Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP)'
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El-Hofy, Mohamed Hassan. "Milling/routing of carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) composites." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5529/.
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The research relates to a study on the routing/slotting of CFRP composites of the type used in aerospace applications. Following a literature review, 3 phases of experimental work were undertaken to evaluate the effects of key process variables on the machinability of CFRP. The influence of varying operating parameters, tool material and cutting environment were initially investigated in Phase 1 work. The results showed that use of PCD was critical and highlighted the importance of chilled air in maintaining adequate tool life and acceptable workpiece integrity. Delivery of chilled air through a single-nozzle arrangement generally led to an increase in forces and delamination with the twin-nozzle configuration showing superior workpiece surface roughness. Phase 2 work detailed the effect of workpiece lay-up configuration on cutting forces, temperature and surface integrity following slotting and routing. Plies in the 45 direction generally exhibited the highest level of surface damage following machining. Experiments in Phase 3 showed that relatively small helix angles (± 3) had a negligible effect on tool life, forces and temperature. In addition, cutters with a single relief angle were found to have lower stability in operation compared to tools with a secondary clearance angle, with detrimental effects on surface roughness.
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Kairouz, Kays Clement. "The influence of stacking sequence on the strength of bonded CFRP joints." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/46855.
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Li, Maojun. "Drilling of carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) and metal matrix composites (MMC)." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5953/.
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The use of carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) and metal matrix composites (MMC) is steadily increasing as an alternative to traditional metallic materials in various industrial sectors. The overall aim of the project is to assess the machinability when drilling epoxy based CFRP and Al/SiCp MMC composites and understand its effects on feature quality and workpiece integrity. Specific objectives of the project relate to establishing preferred/optimum operating parameters (cutting speed, feed rate and drill strategies) and investigating the influence of cutting environment (dry, chilled air, high pressure internal/external supplied coolant and low pressure flood) for drilling specific composite material systems. Key response measures include tool wear/life, thrust force/torque, hole size and geometrical accuracy, hole edge quality (delamination, uncut fibres and burrs) as well as workpiece surface integrity (surface roughness, microhardness, fibre/particle pullout, subsurface damage, etc.). The latest cutting tool materials and advanced diamond coatings, drill geometry and design format (e.g. domed PCD) were assessed in an attempt to improve productivity levels, tool life and hole quality. Tool wear mechanisms and its effect on hole surface quality were also investigated.
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Augusthus, Nelson Levingshan. "Size effects in reinforced concrete beams strengthened with CFRP straps." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609248.
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Li, Xin. "Eddy current techniques for non-destructive testing of carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP)." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/eddy-current-techniques-for-nondestructive-testing-of-carbon-fibre-reinforced-plastic-cfrp(e8aa9a3f-108d-49a4-9f32-2e6118195898).html.
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AbstractThis thesis describes research on the use of eddy current techniques for nondestructivetesting of carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP). The research hasinvolved bulk conductivity testing, fibre direction characterization and 3D FEMmodeling of the CFPR and eddy current probes geometry. In the conductivity testing,how the sample thickness, fibre volume content and fibre conductivity affects thesignal from the eddy current has been evaluated. Eddy current testing shows gooddirectionality as CFRP is an anisotropic material, thus is very suitable to characterizethe fibre orientation. Direction sensitive probes have been developed and tested toreveal information about the fibre direction and layer. Computer FEM software hasbeen used to analyze the magnetic field inside the sample and probes. Specific probegeometries have been designed depending on the electrical properties of thecomposites and testing requirement. The experiment, simulation and analysis resultsshow very good agreement. However, when the measuring frequency increases, noisesand parasitic capacitance inevitably become significant and have a negative influenceon the results. Improvements and further research are proposed which are believed tomake eddy-current techniques a more feasible and efficient measurement method, willcontribute to the development and maintenance of light weight CFRP composites.
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Lim, Ee Yeong. "Bond strength and characteristics of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastic, CFRP, bars in concrete beams." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0034/MQ62242.pdf.
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Zin, Khazali Haji Mohd. "Ultrasonic wave propagation in carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) by non-contact laser technique." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268081.
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Brunell, Garrett Floyd. "Functionality of a Damaged Steel Truss Bridge Strengthened with Post-Tensioned CFRP Tendons." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/26559.
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This research program investigates the performance of a steel truss bridge when subjected to both localized web damage and a subsequent post-tensioned strengthening approach. The investigation utilizes a combined approach involving an experimental scale model bridge and a numerical computer model generated using the commercial finite element software RISA 3-D. The numerical model is validated using test data and further extended to parametric studies in order to investigate the theoretical load rating, strain energy, load redistribution, mode shapes and frequency of the bridge for control, damaged and strengthened states. The presence and severity of damage are found to significantly influence the global safety and reliability of the bridge. Also, higher order modes are more susceptible to changes in shape and frequency in the presence of damage. A recovery of truss deflection and a reduction of member forces are achieved by the proposed strengthening method.
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Zerkane, Ali S. H. "Cyclic Loading Behavior of CFRP-Wrapped Non-Ductile Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Joints." PDXScholar, 2016. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3000.
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Use of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) material has been a good solution for many problems in many fields. FRP is available in different types (carbon and glass) and shapes (sheets, rods, and laminates). Civil engineers have used this material to overcome the weakness of concrete members that may have been caused by substandard design or due to changes in the load distribution or to correct the weakness of concrete structures over time specially those subjected to hostile weather conditions. The attachment of FRP material to concrete surfaces to promote the function of the concrete members within the frame system is called Externally Bonded Fiber Reinforced Polymer Systems. Another common way to use the FRP is called Near Surface Mounted (NSM) whereby the material is inserted into the concrete members through grooves within the concrete cover. Concrete beam-column joints designed and constructed before 1970s were characterized by weak column-strong beam. Lack of transverse reinforcement within the joint reign, hence lack of ductility in the joints, and weak concrete could be one of the main reasons that many concrete buildings failed during earthquakes around the world. A technique was used in the present work to compensate for the lack of transverse reinforcement in the beam-column joint by using the carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets as an Externally Bonded Fiber Reinforced Polymer System in order to retrofit the joint region, and to transfer the failure to the concrete beams. Six specimens in one third scale were designed, constructed, and tested. The proposed retrofitting technique proved to be very effective in improving the behavior of non-ductile beam-column joints, and to change the final mode of failure. The comparison between beam-column joints before and after retrofitting is presented in this study as exhibited by load versus deflection, load versus CFRP strain, energy dissipation, and ductility.
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Dykeman, Donna. "Minimizing uncertainty in cure modeling for composites manufacturing." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/690.
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The degree of cure and temperature are consistent variables used in models to describe the state of material behaviour development for a thermoset during cure. Therefore, the validity of a cure kinetics model is an underlying concern when combining several material models to describe a part forming process, as is the case for process modeling. The goals of this work are to identify sources of uncertainty in the decision-making process from cure measurement by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) to cure kinetics modeling, and to recommend practices for reducing uncertainty.
Variability of cure kinetics model predictions based on DSC measurements are investigated in this work by a study on the carbon-fiber-reinforced-plastic (CFRP) T800H/3900-2, an interlaboratory Round Robin comparison of cure studies on T800H/3900-2, and a literature review of cure models for Hexcel 8552. It is shown that variability between model predictions can be as large as 50% for some process conditions when uncertainty goes unchecked for decisions of instrument quality, material consistency, measurement quality, data reduction and modeling practices. The variability decreases to 10% when all of the above decisions are identical except for the data reduction and modeling practices.
