reinforcing fillers on the mechanical properties was investigated through mechanical test and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) characterization. It has been found that with the content increase of CFs (i.e. 0% wt, 5% wt, 10% wt, 15% wt, 20% wt, 25% wt), both of tensile strength and tensile modulus exhibited an upward trend. Moreover, CF/PE composites with CNT coatings have higher mechanical performance than the counterparts without CNT coatings. The SEM results demonstrated that with the spray coating of CNTs onto CFs, the surface roughness of CFs was increased, thus contributing to the improvement of interfacial bonding between the reinforcement (CFs) and the matrix (PE).

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Shirshova, Natasha, Hui Qian, Matthieu Houllé, Joachim H. G. Steinke, Anthony R. J. Kucernak, Quentin P. V. Fontana, Emile S. Greenhalgh, Alexander Bismarck, and Milo S. P. Shaffer. "Multifunctional structural energy storage composite supercapacitors." Faraday Discuss. 172 (2014): 81–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4fd00055b.

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This paper addresses the challenge of producing multifunctional composites that can simultaneously carry mechanical loads whilst storing (and delivering) electrical energy. The embodiment is a structural supercapacitor built around laminated structural carbon fibre (CF) fabrics. Each cell consists of two modified structural CF fabric electrodes, separated by a structural glass fibre fabric or polymer membrane, infused with a multifunctional polymeric electrolyte. Rather than using conventional activated carbon fibres, structural carbon fibres were treated to produce a mechanically robust, high surface area material, using a variety of methods, including direct etching, carbon nanotube sizing, and carbon nanotubein situgrowth. One of the most promising approaches is to integrate a porous bicontinuous monolithic carbon aerogel (CAG) throughout the matrix. This nanostructured matrix both provides a dramatic increase in active surface area of the electrodes, and has the potential to address mechanical issues associated with matrix-dominated failures. The effect of the initial reaction mixture composition is assessed for both the CAG modified carbon fibre electrodes and resulting devices. A low temperature CAG modification of carbon fibres was evaluated using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) to enhance the electrochemical performance. For the multifunctional structural electrolyte, simple crosslinked gels have been replaced with bicontinuous structural epoxy–ionic liquid hybrids that offer a much better balance between the conflicting demands of rigidity and molecular motion. The formation of both aerogel precursors and the multifunctional electrolyte are described, including the influence of key components, and the defining characteristics of the products. Working structural supercapacitor composite prototypes have been produced and characterised electrochemically. The effect of introducing the necessary multifunctional resin on the mechanical properties has also been assessed. Larger scale demonstrators have been produced including a full size car boot/trunk lid.

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Yamashita, Takahiro, Makoto Shiraishi, Ryoko Yamamoto-Ikemoto, Hiroshi Yokoyama, Akifumi Ogino, and Takashi Osada. "Swine wastewater treatment technology to reduce nitrous oxide emission by using an aerobic bioreactor packed with carbon fibres." Animal Production Science 56, no. 3 (2016): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15476.

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From a global warming perspective it is important to control emissions of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) from excreta and manure management. To mitigate emissions of N2O during swine wastewater treatment, we examined aerobic treatment technologies that use carbon fibre carriers as an alternative to conventional activated sludge treatment. We used scaled-up experiment equipment (water volume, 700 L) to evaluate the treatment performance. The N2O emission factor was 0.008 g N2O-N/g total N load in an aerobic bioreactor packed with carbon fibres (CF reactor), compared with 0.021 gN2O-N/g total N load in an activated sludge reactor (AS reactor). The CF treatment reduced N2O emissions by more than 60% compared with the AS treatment. Combined CH4 and N2O emissions from the CF reactor were 504 g-CO2 eq/m3.day, whereas those from the AS reactor were 1333 g-CO2 eq/m3.day. Interestingly, N2O emissions from the CF reactor were reduced even when nitrate and nitrite accumulated.

