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Lazarev, Vladimir A., Andrey I. Fisenko, and Petr V. Kurenkov. "ASPECTS OF PROVIDING ECOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY OF THE NORTHERN SEA ROUTE CONTAINER TRANSPORT SYSTEM." Vestnik Gosudarstvennogo universiteta morskogo i rechnogo flota imeni admirala S. O. Makarova 14, no. 3 (September 2, 2022): 374–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21821/2309-5180-2022-14-3-374-384.
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One of the important tasks of environment conservation, such as reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by commercial fleet, which is under special consideration of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and becoming a basis of world trade policy, is considered in the paper. The analysis of the container transportation system in world trade demonstrates its growing role. The dynamics and trends of the modern container fleet for the period of 2015-2020 confirm the thesis of the growing importance of the container system in world trade. The volumes of greenhouse gas emissions and contributions by the tanker, bulk carrier and container segments of the world merchant fleet are considered, the conclusion about the low environmental efficiency of the container fleet toward the volume of cargo flow is presented. Options and consequences of including the Northern Sea Route in the global logistics network to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are proposed. Based on early studies, the comparative calculations linking variation of ship speed with reduction of carbon dioxide emissions for four types of container ships on the routes including the Northern Sea Route and through the Suez Canal are given. Estimates for the mentioned reduction due to shortening the route between Europe and Asia are proposed. The practical applicability of the calculated estimates and their impact on the overall environmental friendliness of transport corridors in the case of more active use of the Northern Sea Route as a transit route for the goods flow from the Asia- Pacific region is discussed.
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Mandal, Gopa Chandra. "Rethinking Corporate Social Responsibility in the Arena of Climate Change: A Study in Socio-Legal Aspect." Journal of Climate Change 8, no. 4 (December 5, 2022): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jcc220026.
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Climate change is an environmental challenge confronting all countries across the globe in varying degrees of intensity. It, directly and indirectly, interferes with the enjoyment of all human beings including – the right to life, housing, water and sanitation, food, health, development, security of persons and an adequate standard of living. Industry and business play a crucial role with regard to climate change, accounting for approximately one-third of the world’s energy consumption and 36 per cent of carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore, industry and the global business community have a responsibility to join national and international efforts to lower their greenhouse gas emissions. Across Asia, Europe, Africa, and North and South America, the adverse effects of climate change have manifested over the years as ozone layer depletion, continental global warming, a shower of acid rain, extended fires, melting ice, rise in sea level and other extreme events which call for urgent action at national and international levels. A self-regulating approach that makes manufacturing organisations socially responsible and responsive to environmental issues in their operating countries can be pragmatic in climate-change mitigation, and strengthen existing governmental policies on climate change. A number of affirmative actions and recommendations has been formulated at national and international levels to regulate climate change including eco-vigilance, adoption of green, conservation of the flora and fauna, zero-tolerance of gas flaring, socially responsible investment, carbon emission reporting and disclosures and adoption of environment-friendly manufacturing techniques. Therefore, the present study not only focusses on the theoretical aspect but also on the socio-legal aspect filling the gap in both theory and practice related to the impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on society.
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Crippa, Julianna, Aline M. F. Araujo, Diogo Bem, Cássia M. L. Ugaya, and Sergio Scheer. "A systematic review of BIM usage for life cycle impact assessment." Built Environment Project and Asset Management 10, no. 4 (June 22, 2020): 603–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bepam-03-2019-0028.
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PurposeThis paper searches for integration methods proposed by different authors that assess the life cycle of a building using models of building information modeling (BIM) and it also compares and discusses them.Design/methodology/approachSystematic literature review (SLR) is selected as the main research method of the present paper, aiming to collect and critically analyze multiple research studies. This paper is not only limited to studies where the whole life cycle has been assessed but also includes other papers which only integrated BIM to analyze carbon footprint, embodied carbon dioxide (CO2) or energy consumption.FindingsTaking into account the countries that have published articles about the subject, it is possible to deduce that it has been studied in all of the continents, except Africa. In comparison with other continents, Asia and Europe have developed more studies. Furthermore, 76% of the 34 selected articles were published in journals and only 24% in conferences proceedings, and the number of papers that relates life cycle assessment (LCA) methods using BIM has grown from 2013 to 2015, proving that the current theme is relevant. Several aspects of this literature review show the need to develop automated processes for LCA of buildings during the project's development phase. There is already a tendency to compare LCA results for buildings applied to BIM models, contributing to decision-making related to alternate projects, selection of materials, suppliers and components from an environmental perspective.Originality/valueIn the current global scenario, it is the notorious negative impact on the environment over the years caused by the architecture, engineering and construction industry (AEC). The integration of BIM–LCA can reduce time and improve the application of environmental analysis. Moreover, the proper application of a LCA method to evaluate the environmental impacts of the project can be hindered due to lack of information in the database about the materials or due to failures in the interoperability between BIM software and the LCA tool.
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Moresová, Mária, Mariana Sedliačiková, Jarmila Schmidtová, and Iveta Hajdúchová. "Green Development in the Construction of Family Houses in Urban and Rural Settlements in Slovakia." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (May 29, 2020): 4432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114432.
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Measures that have been implemented to promote green development and environmental protection are increasingly affecting the construction of family houses and hence the economic and social growth. The representatives of the Europe Regional Network of World Green Building Council claim that the building emissions in Europe create up to 36% of the total carbon dioxide production. Therefore, the application of ecological building materials can be one of the possible ways to reach equilibrium between the social-economic growth and green development. The main objective of this paper was to find out the approach of people in urban and rural settlements in Slovakia towards the question of green development in terms of selection of building material for the construction of a family house and their economic-social situation. The issue was mapped in Slovakia using the empirical survey in the form of a questionnaire. The research was evaluated using statistical hypothesis testing methods, descriptive statistics methods, and data visualization. The main economic and social coordinates were identified that influence the choice of building materials for the construction of houses. The results led to conclusions that extend the current knowledge in the field of green development and sustainability in connection with the construction of family houses and the economic–social question in Slovakia. Results indicated that ecological materials are underestimated at nearly 71%. The identified reason for the research is, besides the economic and social issue, mainly the low level of information and promotion of ecological materials that can be used for the construction of family houses, as well as the low level of support by the state of those who are interested in the construction of ecological houses. The following research perspectives in this area should focus even more deeply on the synchronization of ecological, economic, and social aspects of sustainability, not only in the construction of family houses from ecological materials in Slovakia, but also in the construction of public and other buildings in urban and rural settlements.
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Volchyn, I. A., A. O. Yasynetskyi, and Wlodzimierz Przybylski. "ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF GREEN AMMONIA ROLE IN UKRAINIAN ENERGY SECTOR." Energy Technologies & Resource Saving, no. 2 (June 17, 2022): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33070/etars.2.2022.07.