In this work, recommendations are offered for the following practices: baseline selection, balancing heats of reaction, comparing data over an extensive temperature range (300 K), choosing appropriate models to describe a wide range of behaviour, testing model reliability, and visualization techniques for cure cycle selection. Specific insight is offered to the data reduction and analysis of thermoplastic-toughened systems which undergo phase separation during cure, as is the case for T800H/3900-2. The evidence of phase separation is a history-dependent Tg-α relationship. In the absence of a concise outline of best practices for cure measurement by DSC and modeling of complex materials, a list of guidelines based on the literature and the studies herein is proposed.
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Bruhschwein, Taylor John. "Identification of Delamination Defects in CFRP Materials through Lamb Wave Responses." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27328.
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Delamination is currently a largely undetectable form of damage in composite laminate materials. This thesis will develop a method to more easily detect delamination damage within composite materials. Using finite element analysis modeling and lab testing, a new method from interpreting the results obtained from existing structural health monitoring techniques is developed. Lamb waves were introduced and recorded through an actuator and sensors made of piezoelectric material. The data was then analyzed through a novel data reduction method using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). Using the data from FFT, the idea of covariance of energy change was developed. By comparing the covariance of energy change in beams with differing delamination size, thickness and depth, correlations were able to be developed. With these correlations, the severity and of damage was able to be detected.
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Decker, Brandon Richard. "A method of strengthening monitored deficient bridges." Diss., Kansas State University, 2007. http://krex.ksu.edu/dspace/bitstream/2097/516/1/BrandonDecker2007.pdf.
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Al-Obaidi, Salam. "Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams Retrofitted in Flexure Using CFRP-NSM Technique." PDXScholar, 2015. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2294.
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A variety of retrofitting methods are used to upgrade existing structures. For example, steel plates and Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) jackets are externally bonded to members to increase their capacity in flexure and shear. However, due to the issue of corrosion these strengthening systems may lose their efficiency with time. FRP materials have been used to strengthen many structural components of different shapes and types. FRP jackets, FRP Strips, and FRP rods have commonly been used to rehabilitate existing structural components. The many advantages of using FRP as strengthening materials have made this material an attractive alternative: advantages such as lightweight, high strength, and ease of setting up. Among the many applications using FRP, Near Surface Mounted -- Fiber Reinforced polymer (NSM-FRP) is a promising technique used to strengthen concrete members. However, de-bonding issues have to be overcome to make this technique efficient and reliable. The NSM-FRP technique consists of making a groove along the surface of the concrete member to be retrofitted with depth less than the cover of the member. After cleaning the groove, epoxy paste is used to fill two-thirds of the groove's depth. The FRP element is then mounted in the groove. Finally, the groove is filled with epoxy and the excessive epoxy is leveled with surface of the concrete. This technique makes the FRP material completely covered by epoxy in the cover of the concrete. This method can be used for strengthening both the positive and negative moment regions of girders and slabs. Groove size, paste, concrete, and rods properties are the main variables that control the efficiency of the NSM-FRP rods. The main objective of this research project is to determine the behavior of reinforced concrete beams that are strengthened with NSM-CFRP reinforcement bars. In this research project, the bond characteristics of NSM-CFRP reinforcement bars are first determined from pullout tests. Then, NSM-CFRP rods are installed in reinforced concrete beams and the beams are tested. Loads, strains, and deflections are measured and theoretical and measured capacities are compared. Finally, the reliability and efficiency of using NSM-CFRP rods technique in retrofitting existing structures is observed.
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Graeff, Matthew Kent. "The Repair of Laterally Damaged Concrete Bridge Girders Using Carbon Fiber Reinforcing Polymers (CFRP)." UNF Digital Commons, 2012. http://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/592.
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In recent years the use of carbon fiber reinforcing polymers (CFRP) to repair damaged structural components has become more accepted and practiced. However, the current reference for designing FRP systems to repair and strengthen reinforced concrete (RC) and prestressed concrete (PSC) girders has limitations. Similarly, very few resources address solutions for the debonding problem associated with CFRP laminates or the use of CFRP laminates to repair structural members with pre-existing damage. The included experimental program consists of testing both RC and PSC girders with simulated lateral damage and CFRP repairs. A total of 34 RC beams were statically tested under a 4-point loading until failure and had cross-section dimensions of 5” x 10” (14cm x 25.4cm), were 8’ long (2.44m), and were reinforced with either #3 or #4 mild steel rebar. 13 PSC girders having cross-section dimensions representing a half-scaled AASHTO type II shape, were 20’ long (6.1m), and were prestressed with five 7/16” (11.1mm) diameter low-lax 7-wire strands. Ten of the PSC girders were statically loaded until failure under a 4-point testing setup, but 3 PSC girders were dynamically tested under fatigue loading using a 3-point arrangement. Different configurations of CFRP laminates, number and spacing of CFRP transverse U-wraps, and amount of longitudinal CFRP layers are studied. The results present the flexural behavior of all specimen including load-deflection characteristics, strain characteristics, and modes of failure. Ultimately, results are used to recommend important considerations, needed criteria, and proper design procedures for a safe and optimized CFRP repair configuration.
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Alteri, Nicholas James. "Flexural Behavior of Laterally Damaged Full-Scale Bridge Girders Through the Use of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP)." UNF Digital Commons, 2012. http://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/412.
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ABSTRACT
The repair and strengthening of concrete bridge members with CFRP has become increasingly popular over recent years. However, significant research is still needed in order to develop more robust guidelines and specifications. The research project aims to assist with improving design prosedures for damaged concrete members with the use of CFRP.
This document summarizes the analysis and testing of full-scale 40’ foot long prestressed concrete (PSC) bridge girders exposed to simulated impact damage and repaired with carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) materials. A total of five AASHTO type II bridge girders fabricated in the 1960’s were taken from an existing bridge, and tested at the Florida Department of Transportation FDOT structures lab in Tallahassee, Florida. The test specimens were tested under static loading to failure under 4-point bending.
Different CFRP configurations were applied to each of the girders. Each of the test girders performed very well as each of them held a higher capacity than the control girder. The repaired girders 5, 6 and 7 surpassed the control girder’s capacity by 10.88%, 15.9% and 11.39%. These results indicate that repairing laterally damaged prestressed concrete bridge girders with CFRP is an effective way to restore the girders flexural capacity.
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Aules, Wisam Amer. "Behavior of Non-Ductile Slender Reinforced Concrete Columns Retrofit by CFRP Under Cyclic Loading." PDXScholar, 2019. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4804.
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In the Middle East region and many countries in the world, older reinforced concrete (RC) columns are deemed to be weak in seismic resistance because of their low amount of reinforcement, low grades of concrete, and large spacing between the transverse reinforcement. The capacity of older RC columns that are also slender is further reduced due to the secondary moments. Appropriate retrofit techniques can improve the capacity and behavior of concrete members. In this study, externally bonded Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) retrofit technique was implemented to improve the behavior of RC columns tested under constant axial load and cyclic lateral load. The study included physical testing of five half-scale slender RC columns, with shear span to depth ratio of 7. Three specimens represented columns in a 2-story, and two specimens represented columns in a 4-story building. All specimens had identical cross sections, reinforcement detail, and concrete strength. Two specimens were control, two specimens were retrofit with CFRP in the lateral direction, and one specimen retrofit in the longitudinal and lateral directions. A computer model was created to predict the lateral load-displacement relations. The experimental results show improvement in the retrofit specimens in strength, ductility, and energy dissipation. The effect of retrofitting technique applied to two full-scale prototype RC buildings, a 2-story and a 4-story building located in two cities in Iraq, Baghdad, and Erbil, was determined using SAP2000.
