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Kessler, Toby Jonathan 1974. "Calculating the global flux of carbon dioxide into groundwater." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/54439.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 1999.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 85-90).
In this research, the global annual flux of inorganic carbon into groundwater was calculated to be 4.4 GtC/y, with a lower bound of 1.4 GtC/y and an upper bound of 27.5 GtC/y. Starting with 44 soil PCO2 measurements, the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) of the groundwater was determined by equilibrium equations for the carbonate system. The calculated DIC was then multiplied by the groundwater recharge to determine the annual carbon flux per area. These PCO2 estimates were assigned to specific bio-temperatures and precipitations according to the Holdridge life-zone classification system, and regressions between PCO2, biotemperature, and precipitation were used to provide estimates for regions of the world that lacked PCO2 measurements. The fluxes were mapped on a generalized Holdridge life-zone map, and the total flux for each life-zone was found by multiplying the calculated flux by the area in each life-zone. While there was a wide range in the error, the calculations in this study strongly suggest that the flux of carbon into groundwater is comparable to many of the major fluxes that have been tabulated for the carbon cycle. The large flux that was calculated in this study was due to the high PCO2 that is common in soils. The elevated PCO2 levels are due to the decomposition of organic matter in soils, and the absorption of oxygen by plant roots. After the groundwater enters into rivers, it is possible that large amounts of CO2 is released from the surface of rives, as the carbon-rich waters re-equilibrate with the low atmospheric PCO2-
by Toby Jonathan Kessler.
S.M.
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Conlin, Molly R. "Soil hydroclimate, vegetation, and substrate controls on carbon flux in an Alaskan fen." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Michigan State University. Dept. of Plant Biology Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior, 2008.The direct goal of this thesis is determine the effect of expermental soil climate manipulatoins on carbon fluxes in an Alaskan rich fen and to assess the indirect influence of substrate quality on carbon mineralizaton rates in peat--From abstract. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on July 29, 2009) Includes bibliographical references. Also issued in print.
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Yang, Paul Chenggang. "Carbon dioxide flux within and above a boreal aspen forest." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0027/NQ34647.pdf.
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Austin, Lydia B. "The feasibility of using airborne carbon dioxide flux measurements for imaging the rate of biomass production /." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65452.
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Holifield, Collins Chandra. "Mapping Carbon Dioxide Flux in Semiarid Grasslands Using Optical Remote Sensing." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/196083.
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Increasing atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and the potential impact on climate change has caused an increased effort to more accurately quantify terrestrial sources and sinks. Semiarid grasslands cover a significant portion of the Earth's land surface and may be an important sink for atmospheric CO2. This study was conducted to examine the role semiarid grasslands play in the carbon cycle. The relation between surface reflectance and temperature obtained from satellite imagery was used to determine a Water Deficit Index (WDI) to estimate distributed plant transpiration rates for a point in time. Due to the relationship between transpiration and plant CO2 uptake, WDI was directly related to CO2 flux. Satellite images were acquired for a five-year period (1996-2000) during which transpiration and net CO2 flux were measured for a semiarid grassland site in southeastern Arizona. Manual and automatic chamber data were also collected in 2005 and 2006 and used to assess the spatial variability of nighttime soil respiration. Spatial analysis showed the most influential factor affecting nighttime respiration was aspect, where flux from North-facing slopes was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than on South-facing slopes. A strong linear relationship (R2 = 0.97) existed between WDI-derived instantaneous net CO2 flux and daytime net CO2 flux estimates, and was used to generate maps of distributed daytime net CO2 flux. A linear relationship (R2 = 0.88) was also found between daytime and nighttime net CO2 flux, and used in combination with maps of daytime net CO2 flux to create maps of daily net CO2 flux. This study indicated that remote sensing offers an operational, physically-based means of obtaining daily net CO2 flux in semiarid grasslands.
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Velasco, Saldaña Hector Erik. "Urban flux and concentration measurements of volatile organic compounds and CO₂ in Mexico City." Online access for everyone, 2005. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Fall2005/h%5Fvelasco%5F121305.pdf.
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McLaren, Alison Jane. "The influence of ocean dynamics on the air-sea flux of carbon dioxide and nutrient transport." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367190.
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Bloomberg, Simon. "Looking for Permeability: Mass and Heat Flow Assessment Using High Resolution soil CO₂Flux Surveys within the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7436.
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Soil CO2 flux (φCO₂) has increasingly become important as a global exploration and monitoring tool in geothermal and volcanic fields. As CO₂ is the second most abundant gas in magma-hydrothermal systems, its study is vital for the location or management of those systems. Often one of the only surface expressions is the diffuse gas flux streaming through the soil zone. This thesis reports the investigations into heat and mass at the Rotokawa geothermal field’s thermal area, and White Island volcano’s crater floor hydrothermal system. Surface measurements were taken at high spatial resolution across the fields in a large sampling campaign during the summers of 2010/2011 and 2011/2012. A large dataset was built up which allowed for greater accuracy during geospatial modelling. The models are 2d pixel plots of the soil gas flux and temperature and are used to estimate values of heat and mass flow for the respective magma-hydrothermal systems. Both field areas have a large anomalous diffuse gas flux through the soil zone and related conductive heat flow anomaly, which indicates relative permeability from the source to the surface in these areas. That the rising fluids from the deep source can be sampled at the surface simply is a powerful tool for the exploration and management of these systems. Rotokawa has a diffuse gas release of over 600 t d⁻¹ and an associated heat flow through soil of 37 MWt while White Island has a diffuse gas release of 116 t d⁻¹ and 19.5 MWt of heat flow through the soil. Translating these values to total heat and mass flow values: Rotokawa has a mass flow 125 kg s⁻¹ and a heat flow of 314 MWt and White Island’s crater floor has a mass flow of 100 kg s⁻¹ and a heat flow of 22 MWt. Fluid flow pathways are mapped from the surface and show arcuate and hot spot spatiality, controlled by fault related permeability and structure. soil gas and temperature surveying elucidates Shallow structures that otherwise may have been hidden from status quo surface mapping. The method used in this study is applicable to both known thermal areas and blind thermal areas by addressing not only the flux but also the nature of the soil gases. Further study of White Island has found more evidence for the existence of seawater infiltration of the crater magma-hydrothermal system.
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Treat, Claire Clark. "Interannual and seasonal variation of methane flux from a temperate peatland and possible environmental controls /." Connect to online version, 2005. http://ada.mtholyoke.edu/setr/websrc/pdfs/www/2005/101.pdf.
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DeLacy, Brendan G. Bandy A. R. "The determination of carbon dioxide flux in the atmosphere using atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry and isotopic dilution /." Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2006. http://dspace.library.drexel.edu/handle/1860%20/868.
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Pringle, Nicholas. "Exploring optimising strategies for sampling air-sea carbon dioxide flux in the southern ocean." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13383.
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Includes bibliographical references.A model study was undertaken to investigate the optimization of sampling strategies for returning low-uncertainty sea-air CO₂ flux measurements in the Southern Ocean. Replicating Lenton et al. (2006) using the ORCA2/PISCES ocean biological model shows that sampling 4 times a year, every 2⁰ in latitude and every 40⁰ in longitude reduces the uncertainty of estimating annual CO₂ flux estimates such that sampling at a higher frequency does not reduce the total uncertainty in proportion to the increase in sampling effort.
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O'Shea, Sebastian James. "Airborne observations and regional flux estimates of greenhouse gases." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/airborne-observations-and-regional-flux-estimates-of-greenhouse-gases(9cc17627-8320-4ffd-9cf7-faf4688bf20d).html.
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Methane is the second most important long-lived greenhouse gas. However, it is typically emitted to the atmosphere by spatially and temporally heterogeneous sources, meaning that local measurements cannot easily be extrapolated to represent global scales. As a consequence, its global sources and sinks are generally poorly quantified. This thesis focuses on the use of airborne observations to improve flux estimates of methane at regional scales. A commercially available cavity-enhanced absorption spectrometer has been modified here for airborne measurements of methane and carbon dioxide. An algorithm employing the system's simultaneous water vapour measurement has been derived, using laboratory experiments, to determine dry air mole fractions without the need for sample drying. The system was found to be relatively independent of the aircraft's motion and its measurements were found to be accurate to within 1.28 ppb (1 standard deviation repeatability at 1Hz of 2.48 ppb) for methane and 0.17 ppm (1 standard deviation repeatability at 1Hz of 0.66 ppm) for carbon dioxide. This new measurement capability has been deployed during three international field campaigns, data from which is used in this thesis. The composition of boreal biomass burning was measured in eastern Canada. Methane emission factors showed a high degree of variability (range 1.8 $\pm$\ 0.2 to 8.5 $\pm$\ 0.9 g (kg dry matter)$^{-1}$), accentuating the challenges with using a purely bottom-up approach to determine total methane emissions and that top-down constraints are needed. Two case studies have shown that an aircraft mass balance approach can be a valuable tool for deriving regional scale top-down flux estimates, when a suitable sampling strategy can be employed under appropriate atmospheric conditions. First, this technique was applied to the European Arctic wetlands; and second, its suitability to derive emissions from a megacity was investigated using London, UK as a test case. On both occasions, the derived fluxes were found to be in good agreement with coincident surface observations within the aircraft's sampling domain. In the case of the Arctic wetlands the excellent agreement with seasonally averaged surface observations allowed this information to be used for the evaluation of land surface models. Two commonly used models, the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator and Hybrid8 were found to underestimate the methane emission flux for this region by an order of magnitude, highlighting the large uncertainties present in future methane emission scenarios at regional scales under a changing climate.
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Duncan, Michael Ross. "Structure and contribution of extreme events in airbourne carbon dioxide and water vapour flux traces." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59277.
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Conditional sampling techniques were used to analyze airbourne carbon dioxide and water vapour flux traces recorded during the FIFE experiment. Two analysis methods based on quadrant analysis were used to isolate and examine extreme contributions to estimates of the mean flux. The first method was a graphical analysis based on 'hyperbolic holes'. This method was used to attain the result that 80% of the flux-fraction is carried by 20% of the time-fraction. The second method, based on quadrant analysis, permitted the distinction of physical structures which are thought to represent the signatures of turbulent flux structures such as eddies or thermals. Overall results indicate that mean flux estimates over the FIFE site are dominated by a very few intermittent extreme events.
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Sahlée, Erik. "Fluxes of Sensible and Latent Heat and Carbon Dioxide in the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8184.
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Oceans cover about 70% of the earth’s surface. They are the largest source of the atmospheric water vapour and act as enormous heat reservoirs. Thus in order to predict the future weather and climate it is of great importance to understand the processes governing the exchange of water vapour and heat between the ocean and atmosphere. This exchange is to a large extent mediated by turbulent eddies. Current numerical climate and weather forecast models are unable to resolve the turbulence, which means that the turbulent exchange needs to be simplified by using parameterizations.
Tower based measurements at the Östergarnsholm Island in the Baltic Sea have been used to study the air-sea turbulent exchange of latent and sensible heat and the heat flux parameterizations. Although the measurements are made at an island, data obtained at this site is shown to represent open ocean conditions during most situations for winds coming from the east-south sector. It is found that during conditions with small air-sea temperature differences and wind speeds above 10 m s-1, the structure of the turbulence is re-organized. Drier and colder air from aloft is transported to the surface by detached eddies, which considerably enhance the turbulent heat fluxes. The fluxes where observed to be much larger than predicted by current state-of-the-art parameterizations. The turbulence regime during these conditions is termed the Unstable Very Close to Neutral Regime, the UVCN-regime.
The global increase of the latent and sensible heat fluxes due to the UVCN-regime is calculated to 2.4 W m-2 and 0.8 W m-2 respectively. This is comparable to the current increase of the radiative forcing due to anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, reported in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change fourth assessment report (IPCC AR4). Thus the UVCN-effect could have a significant influence when predicting the future weather and climate.
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Sánchez-Cañete, Enrique P., Russell L. Scott, Haren Joost van, and Greg A. Barron-Gafford. "Improving the accuracy of the gradient method for determining soil carbon dioxide efflux." AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623105.
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Soil CO2 efflux (F-soil) represents a significant source of ecosystem CO2 emissions that is rarely quantified with high-temporal-resolution data in carbon flux studies. F-soil estimates can be obtained by the low-cost gradient method (GM), but the utility of the method is hindered by uncertainties in the application of published models for the diffusion coefficient. Therefore, to address and resolve these uncertainties, we compared F-soil measured by 2 soil CO2 efflux chambers and F-soil estimated by 16 gas transport models using the GM across 1year. We used 14 published empirical gas diffusion models and 2 in situ models: (1) a gas transfer model called Chamber model obtained using a calibration between the chamber and the gradient method and (2) a diffusion model called SF6 model obtained through an interwell conservative tracer experiment. Most of the published models using the GM underestimated cumulative annual F-soil by 55% to 361%, while the Chamber model closely approximated cumulative F-soil (0.6% error). Surprisingly, the SF6 model combined with the GM underestimated F-soil by 32%. Differences between in situ models could stem from the Chamber model implicitly accounting for production of soil CO2, while the conservative tracer model does not. Therefore, we recommend using the GM only after calibration with chamber measurements to generate reliable long-term ecosystem F-soil measurements. Accurate estimates of F-soil will improve our understanding of soil respiration's contribution to ecosystem fluxes.