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Ammonia production using traditional Haber-Bosch technology using natural gas or coal emits large amounts of carbon dioxide and consumes a significant amount of electricity, its generation consumes a lot of fossil fuel and produces a large amount of emissions of pollutants and CO2. The transition to the production of "green" ammonia with the help of electricity from renewable energy sources and nuclear power plants will require a significant increase in their capacity. This will not only avoid CO2 emissions from NH3 production, but also avoid emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases at thermal power plants by replacing their capacity with "green" capacity. Ammonia as a fuel has environmental advantages over traditional fuels, as it does not emit dust, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Only nitrogen oxides are formed, the emissions of which are reduced by the use of selective reduction technologies. Promising combustion of mixtures of ammonia and hydrogen. Co-combustion of coal and ammonia in existing boilers can significantly reduce emissions of pollutants and CO2. Bibl. 18, fig. 2, table. 2.
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Rosa, Lorenzo, Daniel L. Sanchez, and Marco Mazzotti. "Assessment of carbon dioxide removal potential via BECCS in a carbon-neutral Europe." Energy & Environmental Science 14, no. 5 (2021): 3086–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ee00642h.
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Ewert, Michael, John Phillips, Cory Etchberger, and Craig Nelson. "Carbon dioxide influences environmental sex determination in two species of turtles." Amphibia-Reptilia 23, no. 2 (2002): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853802760061813.
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AbstractEggs of wild caught Trachemys scripta and Graptemys pseudogeographica kohnii, two emydine turtles known to have temperature-dependent sex determination, were incubated at 28.5°C in boxes aerated with one of four gas mixtures (two in G. p. kohnii). Across all eggs, elevated levels of carbon dioxide significantly feminized sex ratios in both species and also reduced hatching success. When eggs were grouped into clutches, all comparisons between 0% and elevated carbon dioxide showed feminization in the portions of the clutches at elevated carbon dioxide, a statistically significant result for T. scripta. Accumulation of biogenic carbon dioxide from embryonic respiration and other sources is thus likely to affect sex ratios in natural nests under some conditions, perhaps through an effect on some aspects of embryonic pH.
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Heikkinen, Juha E. P., Vladimir Elsakov, and Pertti J. Martikainen. "Carbon dioxide and methane dynamics and annual carbon balance in tundra wetland in NE Europe, Russia." Global Biogeochemical Cycles 16, no. 4 (December 2002): 62–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002gb001930.
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Vlčková, Jana, Vojtěch Nosek, Josef Novotný, and Antonín Lupíšek. "Carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade in Central Europe between 1995 and 2008." Moravian Geographical Reports 23, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 2–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mgr-2015-0020.
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Abstract Climate change and environmental policies are widely discussed, but much less is known about emissions embodied in goods traded internationally, and the distinction between emission producers and consumers. The carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade in Central European countries are subject to examination in this paper. As a result of industrial restructuring and environmental legislation, air pollution has improved significantly in Central European countries since the 1989 transition. On the other hand, economic growth has been accompanied by a rise in consumerism. Despite the increasing role of exports, the Visegrad group countries have become net importers of carbon dioxide emissions between 1995 and 2008. This seems to be the ‘standard trajectory’ of a country’s transition toward a more developed and consumption-oriented economy. The global patterns of carbon dioxide emissions embodied in manufacturing exports are also mapped, using network analysis and constructing ‘product space’. The analysis confirms that industrial re-structuring played an important role in lowering the production of carbon dioxide emissions in the Visegrad countries.
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Kauppi, P. E., and E. Tomppo. "Impact of forests on net national emissions of carbon dioxide in west Europe." Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 70, no. 1-4 (October 1993): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01104996.
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McAllister, T. A., K. J. Cheng, E. K. Okine, and G. W. Mathison. "Dietary, environmental and microbiological aspects of methane production in ruminants." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 76, no. 2 (June 1, 1996): 231–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas96-035.
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Methane gas is produced in the rumen by methanogenic bacteria as a metabolic end product. The energy released by bacteria in the process of methane formation can be used for bacterial cell formation. Methane formation acts as an electron sink into which the hydrogen from all ruminal microorganisms drains, allowing a higher yield of adenosine triphosphate. Factors such as the type of carbohydrate in the diet, level of feed intake, digesta passage rate presence of ionophores or lipids in the diet, and ambient temperature influence the emission of methane from ruminants. Methanobrevibacter spp. appear to be the major methanogens in the rumen, but it is likely that phytogenetic analyses will identify new species. The biochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to methane is well defined, and it has been shown that interspecies hydrogen transfer between methanogens and ruminal bacteria prevents the accumulation of reduced nucleotides and the inhibition of feed digestion. The development of strategies to mitigate methane production in ruminants, without causing a negative impact on ruminant production, continues to be a major challenge for ruminant nutritionists and microbiologists. Enhancement of the reduction of carbon dioxide to acetate and direct genetic manipulation of methanogens are two interventions that may further reduce methane losses of ruminants. Key words: Methane, diet, ruminant, microbiology, methanogen
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Kelektsoglou, Kyriaki. "Carbon Capture and Storage: A Review of Mineral Storage of CO2 in Greece." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (November 24, 2018): 4400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124400.
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As the demand for the reduction of global emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) increases, the need for anthropogenic CO2 emission reductions becomes urgent. One promising technology to this end, is carbon capture and storage (CCS). This paper aims to provide the current state-of-the-art of CO2 capure, transport, and storage and focuses on mineral carbonation, a novel method for safe and permanent CO2 sequestration which is based on the reaction of CO2 with calcium or magnesium oxides or hydroxides to form stable carbonate materials. Current commercial scale projects of CCS around Europe are outlined, demonstrating that only three of them are in operation, and twenty-one of them are in pilot phase, including the only one case of mineral carbonation in Europe the case of CarbFix in Iceland. This paper considers the necessity of CO2 sequestration in Greece as emissions of about 64.6 million tons of CO2 annually, originate from the lignite fired power plants. A real case study concerning the mineral storage of CO2 in Greece has been conducted, demonstrating the applicability of several geological forms around Greece for mineral carbonation. The study indicates that Mount Pindos ophiolite and Vourinos ophiolite complex could be a promising means of CO2 sequestration with mineral carbonation. Further studies are needed in order to confirm this aspect.
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Gruszecki, Lech, Phouphet Kyophilavong, and Bartosz Jóźwik. "Transformacja, wzrost gospodarczy i środowisko przyrodnicze w państwach Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej." Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej 17, no. 1 (December 2019): 179–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.36874/riesw.2019.1.8.
