Academic literature on the topic 'Carbon dioxide – Environmental aspects – Europe'
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Journal articles on the topic "Carbon dioxide – Environmental aspects – Europe"
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Lazarev, Vladimir A., Andrey I. Fisenko, and Petr V. Kurenkov. "ASPECTS OF PROVIDING ECOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY OF THE NORTHERN SEA ROUTE CONTAINER TRANSPORT SYSTEM." Vestnik Gosudarstvennogo universiteta morskogo i rechnogo flota imeni admirala S. O. Makarova 14, no. 3 (September 2, 2022): 374–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21821/2309-5180-2022-14-3-374-384.
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One of the important tasks of environment conservation, such as reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by commercial fleet, which is under special consideration of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and becoming a basis of world trade policy, is considered in the paper. The analysis of the container transportation system in world trade demonstrates its growing role. The dynamics and trends of the modern container fleet for the period of 2015-2020 confirm the thesis of the growing importance of the container system in world trade. The volumes of greenhouse gas emissions and contributions by the tanker, bulk carrier and container segments of the world merchant fleet are considered, the conclusion about the low environmental efficiency of the container fleet toward the volume of cargo flow is presented. Options and consequences of including the Northern Sea Route in the global logistics network to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are proposed. Based on early studies, the comparative calculations linking variation of ship speed with reduction of carbon dioxide emissions for four types of container ships on the routes including the Northern Sea Route and through the Suez Canal are given. Estimates for the mentioned reduction due to shortening the route between Europe and Asia are proposed. The practical applicability of the calculated estimates and their impact on the overall environmental friendliness of transport corridors in the case of more active use of the Northern Sea Route as a transit route for the goods flow from the Asia- Pacific region is discussed.
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Mandal, Gopa Chandra. "Rethinking Corporate Social Responsibility in the Arena of Climate Change: A Study in Socio-Legal Aspect." Journal of Climate Change 8, no. 4 (December 5, 2022): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jcc220026.
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Climate change is an environmental challenge confronting all countries across the globe in varying degrees of intensity. It, directly and indirectly, interferes with the enjoyment of all human beings including – the right to life, housing, water and sanitation, food, health, development, security of persons and an adequate standard of living. Industry and business play a crucial role with regard to climate change, accounting for approximately one-third of the world’s energy consumption and 36 per cent of carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore, industry and the global business community have a responsibility to join national and international efforts to lower their greenhouse gas emissions. Across Asia, Europe, Africa, and North and South America, the adverse effects of climate change have manifested over the years as ozone layer depletion, continental global warming, a shower of acid rain, extended fires, melting ice, rise in sea level and other extreme events which call for urgent action at national and international levels. A self-regulating approach that makes manufacturing organisations socially responsible and responsive to environmental issues in their operating countries can be pragmatic in climate-change mitigation, and strengthen existing governmental policies on climate change. A number of affirmative actions and recommendations has been formulated at national and international levels to regulate climate change including eco-vigilance, adoption of green, conservation of the flora and fauna, zero-tolerance of gas flaring, socially responsible investment, carbon emission reporting and disclosures and adoption of environment-friendly manufacturing techniques. Therefore, the present study not only focusses on the theoretical aspect but also on the socio-legal aspect filling the gap in both theory and practice related to the impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on society.
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Crippa, Julianna, Aline M. F. Araujo, Diogo Bem, Cássia M. L. Ugaya, and Sergio Scheer. "A systematic review of BIM usage for life cycle impact assessment." Built Environment Project and Asset Management 10, no. 4 (June 22, 2020): 603–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bepam-03-2019-0028.