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Neal, Andrew. "Soil Moisture Controls on Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Carbon Dioxide Fluxes in Drylands." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/241932.
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Dryland ecosystems provide a unique opportunity to study the effects of water limitation on ecosystem activity. The sensitivity of these systems to small inputs of moisture is well-documented, but the expression of water limitation in terms of carbon dioxide flux between the ecosystem and atmosphere remains unclear. Applying a simple conceptual approach to soil moisture dynamics, patterns in carbon flux become clear. Release of carbon dioxide via respiration is primarily driven by moisture in the shallow soil, and differences in respiration rates among plant functional types are only evident after controlling for soil moisture. Alternatively, carbon uptake by a semiarid shrubs ecosystem is largely driven by the availability of deep soil moisture. This link to deep soil moisture improves spatial scaling of gross and net carbon uptake using remote sensing data. Lateral redistribution of moisture on the landscape connects readily observed physical features, namely topography, to ecosystem function, but redistribution is generally not considered in carbon models. A simple runoff scheme coupled to a conceptual model for carbon flux demonstrates the high degree of spatial heterogeneity in carbon dioxide flux resulting from moisture redistribution. The importance of redistribution in carbon modeling is highlighted by interannual variability in modeled carbon fluxes under different rainfall characteristics (event size, event duration, interstorm duration). The links between hydrology and ecology across spatial scales become clearer when topographically-based moisture distribution is used as an organizing variable. In all, this research identifies new avenues for research where moisture dynamics are of central interest in dryland ecohydrology.
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Klapmeyer, Michael Evan. "Characterization of Urban Air Pollutant Emissions by Eddy Covariance using a Mobile Flux Laboratory." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37675.
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Air quality management strategies in the US are developed largely from estimates of emissions, some highly uncertain, rather than actual measurements. Improved knowledge based on measurements of real-world emissions is needed to increase the effectiveness of these strategies. Consequently, the objectives of this research were to (1) quantify relationships among urban emissions sources, land use, and demographics, (2) determine the spatial and temporal variability of emissions, and (3) evaluate the accuracy of official emissions estimates.
These objectives guided three field campaigns that employed a unique mobile laboratory equipped to measure pollutant fluxes by eddy covariance. The first campaign, conducted in Norfolk, Virginia, represented the first time fluxes of nitrogen oxides (NOx) were measured by eddy covariance in an urban environment. Fluxes agreed to within 10% of estimates in the National Emissions Inventory (NEI), but were three times higher than those of an inventory used for air quality modeling and planning. Additionally, measured fluxes were correlated with road density and increased development.
The second campaign took place in the Tijuana-San Diego border region. Distinct spatial differences in fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2), NOx, and particles were revealed across four sampling locations with the lowest fluxes occurring in a residential neighborhood and the highest ones at a port of entry characterized by heavy motor vehicle traffic. Additionally, observed emissions of NOx and carbon monoxide were significantly higher than those in emissions inventories, suggesting the need for further refinement of the inventories.
The third campaign focused on emissions at a regional airport in Roanoke, Virginia. NOx and particle number emissions indices (EIs) were calculated for aircraft, in terms of grams of pollutant emitted per kilogram of fuel burned. Observed NOx EIs were ~20% lower than those in an international databank. NOx EIs from takeoffs were significantly higher than those from
taxiing, but relative differences for particle EIs were mixed. Observed NOx fluxes at the airport agreed to within 25% of estimates derived from the NEI.
The results of this research will provide greater knowledge of urban impacts to air quality and will improve associated management strategies through increased accuracy of official emissions estimates.Ph. D.
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Skoglund, Björn. "Diffusive gas fluxes in neotropical rainforest streams." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-105692.
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Rainforests are of great importance to global carbon cycling, but the importance of deforestation and change in land use is poorly understood due to a lack of studies quantifying the difference in carbon fluxes between original rainforest and agricultural land. Furthermore, the aquatic outgassing of neotropical systems have been proven to have greater impact on global carbon cycling than previously anticipated (Richey et al 2002).In this study we investigated the aquatic concentration and daily diffusive gas flux of CO2 and CH4 from 4 pristine sites and 4 impacted sites, respectively, in 4 streams running along a gradient of anthropological impaction in the Atlantic Rainforest, Brazil. Statistically significant differences between pristine and impacted sites were found in all streams for both CO2 and CH4. On average, the impacted sites were found to be emitting almost three times as much C into the atmosphere as the pristine sites, mainly owing to CO2 emissions (14172±5226 mg C m-2 d-1). Exploring an area of the neotropical carbon cycle that is not yet fully understood, the study draws attention to the significant difference in aquatic outgassing from rivers observed at different impaction levels and highlights the need for further field studies.
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Radpour, Houtan. "Diel and monthly observations of plant mediated fluxes of methane, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide from lake Följesjön in Sweden using static chamber method." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-99571.
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Aquatic plants or macrophytes are known as conduits of Methane (CH4), Carbon dioxide (CO2) and Nitrous oxide (N2O) which contribute to the total fluxes of the Greenhouse gases emissions from lakes. Recent studies emphasized that the knowledge on plant mediated emissions calls for more systematic and comparative data especially in the areas of spatial and temporal variability. In this study I measured diel (24 hour) and diurnal( daily hours only) plant mediated fluxes during four sampling sessions using chamber method from a Swedish lake in summer 2012. The measurements were conducted on two macrophyte population patterns of mixed plant communities and Equisetum fluviatile (specie-specific) community. CH4 emissions were higher in darker hours and there were no diel correlation between CH4 fluxes and average diel temperature. CH4 fluxes varied between 0.42 mmol m-2d-1 and 2.3 mmol m-2d-1. The CO2 fluxes had negative fluxes in day and positive during the day which was logical due to macrophyte respiration and photosynthesis mechanisms. Occasional daily positive fluxes were seen (only) during the rainy hours and there were no correlation between temperature and diel CO2 fluxes. The total net CO2 exchange was 2.8mmol m-2d-1 indicating that there was more CO2 release in the littoral zone of that lake. N2O fluxes did not show any clear diel or monthly pattern and the fluxes ranged between positive and negative numbers. The N2O fluxes did not exceed 2µmol m-2 d-1 with the total average flux of 0.8µmol m-2 d-1.
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McKain, Kathryn. "Carbon accumulation at the Harvard Forest : a comparison of methods for measuring tree biomass for regional extrapolation of the eddy-flux tower footprint /." Connect to online version, 2005. http://ada.mtholyoke.edu/setr/websrc/pdfs/www/2005/100.pdf.
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Ogunjemiyo, Segun Ojo. "Analysis of airborne flux measurements of heat, moisture and carbon dioxide, and their correlation with land cover types in BOREAS." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0024/NQ50231.pdf.
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Murphy, John Thomas. "Patterns of carbon dioxide and water vapor flux following harvest of tallgrass prairie at different times throughout the growing season." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/342.
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Smith, Joshua Dwayne. "Impacts of Cover Crops on Carbon Dioxide and Nitrous Oxide Flux from a Row Crop Agricultural Field in Central Illinois." OpenSIUC, 2014. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1391.
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In the United States, there is renewed interest in incorporating cover crops into agricultural systems to provide a variety of potential benefits related to soil quality, water quality, and greenhouse gas emissions. This study focused on assessing whether cover crops influence N2O and CO2 emissions in a central Illinois agricultural research field over two years (2011-2013) of cover crop growing seasons. Three winter cover crop systems, annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), cereal rye (Secale cereale), and a cereal rye (2011)/ hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) (2012) rotation were planted after fall 2011 and 2012 harvests. The field included a total of eight main plots, two of each treatment, and two no cover crop control plots. Soil carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes were measured from the plots in a single corn (Zea mays) - soybean (Glycine max) system for two cover crop growing seasons. Fluxes of CO2 and CO2 were measured in March 2012, August 2012, and February 2013. The CO2 flux measurements were performed by using an infrared gas analyzer. The N2O fluxes were analyzed from samples collected at 0, 10, 20, 30 min intervals from the same closed dynamic chamber system. Both CO2 and N2O fluxes were computed from respective gas concentrations over time. Data were analyzed with a repeated measures mixed model procedure. N2O fluxes from the cereal rye/hairy vetch plots were greater than the no cover control and annual ryegrass plots, suggesting that cover crops may not decrease N2O fluxes immediately after being incorporated into a cropping system. In contrast, CO2 fluxes did not significantly differ among the treatments, but the cereal rye/hairy vetch plot sequestered ~100 kg C ha-1 of soil organic carbon (SOC). Overall, it was observed that some cover crop plots can have higher N2O fluxes than plots without cover crops, but cover crops have the long-term potential to sequester C in croplands demonstrating that their use should still be considered a sustainable agriculture practice.
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Natchimuthu, Sivakiruthika. "Freshwater methane and carbon dioxide fluxes : Spatio-temporal variability and an integrated assessment of lake and stream emissions in a catchment." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema Miljöförändring, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-126779.
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Freshwater bodies such as lakes and streams release the greenhouse gases methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. Global freshwater CH4 and CO2 emissions have been estimated to be of a similar magnitude to the global land or ocean carbon sink, and are thus significant components of global carbon budgets. However, the data supporting global estimates frequently lacks information regarding spatial and temporal variability and are thus highly inaccurate. In this thesis, detailed studies of the spatio-temporal variability of CH4 and CO2 fluxes were conducted in the open water areas of lakes and streams within a whole catchment in Sweden. One aim was also to evaluate the importance of spatio-temporal variability in lake and stream fluxes when making whole catchment aquatic or large scale assessments. Apart from the expected large spatio-temporal variability in lake fluxes, interactions between spatial and temporal variability in CH4 fluxes were found. Shallow lakes and shallow areas of lakes were observed to emit more CH4 as compared to their deeper counterparts. This spatial variability interacted with the temporal variability driven by an exponential temperature response of the fluxes, which meant that shallow waters were more sensitive to warming than deeper ones. Such interactions may be important for climate feedbacks. Surface water CO2 in lakes showed significant spatio-temporal variability and, when considering variability in both space and time, CO2 fluxes were largely controlled by concentrations, rather than gas transfer velocities. Stream fluxes were also highly variable in space and time and in particular, stream CH4 fluxes were surprisingly large and more variable than CO2 fluxes. Fluxes were large from stream areas with steep slopes and periods of high discharge which occupied a small fraction of the total stream area and the total measurement period, respectively, and a failure to account for these spatially distinct or episodic high fluxes could lead to underestimates. The total aquatic fluxes from the whole catchment were estimated by combining the measurements in open waters of lakes and streams. Using our data, recommendations on improved study designs for representative measurements in lakes and streams were provided for future studies. Thus, this thesis presents findings relating to flux regulation in lakes and streams, and urges forthcoming studies to better consider spatio-temporal variability so as to achieve unbiased large-scale estimates.Sötvatten som sjöar och vattendrag är källor till växthusgaserna metan (CH4) och koldioxid (CO2) i atmosfären. De globala utsläppen av CH4 och CO2 från sötvatten har uppskattats vara av samma storleksordning som den globala land- eller havskolsänkan och är därmed viktiga delar av jordens växthusgasbudget. De globala uppskattningarna saknar ofta information om variation i tid och rum och är därmed mycket osäkra. Denna avhandling behandlar hur CH4- och CO2-flöden från öppet vatten i sjöar och vattendrag i ett avrinningsområde varierar rumsligt och tidsmässigt. Ett syfte var också att utvärdera betydelsen av dessa variationer när data extrapoleras för att göra storskaliga uppskattningar av växthusgasflöden från vattenmiljöer. Förutom de förväntade stora rumsliga och tidsmässiga variationerna i sjöars gasflöden identifierades interaktioner mellan rumsliga och tidsmässiga variation för CH4-flöden. Den rumsliga variabiliteten med högre CH4-flöden från grunda vatten interagerade med tidsvariationen, som i sin tur drevs av en exponentiell temperaturrespons av gasflödena. Det betyder att grunda vattenområden var mer känsliga för uppvärmning än djupare vatten och därmed att vattendjupet har betydelse för hur sjöars CH4-utsläpp påverkas av klimatet. Koncentrationer av CO2 i sjöars ytvatten uppvisade också en betydande rumslig och tidsmässig variation som tillsammans visar att CO2-flöden över längre perioder till stor del styrs av koncentrationer snarare än av gasutbyteshastigheter. Vattendragens gasflöden varierade också mycket i tid och rum. Detta gällde i synnerhet CH4-flödena vilka var förvånansvärt stora och mer varierande än CO2-flödena. Gasflödena var höga från områden i vattendrag med högre lutning och då det var höga vattenflöden, trots att dessa områden och tidsperioder utgjorde en bråkdel av den totala arean och mätperioden. Att inte räkna med dessa gasflöden från bäcksektioner med höga vattenhastigheter eller korta perioder med höga flöden, leder till underskattningar. De totala CH4- och CO2-flödena från öppet vatten i hela avrinningsområdet uppskattades genom att kombinera mätningar i sjöar och vattendrag. Denna avhandling visar att rumslig och tidsmässig variabilitet har stor betydelse, och den ger information om hur denna variation kan beaktas för bättre framtida mätningar och storskaliga uppskattningar av växthusgasflöden från sjöar och vattendrag.
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Velez, Thelma I. "Measuring the Impact of Melaleuca quinquenervia Biochar Application on Soil Quality, Plant Growth, and Microbial Gas Flux." FIU Digital Commons, 2012. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/775.