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Skórczewska, Katarzyna, Krzysztof Lewandowski, and Sławomir Wilczewski. "Novel Composites of Poly(vinyl chloride) with Carbon Fibre/Carbon Nanotube Hybrid Filler." Materials 15, no. 16 (August 16, 2022): 5625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15165625.

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This article presents the results of studies of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) composites modified with a hybrid carbon filler of carbon fibres (CFs) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The hybrid filler was produced by a solvent method, using poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) as an adhesive. The proportion of components in the hybrid filler with CF–CNT–PVAc was 50:2.5:1, respectively. The obtained hybrid filler was evaluated by SEM, TG, and Raman spectroscopy. The PVC composites were produced by extrusion with proportions of the hybrid filler as 1 wt%, 5 wt%, or 10 wt%. Thermal stability by the TG method, mechanical properties, and the glass transition temperature (Tg) by the DMA and DSC methods were determined. The composite structure was evaluated by SEM and Raman spectroscopy. The effect of the hybrid filler on electrical properties was investigated by studying the cross and surface resistivity. It was concluded that, aside from a substantial increase in the elastic modulus, no substantial improvement in the PVC/CF/CNT composites’ mechanical properties was observed; however, slight increases in thermal stability and Tg were noted. The addition of the hybrid filler contributed to a substantial change in the composites’ electrical properties. SEM observations demonstrated improved CNT dispersibility in the matrix, however, without a completely homogeneous coverage of CF by CNT.

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Maier, Andreas, and Lothar Kroll. "Experimental investigation of automotive component in hybrid fibre reinforced thermoplastic design." Technologies for Lightweight Structures (TLS) 5, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.21935/tls.v5i1.161.

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A tailored use of continuous fibre reinforced plastics enables application in high volume car body structures. The combination of pultruded, load carrying, unidirectional, continuous fibre reinforced thermoplastic (FRTP) profiles and injection moulds, named “skeleton design”, is a promising approach to meet structural requirements and economical needs. This design offers the advantages of FRTP such as short cycle times of approx. 75 s and functional integration via injection moulding. A pre-serial BMW iX geometry of a windshield panel is used to analyse the impact of different fibre configurations in the profiles on the mechanical properties of the part. Therefore, different pultruded profiles with a cross-section of 10 mm x 10 mm made of polyamide 6 (PA6) with carbon fibres (CF) and glass fibres (GF) as well as a CF/GF hybrid were used. Furthermore, an optimized part using different materials within one part was investigated. Therefore, quasi-static and dynamic compression tests were performed on part level. It could be shown that the optimized parts meet mechanical requirements while decreasing material costs significantly.

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Korycki, Adrian, Christian Garnier, Margot Bonmatin, Elisabeth Laurent, and France Chabert. "Assembling of Carbon Fibre/PEEK Composites: Comparison of Ultrasonic, Induction, and Transmission Laser Welding." Materials 15, no. 18 (September 13, 2022): 6365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15186365.

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In the present work, an ultrasonic, an induction, and a through transmission laser welding were compared to join carbon fibre reinforced polyetheretherketone (CF/PEEK) composites. The advantages and drawbacks of each process are discussed, as well as the material properties required to fit each process. CF/PEEK plates were consolidated at 395 °C with an unidirectional sequence and cross-stacking ply orientation. In some configurations, a polyetherimide (PEI) layer or substrate was used. The thermal, mechanical, and optical properties of the materials were measured to highlight the specific properties required for each process. The drying conditions were defined as 150 °C during at least 8 h for PEI and 24 h for CF/PEEK to avoid defects due to water. The optical transmission factor of PEI is above 40% which makes it suitable for through transmission laser welding. The thermal conductivity of CF/PEEK is at most 55 W·(m·K)−1, which allows it to weld by induction without a metallic susceptor. Ultrasonic welding is the most versatile process as it does not necessitate any specific properties. Then, the mechanical resistance of the welds was measured by single lap shear. For CF/PEEK on CF/PEEK, the maximum lap shear strength (LSS) of 28.6 MPa was reached for a joint obtained by ultrasonic welding, while an induction one brought 17.6 MPa. The maximum LSS of 15.2 MPa was obtained for PEI on CF/PEEK assemblies by laser welding. Finally, interfacial resistances were correlated to the fracture modes through observations of the fractured surfaces. CF/PEEK on CF/PEEK joints resulted in mixed cohesive/adhesive failure at the interface and within the inner layers of both substrates. This study presents a guideline to select the suitable welding process when assembling composites for the aerospace industry.

