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Journal articles on the topic 'CARBON EXCHANGE'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

Schunemann, H. J., and R. A. Klocke. "Influence of carbon dioxide kinetics on pulmonary carbon dioxide exchange." Journal of Applied Physiology 74, no. 2 (February 1, 1993): 715–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.74.2.715.

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In the absence of erythrocytes, carbonic anhydrase (CA) localized to the pulmonary capillary endothelium catalyzes the dehydration of bicarbonate to CO2. We studied the effects of lung CA and the reactions of CO2 on CO2 excretion in isolated lungs perfused with buffer. In indicator-dilution experiments, recoveries of dissolved CO2 and acetylene (C2H2) in the venous effluent were delayed significantly compared with a vascular indicator because the gases were distributed in both the vascular and alveolar volumes. In a second group of experiments, the kinetics of CO2 excretion were monitored with a plethysmographic method after injection of a bolus containing dissolved CO2 or bicarbonate. Exchange was compared with excretion of dissolved C2H2. The rate of excretion of dissolved CO2 and C2H2 was identical, indicating that CO2 is exchanged in the same manner as an inert gas. When bicarbonate was injected, CO2 excretion lagged behind C2H2 excretion by approximately 0.3 s. Inhibition of lung CA with acetazolamide reduced the quantity of CO2 exchanged to one-fourth of control and decreased the delay in exchange by one-half.

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2

Reich, P. B. "The Carbon Dioxide Exchange." Science 329, no. 5993 (August 12, 2010): 774–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1194353.

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3

Jancevičiūtė, Renata, and Audronė Gefenienė. "SORPTION OF COPPER (II) AND NONIONIC SURFACTANT BY ION EXCHANGERS AND ACTIVATED CARBON." JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT 14, no. 4 (December 31, 2006): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2006.9636897.

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Ion exchange resins, which are widely used for the removal of copper (II) ions from effluents, can also sorb nonionic surfactants entering into the wastewater with copper (II) ions simultaneously after various industrial processes. The study of equilibrium sorption of copper (II) and nonionic surfactant Lutensol AO‐10 under laboratory conditions by different types of ion exchangers and activated carbon has shown that the Purolite S950 chelating ion exchanger has the highest sorption capacity for copper (II) ions. Ion exchangers with carboxylic functional groups demonstrate the highest affinity for nonionic surfactant. Purolite C107E weak acid cation exchanger could be suitable for the cosorption of copper (II) ions and nonionic surfactant Lutensol AO‐10. Kinetic study of this ion exchange resin leads to a conclusion that the sorption of copper (II) ions was a fast process, and after 30 min the equilibrium was attained. When the concentration of copper (II) solution decreases, difference between the sorption capacity of various ion exchangers decrease. The influence of nonionic surfactant on the sorption of copper (II) is insignificant.

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4

Rostami, Mohammadreza Hasandust, Gholamhassan Najafi, Ali Motevalli, Nor Azwadi Che Sidik, and Muhammad Arif Harun. "Evaluation and Improvement of Thermal Energy of Heat Exchangers with SWCNT, GQD Nanoparticles and PCM (RT82)." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 79, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 153–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.79.1.153168.

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Today, due to the reduction of energy resources in the world and its pollutants, energy storage methods and increase the thermal efficiency of various systems are very important. In this research, the thermal efficiency and energy storage of two heat exchangers have been investigated in series using phase change materials (RT82) and single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and graphene quantum dot nanoparticles (GQD) In this research, two heat exchangers have been used in combination. The first heat exchanger was in charge of storing thermal energy and the second heat exchanger was in charge of heat exchange. The reason for this is to improve the heat exchange of the main exchanger (shell and tube) by using heat storage in the secondary exchanger, which has not been addressed in previous research. The results of this study showed that using two heat exchangers in series, the thermal efficiency of the system has increased. Also, the heat energy storage of the double tube heat exchanger was obtained using phase change materials in the single-walled carbon nanotube composition of about 3000 W. The average thermal efficiency of the two heat exchangers as the series has increased by 52%. In general, the effect of the two heat exchangers on each other was investigated in series with two approaches (energy storage and energy conversion) using fin and nanoparticles, which obtained convincing results.

