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Journal articles on the topic 'Carbon encapsulated'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Katar, Sri Lakshmi, Azlin Biaggi Labiosa, Amairy E. Plaud, Edgar Mosquera-Vargas, Luis Fonseca, Brad R. Weiner, and Gerardo Morell. "Silicon Encapsulated Carbon Nanotubes." Nanoscale Research Letters 5, no. 1 (October 9, 2009): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11671-009-9446-z.

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2

Chan, H. B. S., B. L. Ellis, H. L. Sharma, W. Frost, V. Caps, R. A. Shields, and S. C. Tsang. "Carbon-Encapsulated Radioactive99mTc Nanoparticles." Advanced Materials 16, no. 2 (January 16, 2004): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.200305407.

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3

Liu, Fu Qiang, Sheng Liang Hu, and Pei Kang Bai. "Size Prediction of Carbon-Encapsulated Nickel Nanoparticles." Advanced Materials Research 531 (June 2012): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.531.207.

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A simple theoretical model to predict the size control of carbon-encapsulated metal nanoparticles is developed using heat transfer and carbon diffusion theories. Taking carbon-encapsulated nickel nanoparticles as an example, the minimum size of carbon-encapsulated structure that can be formed as a function of the ambient temperature is calculated and the effect of activation energies for carbon diffusion on the size of carbon-encapsulated nickel nanoparticles is examined. The theoretical results are in good agreement with the experiment, suggesting that our model can be used to guide the size-controlled synthesis of carbon-encapsulated metal nanoparticles.

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4

Sedelnikova, Olga, Olga Gurova, Anna Makarova, Anastasiya Fedorenko, Anton Nikolenko, Pavel Plyusnin, Raul Arenal, Lyubov Bulusheva, and Alexander Okotrub. "Light-Induced Sulfur Transport inside Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes." Nanomaterials 10, no. 5 (April 25, 2020): 818. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10050818.

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Filling of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and extraction of the encapsulated species from their cavities are perspective treatments for tuning the functional properties of SWCNT-based materials. Here, we have investigated sulfur-modified SWCNTs synthesized by the ampoule method. The morphology and chemical states of carbon and sulfur were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy, Raman scattering, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray photoelectron and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopies. Successful encapsulation of sulfur inside SWCNTs cavities was demonstrated. The peculiarities of interactions of SWCNTs with encapsulated and external sulfur species were analyzed in details. In particular, the donor–acceptor interaction between encapsulated sulfur and host SWCNT is experimentally demonstrated. The sulfur-filled SWCNTs were continuously irradiated in situ with polychromatic photon beam of high intensity. Comparison of X-ray spectra of the samples before and after the treatment revealed sulfur transport from the interior to the surface of SWCNTs bundles, in particular extraction of sulfur from the SWCNT cavity. These results show that the moderate heating of filled nanotubes could be used to de-encapsulate the guest species tuning the local composition, and hence, the functional properties of SWCNT-based materials.

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5

Su, Yi-Chun, and Wen-Kuang Hsu. "Fe-encapsulated carbon nanotubes: Nanoelectromagnets." Applied Physics Letters 87, no. 23 (December 5, 2005): 233112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2138674.

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6

BAUM, RUDY. "Metal encapsulated in carbon particles." Chemical & Engineering News 71, no. 3 (January 18, 1993): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v071n003.p034.

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7

Smith, Brian W., Marc Monthioux, and David E. Luzzi. "Encapsulated C60 in carbon nanotubes." Nature 396, no. 6709 (November 1998): 323–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/24521.

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8

Huo, Junping, Huaihe Song, Xiaohong Chen, and Bin Cheng. "From Carbon-Encapsulated Iron Nanorods to Carbon Nanotubes." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 112, no. 15 (April 2008): 5835–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp711792x.

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9

Choi, Won Young, Jeong Won Kang, and Ho Jung Hwang. "Cu Nanowire Structures Inside Carbon Nanotubes." Materials Science Forum 449-452 (March 2004): 1229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.449-452.1229.