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Jian, L., and Y. Xiaohua. "The thermal expansion behaviour of polyamide composites filled with surface modified carbon fibre." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 223, no. 10 (June 25, 2009): 2383–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes1581.

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A comparison was made of the effects of coupling regents (RES) surface modification and air oxidation on the improvement of the interfacial adhesion of carbon fibres in reinforced polyamide (PA) composites. Results showed that RES modification greatly strengthens the adhesion between the reinforcement and matrix and is superior to improvements produced by surface oxidation in air. The optimum interfacial adhesion was reached at 0.3 wt% RES concentration. The thermal expansion behaviours of the carbon fibre reinforced PA (CF—PA) composite also showed that RES modification improved the interfacial adhesion.

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Kolonko, Angelika, Frank Helbig, Jürgen Tröltzsch, Daisy Nestler, and Lothar Kroll. "Torque-Fiber-Winding (TFW)-Procedure: Manufacturing of Textile-Based Unidirectional Prepreg for Raw Material and Material Development of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Thermoplastics." Key Engineering Materials 742 (July 2017): 498–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.742.498.

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There is the need to determine the process capability of available and novel carbon fibre (CF) roving with minimal material and reproducible procedures in the field of research and development of continuous fibre reinforced composites and structural components, as well as to identify the power delivery in thermoplastic laminate constructions. The innovative TFW procedure with the appropriate system technology allows the production of piece size variable unidirectional (UD) prepreg in a continuous sequential process of spiral winding. A flexible surface design, resulting in the partial fixation of a single highly spread CF roving on fine nonwoven fabric. By defined accumulating of composite components, the fibre volume content (FVC) is adjustable and correspond to the level of spreading and to the grammage of nonwoven fabric. Minimum single layer thickness promote compound homogeneity and thereby allow the generation of greatest possible degrees of freedom in load-oriented structural design of CF-reinforced thermoplastic lightweight products in the laboratory staff.

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Katsuhiko, Araki, Kitano Takeshi, Tanegashima Takahiro, Lengalova Anezka, and Saha Petr. "Nonlinear Viscoelasticity of Fibre-filled Polypropylene Melts." Polymers and Polymer Composites 11, no. 5 (July 2003): 383–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110301100504.

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Linears and non-linears viscoelastic properties play an important role in polymer processing. On addition of fillers (whether fibrous or particulate) the material's behaviour becomes very complicated. This paper presents the steady–state and dynamic viscoelastic properties of short carbon-fibre filled polypropylene (CF/PP) melts measured by a cone-plate type rheogoniometer. Storage and loss moduli were analyzed quantitatively by the Lissajous figures procedure (L method) as well as by Fourier series expansion (F method) to determine their respective higher order terms as the indicators of nonlinear viscoelasticity. The dependence of these components on fibre content and oscillatory angle, q was investigated. The results were compared with similar analytical data for CF filled liquid crystalline polymer (CF/LCP) melts. In the presently researched systems the CF content affects the viscosity, and at 15 and 20% an apparent yield stress appears. The complex viscosity is different for pure PP and its filled systems when measured as a function of θ. While for the unfilled polymer the viscoelasticity can be considered linear, for CF/PP some non-linearity must be taken into account, especially at higher value of θ. In general, the filled systems show complex viscoelastic behaviour with some irregularities, e.g. some of the higher order terms of the storage modulus are negative, which was not seen in the previous study of fibre filled LCP systems.