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PurposeThis paper searches for integration methods proposed by different authors that assess the life cycle of a building using models of building information modeling (BIM) and it also compares and discusses them.Design/methodology/approachSystematic literature review (SLR) is selected as the main research method of the present paper, aiming to collect and critically analyze multiple research studies. This paper is not only limited to studies where the whole life cycle has been assessed but also includes other papers which only integrated BIM to analyze carbon footprint, embodied carbon dioxide (CO2) or energy consumption.FindingsTaking into account the countries that have published articles about the subject, it is possible to deduce that it has been studied in all of the continents, except Africa. In comparison with other continents, Asia and Europe have developed more studies. Furthermore, 76% of the 34 selected articles were published in journals and only 24% in conferences proceedings, and the number of papers that relates life cycle assessment (LCA) methods using BIM has grown from 2013 to 2015, proving that the current theme is relevant. Several aspects of this literature review show the need to develop automated processes for LCA of buildings during the project's development phase. There is already a tendency to compare LCA results for buildings applied to BIM models, contributing to decision-making related to alternate projects, selection of materials, suppliers and components from an environmental perspective.Originality/valueIn the current global scenario, it is the notorious negative impact on the environment over the years caused by the architecture, engineering and construction industry (AEC). The integration of BIM–LCA can reduce time and improve the application of environmental analysis. Moreover, the proper application of a LCA method to evaluate the environmental impacts of the project can be hindered due to lack of information in the database about the materials or due to failures in the interoperability between BIM software and the LCA tool.
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Moresová, Mária, Mariana Sedliačiková, Jarmila Schmidtová, and Iveta Hajdúchová. "Green Development in the Construction of Family Houses in Urban and Rural Settlements in Slovakia." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (May 29, 2020): 4432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114432.
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Measures that have been implemented to promote green development and environmental protection are increasingly affecting the construction of family houses and hence the economic and social growth. The representatives of the Europe Regional Network of World Green Building Council claim that the building emissions in Europe create up to 36% of the total carbon dioxide production. Therefore, the application of ecological building materials can be one of the possible ways to reach equilibrium between the social-economic growth and green development. The main objective of this paper was to find out the approach of people in urban and rural settlements in Slovakia towards the question of green development in terms of selection of building material for the construction of a family house and their economic-social situation. The issue was mapped in Slovakia using the empirical survey in the form of a questionnaire. The research was evaluated using statistical hypothesis testing methods, descriptive statistics methods, and data visualization. The main economic and social coordinates were identified that influence the choice of building materials for the construction of houses. The results led to conclusions that extend the current knowledge in the field of green development and sustainability in connection with the construction of family houses and the economic–social question in Slovakia. Results indicated that ecological materials are underestimated at nearly 71%. The identified reason for the research is, besides the economic and social issue, mainly the low level of information and promotion of ecological materials that can be used for the construction of family houses, as well as the low level of support by the state of those who are interested in the construction of ecological houses. The following research perspectives in this area should focus even more deeply on the synchronization of ecological, economic, and social aspects of sustainability, not only in the construction of family houses from ecological materials in Slovakia, but also in the construction of public and other buildings in urban and rural settlements.
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Volchyn, I. A., A. O. Yasynetskyi, and Wlodzimierz Przybylski. "ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF GREEN AMMONIA ROLE IN UKRAINIAN ENERGY SECTOR." Energy Technologies & Resource Saving, no. 2 (June 17, 2022): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33070/etars.2.2022.07.
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Ammonia production using traditional Haber-Bosch technology using natural gas or coal emits large amounts of carbon dioxide and consumes a significant amount of electricity, its generation consumes a lot of fossil fuel and produces a large amount of emissions of pollutants and CO2. The transition to the production of "green" ammonia with the help of electricity from renewable energy sources and nuclear power plants will require a significant increase in their capacity. This will not only avoid CO2 emissions from NH3 production, but also avoid emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases at thermal power plants by replacing their capacity with "green" capacity. Ammonia as a fuel has environmental advantages over traditional fuels, as it does not emit dust, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Only nitrogen oxides are formed, the emissions of which are reduced by the use of selective reduction technologies. Promising combustion of mixtures of ammonia and hydrogen. Co-combustion of coal and ammonia in existing boilers can significantly reduce emissions of pollutants and CO2. Bibl. 18, fig. 2, table. 2.
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Rosa, Lorenzo, Daniel L. Sanchez, and Marco Mazzotti. "Assessment of carbon dioxide removal potential via BECCS in a carbon-neutral Europe." Energy & Environmental Science 14, no. 5 (2021): 3086–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ee00642h.
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Ewert, Michael, John Phillips, Cory Etchberger, and Craig Nelson. "Carbon dioxide influences environmental sex determination in two species of turtles." Amphibia-Reptilia 23, no. 2 (2002): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853802760061813.