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5

Leuning, R., and Gui-Rui Yu. "Carbon exchange research in ChinaFLUX." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 137, no. 3-4 (April 2006): 123–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.02.002.

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6

Höll, W. H., and K. Hagen. "Partial demineralisation of drinking water using carbon dioxide regenerated ion exchangers." Water Supply 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2002.0007.

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CARIX is an ion exchange process which usually applies a mixed bed consisting of a weakly acidic and a strongly basic exchanger material. Carbon dioxide is applied as the only chemical for regeneration of the exchangers. As a consequence, the effluent contains only the amount of salt eliminated during the service cycle. CARIX allows a combined partial softening/dealkalisation/sulfate/nitrate of drinking water. A modification of the process uses exclusively a weakly acidic cation exchanger and allows a softening/dealkalisation. The process has been realised for drinking water treatment in five full-scale plants in Germany. Results of operation demonstrate that an excellent water quality is provided at fairly low cost.

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7

Perry, S. F. "Carbon dioxide excretion in fishes." Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 3 (March 1, 1986): 565–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z86-083.

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The pattern and control of carbon dioxide excretion in fish is reviewed with particular emphasis on the site(s) of bicarbonate dehydration, the involvement of diffusive and convective processes, and the relationship with ionic and acid–base regulation. The principal route for carbon dioxide excretion in fish involves the catalysed dehydration of plasma bicarbonate within erythrocytes to form physically dissolved CO2 and the subsequent diffusion of physically dissolved CO2 across the gill epithelium. It is likely that bicarbonate entry into the erythrocyte in exchange for intracellular chloride, rather than branchial CO2 diffusion or blood/water convection, is the rate-limiting process in carbon dioxide excretion, although a change in any one of these factors will affect overall CO2 elimination. Additionally, a relatively minor amount of CO2 is hydrated within gill epithelial cells to form H+ and HCO3− ions that are exchanged for Cl− ions and Na+ ions, respectively. Evidence is presented indicating that branchial and erythrocytic HCO3−/Cl− exchanges are under adrenergic control and that modulations of these processes by elevated levels of circulating catecholamines may be important in regulating acid–base disturbances.

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8

Watanabe, Kenta, Goro Yoshida, Masakazu Hori, Yu Umezawa, Hirotada Moki, and Tomohiro Kuwae. "Macroalgal metabolism and lateral carbon flows can create significant carbon sinks." Biogeosciences 17, no. 9 (May 5, 2020): 2425–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-2425-2020.

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Abstract. Macroalgal beds have drawn attention as one of the vegetated coastal ecosystems that act as atmospheric CO2 sinks. Although macroalgal metabolism as well as inorganic and organic carbon flows are important pathways for CO2 uptake by macroalgal beds, the relationships between macroalgal metabolism and associated carbon flows are still poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated carbon flows, including air–water CO2 exchange and budgets of dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), in a temperate macroalgal bed during the productive months of the year. To assess the key mechanisms responsible for atmospheric CO2 uptake by the macroalgal bed, we estimated macroalgal metabolism and lateral carbon flows (i.e., carbon exchanges between the macroalgal bed and the offshore area) by using field measurements of carbon species, a field-bag method, a degradation experiment, and mass-balance modeling in a temperate Sargassum bed over a diurnal cycle. Our results showed that macroalgal metabolism and lateral carbon flows driven by water exchange affected air–water CO2 exchange in the macroalgal bed and the surrounding waters. Macroalgal metabolism caused overlying waters to contain low concentrations of CO2 and high concentrations of DOC that were efficiently exported offshore from the macroalgal bed. These results indicate that the exported water can potentially lower CO2 concentrations in the offshore surface water and enhance atmospheric CO2 uptake. Furthermore, the Sargassum bed exported 6 %–35 % of the macroalgal net community production (NCP; 302–1378 mmol C m−2 d−1) as DOC to the offshore area. The results of degradation experiments showed that 56 %–78 % of macroalgal DOC was refractory DOC (RDOC) that persisted for 150 d; thus, the Sargassum bed exported 5 %–20 % of the macroalgal NCP as RDOC. Our findings suggest that macroalgal beds in habitats associated with high water exchange rates can create significant CO2 sinks around them and export a substantial amount of DOC to offshore areas.