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We have investigated the structures of copper nanowires encapsulated in carbon nanotubes using a structural optimization process applied to a steepest descent method. Results show that the stable morphology of the cylindrical ultra-thin copper nanowires in carbon nanotubes is multi-shell packs consisted of coaxial cylindrical shells. As the diameters of copper nanotubes increases, the encapsulated copper nanowires have the face centered cubic structure as the bulk. The circular rolling of a triangular network can explain the structures of ultra-thin multi-shell copper nanowires encapsulated in carbon nanotubes.

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10

Yu, Jun, and Bing She Xu. "Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon-Encapsulated Nickel Nanoparticles from De-Oiled Asphalt." Advanced Materials Research 652-654 (January 2013): 202–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.652-654.202.

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Carbon-encapsulated Ni nanoparticles with the size of 5 to 30 nm were synthesized from de-oiled asphalt (DOA) by heat-treatment at 1800 °C with nickel powder. The nanoparticles exhibited well-constructed core-shell structures, with Ni cores and graphitic shells. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) examinations confirmed that the carbon-encapsulated Ni nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed in carbon matrix and the Ni nanoparticles were surrounded by several carbon layers with well ordered arrangement. The formation of the core-shell nanoparticles was selectively controlled by adjusting the ratio of de-oiled asphalt to nickel powders. The possible growth model for the carbon-encapsulated Ni nanoparticles was discussed briefly. This result presents a simple and controllable way to synthesize carbon-encapsulated nickel nanoparticles.

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11

Pang, Jin Shan, Hai Yan Zhang, and Li Ping Li. "Enhancement of Thermal Conductivity with Carbon-Encapsulated Copper Nano-Particle for Nanofluids." Advanced Materials Research 284-286 (July 2011): 801–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.284-286.801.

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Carbon-encapsulated copper nanoparticles were synthesized by a carbon arc discharge method. The particles were characterized in detail by transmission electron microscope, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry. The result showed that the outside graphitic carbon layers effectively prevented unwanted oxidation of the copper inside. The dispersion behaviors and thermal conductivity of Carbon-encapsulated copper nanoparticles in water with different dispersants were investigated under different pH values. The results showed that the dispersion and thermal conductivity enhancements of Carbon-encapsulated copper nanoparticles nanofluids are higher than that of copper nanoparticles.

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12

Zvonareva, T. K., A. A. Sitnikova, G. S. Frolova, and V. I. Ivanov-Omskiĭ. "Platinum nanoclusters encapsulated in amorphous carbon." Semiconductors 42, no. 3 (March 2008): 325–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063782608030159.

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13

Guo, Jinrui, and Kenneth S. Suslick. "Gold nanoparticles encapsulated in porous carbon." Chemical Communications 48, no. 90 (2012): 11094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2cc34616h.

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14

Narkiewicz, U., and M. Podsiadły. "Synthesis of carbon-encapsulated nickel nanoparticles." Applied Surface Science 256, no. 17 (June 2010): 5249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2009.12.112.

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15

Aines, Roger D., Christopher M. Spaddaccini, Eric B. Duoss, Joshuah K. Stolaroff, John Vericella, Jennifer A. Lewis, and George Farthing. "Encapsulated Solvents for Carbon Dioxide Capture." Energy Procedia 37 (2013): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2013.05.105.

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16

Hao, Ling-Yun, Shou-Hu Xuan, Xing-Long Gong, Rui Gu, Wan-Quan Jiang, and Zu-Yao Chen. "Ellipsoidal Carbon Capsules Encapsulated Magnetite Nanorods." Chemistry Letters 36, no. 1 (January 2007): 126–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/cl.2007.126.

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17

Taylor, Arthur, Yulia Krupskaya, Sara Costa, Steffen Oswald, Kai Krämer, Susanne Füssel, Rüdiger Klingeler, Bernd Büchner, Ewa Borowiak-Palen, and Manfred P. Wirth. "Functionalization of carbon encapsulated iron nanoparticles." Journal of Nanoparticle Research 12, no. 2 (October 10, 2009): 513–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11051-009-9773-0.

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18

Plank, W., H. Kuzmany, F. Simon, T. Saito, S. Ohshima, M. Yumura, S. Iijima, G. Rotas, G. Pagona, and N. Tagmatarchis. "Fullerene derivatives encapsulated in carbon nanotubes." physica status solidi (b) 244, no. 11 (November 2007): 4074–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.200676129.