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Romaniw, Yuriy Alexander. "The relationship between light-weighting with carbon fiber reinforced polymers and the life cycle environmental impacts of orbital launch rockets." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/50298.
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A study was undertaken to determine if light-weighting orbital launch vehicles (rockets) improves lifetime environmental impacts of the vehicle. Light-weighting is performed by a material substitution where metal structures in the rocket are replaced with carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP’s). It is uncertain whether light-weighting the rocket in the same way as traditional vehicles are light-weighted would provide similar environmental benefits. Furthermore, the rocket system is significantly different from traditional vehicles and undergoes an atypical lifecycle, making analysis non-trivial. Seventy rocket configurations were sized using a Parametric Rocket Sizing Model (PRSM) which was developed for this research. Four different propellant options, three staging options, and eighteen different lift capacities were considered. Each of these seventy rockets did not include CFRP’s, thus establishing a baseline. The seventy rockets were then light-weighted with CFRP’s, making a total of seventy pairs of rockets. An environmental Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was performed on each of the rockets to determine lifetime environmental impacts. During the Life Cycle Inventory (LCI), a Carbon Fiber Production Model was developed to determine the environmental burdens of carbon fiber production and to address issues identified with carbon fiber’s embodied burdens. The results of the LCA were compared across all rockets to determine what effects light-weighting had on environmental impact. The final conclusion is that light-weighting reduces lifetime environmental impacts of Liquid Oxygen-Rocket Propellant 1 and Nitrogen Tetroxide-Unsymmetrical Dimethylhydrazine rockets, while it likely benefits Liquid Oxygen-Liquid Hydrogen rockets. Light-weighting increases lifetime environmental impacts of Solid Propellant rockets.
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Cancela, Rodriguez Eva Maria. "Optimization of CFRP components positioning inside the autoclave through CFD simulations." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.
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Carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) show an excellent balance between thermomechanical properties and low density, leading them to be the material of choice in many applications. In the past years, the use of polymer matrix composites has significantly increased in the aerospace, automotive and naval sectors. Correspondingly, the requirements on high performance and quality keep increasing with the market demand. This generates a big concern on material properties along with the production of a large number of components, minimizing cycles’ time.
This document deals with the optimization of the distribution of composite components inside the autoclave obtaining therefore, the best configuration in order to achieve fair properties in all the elements in the shortest time possible. This study has been done along with the company Eligio Re Fraschini S.p.A., analyzing one of their autoclaves. The aim is to find the best configuration for a given repetitive production.
The optimization procedure that has been followed consisted in, for each of the three different productions considered, assess a set of models representing contrasting scenarios, in order to understand the flow behaviour and find the optimal distribution. The outcomes for the different locations are obtained through simulations performed with Ansys Fluent, a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) software; the ideal configuration is the one maximizing the heat transfer through all the components, in an homogeneous way.
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Ulbricht, Andreas, Maik Gude, Daniel Barfuß, Michael Birke, Andree Schwaar, and Andrzej Czulak. "Potential and application fields of lightweight hydraulic components in multi-material design." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-200294.
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Hydraulic systems are used in many fields of applications for different functions like energy storage in hybrid systems. Generally the mass of hydraulic systems plays a key role especially for mobile hydraulics (construction machines, trucks, cars) and hydraulic aircraft systems. The main product properties like energy efficiency or payload can be improved by reducing the mass. In this connection carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) with their superior specific strength and stiffness open up new chances to acquire new lightweight potentials compared to metallic components. However, complex quality control and failure identification slow down the substitution of metals by fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP). But the lower manufacturing temperatures of FRP compared to metals allow the integration of sensors within FRP-components. These sensors then can be advantageously used for many functions like quality control during the manufacturing process or structural health monitoring (SHM) for failure detection during their life cycle. Thus, lightweight hydraulic components made of composite materials as well as sensor integration in composite components are a main fields of research and development at the Institute of Lightweight Engineering and Polymer Technology (ILK) of the TU Dresden as well as at the Leichtbau-Zentrum Sachsen GmbH (LZS).
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Bainbridge, Bradley Glenn. "OPTIMIZATION OF TRANSIENT THERMOGRAPHY INSPECTION OF CARBON FIBER REINFORED PLASTICS." OpenSIUC, 2010. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/300.
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Infrared thermography was used to evaluate Carbon Fiber Reinforced Panels (CFRP) and optimize the inspection process so that a set of guidelines can be established in order to be efficient and effective. It has been shown in previous work that when a material is heated up the heat will diffuse through the material at a constant rate. However, if there is a defect in the material, such as a delamination, this defect will act like an insulator. When this happens the heat cannot penetrate as quickly as the rest of the material so the surface above the defect shows up hotter than the rest of the material. An operator looks for inconsistent temperatures in the sample to determine the quality of the piece. Samples with simulated defects were made and modeled using a finite element program. Heat will be applied to the models and the temperature profiles analyzed. Along with changing the heat and time, different post-processing techniques were used to improve the method in determining defects in the sample. Once this has been optimized, actual CFRP with the same simulated defects was experimentally tested using the conditions from the analytical model. The analytical and experimental data was compared to insure that the testing process has been optimized. A standardized process was developed for evaluating the CFRPs using infrared thermography.
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Kim, SangHun Aboutaha Riyad S. "Ductility of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) strengthened reinforced concrete." Related Electronic Resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
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Paneru, Nav Raj. "Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Tendons in Bridges." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1544741841522648.
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Castro, Gabriel. "Drilling carbon fiber reinforced plastic and titanium stacks." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2010. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2010/g_castro_042210.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in mechanical engineering)--Washington State University, May 2010.Title from PDF title page (viewed on July 16, 2010). "School of Engineering and Computer Science." Includes bibliographical references (p. 109-112).
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Lee, James Khian-Heng. "Alternative Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Composites for Cryogenic Applications." MSSTATE, 2004. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-04082004-154654/.
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A cheaper access to space is needed in current times and new technologies need to be developed to reduce the cost of space access to increase productivity. This thesis presents a study on carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites which is an enabling technology for cost reduction in space vehicles. A literature review of the behavior of CFRP composite has been conducted and it was found that the currently used IM7/977 carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites do not microcrack at a lower number of thermal cycles. Nano-composites and Thermoplastic matrix composites have been found as two promising alternatives for cryogenic applications. With the use of nano sized inclusions in currently used epoxy resins, coefficient of thermal expansion can be reduced while increase in strength and fracture toughness can be achieved. Some thermoplastics were found to have non-linear stress-strain relationships with signs of ductility even at 4.2K. Both of these resin systems show promise in reducing microcracking at cryogenic temperatures.
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Deng, Jiangang. "Durability of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) repair/strengthening concrete beams." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1663060011&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Silva, Duarte Nuno Rodrigues da. "Image processing methodology for assessment of drilling induced damage in CFRP." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/9866.
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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em
Engenharia MecânicaComposite material components are produced in a near final shape. Machining operations such as drilling are often indispensable, namely for joining of structures. This process introduces damage along the periphery of the hole. Different methods to reduce this induced damage were developed. However, difficulties arise when comparing them since delamination is irregular in shape and in size. The delamination factor and the adjusted delamination factor quantify the damage but none achieved full acceptance since no international standards have been set. The aim of this work is to develop an image processing methodology associated with digital radiography that is capable of assessing the drilling induced damage in CFRP, being easily reproducible and allowing comparison of different drilling approaches. The subtraction of pre and post drill radiographies defined the target image to reach. In the image processing the threshold was found to be the most influential variable causing significant changes to the delamination factors. A new approach to the delamination factor is proposed in order to characterize the drilling induced damage. This approach allows the minimization of the quantified damage for the most irregular delamination shapes while equalling the current delamination factors for regular (crown like) damages.