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After thirty years of transformation in Central and Eastern Europe, we can see differences in the economic development of individual countries. In the paper, we decided to analyse those differences in transformation paths, economic growth and environmental degradation by carbon dioxide emission. The analysis of economic growth covers the years 1995–2017, and for the emission of carbon dioxide, the years 1995–2014. The results of the study show that the transformation in countries closer to Western Europe was faster, which contributed to faster economic growth. It is noticeable that in the following years, this economic growth in this region was stimulated by the process of European integration. What draws today’s attention is the distinctive economic growth of the Baltic States. On the other hand, carbon dioxide emissions in most countries in the region decreased in the analysed period, which has been a positive change. We are aware, however, that the presented analysis and conclusions can be treated only as an introduction to subsequent detailed studies of the environmental Kuznets curve concept.
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SOMESHWAR, ARUN V., JAY P. UNWIN, WILLIAM THACKER, LAUREL EPPSTEIN, and BARRY MALMBERG. "Environmental aspects of wood residue combustion in forest products industry boilers." March 2011 10, no. 3 (April 1, 2011): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj10.3.27.
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We conducted a comprehensive review of air emissions resulting from burning wood residues in industrial boilers and potential methods to control these emissions. This report compares average emissions with similar data published by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for the burning of fossil fuels coal, oil, and natural gas in industrial boilers. As compared with coal or oil combustion, wood combustion in boilers generally leads to lower emissions of trace metals, hydrochloric acid, sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen oxides (NOx); higher emissions of carbon monoxide, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and total volatile organic compounds; and comparable emissions of particulate matter and polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins and -furans (PCDDs/Fs) (both of which are highly dependent on the efficiency of the ultimate particulate matter control device). Most importantly, wood combustion is carbon dioxide-neutral, a distinct advantage over fossil fuel combustion. Firing wood in stoker units with sulfur-containing fuels, such as coal and oil, leads to a reduction in expected SO2 emissions because of the high carbon and alkali content of most wood ash, and cofiring wood with coal also has some benefits for NOx reduction. This report also discusses the generation and types of combustion ashes resulting from wood burning in mostly combination boilers in the United States and Canada, and provides an overview of ash management practices and the salient characteristics of such ashes relative to their trace metal, organic, and PCDD/F contents.
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Jochem, E., and J. Henningsen. "How Europe Convinced Itself that it could meet the Carbon Dioxide Stabilization Target." Annual Review of Energy and the Environment 19, no. 1 (November 1994): 365–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.eg.19.110194.002053.
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Nedopekin, Fedor, Nikolay Shestavin, and Viktoriya Yurchenko. "Environmental safety in the implementation of carbon dioxide geological storage technologies in the Donbass." E3S Web of Conferences 126 (2019): 00074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912600074.
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The Donbass has the largest potential in Europe for the geological storage of carbon dioxide (CO2), which needs to be implemented on a large scale to mitigate the effects of global climate change. The environmental risks of CO2 leaks in the processes of capturing, transporting and geological storage of CO2 at the enterprises of the energy and industrial sectors of the economy of the eastern regions of Ukraine are analyzed. Geographic information systems have been created in these areas with layers of geological structures suitable for long-term storage of supercritical CO2. The impact of CO2 leaks from geological repositories on the environment is estimated. In the proposed CO2 storage areas, some CO2 leakagescenarios were analyzed due to the filtering of CO2 fluids through porous rock layers, through abandoned wells and tectonic faults of the Donbas geological structures. The potential effects of CO2 leakage on groundwater quality in the region are also assessed.
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Piterina, Olga, and Alexander Masharsky. "Energy Consumption of Rail Baltica Project: Regional Aspects of Environmental Impact." Economics and Culture 16, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 148–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jec-2019-0016.
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Abstract Research purpose. The high-speed railway (HSR) construction project in the Baltic States is the largest joint infrastructure project since the restoration of independence of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia. Rail Baltica (RB) is considered as the most energy-efficient project having the lowest environmental impact. However, the issue of energy consumption of the project was not sufficiently addressed either in the investment justification of the RB construction or in the relevant research works regarding the project. The aim of the current research is to determine the indicators of energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions intensity of the Latvian section of RB, since they are the key factors of the quantitative assessment of sustainability. Design/Methodology/Approach. Critical analysis of the academic research works and reports of the official international organizations dedicated to the topic of energy consumption and CO2 emissions of HSR was conducted prior to the calculation of the above-mentioned indicators. The method of calculation based on International Union of Railways (UIC) was used in order to conduct the cluster analysis within the framework of current work. The main points considered are electricity consumption, carbon dioxide emissions, and level of passenger and freight demand. Statistical databases of UIC and International Energy Agency were used. Findings. The calculations carried out by the authors of the given article demonstrate substantial figures of CO2 emissions intensity for Latvian section of the project related to the train load rate and traffic intensity which is evened out only by the CO2 emissions factor in Latvia. Originality/Value/Practical implications. On this basis the authors present the directions for future research required for the development of the effective strategy for the Latvian Republic with the aim of achieving the increase in the RB project’s ecological efficiency.
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Rezazadeh, Hamidreza, Zahra Salahshoor, Ferial Ahmadi, and Farshad Nasrollahi. "Reduction of carbon dioxide by bio-façades for sustainable development of the environment." Environmental Engineering Research 27, no. 2 (March 2, 2021): 200583–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/eer.2020.583.
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Nowadays, air pollution and consequently global warming are the major problems that the earth is faced with. These issues can influence climate change and human health. Building façades can play a significant role in the air quality of the urban environment. Therefore, this study draws upon the ability of nature in controlling carbon dioxide to compare three types of bio-façades (i.e. Water façade, Green façade, and Microalgae façade) and to identify an appropriate one. For this purpose, we analyzed documents and scientific literature qualitatively. Then, we identified the aforementioned types of biological façades and selected the most optimal one through the comparison. Additionally, for this comparison, the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method was employed that resulted in achieving the higher scores by the microalgae façade among other bio-façades mentioned above. The major criteria considered for the AHP analysis included climatic, economic, architectural, environmental, and structural aspects of using the noted bio-façades in buildings. It should be emphasized that the environmental aspect was obtained as the most influential criterion among others. Finally, some technical tips and design requirements for bioreactors are depicted and discussed along with their upcoming challenges and future research direction.
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Bošnjaković, Branko. "Europe Between Climate and Energy Insecurity: Geopolitical Aspects." Journal of Maritime & Transportation Science Special edition, no. 1 (April 2016): 29–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18048/2016-00.29.
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EU sees itself as a world leader in coping with the challenge of climate change. At the same time, the Ukraine crisis has demonstrated how vulnerable its energy supply security is due to EU’s dependence on import oil and gas. The paper addresses the interlinkages and prospects of EU’s climate and energy policies with respect to ethical and security dimensions. The ethical dimension is addressed in terms of how to fairly allocate responsibility among nations, regions and states to reduce GHG emissions to non-dangerous levels, a central issue at the upcoming UN summit in Paris. The proposed principles, such as the common but differentiated responsibility, are discussed in view of a growing literature, political controversies and converging diplomatic moves. At the same time the fundamental values of the EU may be at stake if the security dimension of all EU member states cannot be guaranteed. Both ethical and security challenges EU is confronted with points strongly towards accelerated introduction of a low-carbon economy and corresponding infrastructure, with renewables to play a central role in the medium/long term. A review of the literature shows that continuing import dependence on oil and gas, including from Russia, is a risk factor both in economic, political and environmental terms. Some recently proposed policy responses, such as the creation of an EU energy union, are reviewed and critically evaluated.