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AbstractEggs of wild caught Trachemys scripta and Graptemys pseudogeographica kohnii, two emydine turtles known to have temperature-dependent sex determination, were incubated at 28.5°C in boxes aerated with one of four gas mixtures (two in G. p. kohnii). Across all eggs, elevated levels of carbon dioxide significantly feminized sex ratios in both species and also reduced hatching success. When eggs were grouped into clutches, all comparisons between 0% and elevated carbon dioxide showed feminization in the portions of the clutches at elevated carbon dioxide, a statistically significant result for T. scripta. Accumulation of biogenic carbon dioxide from embryonic respiration and other sources is thus likely to affect sex ratios in natural nests under some conditions, perhaps through an effect on some aspects of embryonic pH.
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Heikkinen, Juha E. P., Vladimir Elsakov, and Pertti J. Martikainen. "Carbon dioxide and methane dynamics and annual carbon balance in tundra wetland in NE Europe, Russia." Global Biogeochemical Cycles 16, no. 4 (December 2002): 62–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002gb001930.
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Vlčková, Jana, Vojtěch Nosek, Josef Novotný, and Antonín Lupíšek. "Carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade in Central Europe between 1995 and 2008." Moravian Geographical Reports 23, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 2–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mgr-2015-0020.
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Abstract Climate change and environmental policies are widely discussed, but much less is known about emissions embodied in goods traded internationally, and the distinction between emission producers and consumers. The carbon dioxide emissions embodied in international trade in Central European countries are subject to examination in this paper. As a result of industrial restructuring and environmental legislation, air pollution has improved significantly in Central European countries since the 1989 transition. On the other hand, economic growth has been accompanied by a rise in consumerism. Despite the increasing role of exports, the Visegrad group countries have become net importers of carbon dioxide emissions between 1995 and 2008. This seems to be the ‘standard trajectory’ of a country’s transition toward a more developed and consumption-oriented economy. The global patterns of carbon dioxide emissions embodied in manufacturing exports are also mapped, using network analysis and constructing ‘product space’. The analysis confirms that industrial re-structuring played an important role in lowering the production of carbon dioxide emissions in the Visegrad countries.
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Kauppi, P. E., and E. Tomppo. "Impact of forests on net national emissions of carbon dioxide in west Europe." Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 70, no. 1-4 (October 1993): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01104996.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Carbon dioxide – Environmental aspects – Europe"
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Pang, Oi-ting Brenda, and 彭愷婷. "Climate change: the role of carbon dioxide." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46732937.
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Wyatt, Victor T. "Characterization of gas-expanded liquids." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/26006.
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West, Barry Lamar. "Partitioning of solutes between supercritical CO₂ and polymer phases." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/9366.
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Nolen, Shane Anthony. "Environmentally benign chemical processing using supercritical carbon dioxide and near-critical water." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11011.
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Xie, Xiaofeng. "CO₂-expanded liquids for separation and reaction." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/10077.
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Lau, Pik-ha, and 劉碧霞. "An overview on the variation of sea surface pCO₂ in Northern South China Sea and its management." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/194555.
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To have better understandings of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2)in northern South China Sea(NSCS), the pCO2readings from 1999-2012 were reviewed. Both the pCO2in NSCS and in the atmosphere also showed an increasing trends and the pCO2in NSCS varied across the seasons. There are many important processes that influenced the pCO2in NSCS, which were the rise of the temperature, biological production, seasonal upwelling, Pearl River discharge, increase in the concentration of atmospheric pCO2and the rate of calcification. These six mechanisms extend different strengths on the resultant sea surface pCO2in NSCS. The impact of induced sea water acidification on the marine phytoplankton by the high pCO2in NSCS would also be discussed. The drop of pH in the seawater would change the community of phytoplankton from diatom to dinoflagellate as a resistance to the change of pH of dinoflagellate that was better than the diatom. DMS, which was one of the climatically important gases, would also affected by the high pCO2induced seawater acidification. Hong Kong (HK) was studied as a case to estimate whether NSCS also faced the same impacts upon by the marine phytoplankton. The study showed that the diatom was relatively sensitive to the drop of pH in HK waters. The DMS producing marine phytoplankton was also affected by the drop of pH in HK waters. It was concluded that the NSCS might also face the same situation with HK. Finally, three instruments were recommended to have a better management in NSCS, namely, knowledge gaps and NSCS research priorities, valuing the NSCS as well as decision making team. Firstly, filling the knowledge gaps and NSCS research priorities aim to enhance the ability of the ocean sequestration to absorb and store the largest amount of anthropogenic CO2as possible. Afterwards, valuing the NSCS aims to protect the marine organisms, such as the phytoplankton, form the negative impacts of the decrease of ocean acidity. Last but not least, a good decision making team aims to balance the conflicts between those various options to reduce the anthropogenic CO2with ocean sequestration and impacts result from the ocean sequestration.published_or_final_version
Environmental Management
Master
Master of Science in Environmental Management
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Mumuni, Zakari. "Assessing the Impact of Land Use and Travel on Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Portland, Oregon." PDXScholar, 2017. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4063.