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9

Barcza, Zoltáan, Láaszlóo Haszpra, Hiroaki Kondo, Nobuko Saigusa, Susumu Yamamoto, and Judit Bartholy. "Carbon exchange of grass in Hungary." Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology 55, no. 2 (January 2003): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v55i2.16695.

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10

Krueger, Harold W. "Exchange of carbon with biological apatite." Journal of Archaeological Science 18, no. 3 (May 1991): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-4403(91)90071-v.

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11

Åberg, G., D. E. Stijfhoorn, K. Iden, and R. Löfvendahl. "Carbon isotope exchange during calcite sulphation." Atmospheric Environment 33, no. 9 (April 1999): 1399–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(98)00291-x.

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12

BARCZA, ZOLTAN, LASZLO HASZPRA, HIROAKI KONDO, NOBUKO SAIGUSA, SUSUMU YAMAMOTO, and JUDIT BARTHOLY. "Carbon exchange of grass in Hungary." Tellus B 55, no. 2 (April 2003): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.2003.00014.x.

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13

Hinsinger, Karen, and Grégory Pieters. "The Emergence of Carbon Isotope Exchange." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 58, no. 29 (July 15, 2019): 9678–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201905368.

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14

Strickland, M. S., D. Hawlena, A. Reese, M. A. Bradford, and O. J. Schmitz. "Trophic cascade alters ecosystem carbon exchange." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110, no. 27 (June 17, 2013): 11035–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1305191110.

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15

Kist, A. A. "Carbon isotope exchange and radiocarbon dating." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Letters 176, no. 4 (October 1993): 339–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02163499.

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16

He, Ping, Kok-Giap Haw, Shichen Yan, Lingxue Tang, Qianrong Fang, Shilun Qiu, and Valentin Valtchev. "Carbon beads with a well-defined pore structure derived from ion-exchange resin beads." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 31 (2019): 18285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta04069b.

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17

Striegl, Robert G., and David E. Armstrong. "Carbon dioxide retention and carbon exchange on unsaturated Quaternary sediments." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 54, no. 8 (August 1990): 2277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(90)90051-l.

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18

Myles, Timothy D., Kyle N. Grew, Aldo A. Peracchio, and Wilson K. S. Chiu. "Transient ion exchange of anion exchange membranes exposed to carbon dioxide." Journal of Power Sources 296 (November 2015): 225–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.07.044.

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19

Takaishi, Tetsuo, and Akira Endoh. "Exchange of oxygen isotopes between carbon dioxide and ion-exchanged zeolites A." Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions 1: Physical Chemistry in Condensed Phases 83, no. 2 (1987): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/f19878300411.

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20

Chojnicki, B. H. "Spectral estimation of wetland carbon dioxide exchange." International Agrophysics 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 1–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10247-012-0061-3.

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Abstract The simultaneous measurements of broadband normalized difference vegetation index and net ecosystem production were carried out at Rzecin wetland in 2009. Additionally, carbon fluxes, ecosystem respiration and gross ecosystem production were estimated on the basis of measured net ecosystem production values. The maximum broadband normalized difference vegetation index value (0.73) was measured on the 6th of July. The minimum broadband normalized difference vegetation index value measured before and after the vegetation period was 0.40. The annual dynamics of carbon fluxes and broadband normalized difference vegetation index runs were different from each other. During the second half of vegetation period greenness of plants decreases more slowly than plants carbon dioxide uptake capacity. These differences are likely to be determined by plants aging. The results presented in this paper show potential applicability of broadband normalized difference vegetation index for the estimation of carbon dioxide exchange in wetlands.

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21

Werstiuk, Nick Henry, Thomas Hemscheidt, and George Timmins. "Protium–deuterium exchange of 17-oxosparteine: Homoenolization of a lactam." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 67, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 565–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v89-085.