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Biochar has been heralded a mechanism for carbon sequestration and an ideal amendment for improving soil quality. Melaleuca quinquenervia is an aggressive and wide-spread invasive species in Florida. The purpose of this research was to convert M. quinquenervia biomass into biochar and measure how application at two rates (2% or 5% wt/wt) impacts soil quality, plant growth, and microbial gas flux in a greenhouse experiment using Phaseolus vulgaris L. and local soil.
Plant growth was measured using height, biomass weight, specific leaf area, and root-shoot ratio. Soil quality was evaluated according to nutrient content and water holding capacity. Microbial respiration, as carbon dioxide (CO2), was measured using gas chromatography. Biochar addition at 5% significantly reduced available soil nutrients, while 2% biochar application increased almost all nutrients. Plant biomass was highest in the control group, p2 flux decreased significantly in both biochar groups, but reductions were not long term.
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Caramori, Paulo Henrique. "Structural analysis of airborne flux traces and their link to remote sensing of vegetation and surface temperature." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=41012.
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This thesis examines the link between airborne flux estimates of CO$ sb2$, sensible heat, and water vapor, and surface parameters retrieved by remote sensing. Chapter 1 analyses the relationship between surface temperature and vegetation indices, obtained from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer on board of NOAA-9 and -10 satellites, and fluxes of sensible heat, latent heat, and CO$ sb2$, estimated from aircraft. Linear relationships between CO$ sb2$ and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) or the Simple Ratio vegetation index (SR) are found on a daily basis, but a highly nonlinear relationship appears for the seasonal variation. Latent Heat fluxes showed the poorest correlations with surface parameters. A seasonal linear relationship appeared between sensible heat and NDVI. Local extreme flux values due to the intermittency of boundary layer dynamics largely contribute to lower the correlations; such variations are the reason for the difficulties in relating fluxes obtained from single overpasses and over short distances to fixed points at the surface. This problem is further examined in Chapter 2, in which conditional sampling of airborne flux estimates is used to characterize the turbulent structures that are carrying flux, and their link to the surface. The analysis confirms that few extreme events may carry a significant fraction of the flux. Missing or hitting one of these structures may translate into very large oscillations on the flux estimate that are often not directly coupled to surface characteristics. A much clearer surface 'signature' emerges when measurements are taken within the surface layer, since the reorganization of turbulent structures that takes place with increasing height will result in a merging of the signature that came from different sources at the surface. This helps to explain some of the poor correlations obtained in Chapter 1 and reinforces the need for a better understanding of the distributions of these tu
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Stoian, Dragos Constantin. "Unlimiting thermodynamic constraints in continuous catalytic transformation of carbon dioxide and methanol towards dimethyl carbonate." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/399569.
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El canvi climàtic i una desitjada transició d’una societat dependent dels combustibles fòssils cap a una més sostenible ha donat lloc a que un dels majors reptes globals sigui la gestió del carboni. És a dir, com fer servir de manera eficient el diòxid de carboni (CO2) que és emès i acumulat a l’atmosfera. A les últimes dècades, s’ha estudiat àmpliament la transformació catalítica del CO2 en productes químics de valor afegit com els carbonats orgànics e inorgànics a través de transformacions no reductores del CO2. En aquest context, la present tesi té com a finalitat la síntesi del dimetil carbonat (DMC) a través de la carboxilació del metanol. El principal objectiu del projecte és trobar un sistema catalític capaç de produir DMC en continu mitjançant la transformació directa del CO2 utilitzant catalitzadors heterogenis Superar les limitacions termodinàmiques representa el major repte dins d’aquest estudi. Els catalitzadors suportats en CeO2 junt amb l’apropiat agent deshidratant (2-cianopiridina, 2-CP) milloren el rendiment de la reacció, donant alts valors tant en la conversió de metanol com la selectivitat de DMC.
L’enverinament d’un catalitzador i la seva conseqüent desactivació és un dels majors problemes trobats a qualsevol procés rellevant de la indústria química. La producció de DMC a escala de laboratori va portar malauradament a la mateixa conclusió. Per a millorar la vida mitjana i estabilitat dels catalitzadors, s’han pensat i provat una sèrie d’estratègies. S’ha trobat que els metalls del grup dels lantànids en CeO2 poden allargar la vida del catalitzador així com mantenir una alta activitat catalítica. L’ús d’algunes tècniques espectroscòpiques in situ / operando (ex. Xanes, Raman, DRIFTS) han permès l’obtenció de noves perspectives en el possible rol de les característiques redox de la CeO2 en la carboxilació del metanol per a produir DMC. S’ha observat que junt amb la catàlisi àcid-base, les propietats redox de la CeO2 juguen un paper vital en el procés catalític.Uno de los mayores retos globales que ha surgido por el cambio climático y la concienciación de la sociedad en transformar los combustibles fósiles por otros más sostenibles, es la gestión del carbono. Esto significa cómo usar de manera eficiente el dióxido de carbono (CO2) emitido y acumulado en la atmosfera. En las últimas décadas, la trasformación catalítica del CO2 en productos químicos como los carbonatos orgánicos e inorgánicos a través de transformaciones no reductoras del CO2 se ha investigado ámpliamente. En este contexto, la presente tesis está enfocada en la síntesis de dimetil carbonato (DMC) vía la reacción de carboxilación del metanol. El principal objetivo de este proyecto es encontrar un sistema catalítico capaz de transformar CO2 en DMC mediante un proceso continuo y el uso de un catalizador heterogéneo. Sobrepasar las limitaciones termodinámicas es una de las partes más complejas de este trabajo. Catalizadores basados en CeO2 conjuntamente con un agente deshidratante (2-cianopiridina, 2-CP) presentaron buenas actividades, obteniendo conversiones altas de metanol y selectividad de DMC. El envenenamiento del catalizador y su subsecuente desactivación es uno de los mayores inconvenientes en cualquier proceso de la industria química, como se observó en la síntesis de DMC a escala de laboratorio. Se pensaron y probaron diferentes estrategias con el objetivo de mejorar la vida y estabilidad del catalizador. Se observó que la combinación de materiales de CeO2 con metales del grupo de los lantánidos incrementa la vida media del catalizador de la misma forma que mantiene su actividad catalítica. El uso de algunas técnicas espectroscópicas in situ / operando (por ejemplo, Xanes, Raman, DRIFTS) ofrecieron nuevos perspectivas sobre el posible rol de las características redox de los materiales de CeO2 en la carboxilación de metanol para producir DMC. Junto con la catálisis ácido-base, las propiedades redox del CeO2 juegan un papel muy importante en el proceso catalítico.
One of the major global challenges urged by the climate change and the desired paradigm shift from the fossil-fuels dependent society to a more sustainable one is the carbon management. This means how to efficiently utilize carbon dioxide (CO2) being emitted and accumulated in the atmosphere. In the last decades, catalytic transformation of CO2 into useful chemicals such as organic and inorganic carbonates via non-reductive CO2 transformations has been widely investigated. In this context, the present thesis targets the dimethyl carbonate (DMC) synthesis via methanol carboxylation reaction. The principal objective of the project is to find a catalytic system capable to perform the continuous DMC synthesis by direct transformation of CO2 over heterogeneous catalysts. Circumventing the thermodynamic limitations represents the most challenging part of the work. CeO2-based catalysts in cooperation with the proper organic dehydrating agent (2-cyanopyridine, 2-CP) are found to perform well in the reaction, yielding high methanol conversion and DMC selectivity. Catalyst poisoning and subsequent deactivation is one of the most encountered problems for any chemically relevant industrial process. Laboratory scale DMC production led, invariably, to the same conclusion. A series of strategies have been thought and tested to improve the catalyst lifetime and stability. It was found out the rare-earth metals promoted CeO2 materials can extend the catalyst life while keeping a high catalytic activity. The use of some in situ / operando spectroscopic techniques (i.e. Xanes, Raman, DRIFTS) offered new insights into the possible redox involvement of CeO2 materials in the methanol carboxylation reaction towards DMC. It is shown that along with acid-base catalysis, CeO2 redox properties play pivotal roles in the catalytic process.
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Moore, Tim Orland II. "Application of a Mobile Flux Lab for the Atmospheric Measurement of Emissions (FLAME)." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29046.
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According to the World Health Organization, urban air pollution is a high public health priority due its linkage to cardio-pulmonary disease and association with increased mortality and morbidity (1, 2). Additionally, air pollution impacts climate change, visibility, and ecosystem health. The development of effective strategies for improving air quality requires accurate estimates of air pollutant emissions. In response to the need for new approaches to measuring emissions, we have designed a mobile Flux Lab for the Atmospheric Measurement of Emissions (FLAME) that applies a proven, science-based method known as eddy covariance for the direct quantification of anthropogenic emissions to the atmosphere.
The mobile flux lab is a tool with novel, multifaceted abilities to assess air quality and improve the fidelity of emission inventories. Measurements of air pollutant concentrations in multiple locations at the neighborhood scale can provide much greater spatial resolution for population exposure assessments. The labâ s mobility allows it to target specific sources, and plumes from these can be analyzed to determine emission factors. Through eddy covariance, the lab provides the new ability to directly measure emissions of a suite of air pollutants.
We have deployed the FLAME to three different settingsâ a rural Appalachian town where coal transport is the dominant industry; schools in the medium-sized city of Roanoke, Virginia; and the large urban areas around Norfolk, Virginiaâ to measure neighborhood-scale emissions of air pollution. These areas routinely experience high ozone and particulate matter concentrations and include a diverse array of residential neighborhoods and industries. The FLAME is able to capture emissions from all ground-based sources, such as motor vehicles, rail and barge traffic, refuse fires and refueling stations, for which no direct measurement method has been available previously. Experiments focus on carbon dioxide (CO2), the principal greenhouse gas responsible for climate change; nitrogen oxides (NOx), a key ingredient in ground-level ozone and acid rain; volatile organic compounds (VOCs), a second key ingredient in ozone and many of which are air toxics; and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), a cause of mortality, decreased visibility, and climate change.
This research provides some of the first measurements of neighborhood-scale anthropogenic emissions of CO2, NOx, VOCs and PM2.5 and as a result, the first opportunity to validate official emission inventories directly. The results indicate that a mobile eddy covariance system can be used successfully to measure fluxes of multiple pollutants in a variety of urban settings. With certain pollutants in certain locations, flux measurements confirmed inventories, but in others, they disagreed by factors of up to five, suggesting that parts of the inventory may be severely over- or underestimated. Over the scale of a few kilometers within a city, emissions were highly heterogeneous in both space and time. FLAME-based measurements also confirmed published emission factors from coal barges and showed that idling vehicles are the dominant source of emissions of air toxics around seven schools in southwest Virginia.
Measurements from this study corroborate existing emission inventories of CO2 and NOx and suggest that inventories of PM2.5 may be overestimated. Despite the tremendous spatial and temporal variability in emissions found in dense urban areas, CO2 fluxes on average are very similar across the areas in this study and other urban areas in the developed world. Nevertheless, the high level of variability in spatial and temporal patterns of emissions presents a challenge to air quality modelers. The finding that emissions from idling vehicles at schools are likely responsible for creating hot spots of air toxics adds to the urgency of implementing no-idling and other rules to reduce the exposure of children to such pollutants. Ultimately, the results of this study can be used in combination with knowledge from existing emission inventories to improve the science and policies surrounding air pollution.Ph. D.
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Marliden, Nina. "Variability of GHG emissions from emergent aquatic macrophytes in mixed boreal and Equisetum dominated communities." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema Miljöförändring, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-119436.
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Plants (macrophytes) growing in lake and wetland sediments are known mediators of greenhouse gases (GHG), specifically methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Current studies have emphasized the potential risk of underestimation regarding emissions of plant-mediated GHGs from terrestrial systems including lakes, streams and other freshwater bodies. In order to differentiate the possible sources and sinks of atmospheric carbon and nitrogen in aquatic environments, this study aims to investigate the spatial variability of GHG fluxes in stands of common wetland macrophytes. Field samplings were carried out in the summer of 2012 where 24-hour diel measurements were conducted with the static chamber method in a boreal lake in south western Sweden. Two macrophyte communities were studied; one mixed-species stand and one species-specific stand of water horsetail (Equisetum fluviatile). Spatial variability was confirmed at several stages, both between and within stands. The species-specific stand emitted more CH4 than the mixed stand, from 0.17 to 8.99 mmol m-2 h-1, compared to 0.63 – 1.95 mmol m-2 h-1 maximum measured. Within stand variability was confirmed as variable CH4 flux per strand of E. fluviatile was established. No significant differences were observed regarding CO2 and N2O, other than weak correlation in diel patterns, e.g. daytime uptake and night time respiration/emission for both gases.
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Styles, Julie Maree, and julie styles@oregonstate edu. "Inverse Modelling of Trace Gas Exchange at Canopy and Regional Scales." The Australian National University. Research School of Biological Sciences, 2003. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20030905.040030.
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This thesis deals with the estimation of plant-atmosphere trace gas exchange and isotopic discrimination from atmospheric concentration measurements. Two space scales were investigated: canopy and regional. The canopy-scale study combined a Lagrangian model of turbulent dispersal with ecophysiological principles to infer vertical profiles of fluxes of CO2, H2O and heat as well as carbon and oxygen isotope discrimination during CO2 assimilation, from concentration measurements within a forest. The regional-scale model used a convective boundary layer budget approach to infer average regional isotopic discrimination and fluxes of CO2 and sensible and latent heat from the evolution during the day of boundary layer height and mean concentrations of CO2 and H2O, temperature and carbon and oxygen isotope composition of CO2.