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The negative consequences of sprawling metropolitan regions have attracted attention in both academia and in practice regarding how to better design settlements and alter travel behavior in a quest to curtail vehicle emissions. Studies that have attempted to understand the nexus between land use, travel and vehicle emissions have not been able to address the issue of self-selection in a satisfactory manner. Self-selection occurs when households choose their residential location based, in part, on expected travel behavior. This non-random experience makes the use of traditional regression frameworks that strongly rely on random sampling, unsuitable. This replication study's purpose was to examine the impact of land use and travel on CO2 emissions using the Heckman (1979) sample selection model in Portland Metropolitan Area. three research questions guided this study: (1) Does self-selection to drive a motor vehicle lead to reduction in CO2 emissions? (2) Does land use and automobile travel influence the decision to drive after controlling for self-selection? (3) What land use and travel factors determine CO2 emissions after controlling for self-selection? The findings suggest driving has a statistically significant negative effect on estimated CO2 and that most land use variables significantly affect driving behavior.
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Jones, Rebecca S. "Carbon Dioxide as a Benign Solvent for Homogeneous Catalyst Recovery and Recycle." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11641.
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We have successfully investigated the use of CO2 as a miscibility switch to create an environment in which we can run a homogeneously catalyzed reaction while maintaining a heterogeneous separation. We explored the use of this technique with fluorous biphasic systems, a fluorous solid support, and aqueous biphasic systems.
In the case of the fluorous systems, CO2 was added to induce solubility of the fluorous catalyst. When the reaction was completed, CO2 was vented and the system returned to a biphasic state, making the separation easy.
For the aqueous biphasic systems, the organic phase is chosen such that it is fully miscible with water at ambient conditions. Examples include acetonitrile, THF, and dioxane. The addition of CO2 reduces the polarity of the solvent and causes a phase split. The recovery of the water-soluble catalyst is once again heterogeneous.
The application to aqueous biphasic systems is the most exciting studied. Aqueous biphasic systems are used industrially in the hydroformylation of propylene. With our technique, these systems can be extended to more hydrophobic substrates. We have shown a rate increase of 65 fold and 99% product recovery at modest pressures for the hydroformylation of 1-octene.
These aqueous biphasic systems also show much promise in the arena of enzyme catalyzed reactions. We can create an environment in which the enzyme kinetics will no longer be mass transfer limited.
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Bastani, Parisa. "Essays in energy economics : emissions abatement, climate policy, and welfare." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708324.
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Glenn, Aaron James, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Growing season carbon dioxide exchange of two contrasting peatland ecosystems." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2005, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/259.
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The CO2 flux of two peatlands in northern Alberta was examind during the 2004 growing season using eddy covariance measurements of net ecosystem exchange (NEE), chamber measurements of total ecosystem respiration, and empirical models driven by meteorological inputs. The two ecosystems, a poor fen and an extreme-rich fen, differed significantly in plant species composition, leaf area index, aboveground biomass and surface water chemistry. The mean diurnal pattern of NEE at the peak of the season was similar between the sites, however, the extreme-rich fen had a higher photosynthetic and respiratory capacity than the poor fen. Over the 6 month study, the poor fen was shown to accumulate between 2 to 3 times more carbon than the extreme-rich fen despite having a lower photosynthetic capacity. The evergreen nature of the poor fen site allowed for a longer season of net CO2 uptake than the deciduous species that dominated the extreme-rich fen.xii, 126 leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 29 cm.