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The H–D exchange of 17-oxosparteine (1b) has been studied under homoenolization conditions. We find that 1b undergoes H–D exchange at the bridgehead carbon C7 at 130 °C, but forcing conditions (240 °C) using the medium (CD3)3COK/(CD3)3COD are required to induce exchange at C11, C15, and other sites. C15-Ha exchanges only marginally faster than C15-Hc, indicating that the β-lactam carbanion is stabilized primarily by the dipolar effect of the amide group. Keywords: protium–deuterium exchange, 17-oxosparteine, homoenolization.

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22

Hai Thinh, Pham Thi. "RESEARCH ON ION EXCHANGE CAPACITY OF OXIDIZEDACTIVATED CARBON." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 55, no. 4C (March 24, 2018): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/55/4c/12159.

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Ion exchange capacity of oxidized activated carbon (OAC) by HNO3 and surface treatment by NaOH solution was investigated. The HNO3oxidizedfunctional groups on the activated carbon surface, such as ketone, carboxylic acid and its derivatives, to maximum oxidation state. The OAC surface played the role as cation exchanger for adsorption of inorganic compounds, especially metallic cations. The adsorption capacity of OAC was investigated in batch mode with three representative ions with different valence from +1 to +3 (NH4+, Ca2+, Cr3+). The adsorption process was demonstrated by Langmuir and Freundlich isothermal model, and the maximum adsorption capacity according to Langmuir isothrermal equation was 20.4 mg/g for NH4+, 43.5 mg/g for Ca2+ and 38.5 mg/g for Cr3+. The results showed the OAC modified by HNO3 and surface treatment by NaOH solution improved adsorption capacity of AC for cations in solution to a higher level.

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23

Theodoridou, E., A. D. Jannakoudakis, P. D. Jannakoudakis, and S. Antoniadou. "Electrochemically oxidized carbon fibres as an adsorbent for the attachment of dissolved substances. Adsorption of nitro compounds and ion-exchange of heavy metals." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 69, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 1881–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v91-272.

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The adsorption of several aromatic nitro compounds and the ion-exchange of heavy metal ions on electro-oxidized carbon fibres have been investigated using cyclic voltammetric and polarographic techniques. Electro-oxidation is performed by potentiostatic double pulse application. This procedure results in the generation of many functional —OH and —COOH groups with adsorptive and ion-exchanging properties.Multimolecular layers of adsorbed substances may be formed through a procedure of successive adsorption of the nitro-compound and electro-reduction to the corresponding amine, resulting in the attachment of considerable amounts of the nitro-compound to the carbon fibres.The ion-exchange capacity is estimated to be ca. 1 mequiv. g−1 and with slight deviations it follows the rank Ag, Cu, Cd, Pb, Hg. After the electro-reduction of the exchanged metal ions, the ion-exchange process can be repeated several times. This procedure is of importance for the removal of significant amounts of heavy and toxic metals from industrial waste waters. Key words: electro-oxidized carbon fibres, adsorption of aromatic nitro compounds, cation-exchange of heavy metals.

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24

Delgado, A. V., S. Ahualli, M. M. Fernández, M. A. González, G. R. Iglesias, J. F. Vivo-Vilches, and M. L. Jiménez. "Geometrical properties of materials for energy production by salinity exchange." Environmental Chemistry 14, no. 5 (2017): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en16210.

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Environmental contextOceans and seas have the potential to play a significant role in providing renewable and clean energy. In particular, salinity difference energy aims to extract the enormous amount of energy that is released when fresh water rivers flow into the oceans. Capmix methods are focused on this challenge by using capacitive carbon electrodes whose optimisation will certainly help in developing salinity difference energy. AbstractOne of the most powerful marine renewable resources is salinity difference energy, also termed blue energy. Numerous techniques have been investigated to harvest this energy but, recently, the capmix proposal has increased in importance due to its easy implementation and use of low cost materials, very often activated carbon. Two methods based on this principle are tested in this work, namely CDLE (energy production by double layer expansion in bare electrodes) and SE (the electrodes are made ‘soft’ by polyelectrolyte coating). The characteristics of the carbon materials play a central role in capmix energy production. In this work, we focus on understanding the required pore structure that might be demanded from carbon samples. The balance between micro- and mesopores, the wettability of the material and its electrical resistance are explored by using hierarchical carbons, and their combination with graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes. It is found that the CDLE technique requires a large fraction of mesopores for easy solution exchange, while SE performance improves with a large amount of micropores. The addition of carbon nanotubes to the activated carbon reduces the capmix cycle duration, increasing the extracted power. In the case of electrodes containing graphene the internal resistance decreases, but the hydrophobicity of graphene oxide works against the improvement in energy extraction.