For the canopy study, concentrations of five scalar quantities, CO2, 13CO2, C18O16O, H2O and temperature, were measured at up to nine heights within and above a mixed fir and spruce forest in central Siberia over several days just after snow melt in May 2000. Eddy covariance measurements of CO2, H2O and heat fluxes were made above the canopy over the same period, providing independent verification of the model flux estimates. Photosynthesis, transpiration, heat exchange and isotope discrimination during CO2 assimilation were modelled for sun and shade leaves throughout the canopy through a combination of inversion of the concentration data and principles of biochemistry, plant physiology and energy balance.
In contrast to the more usual inverse modelling concept where fluxes are inferred directly from concentrations, in this study the inversion was used to predict unknown parameters within a process-based model of leaf gas and energy exchange. Parameters relating to photosynthetic capacity, stomatal conductance, radiation penetration and turbulence structure were optimised by the inversion to provide the best fit of modelled to measured concentration profiles of the five scalars. Model results showed that carbon isotope discrimination, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration were depressed due to the low temperatures experienced during snow melt, oxygen isotope discrimination was positive and consistent with other estimates, radiation penetrated further than simple theoretical predictions because of leaf clumping and penumbra, the turbulence coherence was lower than expected and stability effects were important in the morning and evening.
For the regional study, five flights were undertaken over two days in and above the convective boundary layer above a heterogeneous pine forest and bog region in central Siberia. Vertical profiles of CO2 and H2O concentrations, temperature and pressure were obtained during each flight. Air flask samples were taken at various heights for carbon and oxygen isotopic analysis of CO2. Two budget methods were used to estimate regional surface fluxes of CO2 and plant isotopic discrimination against 13CO2 and C18O16O, with the first method also used to infer regional sensible and latent heat fluxes. Flux estimates were compared to ground-based eddy covariance measurements. Model results showed that afternoon estimates for carbon and oxygen isotope discrimination were close to those expected from source water isotopic measurements and theory of isotope discrimination. Estimates for oxygen isotope discrimination for the morning period were considerably different and could be explained by contrasting influences of the two different ecosystem types and non-steady state evaporative enrichment of leaf water.
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Pandeya, Hemant Raj. "Carbon and nitrogen flux dynamics in highly weathered tropical mango soils: Effect of leaf litter and nitrogen fertiliser." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2022. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/232828/1/Hemant%20Raj_Pandeya_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis is a comparative study of carbon and nitrogen flux dynamics following sole and combined application of mango leaf litter mulch and inorganic fertiliser in highly weathered tropical mango orchard soils. In doing so, the thesis investigated litter decomposition dynamics and litter carbon mass balance and provided baseline datasets of seasonal and annual reactive nitrogen losses (through hydrological and gaseous pathways) under the tropical environmental conditions of Northern Territory Australia.
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Brown, Mitic Constance Maria. "Flux associations and their relationship to the underlying heterogeneous surface characteristics." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=35988.
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This thesis consists of analysis of three different data sets: (i) Aircraft-based eddy correlation data collected above irrigated and non-irrigated agricultural land in Southern California during the California Ozone Deposition Experiment (CODE) summer 1991; (ii) micrometeorological tower data, collected over grape and cotton canopies as part of CODE; (iii) aircraft-based eddy correlation flux data above two grid sites in the Canadian boreal forest during the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS), spring and summer of 1994 and 1996.Results from the CODE aircraft data document composition and size of the dominant structures, which transport heat and gases (H2O, CO 2 and ozone) over water stressed and non-water stressed surfaces, and the relative frequency with which structures carrying only a single scalar, or given combinations of scalars, were encountered along the flight paths. Interpretation of results provides further evidence for the existence of a second (nonphysiological) sink for ozone. The relative preponderance of structures that carry moisture, carbon dioxide and ozone simultaneously, particularly in the gradient-up mode, reflects the importance of vegetation as co-located source/sink for these scalars. The detrending procedures described in this study may help to define a more effective separation between local and mesoscale events in biosphere-atmosphere interaction.
Results from the CODE tower data indicates a single vegetated ozone sink for the grape site, but a vegetated as well as a non-vegetated sink for the cotton site. For both sites, structures simultaneously transporting significant flux contributions of CO2, H2O, heat and ozone dominate during unstable conditions. During stable conditions, unmixed single flux structures dominated over cotton but not over grape. The results of this study contribute empirical evidence about the relationship between ozone uptake and the physical and physiological state of vegetation, as well as the limitations placed on eddy scales in simulation models.
Results from the BOREAS aircraft data shows a decoupling between the surface and the atmosphere, where the patterns of vegetation, greenness and surface temperature may be quite dissimilar to those of the fluxes of sensible heat, latent heat and---to a lesser degree---CO2. Reasons for this lie in the extraordinary boundary layer conditions, high vapour pressure deficit, moist soil and hot canopies, and the response of the vegetation to these conditions. Analysis of the coherent structure compositions to some extent permits the characterization of the different sources and sinks. Overall, this study shows the importance of understanding the various interacting components of soil, vegetation and atmosphere when attempting to design process-based models for predictions in 'micrometeorologiacally' complex ecosystems.
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Neto, José Berto. "Medidas da emissão de gases em oito aterros de resíduos sólidos urbanos do Estado de São Paulo - Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18139/tde-23032010-083609/.
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Os aterros de disposição de resíduos sólidos urbanos são equipamentos que, necessariamente, devem ser integrados ao sistema de saneamento e proteção à saúde pública das municipalidades. Independentemente se bem planejados, construídos e operados, os mesmos oferecem impactos ambientais aos locais onde estão implantados e ao seu entorno. Os referidos aterros são fontes de emissão antropogênica de gases indutores do efeito estufa global, como o metano (\'CH IND.4\') e o dióxido de carbono (\'CO IND.2\'). O presente trabalho teve por objetivo medir, estimativamente, in situ, a contribuição destes equipamentos no fluxo destes gases na natureza. Para isso, foram desenvolvidas duas campanhas em oito aterros de municípios do estado de São Paulo (Brasil) nos anos de 2006 e 2007. Foram medidas a concentrações de \'CH IND.4\' e \'CO IND.2\' no ar ambiente dos aterros, a emissão solo-ar e o fluxo a partir dos dissipadores verticais, quando presentes. As amostras coletadas do GAS foram analisadas por cromatografia gasosa. Os resultados evidenciaram que as concentrações de \'CH IND.4\' e \'CO IND.2\' na atmosfera dos aterros foram de 18.000 ppm e 5.500 ppm, respectivamente. Estes valores corresponderam a dez mil vezes e quinze vezes maiores que aquelas medidas em locais distantes dos aterros (background). Os resultados das medidas do fluxo solo-ar apontaram para uma grande variabilidade desta emissão, entre os sítios da coleta, entre os aterros e entre as campanhas. As taxas médias de emissão solo-ar variaram de 5,66 g/\'M POT.2\'.d a 148,20 g/\'M POT.2\'.d para \'CH IND.4\' e de 17,78 g/\'M POT.2\'.d a 223,04 g/\'M POT.2\'.d para \'CO IND.2\'. A emissão estimada solo-ar para os aterros variou de 276,82 a 75.730,20 toneladas por ano de \'CH IND.4\' e de 501,02 a 76.312,74 toneladas por ano para o \'CO IND.2\'. A emissão estimada para os aterros a partir dos dissipadores verticais variou de 73,52 a 307,31 toneladas para \'CH IND.4\' e de 165,83 a 692,32 toneladas por ano para o \'CO IND.2\'. Os resultados também evidenciaram que a concentração dos gases no ar ambiente dos aterros e a emissão solo-ar, especialmente, pareceram independer da operação dispensada: caso aterros sanitários, controlados ou lixões. Todos apresentaram muitas semelhanças no processo de emissão. Mesmo a presença do sistema de sucção do GAS para alimentar a usina termoelétrica (UTEB) no aterro Bandeirantes, São Paulo, Capital, não o diferenciou dos demais. De modo geral, não foi possível correlacionar variáveis que apontassem para tendências gerais na emissão destes sistemas de disposição de RSU. Com base nos resultados supracitados, este trabalho sugere futuras perspectivas de pesquisas.Urban solid waste disposal landfills are equipments that must be integrated with the drainage and protection of the public health of municipalities system. Regardless of whether they are well planned, built and operated, they offer environmental impacts to the areas where they are deployed and their surroundings. The present work aimed at measuring, as estimates, in situ, the contribution of the aforementioned equipments in the flux of these gases in nature. The research was developed in 2006 and 2007 in two campaigns in eight municipal solid waste landfills in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Concentrations of \'CH IND.4\' and \'CO IND.2\' were measured in the air from landfills; the ground-air emission and the flux from vertical drains, when present. The samples collected of the GAS were analyzed utilizing gas chromatography. The results showed that the concentrations of \'CH IND.4\' and \'CO IND.2\' in the atmosphere from landfills were 18,000 ppm and 5,500 ppm, respectively. These values correspond to ten thousand and fifteen times greater than those measured on places far away from landfills (background). The results of the ground-air flux indicated a great variability of this emission, not only among the collection sites, but also among the landfills and between the campaigns. The average ground-air emission ranged from 5.66 g/\'M POT.2\'.d to 148.20 g/\'M POT.2\'.d for \'CH IND.4\' and from 17.78 g/\'M POT.2\'.d to 223,04 g/\'M POT.2\'.d for \'CO IND.2\'. The estimated ground-air emission for the landfills ranged from 276.82 to 75,730.20 tons per year of \'CH IND.4\' and from 501.02 to 76,312.74 tons per year for \'CO IND.2\'. The estimated emission for the landfills from the vertical drains ranged from 73.52 to 307.31 tons per year for \'CH IND.4\' and from 165.83 to 692.32 tons per year for \'CO IND.2\'. The results also showed that concentration of gases in the environment air of landfills and the emission, especially ground-air, seems to be independent of the operation given: whether it is sanitary landfill, controlled landfill, or dump. They all presented many similarities in the emission process, and major differences among them were not elucidated. Even the presence of the suction system of the GAS to feed the thermoelectric plant (UTEB) at the Bandeirantes landfill, located at the capital of São Paulo, did not differentiate it from the other landfills from the \'CH IND.4\' and \'CO IND.2\' emission perspective. In a nutshell, it was not possible to correlate variables that pointed to general trends in the emissions of these USW disposal equipments. Based on these results, future prospects for research are suggested.
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Jimmy, Sjögren, and Enhäll Elin. "Methods of measuring GHG fluxes at a full-scale Swedish WWTP: : A focus on nitrous oxide, methane and carbon dioxide in the SHARON treatment." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema Miljöförändring, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-138803.
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The Stable high rate ammonia removal over nitrite (SHARON) at Nykvarnsverket in Linköping is a relatively new kind of biological treatment. Fluxes of nitrous oxide (N2O) has not been fully mapped at Nykvarnsverket and additional efforts are needed for increased knowledge about possible emissions. The primary goals of the study were to measure and compare fluxes of N2O in the SHARON and to do a general greenhouse gas (GHG) flux comparison to those of the Biological treatment, the Chemical treatment and the Second denitrification at Nykvarnsverket. Secondary goals were to evaluate the use of two gas sensors, a SiC-FET sensor for N2O emissions, a CO2 Engine ELG sensor for carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their applicability in a WWTP environment. The measurements of GHG fluxes were performed by measuring the temporal change of GHG concentrations in the headspace of floating flux chambers placed in treatment tanks. The two gas sensors were tested either via tests in lab or via field measurements. The flux chamber method made it possible to estimate the fluxes at three out of four targeted tanks. The total daily GHG flux estimations (mmol m-2 d-1 ) in the SHARON were 6900 CO2, 320 methane (CH4) and 35 N2O. The estimations (mmol m-2 d-1) in the Biological treatment were 22 000 CO2, 120 CH4 and 23 N2O for 75% of the time. The estimations (mmol m-2 d-1) in the Chemical treatment were 110 CO2, 0.073 CH4 and 0.60 N2O. The largest N2O emissions were found to occur during nitrification processes in the SHARON. The fluxes in the SHARON were also the largest compared to those in the Biological treatment and the Chemical treatment, except for the CO2 flux that was larger in the Biological treatment. The CO2 sensor could be used during measurements over shorter time periods were CO2 levels did not exceed 10 000 ppm. Further tests on the SiC-FET sensor are needed to evaluate the sensor for measurements of N2O.
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El, yazidi Abdelhadi. "Estimation des flux de CO2 et de CH4 en France en utilisant les concentrations atmosphériques du réseau ICOS et les techniques d'assimilation de données." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV067/document.