Books on the topic "Carbon dioxide – Environmental aspects – Europe"
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The theory of environmental agreements and taxes: COb2s policy performance in comparative perspective. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2005.
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Lynas, Mark. Carbon counter. Glasgow: HarperCollins, 2007.
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Carbon counter. Glasgow: HarperCollins, 2007.
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Yiqi, Luo, and Mooney Harold A, eds. Carbon dioxide and environmental stress. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1999.
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Ltd, B. H. Levelton &. Associates. Carbon dioxide inventory for British Columbia. Victoria, B.C: Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, 1990.
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Reklaw, Jesse. World health, carbon dioxide & the weather. Santa Cruz, Calif: Robin Rose Pub., 1993.
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Skou, Andersen Mikael, and Ekins Paul, eds. Carbon-energy taxation: Lessons from Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
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CO₂ rising: The world's greatest environmental challenge. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2008.
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Geller, Howard S. Cost-effective carbon dioxide reduction initiatives. Washington, D.C: American Council for Energy-Efficient Economy, 1993.
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Geller, Howard S. Cost-effective carbon dioxide reduction initiatives. Washington, D.C: American Council for Energy-Efficient Economy, 1993.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Carbon dioxide – Environmental aspects – Europe"
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Aitouche, Abdel, Raouf Mobasheri, Xiang Li, Jun Peng, Chris Barnett, Uwe Bernheiden, Peter Dooley, Klaus Bieker, Ahmed El Hajjaji, and Robin Pote. "River Project, An Innovative Way to Reduce Pollution on Riverboats." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 906–15. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6138-0_80.
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AbstractConsidering the EU environmental standards for non-road mobile machinery (NRMM), reducing pollutant emissions from inland waterway vessels is becoming increasingly important. The RIVER research project aims to find solutions to achieve nitrogen-free combustion in waterways transportation systems while also emitting zero CO2 emission. RIVER addresses these issues using Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology and Oxy-fuel combustion (OFC). The project is co-financed by the European Union, as part of the Interreg North-West Europe program. There are ten partners involved in this project (FR, UK, GE, NL, LU). In OFC technology, pure oxygen is used instead of air. Due to the absence of N2 in the intake charge, NOx emissions will be eliminated. Consequently, the only products of combustion are CO2 and water vapor. To have a stable combustion process and avoid overheating problems caused by using pure oxygen, some part of the exhaust CO2 will be recirculated to the engine to create an oxygen-CO2 mixture for being fed into the engine. A detailed CFD simulation carried out in this project has revealed that 21% oxygen and 79% carbon dioxide is the ideal mixture for the engine to run at maximum efficiency. The remaining CO2 from the exhaust is collected. It is then condensed, compressed, and stored in a tank to be valorized later. It will be transformed into cosmetics, skincare products, and formic acid. These types of acids are used by the medical sector as an anti-rheumatic product. River's final demonstration will take place in Crewe, UK in July 2022.
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Burlaka, Serhiy, and Tetiana Yemchik. "IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE USE OF BIODIESEL FUEL MIXTURES IN THE SYSTEMS OF AUTONOMOUS ENERGY SUPPLY OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES." In Modernization of research area: national prospects and European practices. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-221-0-9.
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The research is devoted to solving important tasks of interdisciplinary research work on the topic: «Development of scientific and technical support for energy autonomy of the agro-industrial complex based on environmentally efficient use of agrobiomass for biofuel production», state registration number 0122U000844, implementation of which is planned for 2022–2024 at the expense of the state budget of Ukraine.The use of fossil fuels leads to environmental pollution and climate change in general. To ensure energy security and to improve the environmental conditions necessary for the use of alternative energy sources and to determine their potential impact on the climate and our planet. Looking for more in-depth analysis of all aspects of the use of biofuels in order to determine their potential through the use and economic components.During studies carried out comparing the performance of different fuels. It has been found that the fuel obtained from biomass is advantageous in environmental protection performance in the production process, is absorbed when the biomass in the growth process and the carbon dioxide in operation.Analyzing the following requirements fuel when executed estimate (European) emission standards (CO, ShNu, NO X) for the test cycle, reduced CO2 emissions, the minimum consumption of natural resources and energy, and minimal impact on the environment in its life cycle. There are theoretical ways to increase the effective capacity of machine units and to determine the impact of this increase on the technical, economic and environmental efficiency of a diesel internal combustion engine. It has been found that the use of biofuels from plant oils can reduce the use of fossil fuels and environmental improvements. However, when using a fuel, wherein the content of the organic component exceeds 50%, i.e. deterioration of technical and economic parameters of the diesel engine. Among the mixed fuel we studied the best technical and economic characteristics of a mixture containing 70% of mineral fuels and biofuels 30% rapeseed oil. Thus, the subject to reach a dosage adjustment of the change of the fuel mixture, depending on the speed of rotation of the crankshaft of the engine the best environmental performance.