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25

Yuan, W., Y. Luo, S. Liang, G. Yu, S. Niu, P. Stoy, J. Chen, et al. "Thermal adaptation of net ecosystem exchange." Biogeosciences Discussions 8, no. 1 (February 7, 2011): 1109–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-8-1109-2011.

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Abstract. Thermal adaptation of gross primary production and ecosystem respiration has been well documented over broad thermal gradients. However, no study has examined their interaction as a function of temperature, i.e. the thermal responses of net ecosystem exchange of carbon (NEE). In this study, we constructed temperature response curves of NEE against temperature using 380 site-years of eddy covariance data at 72 forest, grassland and shrubland ecosystems located at latitudes ranging from ~29° N to 64° N. The response curves were used to define two critical temperatures: transition temperature (Tb) at which ecosystem transferring from carbon source to sink and optimal temperature (To) at which carbon uptake is maximized. Tb was strongly correlated with annual mean air temperature. To was strongly correlated with mean temperature during the net carbon uptake period across the study ecosystems. Our results suggested that ecosystem CO2 flux switched from source to sink when air temperature reached annual mean temperature in spring and reached maximum uptake at mean temperature of the net carbon uptake period. Our results imply that the net ecosystem exchange of carbon adapt to the temperature across the geographical range due to intrinsic connections between vegetation primary production and ecosystem respiration.

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26

Cervini, Luca, Nathan Barrow, and John Griffin. "Observing Solvent Dynamics in Porous Carbons by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance : Elucidating molecular-level dynamics of in-pore and ex-pore species." Johnson Matthey Technology Review 64, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 152–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1595/205651320x15747624015789.

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The adsorption and diffusion of species in activated carbons is fundamental to many processes in catalysis and energy storage. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) gives an insight into the molecular-level mechanisms of these phenomena thanks to the unique magnetic shielding properties of the porous carbon structure, which allows adsorbed (in-pore) species to be distinguished from those in the bulk (ex-pore). In this work we investigate exchange dynamics between ex-pore and in-pore solvent species in microporous carbons using a combination of one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) NMR experiments. We systematically compare the effects of four variables: particle size, porosity, solvent polarity and solvent viscosity to build up a picture of how these factors influence the exchange kinetics. We show that exchange rates are greater in smaller and more highly activated carbon particles, which is expected due to the shorter in-pore‐ex-pore path length and faster diffusion in large pores. Our results also show that in-pore‐ex-pore exchange of apolar solvents is slower than water, suggesting that the hydrophobic chemistry of the carbon surface plays a role in the diffusion kinetics, and that increased viscosity also reduces the exchange kinetics. Our results also suggest the importance of other parameters, such as molecular diameter and solvent packing in micropores.

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27

Yuan, W., Y. Luo, S. Liang, G. Yu, S. Niu, P. Stoy, J. Chen, et al. "Thermal adaptation of net ecosystem exchange." Biogeosciences 8, no. 6 (June 6, 2011): 1453–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-1453-2011.

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Abstract. Thermal adaptation of gross primary production and ecosystem respiration has been well documented over broad thermal gradients. However, no study has examined their interaction as a function of temperature, i.e. the thermal responses of net ecosystem exchange of carbon (NEE). In this study, we constructed temperature response curves of NEE against temperature using 380 site-years of eddy covariance data at 72 forest, grassland and shrubland ecosystems located at latitudes ranging from ~29° N to 64° N. The response curves were used to define two critical temperatures: transition temperature (Tb) at which ecosystem transfer from carbon source to sink and optimal temperature (To) at which carbon uptake is maximized. Tb was strongly correlated with annual mean air temperature. To was strongly correlated with mean temperature during the net carbon uptake period across the study ecosystems. Our results imply that the net ecosystem exchange of carbon adapts to the temperature across the geographical range due to intrinsic connections between vegetation primary production and ecosystem respiration.