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Vieira, Mylene de Melo. "Experimental study of reinforced concrete beams strengthened in bending with carbon fiber reinforced polymer." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=11994.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorThe reinforced concrete structures, when properly designed and performed, have prolonged its life. However, the lack of proper maintenance, acting loads greater than the design ones, pathological manifestations due to aggressive environment and accidents can impair the performance of the structure requiring the need for repair or structural strengthening. The technique of structural strengthening with application of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), bonded externally to the reinforced concrete has advantages such as fast execution, which added to the characteristics of the composite as a high modulus of elasticity make wide its use. The aim of this study is to analyze through an experimental program the structural behavior of reinforced concrete beams strengthened in bending with CFRP. The methodology used was the production of three groups of five RC beams each one, with the same dimension of rectangular cross section, for bending test. The first group of beams was called VA. The second and third groups, called VB and VC and had different ratio of reinforcement. In each group of five beams, one beam was not strengthened (reference beam) and the remaining beams were strengthened with two, three, four and five layers of carbon fiber. The experimental results indicate the efficiency of strengthening, noting an increase in stiffness in all strengthened beams. The increase of load capacity was also observed in all groups of beams varying between 9,11% and 16,69%, 55,14% and 86,83%, 89,46% and 126,18%, of the beams of group VA, VB and VC, respectively in relation to the reference beam of each group. Of the carried through study was observed the excellent performance of strengthening in bending with carbon fiber especially in beams with the lowest ratios of reinforcement (group C), besides gathering a lot of information that can be useful for design criteria of the recovered and strengthened structures.
As estruturas de concreto armado, quando convenientemente projetadas e executadas tÃm sua vida Ãtil prolongada, porÃm, a falta de manutenÃÃo adequada, as solicitaÃÃes de cargas superiores Ãs de projeto, as manifestaÃÃes patolÃgicas devido ao meio ambiente agressivo e a ocorrÃncia de acidentes podem comprometer o desempenho da estrutura exigindo a necessidade de uma recuperaÃÃo ou reforÃo estrutural. A tÃcnica de reforÃo estrutural com a aplicaÃÃo de polÃmeros reforÃados com fibra de carbono (PRFC) colados externamente a peÃas de concreto armado apresenta vantagens como a rÃpida execuÃÃo que, somada a caracterÃsticas do compÃsito como alto mÃdulo de elasticidade fazem largo o seu uso. O objetivo desse trabalho à analisar atravÃs de um programa experimental o comportamento estrutural de vigas de concreto armado reforÃadas à flexÃo com PRFC. A metodologia utilizada foi a produÃÃo de trÃs grupos de vigas de concreto armado, com a mesma dimensÃo de seÃÃo transversal retangular para ensaio à flexÃo. O primeiro grupo, denominado grupo VA, foi dimensionado com seÃÃo normalmente armada. O segundo e terceiro grupo de vigas, aqui denominados grupo VB e grupo VC, respectivamente, foram dimensionados com seÃÃo subarmada, com taxas de armaduras distintas. Cada grupo possuÃa cinco vigas, sendo que, uma viga nÃo foi reforÃada (de referÃncia) e as demais vigas foram reforÃadas com duas, trÃs, quatro e cinco camadas de fibra de carbono. Os ensaios experimentais comprovaram a eficiÃncia do reforÃo, constatando-se um aumento de rigidez de todas as vigas reforÃadas. Observou-se tambÃm o aumento da capacidade resistente em todos os grupos de vigas, variando entre 9,11% e 16,69%, 55,14% e 86,83%, 89,46% e 126,18%, das vigas dos grupos VA, VB e VC, respectivamente, em relaÃÃo à viga de referÃncia de cada grupo. O estudo demonstrou o excelente desempenho do reforÃo à flexÃo com fibra de carbono, especialmente nas vigas com menores taxas de armadura (grupo VC), alÃm de reunir uma sÃrie de informaÃÃes que podem ser Ãteis para critÃrios de projeto de estruturas recuperadas e reforÃadas.
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Pandolfi, Carlo. "Experimental characterization of carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer laminates." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/9777/.
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The goal of this thesis is to make static tensile test on four Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer laminates, in such a way as to obtain the ultimate tensile strength of these laminates; in particular, the laminates analyzed were produced by Hand Lay-up technology. Testing these laminates we have a reference point on which to compare other laminates and in particular CFRP laminate produced by RTM technology.
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Purba, Burt K. "Reinforcement of circular concrete columns with carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) jackets." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0010/MQ31634.pdf.
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Sameeuddin, Sameeuddin. "Automated Ultrasonic Signal Classification of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic Laminates." OpenSIUC, 2014. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1497.
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Carbon composites, particularly carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRPs) are increasingly being used in many commercial applications such as automobile, aerospace, and civil infrastructures. This increase in the demand of CFRPs has led the manufacturers to research for ways of early detection and classification of defects in CFRP. This thesis work discusses the implementation of a Hopfield neural network (HNN) to automatically detect and classify defects in CFRP by ultrasonic testing (UT). Three of the most common and critical defects found in CFRP, i.e. foreign object (FO) inclusion, impact damage (ID), and porosity, were the main focus of this research. These defects were engineered into three different CFRP panels during manufacturing and were provided by an outside supplier. These panels were inspected on a standard immersion ultrasonic testing system in pulse-echo mode. One hundred time-amplitude based ultrasonic A-scan signals were recorded from the defected areas of each of the panels. Additionally, a hundred ultrasonic A-scan signals were recorded for the defect-free region of the CFRP. Signal preprocessing in terms of signal alignment is a vital process in any classification procedure as unaligned signals are prone to bad classification accuracies. Therefore, the raw A-scan signals were start-point aligned prior to any classification using cross-correlation technique. This research also focused on developing a feature extraction technique that could be used in conjunction with the HNN to classify the UT signals with high classification accuracy. A feature extraction technique based on gating technique was developed which consisted of five features, namely mean value of the signal, standard deviation of the signal, peak-to-peak amplitude value of the front wall echo (FEW), peak-to-peak amplitude value of the back wall echo (BWE), and time of flight (TOF) between FWE and BWE of each signal. Four other feature extraction techniques based on mean value of the signal, standard deviation value of the signal, fast Fourier transform (FFT), and discrete wavelet transform (DWT) were also used for the comparison and validation of results obtained by the developed feature extraction technique. The 100 signals for each category were randomly partitioned into equal-sized training and testing data sets. The partitioning was repeated for 1000 iterations, to average the results and obtain a robust estimate of the classification performance. The classification of the signals was carried out by implementing two approaches. The first approach utilized a dichotomous classification between each defect type and the non-defected region. And the second approach utilized a 4-class classification in which the defect types and the non-defected signals were classified at the same time. The results of this research showed that the classification accuracies for the 2-class problem obtained through the developed feature extraction technique exceeded 99%, which were in agreement with the results of classification obtained through the four conventional feature extraction techniques. The results of the 4-class problem obtained through the developed feature extraction technique exceeded 96% classification accuracy. For direct comparison, the results obtained from the four conventional feature extraction techniques exceeded 99% classification accuracies. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the developed feature extraction technique can be used in conjunction with HNN to successfully classify defects in CFRP. With few modifications, the developed technique can be implemented to classify other types of defects in CFRP and can be implemented in different applications.