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19

Girma, Wubshet Mekonnen. "Synthesis of Carbon-Encapsulated Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanocomposites for Bioapplication." International Journal of Biomaterials 2022 (September 20, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3302082.

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Carbon-encapsulated Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) were successfully synthesized from a single precursor using one-step solvothermal methods. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the as-prepared NPs, and UV-visible absorbance spectroscopy was used to check their optical properties. The morphological results revealed that Fe3O4@C, quasi-spherical Fe3O4 particles encapsulated by carbon. In addition, the carbon-encapsulated Fe3O4 NPs were conjugated with folic acid (FA) to be used as biomarkers in the diagnosis and treatment of tumour cells. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and UV-visible spectroscopic techniques were used to confirm the conjugation process.

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20

Chaipanich, Arnon, and Nittaya Jaitanong. "Fabrication and Properties of PZT-Cement-Encapsulated Carbon Composites." Key Engineering Materials 421-422 (December 2009): 428–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.421-422.428.

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Lead zirconate titanate, Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 (PZT) has excellent piezoelectric properties and has been used in a number of applications such as sensors and actuators. Recently, PZT has been used with a cement based material to produce new types of composite. These new piezoelectric-cement based composites have been developed for sensor applications in civil engineering works where these composites would provide better matching to concrete than the existing normal piezoelectric ceramic or piezoelectric-polymer composites. In this work, encapsulated carbon addition of 2% by volume was added to the PZT-cement composites using pressed-cured method. Dielectric properties of the composites were investigated from 1 to 100 kHz as a preliminary investigation. The results show that the dielectric constant was found to be higher for the composite with the addition of encapsulated carbon. The dielectric loss of the composite with the encapsulated carbon, however, was found to be less when compared to the composite with no encapsulated carbon. Scanning electron micrographs of these composites also revealed that a dense microstructure can be obtained from this method.

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21

Chomicz, Roman, Michał Bystrzejewski, and Krzysztof Stolarczyk. "Carbon-Encapsulated Iron Nanoparticles as a Magnetic Modifier of Bioanode and Biocathode in a Biofuel Cell and Biobattery." Catalysts 11, no. 6 (June 2, 2021): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11060705.

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This work demonstrates the application of magnetic carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles (CEINs) for the construction of bioelectrodes in a biobattery and a biofuel cell. It has been shown that carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles are a suitable material for the immobilization of laccase (Lc) and 1,4-naphthoquinone (NQ) and fructose dehydrogenase (FDH). The system is stable; no leaching of the enzyme and mediator from the surface of the modified electrode was observed. The onset of the catalytic reduction of oxygen to water was at 0.55 V, and catalytic fructose oxidation started at −0.15 V. A biobattery was developed in which a zinc plate served as the anode, and the cathode was a glassy carbon electrode modified with carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles, laccase in the Nafion (Nf) layer. The maximum power of the cell was ca. 7 mW/cm2 at 0.71 V and under external resistance of 1 kΩ. The open-circuit voltage (OCV) for this system was 1.51 V. In the biofuel cell, magnetic nanoparticles were used both on the bioanode and biocathode to immobilize the enzymes. The glassy carbon bioanode was coated with carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles, 1,4-naphthoquinone, fructose dehydrogenase, and Nafion. The cathode was modified with carbon-encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles and laccase in the Nafion layer. The biofuel cell parameters were as follows: maximum power of 78 µW/cm2 at the voltage of 0.33 V and under 20 kΩ resistance, and the open-circuit voltage was 0.49 V. These enzymes worked effectively in the biofuel cell, and laccase also effectively worked in the biobattery.

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22

Kizuka, Tokushi, Kun'ichi Miyazawa, and Akira Akagawa. "Synthesis of Nickel-Encapsulated Carbon Nanocapsules and Cup-Stacked-Type Carbon Nanotubes via Nickel-Doped Fullerene Nanowhiskers." Journal of Nanotechnology 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/376160.