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Fathey Fayek Tadros, Amgad. "Environmental aspects of petroleum storage in above ground tank." E3S Web of Conferences 166 (2020): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016601006.
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Oil pollution is a severing global environmental problem causing a number of adverse negative impacts on human health air ecosystem and eventually the natural income that is why soil, water, air pollution with petroleum hydrocarbons have become the focus of increasing public and research concern petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants in the air environment are caused by human activities when harmful or excessive quantities of substances are introduced into Earth’s atmosphere. Sources of air pollution include gases such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, methane, the aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH’s) fractions of petroleum are readily evolved to air during refinery and choosing the wrong storage tanks also leak to the soil change the chemical composition of spilled toxicity and biological impacts of the oil and add great difficulties to the identification of the residual spilled oil in the impacted environment and economic cost of air pollution in illness, health care costs, lost productivity so coordination between humans to conserves natural resources for future generation.
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Huang, Xuan, and Meihua Chen. "Analysis on the Nonlinear Impact of Financial Risks on CO2 Emissions: Designing a Sustainable Development Goal Framework for Asian Economies." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2022 (August 30, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8458122.
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For the purpose of coping with or eliminating the influence of carbon dioxide emissions effectively, it is crucial to apply the green investment models to carry out a qualitative analysis of carbon dioxide emission evolution. The effect of financial risks on the implementation of the carbon dioxide emission limit is essential for the distribution of resources, and it is necessary to summarize the patterns and make innovations in the process of limiting the emissions of carbon dioxide effectively. In the case of fully complying with the principles of low-carbon economic development and related policy protection, the appropriate model for low-carbon economic development is identified. In this article, the multivariate primary nonlinear model is applied to the analysis of the nonlinear influence of financial risks on carbon dioxide emissions to cope with the problem of financial risks on carbon dioxide emissions at present. In this method, a multivariate primary nonlinear model is established based on the detailed analysis of the financial development features, and the parameters are optimized mainly from various aspects such as the structure of the model, the features of data, and the dynamic changes of the model so as to obtain the optimal values for the parameters of the constructed multivariate primary nonlinear model. The results of the practical case analysis indicate that the influence of financial risks on the limits of domestic carbon dioxide emissions is differentiated in accordance with the results and related categories. Only in this way can the regional division of carbon emission factors be properly classified. The relationship between economic growth and carbon emission increase and changes indicates that effective strategies for carbon emission reduction should be adopted. The established panel data model is used to carry out an in-depth analysis of the influence of carbon dioxide limitations in Asian countries.
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Brdarić, Dario, Krunoslav Capak, Vlatka Gvozdić, Andrea Barišin, Jagoda Doko Jelinić, Andrey Egorov, Matej Šapina, Sanja Kalambura, and Karolina Kramarić. "Indoor carbon dioxide concentrations in Croatian elementary school classrooms during the heating season." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 70, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 296–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2019-70-3343.
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AbstractAware that exposure to stuffy indoor air with high levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) is associated with higher absenteeism and reduced academic performance in school pupils, the World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe initiated indoor air quality surveys in schools, including CO2 monitoring, to assess ventilation and exposure to stuffy air. Here we report the findings of the first such survey in Croatia. It was conducted in 60 classrooms of 20 urban and rural elementary schools throughout the country during the heating season. Measurements of CO2 levels showed that all 60 classrooms exceeded the international guidelines of 1938 mg/m3. Mean CO2 concentrations ranged from 2771 to 7763 mg/m3. The highest concentration measured in urban schools was 7763 mg/m3 and in rural schools 4771 mg/m3. Average CO2 levels were higher in continental schools (3683 mg/m3) than the coastal ones (3134 mg/m3), but all demonstrate poor ventilation during the heating season all over Croatia.
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Nikolova., Nina, Christo Angelov, Todor Arsov, Spasimir Pilev, and Nina Nikolova. "Volcanic Eruptions in South Europe and the Change of Carbon Dioxide Concentration – Case Study: "Moussala" Basic Environmental Observatory." Forum geografic XV, no. 2 (December 30, 2016): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5775/fg.2067-4635.2015.041.d.
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Nikolova, Nina, Nina Nikolova, Christo Angelov, Todor Arsov, and Spasimir Pilev. "Volcanic Eruptions in South Europe and the Change of Carbon Dioxide Concentration – Case Study: "Moussala" Basic Environmental Observatory." Forum geografic XV, no. 2 (December 30, 2016): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5775/fg.2067-4635.2015.241.d.
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Cherednichenko, Oleksandr, Valerii Havrysh, Vyacheslav Shebanin, Antonina Kalinichenko, Grzegorz Mentel, and Joanna Nakonieczny. "Local Green Power Supply Plants Based on Alcohol Regenerative Gas Turbines: Economic and Environmental Aspects." Energies 13, no. 9 (May 1, 2020): 2156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13092156.
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Growing economies need green and renewable energy. Their financial development can reduce energy consumption (through energy-efficient technologies) and replace fossil fuels with renewable ones. Gas turbine engines are widely used in transport and industry. To improve their economic attractiveness and to reduce harmful emissions, including greenhouse gases, alternative fuels and waste heat recovery technologies can be used. A promising direction is the use of alcohol and thermo-chemical recuperation. The purpose of this study is to estimate the economic efficiency and carbon dioxide emissions of an alcohol-fueled regenerative gas turbine engine with thermo-chemical recuperation. The carbon dioxide emissions have been determined using engine efficiency, fuel properties, as well as life cycle analysis. The engine efficiency was maximized by varying the water/alcohol ratio. To evaluate steam fuel reforming for a certain engine, a conversion performance factor has been suggested. At the optimal water/methanol ratio of 3.075 this technology can increase efficiency by 4% and reduce tank-to-wake emission by 80%. In the last 6 months of 2019, methanol prices were promising for power and cogeneration plants in remote locations. The policy recommendation is that local authorities should pay attention to alcohol fuel and advanced turbines to curb the adverse effects of burning petroleum fuel on economic growth and the environment.
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Ding, Yang, Qing Yang, and Lanjuan Cao. "Examining the Impacts of Economic, Social, and Environmental Factors on the Relationship between Urbanization and CO2 Emissions." Energies 14, no. 21 (November 8, 2021): 7430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217430.