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Chernyak, Yury, and Florence Henon. "Coatings from Liquid and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide." In Green Chemistry Using Liquid and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195154832.003.0018.
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This chapter describes several aspects of the use of carbon dioxide as a solvent or cosolvent in coating applications. The primary impetus for using carbon dioxide for this purpose has been the alleviation of volatile emissions and liquid solvent wastes. However, the special physical properties of liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide may offer some processing advantages over conventional organic or aqueous solvents. Liquid carbon dioxide is quite compressible, and a reduction in temperature results not only in a reduction in the operating pressure, but also in a significant increase in the liquid density to values of approximately 0.9 g/cm3. At these high liquid densities, carbon dioxide exhibits improved solvent performance, but with much lower viscosities and interfacial tensions than aqueous or organic liquid solvents. Under supercritical conditions, carbon dioxide also exhibits high densities, low viscosities, and improved solvent power. Low viscosities and interfacial tensions tend to facilitate the transport of the solvents into any crevices or imperfections on the surface to be covered, and this might prove advantageous in the coating of patterned or etched surfaces. Since carbon dioxide dissolves and diffuses easily into many different polymers and organic liquids, it can also be used to reduce the viscosity of coating solutions. Whether in the liquid or the supercritical state, the temperature and pressure of the mixture can be used to control its physical properties in ways that are impossible to achieve with traditional solvents. These distinguishing features have raised the level of industrial interest in carbon dioxide as a solvent for coating applications, beyond those based solely on environmental concerns. In this chapter, we will discuss current applications and research on the use of CO2 as a solvent for coatings. The first section deals with spray coating from supercritical CO2. Subsequent sections deal with the use of liquid coatings, such as spin and free meniscus coatings, and impregnation coatings. Since the start of the 20th century (ca. 1907), atomization has been the basis for conventional spray coating applications (Muirhead, 1974). Typically, atomization is caused by high shear of the coating fluid in air, leading to droplet or particle formation.
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Afedzie, Richard, Alexander Owiredu, and Isaac Yeboah. "Sustainable Transportation in Western Europe." In Advances in Hospitality, Tourism, and the Services Industry, 1–20. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8840-6.ch001.
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This chapter presents a literature review of the evolution of sustainable transportation in Western Europe. It examines the historical development in sustainable transportation and the way forward for future sustainable transportation models and strategies. It reviews the sustainable practices of 12 Western European nations and their contributions to reducing the impact of global environmental degradation. The choice of these 12 nations is based on sustainable progress in enhancing environmentally friendly means of mobility. The literature reveals that the emphasis on sustainable transportation system in Western European nations is worthy of discussion primarily because of the dramatic improvement attained in reducing emission of carbon dioxide. This chapter also aims to identify some of the applied policy instruments and the monitoring processes enacted in several of these European nations.
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"Carbon." In Around the World in 18 Elements, 158–67. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/bk9781849738040-00158.