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Nickel- (Ni) doped C60nanowhiskers (NWs) were synthesized by a liquid-liquid interfacial precipitation method using a C60-saturated toluene solution and isopropanol with Ni nitrate hexahydrate Ni(NO3)2·6H2O. By varying the heating temperature of Ni-doped C60NWs, two types of one-dimensional carbon nanostructures were produced. By heating the NWs at 973 and 1173 K, carbon nanocapsules (CNCs) that encapsulated Ni nanoparticles were produced. The Ni-encapsulated CNCs joined one dimensionally to form chain structures. Upon heating the NWs to 1373 K, cup-stacked-type carbon nanotubes were synthesized.

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23

Wu, Shikui, Qun Cao, Minjie Wang, Tengfei Yu, Huanyun Wang, and Sha Lu. "Engineering multi-chambered carbon nanospheres@carbon as efficient sulfur hosts for lithium–sulfur batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 23 (2018): 10891–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta02911c.

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24

Luo, Chao, Jingjing Wang, Liumin Suo, Jianfeng Mao, Xiulin Fan, and Chunsheng Wang. "In situ formed carbon bonded and encapsulated selenium composites for Li–Se and Na–Se batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 2 (2015): 555–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ta04611k.

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Carbon bonded and encapsulated selenium composites were synthesized in a sealed vacuum glass tube at a high temperature. Because selenium is bonded and encapsulated by carbon, the shuttle reaction of selenium was effectively suppressed. The C/Se composites exhibit a superior cycling stability and rate capability in commercial carbonate based electrolytes.

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25

Heeg, Sebastian, Lei Shi, Lisa V. Poulikakos, Thomas Pichler, and Lukas Novotny. "Carbon Nanotube Chirality Determines Properties of Encapsulated Linear Carbon Chain." Nano Letters 18, no. 9 (August 8, 2018): 5426–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01681.

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26

Menashe, Ofir, Yasmin Raizner, Martin Esteban Kuc, Vered Cohen-Yaniv, Aviv Kaplan, Hadas Mamane, Dror Avisar, and Eyal Kurzbaum. "Biodegradation of the Endocrine-Disrupting Chemical 17α-Ethynylestradiol (EE2) by Rhodococcus zopfii and Pseudomonas putida Encapsulated in Small Bioreactor Platform (SBP) Capsules." Applied Sciences 10, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10010336.

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In this study, we present an innovative new bio-treatment approach for 17α-ethynyestradiol (EE2). Our solution for EE2 decontamination was accomplished by using the SBP (Small Bioreactor Platform) macro-encapsulation method for the encapsulation of two bacterial cultures, Rhodococcus zopfii (R. zopfii ) and Pseudomonas putida F1 (P. putida). Our results show that the encapsulated R. zopffi presented better biodegradation capabilities than P. putida F1. After 24 h of incubation on minimal medium supplemented with EE2 as a sole carbon source, EE2 biodegradation efficacy was 73.8% and 86.5% in the presence of encapsulated P. putida and R. zopfii, respectively. In the presence of additional carbon sources, EE2 biodegradation efficacy was 75% and 56.1% by R. zopfii and P. putida, respectively, indicating that the presence of other viable carbon sources might slightly reduce the EE2 biodegradation efficiency. Nevertheless, in domestic secondary effluents, EE2 biodegradation efficacy was similar to the minimal medium, indicating good adaptation of the encapsulated cultures to sanitary effluents and lack of a significant effect of the presence of other viable carbon sources on the EE2 biodegradation by the two encapsulated cultures. Our findings demonstrate that SBP-encapsulated R. zopfii and P. putida might present a practical treatment for steroidal hormones removal in wastewater treatment processes.

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27

Boi, Filippo S., Rory M. Wilson, Gavin Mountjoy, Muhammad Ibrar, and Mark Baxendale. "Boundary layer chemical vapour synthesis of self-organised ferromagnetically filled radial-carbon-nanotube structures." Faraday Discuss. 173 (2014): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4fd00071d.