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Depuis la révolution industrielle, les croissances économique et démographique ont augmenté de manière exponentielle induisant l’augmentation de la combustion d’énergies fossiles, telles que le charbon, le pétrole, et le gaz naturel. La combustion de ces sources d’énergie conduit à l’émission de gaz à effet de serre, principalement le dioxyde de carbone (CO2) et le méthane (CH4), qui par leur accumulation dans l’atmosphère entraînent une augmentation de l’effet de serre. Selon le GIEC (Groupe d'experts Intergouvernemental sur l'Évolution du Climat), l’implication des émissions anthropiques dans l’augmentation de l’effet de serre est extrêmement probable avec un pourcentage de certitude qui dépasse 95%. Toutefois, l’estimation des bilans régionaux d'émissions de GES reste très incertaine. L’objectif de cette thèse est de contribuer à l’amélioration de l’estimation des bilans régionaux de GES en France, en utilisant pour la première fois les concentrations atmosphériques du CO2 et de CH4 mesurées par le réseau ICOS (Integrated Carbon Observation System) et la modélisation inverse à l’échelle régionale.Dans un premier temps, on s’est focalisé sur l’étude des concentrations mesurées de CO2, CH4 et CO (monoxyde de carbone) fournis par des stations de surface. Cette étude a pour objectif l'identification des mesures atmosphériques contaminées par les émissions locales (quelques kilomètres au tour de la station) et qui provoque ce qu’on appelle « les pics de concentrations ». Trois méthodes ont été appliquées sur des séries temporelles fournies par quatre stations du réseau ICOS, afin de déterminer leur degré de contamination. Les résultats des différentes méthodes ont été comparés entre eux, puis comparés à un inventaire de données contaminées préparé manuellement par les gestionnaires des stations. Cette comparaison a permis l’évaluation de la performance des trois méthodes pour la détection réussie des pics. À l’issue de ce travail, la méthode la plus performante a été proposée pour effectuer un nettoyage automatique des séries de mesure du réseau ICOS.Dans un deuxième temps, le modèle régional de chimie-transport CHIMERE est utilisé pour simuler les concentrations atmosphériques du CO2 et du CH4 de l’année 2014 sur un domaine centré sur la France. L’objectif de cette étude est d’étudier la sensibilité des concentrations simulées en utilisant différentes données d’entrées. Premièrement, on étudie la sensibilité des concentrations simulées par rapport au transport en utilisant deux modèles météorologiques AROME et ECMWF. Deuxièmes, on analyse la sensibilité des concentrations simulées face aux différentes cartes d’émissions. Dans cette dernière étape, on étudie les différences entre les cartes d’émissions anthropiques séparément des cartes d’émissions biogéniques. Ce travail nous permet de quantifier à la fois les erreurs liées aux transports et les erreurs liées aux flux d’émissions. La meilleure combinaison des données d’entrée va être sélectionnée pour l’étape d’inversion des flux.Dans un dernier plan, les mesures atmosphériques des concentrations de CO2 et du CH4 sont utilisées par le système d’inversion PYMAI (Berchet et coll., 2013 et 2015) afin d’estimer les bilans régionaux d'émissions des principaux GES en France. L’inversion s’est exécutée pour un mois d’hiver (janvier) et un mois d’été (juillet) en utilisant le modèle de transport CHIMERE forcé par ECMWF et les flux de surface (EDGAR et VPRM). Le résultat de ce travail permet une réduction des incertitudes des bilans nationaux à hauteur de 35 %, et la quantification les émissions de CO2 et de CH4 à l'échelle nationale et régionale. Par contre, cette inversion ne contraint que partiellement les flux d’émissions. Cependant, la question sur l’efficacité de la quantité d’informations disponibles ressort à nouveauSince the industrial revolution, the economic and the demographic growths have increased exponentially,leading to an enhancement of the fossil fuels combustion, such as coal, oil, and natural gas. Consumingthese source of energy amplifies the greenhouse gas emissions, mainly carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane(CH4), whose accumulation in the atmosphere lead to the increase of the greenhouse effect. According tothe 5th assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is extremely likely(95-100% of certainty) that the observed increase in the greenhouse effect is related to the increase of theanthropogenic emissions. However, the estimations of the GHG budget at the regional and the nationalscales remains highly uncertain. The aim of this thesis is to improve the estimation of the CO2 and CH4fluxes in France, using data assimilation techniques and atmospheric measurements provided by theIntegrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) network.The first phase focuses on analyzing the measured CO2, CH4, and CO (Carbon monoxide) atmosphericconcentrations provided by surface monitoring stations. This study is concerned with the problem ofidentifying atmospheric data influenced by local emissions that can result in spikes in the GHG time series.Three methods are implemented on continuous measurements of four contrasted atmospheric sites. The aimof this analysis is to evaluate the performance of the used methods for the correctly detect the contaminateddata. This work allows us to select the most reliable method that was proposed to perform daily spikedetection in the ICOS Atmospheric Thematic Centre Quality Control (ATC-QC) software.Secondly, we simulate the atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and CH4 using the chemistry transport modelCHIMERE in a domain centered over France for the year 2014. The objective of this study is to evaluate thesensitivity of simulated concentrations using different input data (sensitivity to the meteorological transportand sensitivity to the surface fluxes). This work led to the quantification of both the transport and surfacefluxes errors based on the combination of different simulations. Thus, the most reliable combination of thebest input data was selected for the flux inversion study.Lastly, the measured CO2 and CH4 concentrations are used by the PYMAI inversion system (Berchet et al.,2013 and 2015) in order to estimate the CO2 and CH4 fluxes in France. The Inversion is performed for onemonth in winter (January) and one month in summer (July), using the transport model CHIMERE. Theinversion results have provided very interesting results for the regional estimation of the CO2 and CH4surface fluxes in France with an uncertainty reduction that may attain 35% of the national totals
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Söderholm, Sofia. "Studie av koldioxidgradienter i havets ytskikt." Thesis, Uppsala University, LUVAL, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-106142.
Full textAbstract:
Studie av koldioxidgradienter i havets ytskikt Sofia Söderholm
Denna studie bygger på ett nyligen utvecklat instrument som har mätt koldioxidkoncentrationer på tre olika djup i vattnet samt en nivå i luften. Då detta instrument var oprövat i vatten har en utvärdering av mätmetodens lämplighet för vattenmätningar utförts. Syftet med mätningarna var att undersöka ytvattnets vertikala koldioxidgradient för att med hjälp av denna kunna beskriva flödet av koldioxid mellan hav och atmosfär bättre. Detta flöde är en viktig del av den globala kolcykeln och en djupare förståelse för koldioxidflödets beteende kan i framtiden bidra till mer noggranna klimatprognoser. Hur de beräknade flödena från profilinstrumentet påverkas av temperaturgradienterna i vattnets ytskikt har även det studerats. Mätningarna utfördes i vattnet utanför mätstationen på Östergarnsholm, öster om Gotland. En del av studien fokuserar på de horisontella koldioxidgradienterna i ytvattnet som erhållits genom fartygsdata.
Instrumentet som har använts vid mätningarna bygger på hydrofoba, luftgenomträngliga membran och förefaller fungera mycket väl i vatten. Vid vindhastigheter som inte är högre än 3 - 4 m/s kan tydliga koldioxidgradienter i vattnets ytskikt ses, men detta samband behöver verifieras med en större mängd mätdata. Temperaturgradienten i vattnets ytskikt har ingen större påverkan på vare sig koldioxidgradienten eller flödet av koldioxid och dess effekt kan försummas i detta fall. De horisontella koldioxidgradienterna påverkas huvudsakligen av temperaturen, den biologiska aktiviteten samt transport av vattenmassor. På en större skala kan tydliga effekter av temperaturen på koldioxidhalterna ses och på en mindre skala samt nära kuster och under våren är den biologiska aktiviteten dominerande.
Nyckelord: Koldioxidgradient, koldioxidflöde, temperaturgradient, hydrofoba luftgenomträngliga membran, transferhastighet, vindhastighet, biologisk aktivitet.
A study regarding the carbon dioxide gradients in the surface water. Sofia Söderholm
This study is based on a recently developed instrument that measures the concentration of carbon dioxide at three different depths in the water and one level in the air. Since this instrument has not previously been used for measurements in water, an evaluation regarding the usefulness of the instruments for measurements in water was made. The purpose of the measurements was to study the vertical gradient of carbon dioxide in the surface water and to describe the vertical flux of carbon dioxide between the ocean and the atmosphere in an improved way. This flux is an important part of the global carbon cycle and a deeper understanding of the behavior of the air-sea exchange of carbon dioxide could contribute to more accurate forecasts of the future climate. The impact on the calculated carbon dioxide flux by the temperature gradients in the surface waters was also analyzed. The measurements were performed in the waters outside of the island of Östergarnsholm, east of Gotland. Part of the study focuses on the horizontal carbon dioxide in the surface water, which was obtained by ship data.
The instrument used when performing the measurements is based on hydrophobic, air-permeable membranes and appears to function very well in water. During wind speeds below 3 - 4 m/s distinct carbon dioxide gradients can be seen for the investigated data, but more data is needed to quantify this gradient for different situations. The temperature gradient in the surface water doesn't have a significant effect on the carbon dioxide gradient or the flow of carbon dioxide, and the effect of the temperature gradient can in this particular case be neglected. The horizontal gradients of carbon dioxide are mainly affected by temperature, biological activity and transportation of water mass. On a larger scale the effects of temperature on the concentrations of carbon dioxide are visible and on a smaller scale along with the coastal areas and during springtime, the biological activity is the dominating influence.
Keywords: Carbon dioxide gradient, carbon dioxide flux, temperature gradient, hydrophobic airpermeable membranes , transfer velocity, wind speeds, biological activity.
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Nilsson, Isak, and Filip Seifarth. "Variability of summer CH4 and CO2 flux rates in and between three large Swedish lakes : A spatio-temporal field study." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema Miljöförändring, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-166395.
Full textAbstract:
Understanding of natural greenhouse gas (GHG) cycles is crucial for making GHG budgets, which work as basis in climate change and global warming policy programs. Lakes as a source for GHG activity have only recently been included in global GHG budgets, and most studies of lake GHG flux rates are conducted on lakes <10 km2, which only comprise roughly half of the global lake area—making data of large lake flux rates scarce. CO2 and CH4 are the primary contributors of GHGs, and lakes house production processes and receive these gasses via lateral transport. This study utilized a floating chamber method with CO2 sensors to study CH4 and CO2 flux rates from three large Swedish lakes. To do this, chambers were anchored at shallow depth, as well as passively drifted on open water. Sampling was conducted during two periods in the summer 2019, late June–early July and August. For CH4, spatial difference was found between deep and shallow transects within lakes, no temporal difference was found between study periods. Difference between lakes within the deep and shallow chamber groups was found. One possible instance of deep-water ebullition was recorded, and a correlation between CH4 flux rate and water temperature was observed. For CO2, no difference between deep and shallow chambers or measurement periods was found. One instance within the deeper chamber group was found to be different between two of the lakes, despite all three lakes being of different size, depth and trophic state. The study results indicate CO2 water concentrations near saturation with atmosphere during the sampling periods. No correlation between CO2 flux rate and water temperature was observed. Unexpected small-scale variability patterns in CO2 flux was observed while chambers were passively drifting. While some observed patterns for the two gases could be explained by previous findings, some of our observations could not be explained on the basis of previous literature, highlighting the need for further study of GHG flux rates from large lakes.Förståelsen av naturliga växthuscykler är avgörande för att göra budgetar för växthusgaser, eftersom dessa uppskattningar och budgetar agerar som grund i policyprogram för arbete med klimatförändringar och global uppvärmning. Sjöar har endast nyligen inkluderats i globala växthusgodsbudgetar som en källa för växthusgasutsläpp, och de flesta studier av flödeshastigheter genomförs på sjöar <10 km2, vilka endast utgör ungefär hälften av den globala sjöarealen –vilket leder till att data om växthusgasflöden från stora sjöar saknas. CO2och CH4 är de mest potenta växthusgaserna, och sjöar hyser produktionsprocesser samt tar emot dessa gaser från kringliggande miljöer. Denna studie nyttjade en kammarmetod med CO2-sensorer för att studera CH4och CO2-flödeshastigheter från tre stora svenska sjöar. Detta gjordes dels genom att ankra kammare på grunt djup, och dels genom att låta kammare driva passivt på öppet vatten. Provtagningen genomfördes under två perioder sommaren 2019, slutet av juni-början av juli och augusti. För CH4 hittades rumslig skillnad mellan djupa och grunda transekter i sjöar, men ingen tidsmässig skillnad hittades mellan studieperioder. Skillnader mellan sjöar i de djupa och grunda kammargrupperna hittades. Ett möjligt fall av metanbubblor från djupt vatten registrerades, liksom en korrelation mellan CH4-flödeshastighet och vattentemperatur. För CO2 hittades ingen skillnad mellan djupa och grunda kammare eller mätperioder. En skillnad i den djupa kammargruppen hittades mellan två av sjöarna, trots att alla tre var av olika storlek, djup och trofiklass. Studiens resultat indikerar att koncentrationer av CO2 i vatten var nära mättnad med atmosfären under studieperioderna. Ingen korrelation mellan CO2-flödeshastighet och vattentemperatur observerades. Oväntade småskaliga variabilitetsmönster i CO2-flöde observerades medan kamrar drev passivt. Medan vissa observerade mönster för de två gaserna kan förklaras av tidigare kunskap, kan andra av våra observationer inte förklaras av tidigare litteratur, och detta tydliggör behovet av fortsatt forskning på växthusgasflöden från stora sjöar.
We also thank the METLAKE project funded by the European Research Council (ERC; grant agreement No 725546).
METLAKE (ERC; grant agreement No 725546)
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Moderow, Uta. "Energy balance of forests with special consideration of advection." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-71221.