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Koumoulos, Elias P., Panagiotis Kainourios, and Costas A. Charitidis. "Assessing the integrity of CFRPs through nanomechanical mapping: the effect of CF surface modification." MATEC Web of Conferences 188 (2018): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818801006.

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The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of CF surface modification in enhancement of the wetting properties of carbon fibers in order to improve the adhesion force between the fiber and the polymer matrix; for this, the integrity of CFRPs through nanomechanical mapping was evaluated. The surface of commercial carbon fibers was functionalized through cyclic voltammetry in aqueous electrolyte solutions of H2SO4, in the presence of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, acrylonitrile and N-vinylpyrrolidone monomers. The produced surface modified carbon fibers were embedded in epoxy resin. Elastic modulus nanoindentation mapping was performed in order for elastic modulus to be calculated, as a qualitative assessment of fibre – matrix interaction. For this, a grid protocol was set up for the integrity assessment of CFRPs through nanomechanical mapping.

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Hasanudin Hamdan, Nadlene Razali, Anita Akmar Kamarolzaman, Nurfaizey Abdul Hamid, Emy Aqillah Sharif, Nur Farhana Mohd Yusoff, Nur Umairah Noriman, Syazwan Ahmad Rashidi, and Sarah Othman. "Layering Effect on Mechanical, Thermal & Physical Properties Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polyphenylene Sulfide." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 98, no. 2 (September 29, 2022): 128–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.98.2.128145.

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The application of thermoplastic composites (TPCs) in aircraft application is expanding. This paper presents a study of the effect of layering thickness of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polyphenylene Sulfide, CF/PPS. There are 2 thickness of plies which are 6 plies and 8 plies of 1.90 mm and 2.52 mm respectively. To update, the aircraft is now ready to shift from thermoset to thermoplastics composite materials. In parallel to the technology, mechanical, thermal and physical properties of the advanced thermoplastic materials CF/PPS are to be determined. By having towards the behavior and properties, thus the incoming material CF/PPS data could be compared to the current nominal of epoxy thermoset structural for aircraft which is benefit to the aircraft industries purpose. In this study, it was found that, for mechanical properties, Tensile Strength, Flexural Modulus as well as Vickers Hardness recorded 6 plies higher value compared to 8 plies. While, Impact Strength, Interlaminar Shear Strength, (ILSS) and Compressive Strength shown that 8 plies obtained the superior reading compared to 6 plies. For physical properties, the density of 6 plies and 8 plies recorded 1.541 and 1.547 respectively. Content as a percentage of the initial mass of fibre, (%) recorded 6 plies was 58.397% while 8 plies was 58.235 %. Fibre content as a percentage of the initial volume, (%) recorded 6 plies was 50.838% while 8 plies was 50.885%. Void content as a percentage of the initial volume, (%) recorded 6 plies was 1.678% while 8 plies was 1.268%. While, for the thermal analysis, both samples of CF/PPS have good thermal stability material in aerospace applications as the weight for both plies CF/PPS are observed as the function of temperature (high heat energy applied). Glass Transition Temperature ( was 93.75°C for 6 plies while 8 plies recorded 93.94°C. Melting Temperature, recorded 283.68°C for 6 plies whereas 283.61°C for 8 plies. The morphological analysis under Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) shows that 6 plies had a lot of fibre pull out compared to 8 plies thus agreed that impact strength was higher on 8 plies over 6 plies.

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Wang, Yuan, and Houzheng Wu. "Friction surface evolution of carbon fibre reinforced carbon/silicon carbide (Cf/C-SiC) composites." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 30, no. 15 (November 2010): 3187–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2010.07.019.

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Liu, Haibao, Jun Liu, Yuzhe Ding, Jie Zheng, Xiangshao Kong, Jin Zhou, Lee Harper, Bamber R. K. Blackman, Anthony J. Kinloch, and John P. Dear. "The behaviour of thermoplastic and thermoset carbon fibre composites subjected to low-velocity and high-velocity impact." Journal of Materials Science 55, no. 33 (September 1, 2020): 15741–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-05133-0.