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28

Law, R. M., T. Ziehn, R. J. Matear, A. Lenton, M. A. Chamberlain, L. E. Stevens, Y. P. Wang, et al. "The carbon cycle in the Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator (ACCESS-ESM1) – Part 1: Model description and pre-industrial simulation." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 8, no. 9 (September 18, 2015): 8063–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-8-8063-2015.

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Abstract. Earth System Models (ESMs) that incorporate carbon-climate feedbacks represent the present state of the art in climate modelling. Here, we describe the Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator (ACCESS)-ESM1 that combines existing ocean and land carbon models into the physical climate model to simulate exchanges of carbon between the land, atmosphere and ocean. The land carbon model can optionally include both nitrogen and phosphorous limitation on the land carbon uptake. The ocean carbon model simulates the evolution of nitrate, oxygen, dissolved inorganic carbon, alkalinity and iron with one class of phytoplankton and zooplankton. From two multi-centennial simulations of the pre-industrial period with different land carbon model configurations, we evaluate the equilibration of the carbon cycle and present the spatial and temporal variability in key carbon exchanges. For the land carbon cycle, leaf area index is simulated reasonably, and seasonal carbon exchange is well represented. Interannual variations of land carbon exchange are relatively large, driven by variability in precipitation and temperature. We find that the response of the ocean carbon cycle shows reasonable agreement with observations and very good agreement with existing Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) models. While our model over estimates surface nitrate values, the primary productivity agrees well with observations. Our analysis highlights some deficiencies inherent in the carbon models and where the carbon simulation is negatively impacted by known biases in the underlying physical model. We conclude the study with a brief discussion of key developments required to further improve the realism of our model simulation.

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29

Anthoni, Peter M., Annette Freibauer, Olaf Kolle, and Ernst-Detlef Schulze. "Winter wheat carbon exchange in Thuringia, Germany." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 121, no. 1-2 (January 2004): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1923(03)00162-x.

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30

Bratek, Krystyna, Wiesław Bratek, and Marek Kułażyński. "Carbon adsorbents from waste ion-exchange resin." Carbon 40, no. 12 (2002): 2213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0008-6223(02)00091-x.

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31

Acevedo, Otávio C., Osvaldo L. L. Moraes, David R. Fitzjarrald, Ricardo K. Sakai, and Larry Mahrt. "Turbulent carbon exchange in very stable conditions." Boundary-Layer Meteorology 125, no. 1 (June 16, 2007): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10546-007-9193-6.

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32

Dmitriev, I. S., Ya A. Teplova, Yu A. Belkova, and N. V. Novikov. "Charge exchange cross sections of carbon ions." Journal of Surface Investigation. X-ray, Synchrotron and Neutron Techniques 2, no. 2 (April 2008): 270–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1027451008020195.

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33

Shurpali, N. J., S. B. Verma, J. Kim, and T. J. Arkebauer. "Carbon dioxide exchange in a peatland ecosystem." Journal of Geophysical Research 100, no. D7 (1995): 14319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95jd01227.

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34

Kingston, Cian, Michael A. Wallace, Alban J. Allentoff, Justine N. deGruyter, Jason S. Chen, Sharon X. Gong, Samuel Bonacorsi, and Phil S. Baran. "Direct Carbon Isotope Exchange through Decarboxylative Carboxylation." Journal of the American Chemical Society 141, no. 2 (January 3, 2019): 774–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.8b12035.

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35

Gun’ko, V. M., R. Leboda, J. Skubiszewska-Zięba, B. Charmas, and P. Oleszczuk. "Carbon adsorbents from waste ion-exchange resins." Carbon 43, no. 6 (May 2005): 1143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2004.09.032.