Full textAbstract:
The present work was written as a cumulative dissertation based on peer-reviewed papers and is completed by yet unpublished results. The overall objective was to get a deeper insight into the role of the advective fluxes of sensible heat and latent heat in relation to the energy balance and its imbalance at the earth’s surface (typically the sum of the turbulent fluxes sensible and latent heat does not match the available energy). Data from two advection experiments at four coniferous sites across Europe served as the basis for the analysis. One was the advection experiment MORE II which took place in Tharandt (Germany) and the other advection experiment ADVEX was conducted at three different sites (Ritten/Renon, Italy; Wetzstein, Germany; Norunda, Sweden). An inspection of the available energy (AE) that is redistributed to the atmosphere by the sensible heat flux (H) and latent heat flux (LE) showed that the uncertainty of the available energy itself cannot explain the lack of energy balance closure for these four sites. The mean absolute uncertainty of the available energy was largest during midday and ranged from 41 W m-2 to 52 W m-2 (approx. 12 % of AE). During nighttime, the mean absolute uncertainty was smaller (20 W m-2 – 30 W m-2) but the relative uncertainty was much larger as AE itself is small. Among the investigated storage terms the heat storage change of the biomass was most important. The energy balance closure was improved for all investigated sites when storage terms were included. In principle, storage terms should not be neglected in energy balance studies. An investigation of the budget of sensible heat, not only including the vertical advection and the horizontal advection but also the horizontal turbulent flux divergence, was undertaken for the coniferous site at Tharandt. Inclusion of these fluxes resulted in an enlarged mean daily amplitude and suggests an improvement of the energy balance closure, at least during nighttime. The commonly determined budget (vertical turbulent flux plus storage change) was reduced by about 30 % when advective fluxes were included. Results suggest that the horizontal turbulent flux divergence is of minor importance but further studies are needed for an overall evaluation. First results for the inclusion of the advective fluxes of both sensible heat and latent heat indicate that the lack of energy balance closure is partly reduced but the imbalance still exists. Advective fluxes of sensible heat were also compared to advective fluxes of CO2. It became apparent that the advective fluxes of sensible heat and CO2 are, on average, of opposite sign during nighttime and both share large scatter. Both budgets (sensible heat and CO2) were considerably changed (although differently for different sites) when advective fluxes were included. Results further suggest that advective fluxes of H can be taken as an indicator concerning the presence and sign of advection of CO2. This points towards a coincident non-turbulent transport of heat and CO2. However, all investigated advective fluxes are site-specific. They are characterised by a large uncertainty due to uncertainties in the mean vertical velocity (vertical advection) and in the horizontal differences in scalar magnitude (horizontal advection). Obviously, they are influenced by the limitations of the experimental set-up (spatial resolution) and the local characteristics of the individual measurements. An overall evaluation of advective fluxes with respect to their representativeness and magnitude requires further studiesDie vorliegende Arbeit wurde als kumulative Dissertation verfasst, die auf begutachteten Publikationen beruht. Sie wird um bisher nicht veröffentlichte Daten zur Advektion latenter Wärme ergänzt. Ziel war es, vor allem die Rolle der advektiven Flüsse von sensibler und latenter Wärme in Bezug auf die Energiebilanz und das Problem der Energiebilanzschließung an der Erdoberfläche näher zu untersuchen. Unter der Energiebilanzschließungslücke wird im Allgemeinen das Phänomen verstanden, dass die Summe der gemessenen turbulenten Flüsse von sensibler und latenter Wärme zumeist nicht der gemessenen verfügbaren Energie entspricht. Als Datengrundlage für die Arbeiten dienten hierzu die Datensätze von zwei Advektionsexperimenten, die an vier verschiedenen Nadelwaldstandorten in Europa stattfanden. Das erste dieser Advektionsexperimente MORE II fand an der Ankerstation Tharandt (Deutschland) statt und das zweite (ADVEX) wurde an drei verschiedenen Standorten durchgeführt (Ritten/Renon, Italien; Wetzstein, Deutschland; Norunda, Schweden). Eine Untersuchung der verfügbaren Energie (AE), die über den sensiblen Wärmestrom (H) und den latenten Wärmestrom (LE) wieder an die Atmosphäre abgegeben wird, zeigte, dass die in der Bestimmung der verfügbaren Energie liegende Unsicherheit das Problem der Energiebilanzschließungslücke nicht ausreichend erklärt. Die mittlere absolute Unsicherheit der verfügbaren Energie war dabei mittags am größten (41 W m-2 – 52 W m-2; ca. 12 % der verfügbaren Energie). Nachts war diese kleiner (20 W m-2 – 30 W m-2). Jedoch waren dann die relativen Unsicherheiten deutlich größer, da die verfügbare Energie nachts klein ist. Von den betrachteten Speichertermen der Energiebilanz erwies sich die Speicheränderung von Wärme in der Biomasse als am wichtigsten. Für die vier untersuchten Standorte verbesserte sich die Energiebilanzschließung, wenn die Speicherterme mit einbezogen wurden. Grundsätzlich sollten alle Speicherterme bei der Bestimmung der Energiebilanz mit beachtet werden. Für den Nadelwaldstandort Tharandt wurde die Bilanz der sensiblen Wärme unter Beachtung der advektiven Flüsse und der horizontalen turbulenten Flussdivergenz erstellt. Die Einbeziehung der advektiven Flüsse und der horizontalen turbulenten Flussdivergenz führte zu einer Vergrößerung der Amplitude im mittleren Tagesgang und deutet auf eine Verbesserung der Energiebilanzschließung zumindest nachts hin. Im herkömmlichen Sinne wird die Bilanz für Energie oder Massenflüsse als Summe aus vertikalem turbulenten Fluss und Speicheränderung bestimmt. Die Gesamtsumme dieser Bilanz wurde um 30 % reduziert, wenn die advektiven Flüsse mit einbezogen wurden. Hinsichtlich der horizontalen turbulenten Flussdivergenz kann man noch keine abschließende Einschätzung geben. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse deuten einen vernachlässigbaren Anteil an der Gesamtbilanz für diesen Term an. Erste Ergebnisse für die Bestimmung der Energiebilanz von Nadelwäldern unter Beachtung der advektiven Flüsse von sensibler und latenter Wärme zeigen eine teilweise Reduzierung der Energiebilanzschließungslücke, jedoch keine vollständige Schließung der Energiebilanz. Weiterhin wurden die advektiven Flüsse sensibler Wärme mit denen von CO2 verglichen. Die Bilanzen für den CO2-Fluss als auch für den Fluss sensibler Wärme änderten sich deutlich unter Einbeziehung der advektiven Flüsse, wenn auch unterschiedlich für verschiedene Standorte. Besonders nachts sind die advektiven Flüsse von sensibler Wärme und CO2 im Mittel durch gegensätzliche Vorzeichen gekennzeichnet. Diese Beziehung eröffnet die Möglichkeit, advektive Flüsse von CO2 auf der Basis von advektiven Flüssen sensibler Wärme hinsichtlich ihres Vorhandenseins und ihrer Richtung abzuschätzen. Dies deutet auf einen gleichzeitigen nicht-turbulenten Transport von Wärme und CO2 hin. Generell ist festzustellen, dass alle untersuchten advektiven Flüsse spezifisch für den jeweiligen Standort und durch eine große Unsicherheit gekennzeichnet sind. Diese ergibt sich zum einen aus der mittleren vertikalen Geschwindigkeit (vertikale Advektion) und zum anderen aus den horizontalen Differenzen (horizontale Advektion) der jeweiligen skalaren Größen. Die betrachteten advektiven Flüsse werden offensichtlich durch Einschränkungen, die sich aus dem experimentellen Aufbau ergeben (z.B. begrenzte räumliche Auflösung), in ähnlicher Weise beeinflusst. Eine abschließende Beurteilung der advektiven Flüsse hinsichtlich ihres Anteils an der Gesamtbilanz und ihrer Repräsentativität erfordert weitere Studien
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Villela, Franco Nadal Junqueira. "Análise decadal do fluxo de CO2 entre o oceano e a atmostera na Passagem de Drake, Oceano Austral." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/90/90131/tde-24112011-125748/.
Full textAbstract:
VILLELA, FRANCO N. J. Análise decadal do fluxo de CO2 entre o oceano e a atmosfera na passagem de Drake, Oceano Austral. 2011. 148 f. Dissertação (mestrado) Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Ambiental (PROCAM), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2011. Para a área delimitada pelos paralelos 60ºS e 62,5ºS e pelos meridianos 60ºW e 65ºW, localizada no sul da Passagem de Drake, no Oceano Austral, próximo à Península Antártica, foram calculadas as distribuições médias de 2000 a 2009, sazonais e anual, do fluxo de CO2 na interface oceano-atmosfera e de suas variáveis associadas: a pressão parcial de CO2 na superfície marinha (PCO2sw), a pressão parcial de CO2 na atmosfera (PCO2ar), a diferença da pressão parcial de CO2 entre o oceano e a atmosfera (PCO2) e a taxa de transferência gasosa (TR), que é produto do coeficiente solubilidade do CO2 na água do mar pela velocidade de transferência gasosa. A parametrização utilizada no cálculo dos fluxos foi a de Takahashi et al. (2009) com TR dependente da velocidade do vento ao quadrado multiplicada por um fator de escala 0,26. A área de estudo tem cerca de 75 mil km2 e foi dividida em uma grade espacial de 0,5º x 0,5º, resultando em 50 quadrículas. Foram utilizados mais de 46 mil medições de PCO2sw, que na média espacial variou de 362,7 ±11,2 a 371,9 ±17,5 µatm, no verão e primavera respectivamente. A PCO2 variou de -0,4 a 5,7 µatm no outono e primavera, respectivamente. A TR variou de 0,065 ±0,04 a 0,088 ±0,002 gC.mês-1.m-2.µatm-1, no verão e inverno, respectivamente. O fluxo líquido, se tomando a concentração de gelo como negligenciável, variou de -0,039 ±0,865 a 0,456 ±1,221 gC.m-2.mês-1, no outono e inverno, respectivamente. O fluxo total anual de carbono, estimado através da média espacial por quadrícula, foi de 95 GgC.ano-1. Dessa maneira, na estimativa anual, a superfície do mar se comporta como fonte de CO2 para a atmosfera, principalmente devido à região da plataforma continental com PCO2sw consideravelmente maior que o da atmosfera. Sazonalmente sugere-se que no verão a maior disponibilidade de radiação solar, a temperatura da superfície do mar (TSM) mais elevada e os ventos mais fracos favorecem a produção de biomassa fitoplanctônica, fazendo com que a bomba biológica seja o processo dominante na diminuição da PCO2sw e na absorção de CO2 atmosférico pela superfície marinha. Já no inverno, os ventos se intensificam e, associados com o forte resfriamento da TSM, promovem a mistura com águas profundas ricas em carbono inorgânico dissolvido, levando a superfície marinha a um estado de supersaturação de CO2 em relação à atmosfera. Ventos circumpolares de oeste mais intensos e deslocados para sul tem sido apontados como a causa do aumento da PCO2sw em igual ou maior taxa do que ocorre na atmosfera. Na área de estudo foi levantada uma tendência média da intensidade do vento de 0,23 ±0,03 m.s-1.década-1 e um aumento na freqüência da componente zonal de oeste (positiva) de 1,47 ± 1,13 % .década-1. Sugere-se que estas tendências estejam relacionadas com o Modo Anular Austral (SAM). Entretanto, a tendência decadal estimada para a PCO2sw foi menor que para a atmosfera, apesar de ambas indicarem tendência de aumento. Acredita-se que a grande variabilidade e distribuição esparsa de dados tenham mascarado a magnitude da estimativa da tendência de PCO2sw.VILLELA, FRANCO N. J. Decadal analysis of the CO2 sea-air flux in the Drake Passage, Southern Ocean 2011. 148 f. Dissertação (mestrado) Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Ambiental (PROCAM), Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2011. For the area bounded by parallels 60°S and 62.5°S and meridians 60°W and 65°W, located in the southern Drake Passage in the Southern Ocean, near the Antarctic Peninsula, mean seasonal and annual distributions of CO2 flux at the ocean-atmosphere interface, from 2000 to 2009, have been computed, as well as their associated variables: the CO2 partial pressure at sea surface (PCO2sw), the CO2 partial pressure in atmosphere (PCO2ar), the CO2 pressure difference between ocean and atmosphere (PCO2), and the gas transfer rate (TR), which is the product of the CO2 solubility coefficient in sea water by the gas transfer velocity. The parameterization used to calculate fluxes was that of Takahashi et al. (2009) with TR depending on the squared wind speed multiplied by a scale factor 0.26. The study area has about 75,000 km2 and was divided into a grid of 0.5° x 0.5°, resulting in 50 area boxes. Over 46,000 PCO2sw measurements were used, which in the spatial mean varied from 362.7±11.2 to 371.9±17.5 µatm, in summer and spring, respectively. The PCO2 varied from 0.4 to 5.7 µatm in autumn and spring, respectively. TR varied from 0.065±0.04 to 0,088±0.002 gC.month-1.m-2.µatm-1, in summer and winter, respectively. The net flux, taking ice concentration as negligible, varied from 0.039±0.865 to 0.456±1.221 gC.month-1.m-2, in autumn and winter, respectively. The total annual carbon flux, estimated through the spatial mean per square, was 95 GgC.y-1. Thus, in the annual estimate the region acts as a source to the atmosphere, mainly due to the continental shelf having PCO2sw considerably greater than that of the atmosphere. Seasonally, it is suggested that in summer the greater availability of solar radiation, warmer sea surface temperature (SST), and weaker winds favor the production of phytoplanktonic mass, making the biological pump the dominating process in lowering the PCO2sw and the absorption of atmospheric CO2 by the sea surface. On the other hand, in winter winds intensify and, in association with the strong cooling of the SST, promote mixing with deep waters rich in dissolved inorganic carbon, leading the sea surface to a state of supersaturation in CO2 relative to the atmosphere. Stronger circumpolar west winds and displaced to the south have been pointed as the cause for the increase of PCO2sw at a rate equal to or greater than that occurring in the atmosphere. In the study area it has been detected a mean trend of wind intensity 0.23±0.03 m.s-1.decade-1 and an increase in the western zonal component of 1.47±1.3%.decade-1. It is suggested that these trends are related to the Southern Annular Mode (SAM). However, the decadal trend estimated for the PCO2sw was smaller than for the atmosphere, in spite of both indicating increasing tendencies. It is believed that the great variability and scatter distribution of the data have masked the magnitude of the PCO2SW trend estimate.