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Boundary layer chemical vapour synthesis is a new technique that exploits random fluctuations in the viscous boundary layer between a laminar flow of pyrolysed metallocene vapour and a rough substrate to yield ferromagnetically filled radial-carbon-nanotube structures departing from a core agglomeration of spherical nanocrystals individually encapsulated by graphitic shells. The fluctuations create the thermodynamic conditions for the formation of the central agglomeration in the vapour which subsequently defines the spherically symmetric diffusion gradient that initiates the radial growth. The radial growth is driven by the supply of vapour feedstock by local diffusion gradients created by endothermic graphitic-carbon formation at the vapour-facing tips of the individual nanotubes and is halted by contact with the isothermal substrate. The radial structures are the dominant product and the reaction conditions are self-sustaining. Ferrocene pyrolysis yields three common components in the nanowire encapsulated by multiwall carbon nanotubes, Fe₃C, α-Fe, and γ-Fe. Magnetic tuning in this system can be achieved through the magnetocrystalline and shape anisotropies of the encapsulated nanowire. Here we demonstrate proof that alloying of the encapsulated nanowire is an additional approach to tuning of the magnetic properties of these structures by synthesis of radial-carbon-nanotube structures with γ-FeNi encapsulated nanowires.

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28

Wang, Na, Wenjie Ma, Ziqiu Ren, Leijiang Zhang, Rong Qiang, Kun-Yi Andrew Lin, Ping Xu, Yunchen Du, and Xijiang Han. "Template synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon nanocages–encapsulated carbon nanobubbles as catalyst for activation of peroxymonosulfate." Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 5, no. 8 (2018): 1849–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8qi00256h.

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29

Singh, D. B., V. N. Shukla, Vikas Kumar, Pragya Gupta, and L. Ramma. "Structural Analysis of Encapsulated Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes." SAMRIDDHI : A Journal of Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology 2, no. 02 (December 25, 2011): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18090/samriddhi.v3i2.1605.

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Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy revealed the nanoscale chemical properties of organic molecules encapsulated in single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). Our approach is based on an enhanced electric field near a laserirradiated metal tip functioning as a Raman excitation source. The enhanced field can successfully act on encapsulated molecules through the walls of the SWNTs to extract molecular vibrational information -carotene, which exhibits several active Raman modes under visible light illumination, was used as the encapsulated molecule. Tip-enhanced Raman spectra measured at seven different positions on SWNT bundles showed that - carotene molecules inside the tubes were not uniformly distributed. It is also found that the filling rate and peak position of the radial breathing mode of the SWNTs are linearly correlated.

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30

Setlur, A. A., J. Y. Dai, J. M. Lauerhaas, P. L. Washington, and R. P. H. Chang. "Formation of graphite encapsulated ferromagnetic particles and a mechanism for their growth." Journal of Materials Research 13, no. 8 (August 1998): 2139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1998.0299.

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Graphite encapsulated nanoparticles have numerous possible applications due to their novel properties and their ability to survive rugged environments. Evaporation of Fe, Ni, or Co with graphite in a hydrogen atmosphere results in graphite encapsulated nanoparticles found on the chamber walls. Similar experiments in helium lead to nanoparticles embedded in an amorphous carbon/fullerene matrix. Comparing the experimental results in helium and hydrogen, we propose a mechanism for the formation of encapsulated nanoparticles. The hydrogen arc produces polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules, which can act as a precursor to the graphitic layers around the nanoparticles. Direct evidence for this mechanism is given by using pyrene (C16H10), a PAH molecule, as the only carbon source to form encapsulated nanoparticles.

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31

Wang, Zhiyong, Keke Zhao, Hong Li, Zheng Liu, Zujin Shi, Jing Lu, Kazu Suenaga, et al. "Ultra-narrow WS2nanoribbons encapsulated in carbon nanotubes." J. Mater. Chem. 21, no. 1 (2011): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0jm02821e.

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32

Tanemura, Masaki, Kazuki Iwata, Kazuki Wakasugi, Yoshiyuki Yamamoto, Yasutaka Fujimoto, Lei Miao, Sakae Tanemura, and Ryuta Morishima. "Synthesis of Ni Nanowire-Encapsulated Carbon Nanotubes." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 44, no. 4A (April 8, 2005): 1577–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.44.1577.