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BOLDUC, MATTHEW W. "USE OF CARBON FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER PLATES FOR REPAIR OR RETROFIT OF PRESTRESSED AND REINFORCED CONCRETE GIRDERS." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1046870127.
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Schnerch, David. "Strengthening of Steel Structures with High Modulus Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Materials." NCSU, 2005. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-06152005-090112/.
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Transportation departments and the telecommunications industry are currently demanding cost-effective rehabilitation and/or strengthening techniques for steel structures, including bridges and monopole towers. Rehabilitation is often required due to cross-section losses resulting from corrosion damage and strengthening may be required due to changes in the use of a structure. Current strengthening techniques, have several disadvantages including their cost, need to match the surface configuration of the existing structure, poor fatigue performance and the need for ongoing maintenance due to continued corrosion attack. The current research program makes use of new high modulus types of carbon fiber for strengthening steel structures. The experimental program was developed in four phases. These phases included the selection of suitable resins and adhesives for bonding the CFRP sheets and strips to the steel, characterization the bond to the steel through testing of the development length, performing large-scale tests on strengthened steel monopole towers and also determining the behavior of strengthened steel-concrete composite beams that are typical of bridge structures. The result of the experimental program was the demonstration of sizeable strength and stiffness increases for the steel structures, strengthened with the developed system. Analytical work has also been completed to predict these strength and stiffness increases as well as to determine the bond stresses to ensure the avoidance of a debonding failure, which is detrimental to the effective use of the high modulus CFRP material.
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Curnutt, Austin. "Research on the mechanics of CFRP composite lap joints." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/38191.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Architectural Engineering
Donald J. Phillippi
For this thesis, research was performed on CFRP bonded composite lap-joints with one and two continuous laminas through the lap. Composite wraps used to retrofit existing structures use lap joints to maintain their integrity. The use of composites for retrofitting structures has many advantages over traditional methods, such as steel jacketing, and is becoming more widely accepted in the structural engineering industry. While much literature exists documenting the performance of composite wraps as a whole when applied to concrete columns, less information is available on the behavior of the lap-joint of the wrap. Developing a better understanding of how the lap-joint behaves will help researchers further understand composite column wraps. This research sought to determine what affect continuous middle laminas may have on the stiffness of lap joints and whether or not stress concentrations exist in the lap-joint due to a change in stiffness.
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Kutarba, Markus Peter. "Durability of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) strengthening systems used to repair corrosion damage in reinforced concrete." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0004766.
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Attoui, Farid Alessandro. "Utilizzo industriale di cfrp (carbon fiber reinforced polymers) nanomodificati con nanofibre prodotte per elettrospinning." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/6407/.
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Attraverso questo studio sono state indagate le proprietà di compositi laminati in fibra di carbonio (CFRP) nano-modificati con nanofibre in Nylon 6.6, in termini di resistenza al danneggiamento da impatti a bassa velocità (con caratterizzazione Drop Weight at Low Velocity) e di smorzamento della vibrazione (con caratterizzazione a damping). Sono stati indagate due configurazioni di nanorinforzo differenti, confrontate con le prestazioni di provini vergini laminati tradizionalmente. Sono infine state operate delle analisi grafiche delle micrografie di campioni sezionati per trarre conclusioni di carattere tecnologico.
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Ozcan, Okan. "Improving Ductility And Shear Capacity Of Reinforced Concrete Columns With Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer." Phd thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12611292/index.pdf.
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The performance of reinforced concrete (RC) columns during recent earthquakes has clearly demonstrated the possible failures associated with inadequate confining reinforcement. The confinement reinforcement requirements of older codes were less stringent than present standards. Many studies were conducted by applying different retrofitting techniques for RC columns that have inadequate confinement reinforcement. A new retrofitting technique by means of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) was developed and tested in many countries in the last decade. This technique is performed by CFRP wrapping the critical region of columns. The effectiveness of CFRP retrofitting technique was shown in many studies conducted worldwide. In Turkey, the frame members are considerably deficient from the seismic detailing point of view. Therefore, in order to use the CFRP retrofitting technique effectively in Turkey, experimental evidence is needed. This study investigates the performance of CFRP retrofitted RC columns with deficient confining steel and low concrete strength. It was concluded by experimental and analytical results that the CFRP retrofitting method can be implemented to seismically deficient columns. Moreover, two design approaches were proposed for CFRP retrofit design of columns considering safe design regulations.
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Sherry, Samuel Thomas. "Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Retrofits to Increase the Flexural Capacity of Deteriorated Steel Members." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/104986.
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The load-carrying capacity of aging bridge members may at times be found insufficient due to deterioration and a historical trend towards increased truck axle loads beyond their design capacity. Structurally deficient bridges are problematic for bridge owners and users because they restrict traffic usage and require bridges to be posted (operate at less than their ideal capacity). Structural deficiency is the primary motivation for bridge owners to retrofit bridges to meet a specified operating demand. It may be required to replace or retrofit a portion or all of a deficient bridge. The replacement of an entire bridge or even a part of the bridge is generally less desirable than a retrofit solution because retrofits are generally a cheaper alternative to the entire replacement of a structure and usually do not require the bridge's closure. Standard strengthening solutions for corroded members include bolting or welding steel cover plates, replacing sections of the girder, or adding external prestressed tendons. However, these methods also have several challenges, including required lane closures, high installation costs, increased dead weight, and continuing corrosion issues.
One alternative to conventional retrofits is the use of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates, which can be adhered to increase both strength and stiffness. CFRPs are a highly tailorable material with an extremely high strength-to-weight ratio, ease of installation and can potentially mitigate further corrosion concerns. Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRPs) have already been widely accepted as a means of retrofitting reinforced concrete structures (AASHTO 2012, 2018a; ACI 2002, 2017; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering 2010, 2019) but have not yet been widely adopted in the steel industry due to the retrofit's material limitations (lower elastic modulus [less than 29,000 ksi], unanswered questions related to debonding, and no unified design or installation guides). However, newly developed materials and manufacturing processes have allowed for the economic development of stiffer CFRP materials suitable for steel structures, such as the high modulus (HM) CFRP strand sheet.
This research analytically and experimentally investigates how newly developed HM strand sheets perform in small scale tensile testing and large scale flexural testing (laboratory and in situ testing). During the laboratory testing, these HM strand sheets were compared against normal modulus (NM) CFRP plates to draw conclusions on these different retrofitting materials (strength, stiffness, bond behavior, and applicability of the retrofit). Another central point in examing these different retrofit materials is how CFRPs perform when attached to structural steel with significant corrosion damage. Corrosion damage typically results in a variable surface profile, which may affect a CFRP retrofit's bond behavior. While limited laboratory testing has been conducted on CFRP attached to steel structures with simulated deterioration, the surface profile does not represent realistic conditions. The effects of a variable surface profile on the NM plate material and HM strand sheet were investigated using small scale tensile testing and large scale flexural testing. All the variable surface profiles tested for bond strength were fabricated based on "representative" simulated corrosion samples or on specimens with significant corrosion.
Once all the variables pertaining to the new materials and the effect of a variable surface profile on CFRP retrofits had been examined in a laboratory setting, these retrofitting techniques were implemented on deteriorated in-service steel bridge structures. This research was the first to retrofit deteriorated in-service bridge structures with HM CFRP strand sheets in the United States. This in situ testing was used to compare the laboratory test data of an individually retrofitted girder to the behavior of a single girder that had been retrofitted in a bridge structure. This information was used to verify results on the behaviors of strengthening, stiffening, effects on live load distributions, and modeling assumptions of retrofitted bridge structures.