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This study examines the relationship between urbanization, economic growth, industrial transformation, technological change, public services, demographical change, urban and natural environmental changes, and carbon emissions using a dataset of 182 prefecture-level cities in China between 2001 and 2010. Specifically, this paper differs from previous studies in two aspects. First, the extant literature has focused on how economic processes accompanying rapid urbanization affect carbon emissions in urban areas but gives little attention to the other dimensions of urbanization, including social and environmental changes, which may have important effects on carbon emissions. We assessed the effects of 17 key processes accompanying urbanization in a full range of economic, social, and environmental dimensions on carbon dioxide emissions in urban areas. The results showed that social processes accompanied with rapid urbanization had distinct effects on carbon emissions, compared to economic and environmental processes. Specifically, improvement in public services, indicated by education and cultural developments, reduces the increase in carbon emissions during urbanization, while economic growth and urban construction reinforces the growth in carbon emissions. Second, we examined the impact of various urbanization processes on carbon dioxide emissions using a unique dataset of 182 prefecture-level cities that covers a wide span of regions in China. The results of our analyses on the city level have important implications for the formulation of comprehensive policies aimed at reducing carbon dioxide emission in urban areas, focusing on different urbanization processes in economic, social, and environmental phases.
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Xing, Yi, Zhiliang Ma, Wei Su, Qunhui Wang, Xiaona Wang, and Hui Zhang. "Analysis of Research Status of CO2 Conversion Technology Based on Bibliometrics." Catalysts 10, no. 4 (March 30, 2020): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10040370.
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The concentration of carbon dioxide in the air has risen sharply due to the use of fossil fuels, causing environmental problems such as the greenhouse effect, which seriously threatens humans’ living environment. Reducing carbon dioxide emissions while addressing energy shortages requires the conversion of CO2 into high added-value products. In this paper, the status of CO2 conversion research in the past ten years is analyzed using the bibliometric method; the influence of countries and institutions, journal article statistics and other aspects are statistically analyzed, and the research status of carbon dioxide catalytic conversion is briefly introduced. Finally, according to the analysis results and the existing problems of CO2 catalytic conversion research, the future development direction of CO2 catalytic conversion research is prospected.
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Briestensky, M., L. Thinova, R. Praksova, J. Stemberk, M. D. Rowberry, and Z. Knejflova. "Radon, carbon dioxide and fault displacements in central Europe related to the T hoku earthquake." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 160, no. 1-3 (April 7, 2014): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncu090.
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Galashev, A., and A. Galasheva. "Problems of Ecological Policy." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 11 (November 20, 2006): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2006-11-111-117.
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Concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is increasing due to all growing anthropogenous emissions. It influences the climate more and more strongly. Economic approaches should improve economic efficiency of investments. Gradual increase of the carbon tax regulates distribution of the rights of generations to emissions of greenhouse gases. The market of carbon dioxide, in which Russia plays one of the basic roles, begins to form in Europe. The statutory acts regulating emissions and absorption of greenhouse gases should be accepted in Russia.
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Lima, Guilherme M. R., and Ranjita K. Bose. "Production and Application of Polymer Foams Employing Supercritical Carbon Dioxide." Advances in Polymer Technology 2022 (December 28, 2022): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8905115.
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Polymeric foams have characteristics that make them attractive for different applications. However, some foaming methods rely on chemicals that are not environmentally friendly. One of the possibilities to tackle the environmental issue is to utilize supercritical carbon dioxide ScCO2 since it is a “green” solvent, thus facilitating a sustainable method of producing foams. ScCO2 is nontoxic, chemically inert, and soluble in molten plastic. It can act as a plasticizer, decreasing the viscosity of polymers according to temperature and pressure. Most foam processes can benefit from ScCO2 since the methods rely on nucleation, growth, and expansion mechanisms. Process considerations such as pretreatment, temperature, pressure, pressure drop, and diffusion time are relevant parameters for foaming. Other variables such as additives, fillers, and chain extenders also play a role in the foaming process. This review highlights the morphology, performance, and features of the foam produced with ScCO2, considering relevant aspects of replacing or introducing a novel foam. Recent findings related to foaming assisted by ScCO2 and how processing parameters influence the foam product are addressed. In addition, we discuss possible applications where foams have significant benefits. This review shows the recent progress and possibilities of ScCO2 in processing polymer foams.
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Morkovina, Svetlana, Ekaterina Panyavina, I. Shanin, and Irina Avdeeva. "ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE ORGANIZATION OF CARBON FARMS ON FOREST SITE." Actual directions of scientific researches of the XXI century: theory and practice 9, no. 1 (February 2, 2021): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/2308-8877-2021-9-1-17-25.
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The article considers the possibilities of developing forest entrepreneurship through expanding the range of ecosystem services and organizing sequestration Inustry on forest lands. The new type of forest management is based on the ability to balance carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. The economic aspects of creating and using forest carbon farms are considered. To determine the standard costs for creating poplar and pine carbon plantations, the standard method was used. Creating carbon farms on forest land is a costly process, but carbon storage activities can bring numerous economic and environmental effects in addition to maintaining the carbon balance. The cost of creating one hectare of forest carbon farm is from 262 to 304 thousand rubles, while the economic effect of their use can significantly exceed the investment. The first stage in the organization of carbon farms should be the creation of test plantations-carbon polygons. It is proved that the necessary resources and prerequisites are available for the implementation of the actual practice-oriented task of creating carbon polygons in the Voronezh region.
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Giuliano, Aristide, Enrico Catizzone, and Cesare Freda. "Process Simulation and Environmental Aspects of Dimethyl Ether Production from Digestate-Derived Syngas." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 19, 2021): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020807.
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The production of dimethyl ether from renewables or waste is a promising strategy to push towards a sustainable energy transition of alternative eco-friendly diesel fuel. In this work, we simulate the synthesis of dimethyl ether from a syngas (a mixture of CO, CO2 and H2) produced from gasification of digestate. In particular, a thermodynamic analysis was performed to individuate the best process conditions and syngas conditioning processes to maximize yield to dimethyl etehr (DME). Process simulation was carried out by ChemCAD software, and it was particularly focused on the effect of process conditions of both water gas shift and CO2 absorption by Selexol® on the syngas composition, with a direct influence on DME productivity. The final best flowsheet and the best process conditions were evaluated in terms of CO2 equivalent emissions. Results show direct DME synthesis global yield was higher without the WGS section and with a carbon capture equal to 85%. The final environmental impact was found equal to −113 kgCO2/GJ, demonstrating that DME synthesis from digestate may be considered as a suitable strategy for carbon dioxide recycling.
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Jóźwik, Bartosz, Antonina-Victoria Gavryshkiv, Phouphet Kyophilavong, and Lech Euzebiusz Gruszecki. "Revisiting the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: A Case of Central Europe." Energies 14, no. 12 (June 9, 2021): 3415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123415.