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Gelwick, Katrina D. "Full of Hot Air: Heat Flow at the Medicine Lake Volcano Hot Spot, Modoc County, California." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1398936533.
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Burnett, Benjamin F. "Exploratory Eddy Covariance Measurements of Surface Heat and CO2 Fluxes in the Roughness Sublayer of an Urban Environment." PDXScholar, 2010. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/401.
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In this study eddy covariance was used to measure sensible heat, latent heat, and carbon dioxide fluxes for the months of August, September, and October of 2009 within the roughness sublayer (RSL) of the urban center of Portland, OR. Vehicle traffic and solar radiation were also measured for the month of October. Flux measurements were compared with measurements from other urban areas as a test of reasonableness. CO₂ fluxes were nearly always positive and were strongly correlated with the weekday diurnal traffic cycle. CO₂ fluxes averaged 6.6 μmol/m^²s, which is less than other published measurements in urban areas. Sensible and latent heat fluxes followed the expected diurnal profile associated with solar radiation. Average sensible heat flux decreased as the season changed from summer to fall, moving from an average of 39 W/m^² in August to 12 W/m^² in October. A corresponding increase in latent heat flux was observed during this period, changing from an average of 10 W/m^² in August to 17 W/m^² in October. Heat flux behavior and amplitude was consistent with other urban measurements, though amplitude varies considerably from city to city. Stationarity was shown to positively influence measured CO₂ fluxes, but to have little effect on measured heat fluxes. Preliminary comparisons of October sensible heat and CO₂ fluxes to an inventory-based estimate of vehicle emissions indicate that eddy covariance measurements underestimate the true fluxes by 50%.
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Pes, Luciano Zucuni. "Fluxo de gases de efeito estufa em sistemas de preparo do solo e rotação de culturas no planalto do Rio Grande do Sul." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2009. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/7512.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorThe main greenhouse gases (GHG) are the nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), whose atmosphere concentrations increased in an unprecedented rate since the Industrial Revolution. This work aim evaluates the GEE emissions of spring/summer season in different soil management systems located in the Planalto region of Rio Grande do Sul State. This work was carried out in a long term experiment (22 years), located at FUNDACEP research center under a Rhodic Hapludox soil. This research was split in two studies: the first had the objective of evaluated the CO2 short-term emissions (21 days) during the tillage systems activities and cropping establishment under conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) using a dynamic camera (Flux Chamber 6400-09, Licor). The second study aim evaluate the three main GEE, during the period from October/2007 to January/2008 period, totalizing 101 days, including the activities of soil tillage, establishment and part of the corn and soybean growing stage, under CT, NT and NT with wheat residues (NT-w). In this study in the static camera method, 11 air samples were collected using syringe at 0, 15, 30 and 45 minutes after the closing of the camera. The concentration of GEE were analyzed by gaseous chromatography. In the first study, CT presented accumulated CO2 emission 42% higher than NT, and the main source of CO2 in CT was associated to the residue decomposition and the release of soil CO2, while the gas efflux in NT was associated to the decomposition of soil organic matter. In the second study, all of the tillage systems were N2O source, being higher in NT. For CH4, all of the tillage systems, in the average of the period were a sink of this gas, being higher in NT-w. In relation to CO2, all of the systems were a source of this gas, being higher in CT and it was verified a seasonal effect in CO2 emissions, being higher in spring/summer seasons. The mitigation of the GEE emissions would be achieved by applying conservation tillage systems, with low soil disturbance, and rationalization in the mineral N fertilization.
Os principais gases de efeito estufa (GEE) são o óxido nitroso (N2O), metano (CH4) e dióxido de carbono (CO2), cujas concentrações na atmosfera aumentaram de forma sem precedentes desde a Revolução Industrial. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as emissões de primavera/verão de GEE em diferentes sistemas de manejo do solo no Planalto do Rio Grande do Sul. O trabalho, realizado em experimento de longa duração (22 anos), localizado na Fundação Centro de Experimentação e Pesquisa Fecotrigo (FUNDACEP), em Latossolo Vermelho, foi dividido em dois estudos: o primeiro avaliou as emissões de curto prazo (21 dias) de CO2 durante as atividades de preparo e implantação das culturas, em preparo convencional (PC) e plantio direto (PD), através de câmara dinâmica (Flux Chamber 6400-09, Licor); já o segundo foi uma avaliação conjunta dos três principais GEE, no período de outubro/2007 a janeiro/2008, totalizando 101 dias, abrangendo as atividades de preparo do solo, implantação e parte do desenvolvimento da cultura do milho e soja, em PC, PD e PD sobre resíduos de trigo (PD-t), através da realização de 11 coletas de amostras de ar pelo método da câmara estática, coletadas com seringa aos 0, 15, 30 e 45 minutos após o fechamento da câmara e a concentração dos GEE analisados por cromatografia gasosa. No primeiro estudo, o PC apresentou emissão acumulada dos 21 dias 42% superior ao PD, sendo que a principal fonte de CO2 no PC foi associada à decomposição dos resíduos e a liberação do CO2 retido no interior do solo, enquanto que no PD foi associada à mineralização da matéria orgânica do solo. No segundo estudo, todos os sistemas emitiram N2O, sendo maiores no PD. Quanto ao CH4, todos os sistemas, na média do período, oxidaram o gás, sendo maiores no PD-t. Em relação ao CO2, todos os sistemas emitiram o gás, sendo maior no PC e verificou-se haver uma sazonalidade em suas emissões, sendo mais elevada na primavera/verão. A mitigação das emissões de GEE passa pelo desenvolvimento de sistemas conservacionistas de manejo, com mínima perturbação do solo, e racionalização da adubação nitrogenada mineral.
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Hue, Jean. "Comportement de miroirs soumis au rayonnement continu de lasers de hautes puissances à gaz carbonique : application à la tenue au flux laser." Grenoble 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993GRE10149.
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L'objectif de cette these est de caracteriser l'endommagement de miroirs soumis a un rayonnement continu issu de lasers de hautes puissances a gaz carbonique. Il ressort de ce travail que la temperature de destruction est la grandeur physique qui qualifie la resistance des miroirs vis-a-vis de l'emission continue des lasers a gaz carbonique. Deux processus d'endommagement, le seuil et le vieillissement, sont associes a cette temperature de destruction. Le seuil represente la traversee de cette temperature de destruction lors de la mise en equilibre thermique du miroir. Ce mecanisme d'endommagement depend essentiellement de la conductivite thermique du substrat. Lors du vieillissement, la temperature de destruction est traversee en raison d'une evolution de l'absorbance du miroir. Ce processus de destruction, qui depend essentiellement de la qualite des couches minces, intervient apres le seuil avec une cinetique plus lente que celle associee a l'inertie thermique du miroir. Les consequences de l'existence d'une temperature de destruction sont etudiees experimentalement. Elles sont analysees a l'aide de modelisations thermiques, qui prennent en compte les non-linearites de l'absorbance et de la conductivite thermique du substrat. Ainsi, nous demontrons qu'en test, avec de petits faisceaux, le seuil de destruction est represente par le rapport entre la puissance et le rayon du faisceau laser. Avec la mesure de ce seuil de destruction, determine en test, il est possible, a l'aide de la loi d'echelle spatiale proposee, de connaitre le seuil de destruction du miroir en utilisation reelle avec de grands faisceaux. Un protocole de vieillissement des miroirs, utilise pour determiner la duree de vie des miroirs sous des irradiations continues de lasers a gaz carbonique, est egalement etabli
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Valente, Inês Alexandra Manata Antunes. "Adsorption equilibria of flue gas components on activated carbon." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/12168.
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Bohlin, Veronica, and Nordqvist Anja Anderö. "Greenhouse gas emissions from three large lakes during the autumn 2020." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-176275.
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Methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are two greenhouse gases and main drivers of global climate change. Lakes are known to be a source of CH4 and CO2 to the atmosphere. While the importance of these emissions is clear, their magnitudes and regulation are still uncertain due to the scarcity of flux measurement data from lakes. Most previous flux measurements have been carried out on lakes <10 km2 and the extrapolations are not representative of large lakes directly. Recent research has led to a growing recognition of the great importance of lakes as a source of emissions. Still, the relationship between environmental variables, lake properties and seasonal changes and the variability between and within lakes raises several question marks. Larger scale studies of greenhouse gases are needed to determine the spatial and temporal dynamics that exist. In this study, a floating chamber method and manual sampling was used to investigate the spatiotemporal variability and influencing variables of CH4 flux and concentration, as well as dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and pCO2aq (partial pressure of CO2 in the water). The sampling was conducted during five weeks in September and October 2020 in three large Swedish lakes. Our results generally showed varying CH4 values between the three lakes, indicating that nutrients affect the amount and emission of CH4. A pattern was found where the CH4 was higher near the shore and at a shallower depth. There was a correlation between CH4 concentration and the environmental variables wind speed and air- and water temperatures. Our DIC values were high in two of the lakes and low in one, all lakes’ DIC differed significantly from each other. The pCO2 did not have any difference within the lakes, and there was no difference between the lakes except in one case. Both DIC and pCO2 correlated with air- and water temperature. This study displays the large spatiotemporal variability within and between large lakes and that representative values for large lakes require more measurements under different conditions to distinguish how greenhouse gases emit and flux between lakes and atmosphere.Metan (CH4) och koldioxid (CO2) är två växthusgaser och stora drivkrafter för globala klimatförändringar. Sjöar är kända för att vara en källa för CH4 och CO2 till atmosfären. Trots att betydelsen av dessa utsläpp är tydlig är deras storlek och reglering fortfarande osäker på grund av brist på flödesmätdata från sjöar. De flesta tidigare flödesmätningarna har utförts på sjöar <10 km2 och det har påvisats att extrapoleringar inte är direkt representativa för stora sjöar. Ny forskning har lett till ett mer allmänt erkännande av sjöars stora betydelse som källa till utsläpp. Trots detta väcker förhållandet mellan miljövariabler, sjöegenskaper, säsongsförändringar och variationen mellan och inom sjöar flera frågetecken. Storskaliga studier om växthusgaser behövs för att bestämma den rumsliga och tidsmässiga dynamiken som finns. I denna studie användes en kammarmetod och manuell provtagning för att undersöka spatiotemporal variabilitet och miljövariabler som kan påverka CH4 flöde och koncentration, samt upplöst oorganiskt kol (DIC) och pCO2aq (partial trycket av CO2 i vattnet). Provtagningen genomfördes under fem veckor i september och oktober 2020 i tre stora svenska sjöar. Våra resultat visade generellt varierande CH4 värden mellan de tre sjöarna, vilket indikerade att näringsämnen påverkar mängd och utsläpp av CH4. Ett mönster noterades där CH4 var högre nära stranden och på ett grundare djup. Det fanns ett samband mellan CH4 koncentration och miljövariablerna vindhastighet och luft- och vattentemperatur. DIC-värdena var höga i två av sjöarna och låga i en, alla sjöarnas DIC skiljde sig signifikant från varandra. pCO2 hade ingen skillnad inom sjöarna, och det fanns ingen skillnad mellan sjöarna utom i ett fall. Både DIC och pCO2 korrelerade med luft- och vattentemperatur. Studien visar den stora spatiotemporala variationen inom och mellan stora sjöar och att representativa värden för stora sjöar kräver fler mätningar under olika förhållanden för att urskilja hur växthusgaser emitterar och flödar mellan sjöar och atmosfär.
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Mazot, Agnès. "Activité hydrothermale des volcans Kelud et Papandayan (Indonésie) et évaluation des flux de gaz carbonique." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210971.