The results from the laboratory testing and in situ testing of CFRP retrofits on corroded steel structures were synthesized to provide information on performance and design guidance for future retrofits. This dissertation provides additional information on CFRP retrofits applied to variable surface profiles and provides data on new CFRP materials (HM strand sheets). With this information, Departments of Transportation (DOT) can be confident as to where and when different types of CFRPs are a suitable retrofit material for corroded or uncorroded steel structures.Doctor of Philosophy
The capacity of aging bridges may at times be found insufficient due to deterioration and a trend towards increased loading. Structurally deficient bridges are problematic for bridge owners and users because they restrict traffic usage and require bridges to operate at less than their intended capacity. Inadequate capacity are the primary motivation for bridge owners to repair (retrofit) bridges to meet specified traffic demands. Repairs usually do not require the bridge's closure to traffic. Standard repairs for corroded steel members include bolting or welding steel cover plates, replacing sections of the girder, or adding external prestressed tendons. However, these methods also have several challenges, including required bridge closures, high installation costs, increased weight, and continuing corrosion issues. One alternative to conventional repairs is the use of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates, which can be adhered to the deteriorated members to increase strength and stiffness. CFRPs are an extremely versatile material with high strength, high stiffness, ease of installation and can potentially mitigate concerns about further corrosion. Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRPs) have already been widely accepted as a means of retrofitting reinforced concrete structures(AASHTO 2012, 2018a; ACI 2002, 2017; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering 2010, 2019) but have not yet been widely adopted in the steel industry due to the lack of literature and economical implementation of the CFRPs on steel. However, over the past 20 years, research has been completed on the application of CFRPs on steel, and newly developed materials were created for the economic implementation of CFRP materials suitable for steel structures. In particular, this material is a high modulus (HM) CFRP strand sheet, which has a higher stiffness than a conventional CFRP. This research investigated how newly developed HM strand sheets perform in small-scale laboratory testing and large-scale laboratory testing. Where material strengths, bondability, and the efficacy of different repairs were examined against conventional means on steel structures with and without corrosion deterioration. Once all the variables pertaining to the new materials and the effects corrosion had on CFRP retrofits had been examined in a laboratory setting, these retrofitting techniques were implemented on a deteriorated in-service steel bridge structure (field study) that required repair. This research was the first to repair deteriorated in-use bridge structures with HM CFRP strand sheets in the United States. This information was used to verify results on the material's behavior. The laboratory testing and field testing of CFRP retrofits on corroded steel structures were summarized to provide information on performance and design guidance for future retrofits. This dissertation provides additional information on CFRP repairs applied to corroded steel and provides data on new CFRP materials (HM strand sheets). With this information, Departments of Transportation (DOT) can be confident as to where and when different types of CFRPs are a suitable retrofit material for corroded or uncorroded steel structures.
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Erdogan, Hakan. "Improvement Of Punching Strength Of Flat Plates By Using Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (cfrp) Dowels." Phd thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612728/index.pdf.
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Due to their practical application, flat-plates have been commonly used slab type in constructions in recent years. According to the investigations that were performed since the beginning of the 20th century, the vicinity of the slab-column connection is found to be susceptible to punching failure that causes serious unrepairable damage leading to the collapse of the structures. The objective of this study is to enhance the punching shear strength of slab-column connections in existing deficient flat plate structures. For this purpose, an economical and easy to install strengthening method was applied to ¾scale flat-slab test specimens. The proposed strengthening scheme employs the use of in house-fabricated Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) dowels placed around the column stubs in different numbers and arrangements as vertical shear reinforcement. In addition, the effect of column aspect ratio on strengthening method was also investigated in the scope of this study. Strength increase of at least 30% was obtained for the CFRP retrofitted specimens compared to the companion reference specimen. Three-dimensional finite element analyses of test specimens were conducted by using the general purpose finite element analyses program. 3-D finite element models are successful in providing reasonable estimates of load-deformation behavior and strains. The experimental punching shear capacities and observed failure modes of the specimens were compared with the estimations of strength and failure modes given by punching shear strength provisions of ACI 318-08, Eurocode-2, BS8110-97 and TS500. Necessary modifications were proposed for the existing provisions of punching shear capacity in order to design CFRP upgrading.
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Elnabelsya, Gamal. "Use of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Sheets as Transverse Reinforcement in Bridge Columns." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/24298.
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Performance of bridges during previous earthquakes has demonstrated that many structural failures could be attributed to seismic deficiencies in bridge columns. Lack of transverse reinforcement and inadequate splicing of longitudinal reinforcement in potential plastic hinge regions of columns constitute primary reasons for their poor performance. A number of column retrofit techniques have been developed and tested in the past. These techniques include steel jacketing, reinforced concrete jacketing and use of transverse prestressing (RetroBelt) for concrete confinement, shear strengthening and splice clamping. A new retrofit technique, involving fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) jacketing has emerged as a convenient and structurally sound alternative with improved durability. The new technique, although received acceptance in the construction industry, needs to be fully developed as a viable seismic retrofit methodology, supported by reliable design and construction procedures.
The successful application of externally applied FRP jackets to existing columns, coupled with deteriorating bridge infrastructure, raised the possibility of using FRP reinforcement for new construction. Stay-in-place formwork, in the form of FRP tubes are being researched for its feasibility. The FRP stay-in-place tubes offer ease in construction, convenient formwork, and when left in place, the protection of concrete against environmental effects, including the protection of steel reinforcement against corrosion, while also serving as column transverse reinforcement.
Combined experimental and analytical research was conducted in the current project to i) improve the performance of FRP column jacketing for existing bridge columns, and ii) to develop FRP stay-in-place formwork for new bridge columns. The experimental phase consisted of design, construction and testing of 7 full-scale reinforced concrete bridge columns under simulated seismic loading. The columns represented both existing seismically deficient bridge columns, and new columns in stay-in-place formwork. The existing columns were deficient in either shear, or flexure, where the flexural deficiencies stemmed from lack of concrete confinement and/or use of inadequately spliced longitudinal reinforcement. The test parameters included cross-sectional shape (circular or square), reinforcement splicing, column shear span for flexure and shear-dominant behaviour, FRP jacket thickness, as well as use of FRP tubes as stay-in-place formwork, with or without internally embedded FRP crossties. The columns were subjected to a constant axial compression and incrementally increasing inelastic deformation reversals.
The results, presented and discussed in this thesis, indicate that the FRP retrofit methodology provides significant confinement to circular and square columns, improving column ductility substantially. The FRP jack also improved diagonal tension capacity of columns, changing brittle shear-dominant column behavior to ductile flexure dominant response. The jackets, when the transverse strains are controlled, are able to improve performance of inadequately spliced circular columns, while remain somewhat ineffective in improving the performance of spliced square columns. FRP stay-in-place formwork provides excellent ductility to circular and square columns in new concrete columns, offering tremendous potential for use in practice.
The analytical phase of the project demonstrates that the current analytical techniques for column analysis can be used for columns with external FRP reinforcement, provided that appropriate material models are used for confined concrete, FRP composites and reinforcement steel. Plastic analysis for flexure, starting with sectional moment-curvature analysis and continuing into member analysis incorporating the formation of plastic hinging, provide excellent predictions of inelastic force-deformation envelopes of recorded hysteretic behaviour. A displacement based design procedure adapted to FRP jacketed columns, as well as columns in FRP stay-in-place formwork provide a reliable design procedure for both retrofitting existing columns and designing new FRP reinforced concrete columns.