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33

Pagona, Georgia, Georgios Rotas, Andrei N. Khlobystov, Thomas W. Chamberlain, Kyriakos Porfyrakis, and Nikos Tagmatarchis. "Azafullerenes Encapsulated within Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes." Journal of the American Chemical Society 130, no. 19 (May 2008): 6062–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja800760w.

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34

Ruoff, R. S., D. C. Lorents, B. Chan, R. Malhotra, and S. Subramoney. "Single Crystal Metals Encapsulated in Carbon Nanoparticles." Science 259, no. 5093 (January 15, 1993): 346–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.259.5093.346.

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35

Li, Xuanke, Zhongxing Lei, Rongcui Ren, Jing Liu, Xiaohua Zuo, Zhijun Dong, Houzhi Wang, and Jianbo Wang. "Characterization of carbon nanohorn encapsulated Fe particles." Carbon 41, no. 15 (2003): 3068–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0008-6223(03)00395-6.

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36

Stano, Kelly L., Rachel Chapla, Murphy Carroll, Joshua Nowak, Marian McCord, and Philip D. Bradford. "Copper-Encapsulated Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotube Arrays." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 5, no. 21 (October 21, 2013): 10774–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/am402964e.

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37

Cao, Kesheng, Changsheng Li, Xiaofei Yang, Hua Tang, Haojie Song, Rongxian Zhang, Guowei Li, and Qiong Wu. "Fabrication of carbon-encapsulated tungsten diselenide nanorods." Materials Letters 65, no. 8 (April 2011): 1231–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2011.01.065.

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38

Smith, Brian W., and David E. Luzzi. "Encapsulated Fullerenes Within Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 182–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600014239.

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It is well documented that the pulsed laser vaporization of graphite produces both carbon nanotubes and C60 in the presence of certain metallic catalysts. In nanotube production most of the Ceo is removed along with other residual contaminants during succeeding purification and annealing steps. The possibility of C60 becoming trapped inside a nanotube during this elaborate sequence has been considered but not previously detected.Nanotubes are observed with high resolution transmission electron microscopy under conditions chosen to minimize both exposure time and irradiation damage. Since a nanotube satisfies the weak phase object approximation, its image is a projection of the specimen -potential in the direction of the electron beam. The image has maximum contrast where the beam encounters the most carbon atoms, which occurs where it is tangent to the tube’s walls. Thus, the image consists of two dark parallel lines whose separation is equal to the tube diameter, 1.4 nm.

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39

Li, Z. Q., H. F. Zhang, X. B. Zhang, Y. Q. Wang, and X. J. Wu. "Nanocrystalline tungsten carbide encapsulated in carbon shells." Nanostructured Materials 10, no. 2 (February 1998): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0965-9773(98)00054-3.

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40

Lee, Jiann-Shing, Yuan-Jhe Song, Hua-Shu Hsu, Chun-Rong Lin, Jing-Ya Huang, and Jiunn Chen. "Magnetic enhancement of carbon-encapsulated magnetite nanoparticles." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 790 (June 2019): 716–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.03.191.

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41

Yin, Hao, Xin Gao, Chunxiao Xu, Pengwan Chen, Jianjun Liu, and Qiang Zhou. "Detonation Synthesis of Carbon-Encapsulated Magnetic Nanoparticles." Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures 23, no. 7 (September 25, 2014): 605–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1536383x.2014.939378.

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42

Teunissen, Wendy, Frank M. F. de Groot, John Geus, Odile Stephan, Marcel Tence, and Christian Colliex. "The Structure of Carbon Encapsulated NiFe Nanoparticles." Journal of Catalysis 204, no. 1 (November 2001): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcat.2001.3373.

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43

Starkov, V., and A. Red'kin. "Carbon nanofibers encapsulated in macropores in silicon." physica status solidi (a) 204, no. 5 (May 2007): 1332–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.200674327.

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44

Matsuura, Daisuke, Kun'ichi Miyazawa, and Tokushi Kizuka. "Synthesis of Cobalt-Encapsulated Carbon Nanocapsules Using Cobalt-Doped Fullerene Nanowhiskers." ISRN Nanotechnology 2012 (April 1, 2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/871208.