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Abstract The present paper describes the results from experimental and theoretical modelling studies on the behaviour of continuous carbon fibre/polymer matrix composites subjected to a relatively low-velocity or high-velocity impact, using a rigid, metallic impactor. Drop-weight and gas-gun tests are employed to conduct the low-velocity and high-velocity impact experiments, respectively. The carbon fibre composites are based upon a thermoplastic poly(ether–ether ketone) matrix (termed CF/PEEK) or a thermoset toughened epoxy matrix (termed CF/Epoxy), which has the same fibre architecture of a cross-ply [03/903]2s lay-up. The studies clearly reveal that the CF/PEEK composites exhibit the better impact performance. Also, at the same impact energy of 10.5 ± 0.3 J, the relatively high-velocity test at 54.4 ± 1.0 m s−1 leads to more damage in both types of composite than observed from the low-velocity test where the impactor struck the composites at 2.56 m s−1. The computationally efficient, two-dimensional, elastic, finite element model that has been developed is generally successful in capturing the essential details of the impact test and the impact damage in the composites, and has been used to predict the loading response of the composites under impact loading.

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Zhang, Zhenxue, Xiaoying Li, Simon Jestin, Stefania Termine, Aikaterini-Flora Trompeta, Andreia Araújo, Raquel M. Santos, Costas Charitidis, and Hanshan Dong. "The Impact of Carbon Nanofibres on the Interfacial Properties of CFRPs Produced with Sized Carbon Fibres." Polymers 13, no. 20 (October 9, 2021): 3457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13203457.

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In this work, different amounts of CNFs were added into a complex formulation to coat the CFs surfaces via sizing in order to enhance the bonding between the fibre and the resin in the CF-reinforced polymer composites. The sized CFs bundles were characterised by SEM and Raman. The nanomechanical properties of the composite materials produced were assessed by the nanoindentation test. The interfacial properties of the fibre and resin were evaluated by a push-out method developed on nanoindentation. The average interfacial shear strength of the fibre/matrix interface could be calculated by the critical load, sheet thickness and fibre diameter. The contact angle measurements and resin spreadability were performed prior to nanoindentation to investigate the wetting properties of the fibre. After the push-out tests, the characterisation via optical microscopy/SEM was carried out to ratify the results. It was found the CFs sizing with CNFs (1 to 10 wt%) could generally increase the interfacial shear strength but it was more cost-effective with a small amount of evenly distributed CNFs on CFs.

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Abdullah, Farhan, Kei-ichi Okuyama, Isai Fajardo, and Naoya Urakami. "In Situ Measurement of Carbon Fibre/Polyether Ether Ketone Thermal Expansion in Low Earth Orbit." Aerospace 7, no. 4 (March 26, 2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace7040035.

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The low Earth orbit (LEO) environment exposes spacecraft to factors that can degrade the dimensional stability of the structure. Carbon Fibre/Polyether Ether Ketone (CF/PEEK) can limit such degradations. However, there are limited in-orbit data on the performance of CF/PEEK. Usage of small satellite as material science research platform can address such limitations. This paper discusses the design of a material science experiment termed material mission (MM) onboard Ten-Koh satellite, which allows in situ measurements of coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) for CF/PEEK samples in LEO. Results from ground tests before launch demonstrated the feasibility of the MM design. Analysis of in-orbit data indicated that the CTE values exhibit a non-linear temperature dependence, and there was no shift in CTE values after four months. The acquired in-orbit data was consistent with previous ground tests and in-orbit data. The MM experiment provides data to verify the ground test of CF/PEEK performance in LEO. MM also proved the potential of small satellite as a platform for conducting meaningful material science experiments.

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Li, J., and L. Q. Zhang. "The effects of adding carbon nanotubes to the mechanical and tribological properties of a carbon fibre reinforced polyether ether ketone composite." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 223, no. 11 (July 21, 2009): 2501–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes1585.