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Olka, Michael. "FLEXURAL MECHANICAL DURABILITY OF CONCRETE BEAMS STRENGTHENED BY EXTERNALLY BONDED CARBON FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER SHEETS." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3120.
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About 77,600 bridges throughout the United States in the Federal Highway Association (FHWA) bridge database are listed as structurally deficient. This has created a need to either replace or strengthen bridges quickly and efficiently. Due to high costs for total replacement of deficient bridges, strengthening of existing bridges is a more economical alternative. A technique that has been developing over the past two decades is the strengthening of bridges using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets. The CFRP sheets are attached to the bottom of the bridge girders using structural adhesives so that the CFRP becomes an integral part of the bridge and carries a portion of the flexural loading. The CFRP sheets allow for an increase in the capacity of the bridge with minimal increase in the weight of the structure due to CFRP having a low density. Because the CFRP is expected to be an integral component and carry some of the long-term loading it is important to understand the long-term durability of the composite section. This thesis is part of a larger project, in which the long-term durability of the CFRP composite on concrete beams is investigated experimentally. The CFRP strengthened beams are exposed to fatigue testing and thermal-humidity cycling followed by failure testing. The testing scheme for this experiment allows for the investigation of the individual effects of fatigue and thermal-humidity loading as well as to explore the effects from combined fatigue and thermal-humidity loading. The investigation of the combined effects is a unique aspect of this experiment that has not been performed in prior studies. Results indicate that a polyurethane-based adhesive could provide a more durable bond for the CFRP-concrete interface than possible with epoxy-based adhesives.M.S.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Civil Engineering MS
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Brinkman, Ryan J. "Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Repairs of Impact-Damaged Prestressed I-Girders." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1353951833.
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Lee, Luke Soo-won. "Monitoring and service life estimation of reinforced concrete bridge decks rehabilitated with externally bonded carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3175279.
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Rivers, Roger Troy. "Experimental Testing of CFRP Splays Bonded to Uniaxial Fabric." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/321612.
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The use of fiber reinforced polymers (FRP's) for structural repair or retrofit has increased significantly in the last decade, with adoption for civil infrastructure occurring only in the last 20 years. These products are most often used to increase the capacity of damaged or deteriorated structures. Much research has been performed in the arena of testing of various FRP's bonded to both concrete and masonry substrates, the majority of which focusing on three areas; flexural strengthening, in-plane shear strengthening, and mechanical anchoring. Anchorage is commonly the limiting factor in the application of FRP's, due to the inability of the edge of the polymer matrix to reliably extend beyond a point of zero-interfacial stress. Where interfacial stresses exist and the FRP is terminated localized disbondment often occurs, these localized failures then propagate across the entire bond of the structural system. Various mechanical termination details have been tested to mitigate the potential failure modes near the ends of the fabric. There, however, has been very limited research performed on the behavior of dowels which are installed parallel to the FRP fabric and splayed onto the FRP fabric matrix. In this research the mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) dowels with a parallel orientation to uniaxial carbon fabric are experimentally tested to determine the tensile capacity of "dowel to splay" CFRP connections and to discover any dominant failure modes.
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Barucci, Sara. "Studio dell’effetto di cicli termici su materiali CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer) attraverso prove di caratterizzazione statica." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/4200/.
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L’intento di questa tesi è fornire un andamento di alcune proprietà dei materiali compositi in fibra di carbonio, CFRP, utilizzati soprattutto nell’ambito aeronautico e
navale, esposti quindi a condizioni ambientali specifiche di variazione ciclica della temperatura. Lo studio è effettuato sulle prove di caratterizzazione statica, di
compressione, flessione in tre punti e taglio interlaminare, che generano risultati sulla resistenza delle fibre e della matrice e sul modulo elastico a compressione e trazione del composito.
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Dawood, Mina Magdy Riad. "Fundamental Behavior of Steel-Concrete Composite Beams Strengthened with High Modulus Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Materials." NCSU, 2005. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-06292005-192140/.
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There is a growing need for a cost-effective, durable repair system that can be used for the repair and strengthening of steel bridges. Recently, high modulus carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) have been developed with a modulus of elasticity approximately two times greater than that of steel. Externally bonded high modulus CFRP materials have successfully been used to increase the elastic stiffness and ultimate capacity of steel-concrete composite beams However, since the technology is relatively new, the detailed behavior of steel bridge members strengthened with high modulus CFRP is not yet well understood. The current research investigates three aspects of the behavior of steel-concrete composite beams in detail. An experimental program was conducted to investigate the behavior of steel-concrete composite beams strengthened with high modulus CFRP materials. In the first phase of the study the behavior under overloading conditions was investigated. In the second phase of the research, the fatigue durability of the system was examined. In the third phase, the possible presence of shear-lag between the steel beam and the CFRP materials was investigated in detail. An analytical model was developed which can be used to determine the ultimate capacity and elastic stiffness increase for steel beams strengthened with high modulus CFRP materials. Additionally, a set of criteria are proposed which can be used to determine the allowable increase in the live load level for steel beams strengthened with high modulus CFRP materials.
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Mirzahassanagha, Zeinab, and Eva Malo. "Performance of reinforced concrete bridges strengthened with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers : Case study: Essinge Bridge over Pampaslänken." Thesis, KTH, Bro- och stålbyggnad, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-301238.