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We synthesized cobalt- (Co-) doped C60 nanowhiskers (NWs) by applying a liquid-liquid interfacial precipitation method using a C60-saturated toluene solution and 2-propanol with Co nitrate hexahydrate (Co(NO3)3⋅6H2O). Heating the NWs at 873–1173 K produced carbon nanocapsules (CNCs) that encapsulated Co clusters with a hexagonal-closed-packed structure. After heating at 1273 K, the encapsulated Co clusters in CNCs were transformed into orthorhombic Co2C clusters. It was found that Co- and Co2C-encapsulated CNCs can be produced by varying heating temperature.

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Wei, Zhi Qiang, Xiao Yun Wang, and Hua Yang. "Preparation of Carbon-Encapsulated Fe Core-Shell Nanostructures by Confined Arc Plasma." Materials Science Forum 688 (June 2011): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.688.245.

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Special carbon encapsulated Fe core-shell nanoparticles with a size range of 15–40 nm were successfully prepared via confined arc plasma method. The composition, morphology, microstructure, specific surface area, particle size of the product by this process were characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry (XEDS) and BET N2adsorption. The experiment results shown that the carbon encapsulated Fe nanoparticles with clear core-shell structure, the core of the particles is body centered cubic (BCC) structure Fe, and the shell of the particles is disorder carbons. The particle size of the nanocapsules ranges from 15 to 40nm，with an averaged value about 30nm, the particles diameter of the core is about 16nm and the thickness of the shells is about 6-8 nm, and the specific surface area is 24 m2/g.

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Lee, Mi Young, Ho Jung Hwang, Jun Ha Lee, Hoong Joo Lee, and Jeong Won Kang. "Structural Properties of Potassium Encapsulated in Carbon Nanotubes." Key Engineering Materials 277-279 (January 2005): 919–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.277-279.919.

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We have investigated structural phases of potassium in carbon nanotubes using a structural optimization process applied to an atomistic simulation method. As the radius of the carbon nanotubes is increased, various structural phases ranging from an atomic strand to multi-shell packs composed of coaxial cylindrical shells and helical, layered, and crystalline structures are found to emerge. Numbers of helical atom rows composed of coaxial tubes and orthogonal vectors of a circular rolling of a triangular network can explain multi-shell phases of potassium in carbon nanotubes.

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Dou, Shuo, Xingyue Li, Li Tao, Jia Huo, and Shuangyin Wang. "Cobalt nanoparticle-embedded carbon nanotube/porous carbon hybrid derived from MOF-encapsulated Co3O4 for oxygen electrocatalysis." Chemical Communications 52, no. 62 (2016): 9727–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cc05244d.

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Li, Yuan, and Nitin Chopra. "Optical properties of nanostructured carbon and gold nanoparticle hybrids." MRS Proceedings 1700 (2014): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2014.575.

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ABSTRACTWe report simulation of optical properties of hybrid geometry comprised of multilayer graphene shell encapsulated gold nanoparticles loaded with carbon nanotubes. The discrete dipole approximation (DDA) method was employed. The results indicated that the optical properties of encapsulated gold nanoparticles were not suppressed by the carbon material coating. Furthermore, low scattering effects were also observed. The simulation method helped visualize the near-surface normalized electric field, which is directly related to the intensity of hot spots on the surface of these hybrid nanoarchitectures.

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Itoi, Hiroyuki, Hiroyuki Muramatsu, and Michio Inagaki. "Constraint spaces in carbon materials." RSC Advances 9, no. 40 (2019): 22823–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra03890f.

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Nano-sized pores in carbon materials give certain constraints to the encapsulated materials by keeping them inside. We review recent experimental results related to these constraint spaces and the spaces created by carbon coating.

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Chen, Zhao-Yang, Ya-Nan Li, Ling-Li Lei, Shu-Juan Bao, Min-Qiang Wang, Heng-Liu Heng-Liu, Zhi-Liang Zhao, and Mao-wen Xu. "Investigation of Fe2N@carbon encapsulated in N-doped graphene-like carbon as a catalyst in sustainable zinc–air batteries." Catalysis Science & Technology 7, no. 23 (2017): 5670–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cy01721a.

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