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Surface manifestations of hydrothermal fluids such as fumaroles and hot springs provide valuable information about the level of activity of a volcano during quiescent period. Geochemical study of gas and spring waters is useful to elaborate geochemical model for magmatic-hydrothermal system. Furthermore, temporal geochemical monitoring of these fluids with time provides a better understanding in processes occurring inside the volcano and can be useful to detect any changes in the activity of the magmatic-hydrothermal system. This thesis investigates two hydrothermal systems at Kelud and Papandayan volcanoes that are located at Java Island in Indonesia. Kelud is considered as one of the most dangerous volcanoes of Java because of its frequent eruptions. After the last eruption that occurred in 1990, a new lake rapidly filled the crater of Kelud volcano. Water samples collected since 1993 are near neutral Na-K chloride fluids and are typical of aged hydrothermal system where the acidity has been completely neutralized by fluid-rock interaction and where the emission of acid magmatic gases has stopped. Two sudden increases in lake temperature in 1996 and 2001 were accompanied by rapid changes in lake water compositions and suggest the existence of two hydrothermal systems feeding the lake: a shallow hydrothermal system dominated by Ca-Mg sulfate waters and a deepest aquifer with neutral alkali chloride waters. From 2001 to 2005, measurements of CO2 emitted by the surface of the lake were performed by using the accumulation chamber method modified in order to work at the surface of a crater lake. Two statistical methods were used to process data: the graphical statistical and stochastic simulation methods. The results of graphical statistical approach showed that two different degassing processes are acting at the lake surface: one corresponding to CO2 fluxes resulting from rising bubbles and the other corresponding to equilibrium diffusion of dissolved CO2 at the water-air surface. Total CO2 emission rate estimated by stochastic simulation ranges from 105 t/day for 2001 to 32 t/day for 2005. Thermal energy released by the lake was also estimated by using an energy balance model with a new constraint using the CO2 flux. The thermal flux decreased from 200 MW (2001) to 100 MW (2002) and then remained stable. Correlation between the chemical data of waters, the fluxes of CO2 and energy show that a constant decrease in the level of activity of the volcano since 1993 occurred although the lake temperature has been stable since 2003. Since the last magmatic eruption that occurred in 1772, phreatic eruptions occur on Papandayan volcano with the last one in 2002. The volcanic material ejected during this eruption is essentially made of altered rocks from within the hydrothermal system. The interaction of acid waters with the host rocks corresponds to an advanced argilic alteration. The chemical compositions of waters from Papandayan volcano and Kelud lake waters are contrasting. Indeed, the spring waters sampled since 1994 are acid sulfate-chloride waters and acid sulfate waters. The chemical and isotopic analyses of gases and waters suggest a significant magmatic contribution in SO2, HCl and HF to the hydrothermal system. The chemical composition of waters sampled after the 2002 eruption have provided information about origin of this eruption. Decrease in chloride concentration and in delta 34S of dissolved sulfates showed that the magmatic contribution in these fluids are less important and that the waters are likely to be formed by the condensation of steam (H2O, H2S) rising from a boiling aquifer.
Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation géologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Iyer, Mahesh Venkataraman. "High temperature reactive separation process for combined carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide capture from flue gas and enhanced hydrogen production with in-situ carbon dioxide capture using high reactivity calcium and biomineral sorbents." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1135961929.
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Attili, Viswatej. "Capture and mineralization of carbon dioxide from coal combustion flue gas emissions." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1939354121&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Belizario, Maísa Honorio. "Estoque de carbono do solo e fluxo de gases de efeito estufa no cultivo do café." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-07052013-103343/.
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O café é uma das principais culturas exploradas no Brasil, e está entre as mais importantes commodities agrícolas de exportação. A demanda por produtos agrícolas sustentáveis é cada vez maior, questão especialmente importante para a competitividade dos produtos de exportação. Portanto, conhecer os impactos das emissões de gases do efeito estufa (GEE) é fundamental para qualquer cultura agrícola, assim como estudar o seu manejo para detectar alternativas mitigadoras. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o estoque de carbono no solo e o fluxo de gases de feito estufa no cultivo do café. Para tal foram avaliados o estoque de carbono do solo devido à conversão do uso da terra sob vegetação de Cerrado para a cultura do café; o uso de corretivo agrícola e sua influencia no fluxo de CO2, assim como a influência do uso de fertilizantes nitrogenados na emissão de N2O. O carbono (C) do solo foi determinado para o solo original de cerrado (controle) e em áreas convertidas há 37, 15 e 8 anos, além de duas áreas que receberam adição 22.684 e 16.845 kg ha-1de composto orgânico em 2006 (CRI) e 2010 (CRII), respectivamente. O estoque de C no solo foi maior na área Café 37 (91,34 Mg C ha-1) e o menor para o Cerrado (66,87 Mg C ha-1) a 0-30cm. As áreas com Café 15, 8 anos, CRI e CRII não apresentaram diferença entre si, com estoque de carbono no solo de 85,21, 85,75, 73,29 e 76,95, Mg C ha-1 respectivamente. Após a conversão do solo para a produção de café, há um aumento considerável no estoque de C, porém ao longo do tempo este valor tende a decrescer, provavelmente por conta de práticas de manejo. O nitrogênio (N) é o nutriente exigido em grande quantidade pela cultura do café e é apontado dentre os fertilizantes que mais contribuem com a emissão de GEE na agricultura. A fim de se conhecer o fluxo de emissão das diferentes alternativas de adubação nitrogenada, avaliou-se o nitrato de cálcio (NC), nitrato de amônio (NA), ureia (UR) e ureia-NBPT (NBPT®), para dose única (100 kg ha-1) e parcelada (2 x 50 kg ha-1). A ureia em dose única foi a fonte de maior emissão (125,12 mg N-N2O m-2) e o nitrato de cálcio parcelado foi a de menor (1,93mg N-N2O m-2). O uso da calagem é essencial para corrigir a fertilidade de solos ácidos, como é o caso da maioria dos solos de cerrado. A calagem é uma importante fonte emissora de CO2 na atividade agrícola. Para se conhecer o fluxo de emissão da calagem, avaliou-se uma área com calcário recém aplicado e outra área após 5 anos da calagem. Os fluxos acumulados foram de 64,7 e 58,7 g de C-CO2 m-2, respectivamente. A área que recebeu calcário recentemente obteve maior emissão por efeitos indiretos. Buscando atender a exigências de sustentabilidade avaliou-se a emissão do sistema de produção por cada saca de café (60 kg). Para tal foram utilizados dados de combustível, fertilizantes nitrogenados, adubo orgânico, calcário e eletricidade. A fazenda emitiu um total de 2.698 t CO2 equivalente de GEE durante dois anos agrícolas. A fonte que mais contribuiu foi o uso óleo diesel (1.407 t CO2eq) e a menor foi a eletricidade (41 t CO2eq). Para produzir uma saca de café foram emitidos 0,68 kg de CO2eq kg-1 de café.The coffee is one of the main crops grown in Brazil, and is its most important agricultural export commodities. The demand for sustainable agricultural products is increasing, especially important issue for the competitiveness of export products. Therefore, knowing the impacts of emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) is critical for any crop, as well as studying their management to detect mitigation alternatives. The aim of this study was to determine the soil carbon stock and flow of greenhouse gases made in the cultivation of coffee. The studies comprised the evaluation of the conversion of land use Cerrado vegetation for coffee, use of liming and its influence on the flux of CO2, as well as the influence of the use of nitrogen fertilizers on N2O emission. Carbon (C) of the soil was determined for the original Cerrado soil (control) and in areas converted for 37, 15 and 8 years, and also two areas who received addition of 22.684 e 16.845 kg ha-1 organic compound in 2006 and 2010, respectively. The highest levels of carbon were to coffee 37 to 0-5 cm in Li, and the layers 5-10, 10-20 cm in Eli C stocks in the soil was higher in the coffee 37 (91.34 Mg C ha-1) and the lowest for the Cerrado (66.87 Mg C ha-1) at 0-30cm. Areas with coffee 15, 8, and CRI CRII did not differ among themselves, with soil carbon stock of 85.21, 85.75, 73.29 and 76.95 Mg C ha-1, respectively. After the conversion of land for coffee production, there is a considerable increase in the stock of C, but over time this value tends to decrease, probably due to management practices. Nitrogen (N) is the nutrient required in large quantity by the coffee culture and is named among the fertilizers that contribute most to GHG emissions in agriculture. In order to meet the emission flux of alternative nitrogen fertilization was evaluated calcium nitrate (CN), ammonium nitrate (AN), urea (UR) and urea NBPT (NBPT®), full dose (100 kg ha-1) and split dose (2 x 50 kg ha-1). Urea full dose was increased emission source (125.12 mg N2O-N m-2) and calcium nitrate was less parceled (1.93 mg N2O-N m-2). The use of lime is essential to correct the fertility of acid soils, a situation typical of most Cerrado soils. Liming is an important emission source of CO2 in agricultural activity. To know the flow of issuance of liming, evaluated a limestone area with freshly applied and another 5 years after liming. The accumulated flows were 64.7 and 58.7 g CO2-C m-2, respectively. The area was limed recently gained greater flow issue. Seeking to meet the requirements of sustainability evaluated the issue of the production system for every bag of coffee (60 kg). For such data were used fuel, nitrogen fertilizer, organic fertilizer, limestone and electricity. For such data were used fuel, nitrogen fertilizer, organic fertilizer, limestone and electricity. The farm issued a total of 2.698 t of CO2 equivalent GHG during a two crop years. The source that contributed most was the use of diesel (1.407 t CO2eq) and the lowest was electricity (41 t CO2eq). To produce a bag of coffee were issued 0.68 kg CO2eq kg-1 coffee.
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Rasera, Maria de Fatima Fernandes Lamy. "O papel das emissões de CO2 para a atmosfera, em rios da bacia do Ji-Paraná(RO), no ciclo regional do carbono." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64135/tde-31072006-083532/.
Full textAbstract:
O principal papel dos rios no ciclo global biogeoquímico do carbono tem sido considerado como o de exportador fluvial de carbono orgânico total (COT) e carbono inorgânico dissolvido (CID) para os oceanos. Entretanto, estudos recentes mostraram a importância dos fluxos evasivos de CO2 a partir de rios da Amazônia, sugerindo que uma parte significativa do carbono fixado pela floresta retornaria para a atmosfera por esta via. A troca gasosa entre a atmosfera e as águas supersaturadas dos rios é função do gradiente de concentração do gás através da interface ar-água. A pCO2 da água é fortemente determinada pela concentração de carbono inorgânico dissolvido e pH, que, por sua vez, são função de processos físicos, químicos e biológicos. O foco principal deste estudo foi estabelecer a importância dos fluxos evasivos de CO2 nos balanços de C, uma vez que os sistemas aquáticos são uma fonte significativa de C para a atmosfera nos ambientes tropicais úmidos. Ao mesmo tempo, avaliou-se a influência das concentrações de CID e pH na evasão de CO2. A área de estudo foi a bacia do rio Ji-Paraná, Rondônia. Vários rios desta bacia foram amostrados entre maio/99 e maio/03. Concentrações de CID, temperatura e pH foram utilizadas para calcular a pCO2 da água, baseado nas equações de equilíbrio termodinâmico. Para estimar o fluxo evasivo de CO2 utilizou-se o modelo teórico de fluxo difusivo. Os resultados mostraram que rios que drenam áreas de solos mais férteis apresentam as maiores concentrações de CID e um maior potencial de evasão. Apesar da variabilidade sazonal da pCO2, as concentrações de CO2 dissolvido indicam que as trocas de CO2 com a atmosfera são unilaterais (evasão para a atmosfera) ao longo do ano. Durante o período de cheia, mesmo com concentrações de CID menores, a diminuição do pH observado neste período foi suficiente para promover potenciais de evasão maiores; neste período a evasão é cerca de 4 vezes maior que no período de seca. Baseado no modelo de fluxo difusivo, a evasão de CO2 para a atmosfera a partir das águas superficiais dos rios da bacia do Ji-Paraná foi estimada em 128 a 318 Gg C ano-1. A descarga fluvial exporta anualmente cerca de 370 Gg C ano-1. Portanto, a evasão é da mesma ordem de magnitude da descarga fluvial, demonstrando a importância desta via no ciclo do carbono nos sistemas aquáticos da Amazônia.The major biogeochemical role of river systems in the global carbon cycle is considered to be the fluvial export of total organic carbon (TOC) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) to the ocean. However, recent studies have shown the importance of CO2 outgassing from rivers of the Amazon, suggesting that a significant part of the carbon fixed by forests returns to the atmosphere through this pathway. Gas exchange between the atmosphere and river waters supersaturated in CO2 is a function of gaseous gradients across the air-water interface. Water pCO2 is strongly influenced by concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and pH, which are, in turn, a function of physical, chemical and biological processes. This study focus on the importance of CO2 outgassing in the carbon cycle of drainage basins, assuming that river systems are significant sources of atmospheric C in tropical environments, and also on the influence of DIC concentrations and the pH on CO2 evasion. The study area was the Ji-Paraná river basin, Rondônia. Several rivers of the basin were sampled between May/99 and May/03. Temperature, pH and DIC concentrations were used do calculate pCO2, based on thermodynamic equilibrium equations. A theoretical diffusive flux model was used to estimate CO2 evasion. The results show that rivers draining areas with more fertile soils present larger concentrations of DIC and of potential CO2 evasion. In spite of the pCO2 seasonality, the concentrations of dissolved CO2 suggest that this CO2 exchange with the atmosphere is unilateral (evasion to the atmosphere) throughtout the year. During high waters, even with lower DIC concentrations, decreases in pH are of a magnitude enough to promote higher potential evasions; in this period evasion is around four times higher than in the falling water. Based on a diffusion model, CO2 evasion to the atmosphere from rivers of Ji-Paraná basin was estimated to be from 128 to 318 Gg C yr-1. Since the annual export in fluvial discharge is 370 Gg C yr-1, this means that evasion is on the same order of magnitude, demonstrating the importance of this pathway in the carbon cycle of riverine systems in the Amazon.