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36

DeLeon, Robert L., and J. William Rich. "Vibrational energy exchange rates in carbon monoxide." Chemical Physics 107, no. 2-3 (September 1986): 283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-0104(86)85008-x.

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37

Moors, Eddy J., Cor Jacobs, Wilma Jans, Iwan Supit, Werner L. Kutsch, Christian Bernhofer, Pierre Béziat, et al. "Variability in carbon exchange of European croplands." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 139, no. 3 (November 2010): 325–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2010.04.013.

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38

Golubyatnikov, Leonid L., and Yuri M. Svirezhev. "Life-cycle model of terrestrial carbon exchange." Ecological Modelling 213, no. 2 (May 2008): 202–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.12.001.

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39

Sun, Jianfeng, Changhui Peng, Harry McCaughey, Xiaolu Zhou, Valerie Thomas, Frank Berninger, Benoît St-Onge, and Dong Hua. "Simulating carbon exchange of Canadian boreal forests." Ecological Modelling 219, no. 3-4 (December 2008): 276–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.03.031.

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Zhou, Xiaolu, Changhui Peng, Qing-Lai Dang, Jianfeng Sun, Haibin Wu, and Dong Hua. "Simulating carbon exchange in Canadian Boreal forests." Ecological Modelling 219, no. 3-4 (December 2008): 287–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.07.011.

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Besmann, Theodore M., James W. Klett, John J. Henry, and Edgar Lara-Curzio. "Carbon/Carbon Composite Bipolar Plate for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 147, no. 11 (2000): 4083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1394023.

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Sackett, William M. "Carbon isotope exchange between methane and amorphous carbon at 700°C." Organic Geochemistry 20, no. 1 (January 1993): 43–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(93)90079-q.

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43

Novakovic, Mihajlo, Ricardo P. Martinho, Gregory L. Olsen, Michael S. Lustig, and Lucio Frydman. "Sensitivity-enhanced detection of non-labile proton and carbon NMR spectra on water resonances." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 1 (2018): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp07046b.

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Marshall, Wayne E., Lynda H. Wartelle, and Danny E. Akin. "Flax shive as a source of activated carbon for metals remediation." BioResources 2, no. 1 (February 23, 2007): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.2.1.82-90.

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Flax shive constitutes about 70% of the flax stem and has limited use. Because shive is a lignocellulosic by-product, it can potentially be pyrolyzed and activated to produce an activated carbon. The objective of this study was to create an activated carbon from flax shive by chemical activation in order to achieve significant binding of selected divalent cations (cadmium, calcium, copper, magnesium, nickel, zinc). Shive carbons activated by exposure to phosphoric acid and com-pressed air showed greater binding of cadmium, copper, nickel or zinc than a sulfuric acid-activated flax shive carbon reported in the literature and a commercial, wood-based carbon. Uptake of calcium from a drinking water sample by the shive carbon was similar to commercial drinking water filters that contained cation exchange resins. Magnesium removal by the shive carbon was greater than a commercial drinking water filtration carbon but less than for filters containing cation exchange resins. The results indicate that chemically activated flax shive carbon shows considerable promise as a component in industrial and residential water filtration systems for removal of divalent cations.

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Emmerton, Craig A., Vincent L. St. Louis, Igor Lehnherr, Jennifer A. Graydon, Jane L. Kirk, and Kimberly J. Rondeau. "The importance of freshwater systems to the net atmospheric exchange of carbon dioxide and methane with a rapidly changing high Arctic watershed." Biogeosciences 13, no. 20 (October 26, 2016): 5849–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5849-2016.