Full textAbstract:
This master thesis deals with the performance of existing reinforced concrete bridges strengthened with externally bonded carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRP). One of the main aims of this work is to understand the functionality of such an external strengthening method applied to a concave surface in a heavy concrete structure such as a bridge. Another important goal is to investigate the bond behavior of this method. To accomplish the aforementioned aims a case study bridge is chosen to be examined. The Essinge bridge located in the central Stockholm, is the selected bridge in which this report will focus on. Externally strengthening an existing bridge is a method used to both preserve as well as improve the existing structure. Some examples justifying the need to use such a technique are: the degradation of materials or changes in the bearing capacity of the structure which might be the result of increased traffic loads. In the case of Essinge bridge, the structure is strengthened with externally bonded CFRP sheets after the extension of the bridge which led to changes in the statical mode of action of the structure. An additional reason which makes this case interesting to study is the ’’concave’’ surface on which the CFRP sheets are applied to. To study the Essinge bridge in detail, both a numerical analysis and a three-dimensional finite element model is used. All the numerical simulations are performed in the Abaqus software. It is important to mention that for the majority of the simulations a two-axle vehicle load of 300kN (per axle) is applied to the structure. Moreover, a quality assurance of the FE model is carried out to verify the functionality of the model. Some of the results coming from these analyses can be compared with measurements from the monitoring system placed on the bridge. Moreover, other simulation results could be compared with results coming from a test loading performed on the bridge on May 2021. From this comparison, a satisfactory agreement could be found in the peak values of normal strain in concrete and CFRP. Due to time limitations, only linear static analyses are performed. Consequently, in order to capture the non-linearity of the concrete, the Extended Finite Element Method (XFEM) available in Abaqus is used to model a possible crack in the concrete. More specifically, the crack is placed in the concrete part of the deck plate where the maximum value of normal stress is obtained. The bond behavior between the concrete and the CFRP sheets is modelled in two different ways. The first way represents a ’’perfect’’ bond between these two materials meanwhile the second one is based on the so-called Cohesive Zone Method (CZM). The fundamental difference between these two methods is that when using the CZM, a possible failure mode in the bond layer can be captured. Moreover, the input data and parameters defined in the CZM have a detrimental role in the obtained results. It can be noted that the results of the case study bridge cannot be generalized. On the other hand, a better understanding about the external strengthening method implemented on the example of Essinge bridge is obtained. By using the CZM, a vehicle load which could initiate damage in the bond layer could be found.Detta examensarbete handlar om prestandan för befintliga betongarmerade broar som är externt förstärkta med kolfiberväv. Ett av huvudsyftena med detta arbete är att förstå hur en sådan förstärkningsmetod fungerar när den är applicerad på ett konkavt underlag av en tung betongkonstruktion, såsom en bro. Ett annat viktigt mål är att undersöka beteendet av bindningsskiktet som finns mellan betongen och kolfiberväven. För att uppnå de ovannämnda målen, undersöks en fallstudie bro. Bron över Pampaslänken, som ligger i centrala Stockholm, är den utvalda bron som denna rapport kommer att fokusera på. Att förstärka en befintlig bro externt är en metod som använts för att både bibehålla och förbättra den existerande strukturen. Några exempel som motiverar behovet av att använda en sådan metod är nedbrytning av material eller förändringar i konstruktionens bärförmåga som kan vara ett resultat av ökade trafikbelastningar. När det gäller bron över Pampaslänken, applicerades den externa förstärkningen efter breddningen av bron, vilket ledde till förändringar i strukturens statiska verkningssätt. En ytterligare anledning som gör detta fall intressant att studera är den konkava ytan för vilken förstärkningsmetoden används. För att studera bron över Pampaslänken i detalj, används både en numerisk analys samt en tredimensionell finit elementmodell. Alla numeriska simuleringar är utförda i programvaran Abaqus. Det är viktigt att nämna att för de flesta av simuleringarna appliceras en tvåaxlig fordonslast på 300kN (per axel) på konstruktionen. Dessutom genomförs en kvalitetssäkring av FE-modellen för att verifiera modellens funktionalitet. Några av resultaten från dessa analyser kan jämföras med mätningar från systemet med trådtöjningsgivarna som är placerade på bron. Andra simuleringsresultat kan jämföras med resultat som kommer från en provbelastning som utfördes på bron under maj 2021. Från denna jämförelse kan en överenskommelse hittas i de maximala töjningsvärdena i både betongen och kolfiberväven. På grund av tidsbegränsningar utförs endast linjära elastiska analyser. För att kunna fånga betongens olinjära beteende används den så kallade utvidgade finita elementmetoden (XFEM) som finns i Abaqus, för att modellera in en eventuell spricka i betongen. Mer specifikt placeras sprickan på den delen av farbaneplattan där de maximala normalspänningarna erhålls. Bindningsskiktet som finns mellan betongen och kolfibervävarna modelleras på två olika sätt. I det första sättet skapas ett ’’perfekt’’ band/skikt mellan dessa två material medan i det andra baseras modelleringen på den så kallade Cohesive Zone Method (CZM). Den grundläggande skillnaden mellan dessa två metoder är att när man använder CZM kan ett eventuellt vidhäftningsbrott fångas upp i bindningsskiktet. Dessutom har indata samt olika parametrar som är definierade i CZM, en stor påverkan på de erhållna resultaten. Det kan konstateras att resultaten från fallstudiebron inte kan generaliseras. Däremot har man fått en bättre förståelse för den externa förstärkningsmetoden som implementerats i bron över Pampaslänken. Genom att använda CZM hittas en fordonlast som kan orsaka skador i bindningsskiktet.
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Stanford, Kirk Alan. "STRENGTHENING OF STEEL STRUCTURES WITH HIGH MODULUS CARBON FIBER REINFORCED POLYMERS (CFRP) MATERIALS: BOND AND DEVELOPMENT LENGTH STUDY." NCSU, 2009. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-12202008-112409/.
Full textAbstract:
Cost-effective solutions for the rehabilitation and strengthening of steel structures, such as steel bridges and steel monopole towers used for cellular phone antennas, are greatly needed by government transportation departments and industry. Rehabilitation is often required due to loss of cross-section from corrosion and/or changes of the demand or use of a structure. Current techniques for strengthening steel structures have several drawbacks including requiring heavy equipment for installation, their fatigue performance, in addition to the need for ongoing maintenance due to continued corrosion attack. The current research program proposed the use of a new high modulus carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) for strengthening of steel structures. This program includes extensive research to select the resin for wet lay-up of carbon fiber sheets and the adhesives for bonding of pre-cured laminate strips. The bond behavior of FRP materials to steel structures is quite different from that of concrete structures. Preliminary test results showed the occurrence of very high bond stresses for most strengthening applications due to the amount of strengthening required for developing the material for steel structures and bridges.
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Ozdemir, Gokhan. "Mechanical Properties Of Cfrp Anchorages." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605890/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Due to inadequate lateral stiffness, many reinforced concrete buildings are highly damaged or collapsed in Turkey after the major earthquake. To improve the behavior of such buildings and to prevent them from collapse, repair and/or strengthening of some reinforced concrete elements is required. One of the strengthening techniques is the use of CFRP sheets on the existing hollow brick masonry infill. While using the CFRP sheets their attachment to both structural and non-structural members are provided by CFRP anchor dowels. In this study, by means of the prepared test setup, the pull-out strength capacities of CFRP anchor dowels are measured. The effects of concrete compressive strength, anchorage depth, anchorage diameter, and number of fibers on the tensile strength capacity of CFRP anchor dowel are studied.
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Herrmann, Manuel. "Torsional Stiffness and Natural Frequency Analysis of a Formula SAE Vehicle Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Chassis using Finite Element Analysis." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2016. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1692.
Full textAbstract:
Finite element is used to predict the torsional stiffness and natural frequency response of a FSAE vehicle hybrid chassis, utilizing a carbon fiber reinforced polymer sandwich structure monocoque and a tubular steel spaceframe. To accurately model the stiffness response of the sandwich structure, a series of material tests for different fiber types has been performed and the material properties have been validated by modeling a simple three-point-bend test panel and comparing the results with a physical test. The torsional stiffness model of the chassis was validated with a physical test, too. The stiffness prediction matches the test results within 6%. The model was then used to model the natural frequency response by adding and adjusting the materials’ densities in order to match physical mass properties. A hypothesis is made to explain the failure of the engine mounts under the dynamic response of the frame.
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Högström, Johan, and David Johansson. "Tillämpning av kolfiberförstärkning i bärande betongkonstruktioner : Jämförelse med stål som förstärkningsmaterial." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-31535.
Full textAbstract:
Strengthening of existing structures with Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) is a method that has been more common in the building sector during the last decades. The materials strength in relation to its weight is a huge advantage but the lack of knowledge in the building sector results that professionals uses more proven materials such as steel to strength structures. In this report five minor projects in which steel was the strengthening material has been analysed to see if CFRP could be a competitive strengthening material considering mainly practical and economical aspects. The main purpose of this report was to evaluate when CFRP is the most suitable option for strengthening of concrete structures. The results showed that CFRP was applicable in every project but the total cost were higher comparing to the steel solution in four out of five projects. The results indicate that it is difficult to motivate CFRP regarding the economical aspect in relation to minor project that were evaluated in this report. Nevertheless, the tendency is that the advantages with CFRP is more useful when there are more comprehensive projects such as advanced steel works and when it is necessary to save room volumes.