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The main objective of this article is to develop a high wear resistance carbon fibre (CF)-reinforced polyether ether ketone composite with the addition of multi-wall carbon nano-tubes (MWCNT). These compounds were well mixed in a Haake batch mixer and compounded polymers were fabricated into sheets of known thickness by compression moulding. Samples were tested for wear resistance with respect to different concentrations of fillers. Wear resistance of a composite with 20 wt% of CF increases when MWCNT was introduced. The worn surface features have been examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Photomicrographs of the worn surfaces revealed higher wear resistance with the addition of carbon nanotubes. Also better interfacial adhesion between carbon and vinyl ester in a carbon-reinforced vinyl ester composite was observed.

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Fang, Quantao, Jiawei Yao, Kangmin Niu, Jun Tang, Yan Wei, Qipeng Guo, and Chuncai Yang. "Effect of Molecular Weight of Self-Emulsifying Amphiphilic Epoxy Sizing Emulsions on the Carbon Fibres and Interfacial Properties of Their Composites." Polymers 12, no. 11 (October 22, 2020): 2439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112439.

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The molecular weight of self-emulsifying amphiphilic epoxy sizing emulsions has a big effect on the carbon fibres and interfacial properties of their composites. Novel amphiphilic epoxy sizing emulsions with four different molecular weights (7500, 11,000, 15,000 and 17,000) were successfully prepared by a self-emulsifying method and applied to improve interfacial bonding between carbon fibres (CFs) and an epoxy resin (EP). The effect of molecular weight on the quality of emulsions, the sized CFs and the interfacial properties of the CF/EP composite system were studied. The results reveal that these novel sizing emulsions exhibited strong emulsifying ability and high processability. The most favourable wettability and adequate CF surface free energy were obtained by the emulsion with a molecular weight of 7500. Compared with unsized CFs, the monofilament fibre tensile performance was remarkably improved when increasing the shape parameter from 5.08 to 7.20. The interfacial sheer strength (IFSS) of the CF/EP composite was greatly increased by 96% with the emulsion of 7500. The enhanced interfacial adhesion benefits were attributed mainly from the enhanced charge interaction between CFs and the sizing layer as well as the compatibility and the mechanical interlock between the sizing layer and the epoxy matrix.

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Wang, Ziyang, Yunhai Ma, Li Guo, and Jin Tong. "Influence of polyphenyl ester and nanosized copper filler on the tribological properties of carbon fibre–reinforced ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene composites." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 31, no. 11 (November 1, 2017): 1483–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705717738299.

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Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) reinforced with carbon fibre (CF) and filled with polyphenyl ester (POB) and nanosized copper (Cu) fillers was prepared by compression moulding. The tribological behaviours and the synergism of the incorporation of fibre and particulates were studied. The proportions of the reinforcement material ranged from 5 wt% to 25 wt%, the filler material of POB varied from 5 wt% to 25 wt% and the nanosized filler was from 4 wt% to 12 wt%. In the sample with CF only, the lowest wear rate was observed for the UHMWPE + 15% CF composite. The particulate filler further reduced the composite wear rate, and the lowest wear rate was found for the hybrid with CF, POB and nanosize Cu particles, that is, for the UHMWPE + 15% CF + 15% POB + 12% Cu composite. The particulate filler was added, and the coefficient of friction slightly increased. The transfer film formed on the metal counterface was studied using optical microscopy, and the topography of the transfer film was investigated using atomic force microscopy. Results showed that the transfer films were thin, compact and uniform on the metal counterfaces of the UHMWPE + 15% CF + 15% POB + 12% Cu composite. Worn surface morphologies of composites were studied using scanning electron microscopy. Results showed that the worn surface of the UHMWPE + 15% CF + 15% POB + 12% Cu composite was smoother and had better wear resistance than that of other composites.

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Muralidhara, B., SP Kumaresh Babu, and B. Suresha. "Studies on mechanical, thermal and tribological properties of carbon fibre-reinforced boron nitride-filled epoxy composites." High Performance Polymers 32, no. 9 (June 19, 2020): 1061–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008320929396.