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The rapid economic growth observed in Central European countries in the last thirty years has been the result of profound political changes and economic liberalization. This growth is partly connected with reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. However, the problem of CO2 emissions seems to remain unresolved. The aim of this paper is to test whether the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis holds true for Central European countries in an annual sample data that covers 1995–2016 in most countries. We examine cointegration by applying the Autoregressive Distributed Lag bound testing. This is the first study examining the relationship between CO2 emissions and economic growth in individual Central European countries from a long-run perspective, which allows the results to be compared. We confirmed the cointegration, but our estimates confirmed the EKC hypothesis only in Poland. It should also be noted that in all nine countries, energy consumption leads to increased CO2 emissions. The long-run elasticity ranges between 1.5 in Bulgaria and 2.0 in Croatia. We observed exceptionally low long-run elasticity in Estonia (0.49). Our findings suggest that to solve the environmental degradation problem in Central Europe, it is necessary to individualize the policies implemented in the European Union.
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Sun, Huaping, Samuel Attuquaye Clottey, Yong Geng, Kai Fang, and Joshua Clifford Kofi Amissah. "Trade Openness and Carbon Emissions: Evidence from Belt and Road Countries." Sustainability 11, no. 9 (May 10, 2019): 2682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11092682.
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The search for a green and low-carbon economy has been a guide to current energy and environmental research. Using current panel cointegration approaches, our study examines the interaction between trade and an environmental pollution proxy of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by integrating economic growth and energy usage as major potential determining factors in this relationship for 49 high-emission countries in Belt and Road regions over the period of 1991–2014. For a robust analysis, we further grouped these countries into income panels (high, middle, low) and various regions (East Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia, South Asia, the Middle East/Africa, and Europe). The results of the panel cointegration tests revealed that the four variables were stationary in the long run. Similarly, our panel results indicated that trade openness had both positive and negative impacts on environmental pollution, but the effect varied in these different groups of nations. The results of the vector error correction model (VECM) causality also showed a long-run causal effect between trade, economic growth, energy consumption, and environmental pollution in the Belt and Road, Europe, high-income, middle-income, and low-income panels. The environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) results further indicated the existence of an inverted U-form relationship between trade and carbon emissions. Finally, certain policy implications are discussed.
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Komen, Boaz, Hanine Skandrani, Ariuntuya Myagmarjav, and Ádám Ungvárai. "Was UEFA’S Goal of an Environmentally Friendly Euro 2020/21 a Success?" International Journal of Engineering and Management Sciences 7, no. 2 (October 14, 2022): 152–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21791/ijems.2022.2.12.
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The football Euro 2020/21 has been said to be more environmentally friendly, as it was spread all over Europe, thus no new stadiums needed to be built. On the other hand, more traveling became necessary. How does these effects behave with each other? Was the attempt to reduce emissions successful? This paper seeks to compare the goals for UEFA 2020/21 for environmental friendliness and its success. A mixed research strategy was adopted in this paper where qualitative analysis was done on existing literature review and also quantitative approach where assumptions were drawn from literature review to estimate the environmental impact. This paper found that UEFA's initial estimate of 425,000 tons of carbon dioxide emissions in traveling for the Euro Cup 2020 was a bit higher than the actual amount of carbon emissions from our calculation of 143,531 tons. What stands out is that its findings agree with UEFA's estimate that Euro Cup 2020 emissions were lower than that of 2016 which emitted 517,000 tons of carbon dioxide for traveling. This gives a greater reason to conclude that UEFA met its goal of reducing carbon emissions. The overall carbon dioxide emissions in traveling and constructing stages were 1,275,988 tons in Euro Cup 2020 and 2,803,000 tons in Euro Cup 2016. This further affirms the overall carbon dioxide emission reduction by half in Euro Cup 2020 as compared to Euro 2016. From our findings, we can conclude that the Euro Cup 2020 indeed succeeded in reducing overall carbon dioxide emissions by half. Despite the success, this paper views that the carbon emissions are still high for a single event and hence there is room for reduction of carbon emissions to lower levels as possible. we can conclude that the Euro Cup 2020 indeed succeeded in reducing overall carbon dioxide emissions by half. Despite the success, this paper views that the carbon emissions are still high for a single event and hence there is room for reduction of carbon emissions to lower levels as possible. we can conclude that the Euro Cup 2020 indeed succeeded in reducing overall carbon dioxide emissions by half. Despite the success, this paper views that the carbon emissions are still high for a single event and hence there is room for reduction of carbon emissions to lower levels as possible.
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Galieriková, Andrea, and Jarmila Sosedová. "Environmental Aspects of Transport in the Context of Development of Inland Navigation." Ekológia (Bratislava) 35, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 279–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eko-2016-0022.
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AbstractTransport has an immense impact on the environment. The largest share of environmental pollution is caused by road transport. The atmosphere is threatened by fuel combustion of engines of road vehicles, thereby leading to the global warming of Earth. In addition to having an adverse impact on the environment, such as greenhouse gas emissions and carbon dioxide emissions, road transport also leads to external effects such as noise pollution, vibration, congestion and traffic accidents. The volume of transport in the world, notably on the roads, is increasing day by day. We should take the necessary steps to move to more environmentally-friendly modes of transportation, such as rail and inland navigation. Rail transportation is currently the largest competitor of road transport. If the waterways infrastructure is improved, there would be a decrease in the traffic flow of motorways and thus, we can move to a more environmentally-friendly transportation.
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Aleksandrova-Zlatanska, Svetlana, and Desislava Zheleva Kalcheva. "Alternatives for Financing of Municipal Investments - Green Bonds." Review of Economic and Business Studies 12, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 57–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rebs-2019-0082.
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AbstractThe perspective of global climate change emerges as a significant political, economic, financial and social issue. Scientific researches show that the accumulated carbon dioxide (CO2), released by the industry and agriculture, together with the contribution of man-made greenhouse gases leads to a rise in the temperature of the earth's surface. Traditional sources of financing capital expenditure, such as own revenues and bank financing have proved to be extremely insufficient. At the same time, not only traditional municipal needs, such as costs for street, road, bridge, school construction etc., but also the need of investments related to climate change have been on the rise. The purpose of this article is to examine and analyze alternatives for financing climate change-related municipal investments. The subject of the research is green bonds and the so-called Subnational Pooled Financing Mechanisms, which have already gained popularity in Western Europe but are not yet well known in Eastern Europe. The positive aspects and opportunities that the green bond market reveals as well as the barriers to this type of financing are assessed and an analysis of the practice of bond financing in Europe is made.
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Cherepovitsyna, A. A., I. P. Dorozhkina, and V. N. Kostyleva. "Sequestration and use of carbon dioxide: the essence of technology and approaches to the classification of the projects." Russian Journal of Industrial Economics 15, no. 4 (January 2, 2023): 473–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/2072-1633-2022-4-473-487.