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Abstract. A warming climate is rapidly changing the distribution and exchanges of carbon within high Arctic ecosystems. Few data exist, however, which quantify exchange of both carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) between the atmosphere and freshwater systems, or estimate freshwater contributions to total catchment exchange of these gases, in the high Arctic. During the summers of 2005 and 2007–2012, we quantified CO2 and CH4 concentrations in, and atmospheric exchange with, common freshwater systems in the high Arctic watershed of Lake Hazen, Nunavut, Canada. We identified four types of biogeochemically distinct freshwater systems in the watershed; however mean CO2 concentrations (21–28 µmol L−1) and atmospheric exchange (−0.013 to +0.046 g C–CO2 m−2 day−1) were similar between these systems. Seasonal flooding of ponds bordering Lake Hazen generated considerable CH4 emissions to the atmosphere (+0.008 g C–CH4 m−2 day−1), while all other freshwater systems were minimal emitters of this gas (< +0.001 g C–CH4 m−2 day−1). When using ecosystem-cover classification mapping and data from previous studies, we found that freshwaters were unimportant contributors to total watershed carbon exchange, in part because they covered less than 10 % of total area in the watershed. High Arctic watersheds are experiencing warmer and wetter climates than in the past, which may have implications for moisture availability, landscape cover, and the exchange of CO2 and CH4 of underproductive but expansive polar semidesert ecosystems.

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Schmitz, Oswald J., Christopher C. Wilmers, Shawn J. Leroux, Christopher E. Doughty, Trisha B. Atwood, Mauro Galetti, Andrew B. Davies, and Scott J. Goetz. "Animals and the zoogeochemistry of the carbon cycle." Science 362, no. 6419 (December 6, 2018): eaar3213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aar3213.

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Predicting and managing the global carbon cycle requires scientific understanding of ecosystem processes that control carbon uptake and storage. It is generally assumed that carbon cycling is sufficiently characterized in terms of uptake and exchange between ecosystem plant and soil pools and the atmosphere. We show that animals also play an important role by mediating carbon exchange between ecosystems and the atmosphere, at times turning ecosystem carbon sources into sinks, or vice versa. Animals also move across landscapes, creating a dynamism that shapes landscape-scale variation in carbon exchange and storage. Predicting and measuring carbon cycling under such dynamism is an important scientific challenge. We explain how to link analyses of spatial ecosystem functioning, animal movement, and remote sensing of animal habitats with carbon dynamics across landscapes.

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Lawrinenko, Michael, and David A. Laird. "Anion exchange capacity of biochar." Green Chemistry 17, no. 9 (2015): 4628–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5gc00828j.

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Hunt, L. A., and G. van der Poorten. "Carbon dioxide exchange rates and leaf nitrogen contents during ageing of the flag and penultimate leaves of five spring-wheat cultivars." Canadian Journal of Botany 63, no. 9 (September 1, 1985): 1605–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-223.

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Postanthesis carbon dioxide exchange and transpiration rates of flag and penultimate leaves of five spring-wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Thell.) cultivars were measured from complete flag-leaf expansion to senescence. Leaf nitrogen contents were determined from anthesis to maturity. Both the absolute level of and the time-related decline of the carbon dioxide exchange rate varied among the cultivars. The flag-leaf carbon dioxide exchange rate decreased steadily throughout for one cultivar and slowly for a varying period and then rapidly for most others. The penultimate-leaf carbon dioxide exchange rate decreased throughout with one cultivar but did not decline in the period from 1 to 3 weeks postanthesis in others. The transpiration rate peaked at or near anthesis for the flag leaves and then either declined or fluctuated around the peak value for 3 weeks. The penultimate-leaf transpiration rate increased to a second peak late in ontogeny for most genotypes. In general, the time course of the transpiration rate matched that of the carbon dioxide exchange rate, but the transpiration rate at a specific carbon dioxide exchange rate was lower for penultimate than for flag leaves. The carbon dioxide exchange rate was linearly related to leaf nitrogen content, with the same regression applying for both flag and penultimate leaves; regressions were similar for all genotypes. There were no marked deviations from the overall carbon dioxide exchange rate – nitrogen regression that could be indicative of a "sink" influence on the activity of photosynthetic enzymes.

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Søndergaard, Morten. "Simultaneous measurements of carbon-14 and carbon-12 exchange in submerged macrophytes." SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010 23, no. 2 (August 1988): 921–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03680770.1987.11899743.

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Celebi, Serdar, T. Alexander Nijhuis, John van der Schaaf, Frank A. de Bruijn, and Jaap C. Schouten. "Carbon nanofiber growth on carbon paper for proton exchange membrane fuel cells." Carbon 49, no. 2 (February 2011): 501–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2010.09.048.

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