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This research focuses on the static mechanical, thermal and tribological properties of carbon fibre epoxy (CF/Ep) composites filled with boron nitride (BN) micro-filler powder (BN-CF/Ep). The mechanical properties studied were tensile, flexural, interlaminar shear strength and hardness. The thermal properties studied were dynamic mechanical and thermogravimetric analyses which were analysed through dynamic mechanical analyser and thermogravimetric analyser, respectively. The curing ability and dispersion of BN filler in the Ep and composites were investigated through differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier-transform infrared spectra and scanning electron microscopy. The tribological properties focused were three-body abrasion and dry sliding friction and wear conduct. Three-body abrasion tests were studied with silica sand of 212 µm particle size, 30 N load, 2.38 m s−1 sliding velocity and variable abrasive distances of 250 m, 500 m, 750 m and 1000 m. The dry sliding wear tests were performed using pin-on-disc (POD) wear experimental set-up with 60 N load, 3 m s−1 sliding velocity and variable sliding distances of 1000 m, 2000 m and 3000 m. The results followed the trend of BN1% > BN3% > BN5% composites in all mechanical properties. The carbon fabric reinforcement along with the BN-Ep matrix improved enormously all the mechanical properties except impact resistance. Further, it was exhibited that 1 wt% BN into CF/Ep prompts better mechanical properties with predominant damping capacity and thermal stability. Both the dry sand abrasive wear and POD test outcomes revealed that all BN-CF/Ep composites prompt predominant wear resistance. CF along with BN improves enormously the wear resistance with friction coefficient. Further, it was exhibited that 1 wt% BN into CF/Ep in both three-body abrasive and POD tests prompts better wear resistance. Generally speaking, it was presumed that BN-CF/Ep gracefully and successfully improved the mechanical, thermal and tribological properties and morphology of Ep for various mechanical, electrical components and load-bearing applications used in automotive and engineered applications.

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Wang, Yuan, and Houzheng Wu. "Microstructure of friction surface developed on carbon fibre reinforced carbon–silicon carbide (Cf/C–SiC)." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 32, no. 12 (September 2012): 3509–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2012.03.039.

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Cai, Zhi Yong, and Wen Xia Wang. "Friction and Wear Properties of Polyamide 66 Composites Filled with Carbon Fiber under Dry Sliding and Oil Lubricated Condition." Applied Mechanics and Materials 148-149 (December 2011): 612–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.148-149.612.

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The tribological performance of pure polyamide 66 (PA66) and Carbon fibre (CF) reinforced PA66 composite were studied at dry sliding and oil lubricated conditions. The results show that the coefficient of friction and specific wear rates for pure PA66 and CF/PA66 composite slightly in increase with the increase in applied pressure values. On the other hand the coefficient of friction is in decrease while the specific wear is in increase with the increase in sliding speed values.

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Li, J., and Y. H. Su. "The effect of carbon fibre surface oxidation on the friction and wear properties of polytetrafluoroethylene composites under oil-lubricated conditions." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 224, no. 1 (August 11, 2009): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes1582.

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In this study, the effect of air oxidation and ozone surface treatment of carbon fibres (CFs) on tribological properties of CF-reinforced polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) composites under oil-lubricated condition was investigated. Experimental results revealed that ozone-treated CF-reinforced PTFE (CF/PTFE) composite had the lowest friction coefficient and wear compared with untreated and air-oxidated composites. An X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of the CF surface showed that, after ozone treatment, oxygen concentration was obviously increased, and the amount of oxygen-containing groups on CF surfaces was largely increased. The increase in the amount of oxygen-containing groups enhanced interfacial adhesion between CF and PTFE matrix. With strong interfacial adhesion of the composite, CFs were strongly bonded with PTFE matrix, and large-scale rubbing-off of PTFE was prevented; therefore, the tribological properties of the composite was improved.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Carbon fibre (CF)'

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