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Currently, increasing the mass of carbon dioxide emissions is regarded as the main factor of increasing the greenhouse effect that is considered by the scientists to be the cause of the global warming. The problem has stimulated the development and implementation of various options of decarbonization including the sequestration technology (CCS – capture and storage) and carbon dioxide utilization (CC(U)S technology – carbon capture, utilization and storage). The technologies are aimed at reducing carbon dioxide emissions by capturing the gas at the industrial premises (rarely from the atmosphere) and can be regarded as complementary and crucially essential for achieving carbon neutrality as they allow avoiding radical transformations of energy and industrial processes. The study is directed towards analyzing the world experience and the essence of CC(U)S initiatives to develop complex classification of sequestration projects and use of CO2 to systematize the existing knowledge and practical aspects on the subject. The authors suggest a variant of complex classification of the projects that involves grouping the features by basic, technological and organizational and economic characteristics and identifying different types of projects according to the suggested features. In order to test the classification the authors introduce a classification profile on the existing CC(U)S projects implemented in the USA, the UK and China. The findings can be used for planning the activities in the area of development of sequestration and carbon dioxide utilization technologies in Russia, for making decisions on these initiatives including those regarding financing and support of such projects at the government level.
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Ali, Nisar, Muhammad Bilal, Muhammad Shahzad Nazir, Adnan Khan, Farman Ali, and Hafiz M. N. Iqbal. "Thermochemical and electrochemical aspects of carbon dioxide methanation: A sustainable approach to generate fuel via waste to energy theme." Science of The Total Environment 712 (April 2020): 136482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136482.
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Debellefontaine, H., F. X. Cammas, G. Deiber, J. N. Foussard, and P. Reilhac. "Wet air oxidation: kinetics of reaction, carbon dioxide equilibrium and reactor design - an overview." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 4 (February 1, 1997): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0098.
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Aqueous wastes containing organic pollutants can be efficiently treated by wet air oxidation (WAO), i.e. oxidation by molecular oxygen in the liquid phase, under high temperature (200 to 325°C) and pressure (up to 150 bar). In western Europe, only an handful of industrial plants are in operation. Most of them were designed by extrapolating results from pilot plants. Only a very few studies have been devoted to the scientific design of such reactors (bubble columns). This paper discusses what needs to be known for this scientific design. The usual design methods assume that the column is divided into a number of cells. Each cell is a perfectly mixed reactor connected with the contiguous cells. Reliable data and models are available for hydrodynamics (axial dispersion, gas hold up) and mass transfer. Data are also needed for the kinetics of chemical reactions and are available from numerous sources, but have not yet been generalised. The thermodynamics (fugacities and enthalpy) of the gas phase can be determined with the Peng Robinson equation of state, and the Henry law for the solubility of gases in water describes the equilibrium conditions. But additional data are needed for water solutions containing salts. This paper describes a method that allows such a determination to be made by establishing rigorous balances on a batch autoclave. At present, these data are being used to implement a computer program aimed at determining the performance of a wet air oxidation reactor depending on the various operating parameters. Some typical profiles within the reactor are presented, establishing that the pH of the solution is a very important parameter.
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Noor, Tariq, Iqra Nazeer, Zubair Attique, Muhammad Shahzad, and Abdul Baqi. "Global temperature variations since pre industrial era." Vol 3 Issue 2 3, no. 2 (May 10, 2021): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33411/ijist/2021030203.
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The global temperature trends are being changed due to anthropogenic activities. The natural ecosystems and human societies are affected by this rapid climate change. These changes are caused by the increasing concentration of carbon dioxide and other green house gases including methane and oxides of nitrogen and sulphur. These changes can be identified using accurate data related to variations in temperature and precipitation. We used MODIS GLOVIS LST V6 global datasets to compute pixel-based temperature and mapped the trends. The considerable warming trends are exhibited by Arctic regions which are warming twice as compared to other parts of world. The largest increase in precipitation occurs in Northern Europe at the rate of 12.9mm per decade. The concentration of carbon dioxide has been raised up to 4.14 ppm in atmosphere by December 2020. This increased concentration has raised the global temperature up to 1.2°C since pre industrial era. Remotely sensed datasets provided promising results.
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KHAN, YASIR, and QIU BIN. "THE ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS CURVE FOR CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS AND TRADE ON BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE COUNTRIES: A SPATIAL PANEL DATA APPROACH." Singapore Economic Review 65, no. 04 (July 2, 2019): 1099–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590819500255.
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This paper empirically examines the nexus between CO2 emissions and international trade for the 65 Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) economies over the period of 1985–2017. We first consider the cross-sectional dependence and slope homogeneity test in the panel, and we observed from the results that there is substantial heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence. We employed the results of the common correlated effects mean group (CCEMG) estimator and determined that for all 65 BRI economies, foreign direct investment inflow, gross domestic product (GDP) squared and urbanization had a positive and significant impact on carbon emissions (CO2). Moreover, this study found that foreign direct investment inflow led to an increase in carbon emissions in BRI countries across South Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia and Europe. Finally, on the basis of the panel causality test, we found evidence of various causality associations among the selected variables across the regions. These findings are significant for the related policymakers in BRI countries, as they can assist in developing appropriate carbon emission, trade and energy policies with the goal of reducing carbon emissions.
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Sun, Tianyi, Ilissa B. Ocko, and Steven P. Hamburg. "The value of early methane mitigation in preserving Arctic summer sea ice." Environmental Research Letters 17, no. 4 (March 15, 2022): 044001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac4f10.
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Abstract A growing body of literature has identified methane mitigation as a key component of limiting the rate and extent of global warming. However, little is known about how methane mitigation can benefit other critical aspects of the climate system. This study explores the value of early methane mitigation in addition to carbon dioxide mitigation in helping avert an approaching and concerning climate event: the near-complete loss of Arctic summer sea ice. While drastic cuts in carbon dioxide emissions will ultimately control the fate of Arctic summer sea ice, we show that simultaneous early deployment of feasible methane mitigation measures is essential to avoiding the loss of Arctic summer sea ice this century. In fact, the benefit of combined methane and carbon dioxide mitigation on reducing the likelihood of a seasonally ice-free Arctic can be greater than the simple sum of benefits from two independent greenhouse gas policies. The extent to which methane mitigation can help preserve Arctic summer sea ice depends on the implementation timeline. The benefit of methane mitigation is maximized when all technically feasible measures are implemented within this decade, and it decreases with each decade of delay in implementation due to its influence on end-of-century temperature. A key insight is that methane mitigation substantially lowers the risk of losing Arctic summer sea ice across varying levels of concomitant carbon dioxide mitigation. This analysis provides further evidence of the value of early methane mitigation and the need to consider its benefits beyond reduced global temperature and improved air quality.
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Qaderi, Mirwais M., Ashley B. Martel, and Courtney A. Strugnell. "Environmental Factors Regulate Plant Secondary Metabolites." Plants 12, no. 3 (January 18, 2023): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12030447.
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Abiotic environmental stresses can alter plant metabolism, leading to inhibition or promotion of secondary metabolites. Although the crucial roles of these compounds in plant acclimation and defense are well known, their response to climate change is poorly understood. As the effects of climate change have been increasing, their regulatory aspects on plant secondary metabolism becomes increasingly important. Effects of individual climate change components, including high temperature, elevated carbon dioxide, drought stress, enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation, and their interactions on secondary metabolites, such as phenolics, terpenes, and alkaloids, continue to be studied as evidence mounting. It is important to understand those aspects of secondary metabolites that shape the success of certain plants in the future. This review aims to present and synthesize recent advances in the effects of climate change on secondary metabolism, delving from the molecular aspects to the organismal effects of an increased or decreased concentration of these compounds. A thorough analysis of the current knowledge about the effects of climate change components on plant secondary metabolites should provide us with the required information regarding plant performance under climate change conditions. Further studies should provide more insight into the understanding of multiple environmental factors effects on plant secondary metabolites.
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Sánka, Imrich, Thomas Schoberer, Werner Stutterecker, and Dušan Petráš. "Indoor environmental quality evaluation in NZEB." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 02054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911102054.
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The European Commission in 2010 accepted Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) and the 2012 Energy Efficiency Directive (EED) are the main energy conservation legislative instruments for to reduce the energy consumption of new built and renovated buildings in Europe. The national regulation based on EPBD states that after the year 2016 only so called ultra-low energy buildings can be built. The next tightening in energy saving will come after 2021 (for commercial buildings after 2019), when only nearly zero energy buildings (NZEB) would be allowed to build. It means that these buildings must fulfil A0 category requirements by energy labelling. But what about the indoor environmental quality in objects like this? This article shows results of indoor environmental quality measurement in NZEB building. Indoor air temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide concentration and air exchange rate had been measured. Except these parameters energy consumption from the grid and from the photovoltaic panel had been evaluated.
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Zueva, Svetlana, Andrey A. Kovalev, Yury V. Litti, Nicolò M. Ippolito, Valentina Innocenzi, and Ida De Michelis. "Environmental and Economic Aspects of Biomethane Production from Organic Waste in Russia." Energies 14, no. 17 (August 24, 2021): 5244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175244.
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According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), only a tiny fraction of the full potential of energy from biomass is currently exploited in the world. Biogas is a good source of energy and heat, and a clean fuel. Converting it to biomethane creates a product that combines all the benefits of natural gas with zero greenhouse gas emissions. This is important given that the methane contained in biogas is a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide (CO2). The total amount of CO2 emission avoided due to the installation of biogas plants is around 3380 ton/year, as 1 m3 of biogas corresponds to 0.70 kg of CO2 saved. In Russia, despite the huge potential, the development of bioenergy is rather on the periphery, due to the abundance of cheap hydrocarbons and the lack of government support. Based on the data from an agro-industrial plant located in Central Russia, the authors of the article demonstrate that biogas technologies could be successfully used in Russia, provided that the Russian Government adopted Western-type measures of financial incentives.
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Husain, Tariq. "Pakistan’s Energy Sector Issues: Energy Efficiency and Energy Environmental Links." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 15, Special Edition (September 1, 2010): 33–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2010.v15.isp.a3.
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This paper analyzes Pakistan’s energy sector issues and highlights (i) the importance of the link between energy and the environment, and (ii) the central importance of energy efficiency for high return demand-side solutions to meet the country’s energy needs. The paper argues that energy planning should integrate the external cost of energy use in deciding about the composition of supply: coal, oil, gas, hydropower, renewable, nuclear, and solar. By utilizing external cost estimates made by the European Commission for Europe, and the US National Academy of Sciences, a total cost (external + internal) ranking of primary energy sources for Pakistan is estimated. This estimate is at the low end of the cost spectrum because classic pollutants—sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide—in Pakistan are significantly higher than in Europe or the US. The paper also discusses the experiences of China and OECD countries in increasing energy-wide efficiency. A central lesson emerging from the analysis is that Pakistan will have to significantly increase its energy-related research and development expenditure in order to adequately address its energy sector issues. A quadrupling from 0.25 % of gross domestic product is recommended over a decade.
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Weijma, J., and A. J. M. Stams. "Methanol conversion in high-rate anaerobic reactors." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 8 (October 1, 2001): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0452.
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An overview on methanol conversion in high-rate anaerobic reactors is presented, with the focus on technological as well as microbiological aspects. The simple C1-compound methanol can be degraded anaerobically in a complex way, in which methanogens, sulfate reducing bacteria and homoacetogens interact cooperatively or competitively at substrate level. This interaction has large technological implications as it determines the final product of methanol mineralization, methane or carbon dioxide. The degradation route of methanol may be entirely different when environmental conditions change. Direct methanogenesis from methanol seems the predominant mineralization route under mesophilic conditions both in the absence and the presence of sulfate. Under thermophilic conditions methanol oxidation to carbon dioxide and hydrogen appears to play an important role. The UASB technology for mesophilic digestion of methanolic waste has presently reached full-scale maturity. The potential of methanol as feedstock for anaerobic processes is discussed.
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Vitasari, Denny, Kien L. Nguyen, and Vinh Dang. "Mass transfer and thermodynamic aspects of sodium desorption from eucalyptus kraft pulp by acidification using carbon dioxide." Chemical Engineering Journal 151, no. 1-3 (August 2009): 302–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2009.03.008.
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Christensen, Niels Peter, and Michael Larsen. "Assessing the European potential for geological storage of CO2: the GESTCO project." Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) Bulletin 4 (July 20, 2004): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v4.4770.
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GESTCO is an acronym for European potential for the Geological Storage of CO2 from fossil fuel combustion. The project formed part of the ENERGIE Programme of the European Union 5th Framework and was concluded in 2003. The Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) led the project, with the national geological surveys of Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, the Netherlands, Norway and UK as research partners (Fig. 1). The primary goal of the GESTCO project was to determine whether the geological storage of carbon dioxide captured at large industrial plants is a viable method of reducing greenhouse gas emissions in Europe (Christensen 2000; Gale et al.2001; Christensen & Holloway 2003). This was evaluated by a series of case studies that assessed the CO2 storage potential of saline aquifers, geothermal reservoirs, coal seams and oil and gas reservoirs. The case study approach was used so that currently available, largely theoretical, generic information could be applied to real geological situations. In addition aspects of safety and environment, conflicts of using underground space and public and stakeholder perception were evaluated. Secondary goals of the GESTCOproject were to establish an inventory of major CO2 point sources in Europe and a Decision Support System (DSS) to serve as an economic analysis tool for CO2 storage in Europe.