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Carbon is present in the Earth's crust at about 480 ppm, putting it at number fifteen in the elemental abundance list, which doesn’t seem particularly remarkable; however, it is carbon that forms more compounds than all of the other elements put together…far more! Even as the pure element, carbon appeals to the poetic (diamond) and the prosaic (graphite). But it is the simple and macromolecular compounds of carbon that have made such an astonishing impact on our planet. It is both the hardware and software of life. Biology is but a branch of carbon chemistry. To attempt to write a chapter about carbon chemistry that is anything more than cursory is to attempt the absurd. The number of possible carbon-based configurations is infinite and individuals may spend a lifetime working on the reaction mechanism of a single organic reaction. The A level chemist preparing for the exams knows that both reagents and conditions are needed for certain organic synthetic procedures. This is not because chemistry examiners are a particularly sadistic lot, it is because something as seemingly insignificant as changing the composition of a solvent can change the products in a reaction. Carbon is such a versatile element that some reactions may involve a number of different mechanisms occurring simultaneously. This is why you will sometimes see a rate of reaction order of ½ or 3/2 with respect to a particular reactant. That said, analytical techniques, such as NMR and mass spectrometry, have now enabled structural details of highly complex molecules to be routinely determined and complex three dimensional carbon-based structures can now be designed on the computer screen (in silico), synthesized in the lab (in vitro) and used in the body (in vivo). For the biochemist, the early years of the 1950s were to produce some of the most remarkable breakthroughs. In 1953 Stanley Miller et al. at the University of Chicago, USA, showed that the amino acids alanine, glycine and aspartic acid, three of the building blocks of proteins, could be synthesized abiotically given the conditions that were thought to mimic those on early Earth. In the same year in Cambridge, UK, Crick and Watson et al. were to show that the hereditary principle was a chemical polymer: DNA. Sixty years after the discovery of both, genetic modification is a reality and discussions about the pros and cons of rice varieties that can be engineered to produce vitamin A are no longer the stuff of science fiction. At the same time, Rovers move over the surface of Mars looking for evidence of the sort of molecules—amino acids amongst them—that might provide evidence for life. Such is the infinite potential of the element carbon. Given this limitless fecundity, ironically perhaps, it is carbon in the form of carbon dioxide that is thought by many to be our most pressing environmental priority. In this final chapter I will look at some of these aspects of carbon.
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Saeed, Soobia. "Different Resources Consumption of Renewable Energy." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 85–101. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9792-8.ch005.
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Electricity consumption will encompass a large converse about connected with international electricity demand while in the next 2 decades. Newly, this improving rate connected with fossil fuels and also issues about the environmentally friendly consequences connected with gas emissions get renewed the attention in the progress connected with alternative electricity resources. Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Modify Minimization offers a good estimation on the chapter for the technological, scientific, environmentally friendly, financial and also societal aspects of this factor connected with six renewable energy (RE) options for the minimization connected with weather adjust. This functioning chapter on environmentally friendly Energy Solutions and Local climate Change Minimization presents an assessment on the literature for the scientific chemical, technological, environment, economic in addition to social areas of the contribution connected with six environmentally friendly energy (RE) sources on the mitigation connected with climate alter. This chapter is definitely an overview of presentation of the Local climate Change Minimization expansion on the essential results. Considering this significant component of Renewable Energy Sources can be reduce carbon dioxide, there is an international relating to reducing carbon emissions. Due to the fact most of the United Nations wanted to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is carbon dioxide, there is a can be a global concern on minimizing carbon emissions. Emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) resulting from the provision of the services of one have contributed significantly to improve the historical concentrations of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere of MIT. The IPCC (AR4) concluded that “most of the observed global climate improving as it is very likely that as a result of the improvement observed in the concentrations of anthropogenic gases mit techniques this mid of 20th century confirms Recent Files the use of fossil power accounts for most of the international anthropogenic GHG emissions”. Emissions always grow, in addition to CO2 concentrations of it had increased to more than 390 ppm, or perhaps 39% above pre-industrial levels, by holding from 2014-5. There are many options for reducing GHG emissions from energy system while satisfying the desire for global energy services. Some of these possible alternatives, such as energy conservation and competition, switching fossil fuel, RE, nuclear, plus carbon capture and hard drive (CCS) was evaluated from the AR4. A full assessment related to any profile minimization options will likely involve an evaluation of respective potential alongside minimization with his bargain with sustainable development as well as all associated risks, and costs. This phase will focus on the role that this display technology related to RE can participate in within the portfolio related to mitigation alternatives. In this sense, the only policies can be given to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide, to improve the implementation of green energy, and such encouraging technological innovation. At inclusion, supporting components, such as feed-in tariffs, rules Renewable side view in addition to tax insurance policies are used by governments to help develop green energy generation in addition to the implementation of the efficiency of energy use save energy. In this chapter, the various insurance policies could possibly be placed on reducing carbon emissions, for instance improving green energy deployment and also significant technologies. A pair of main clarifications may be realizing to scale back carbon emissions and also overcome the issue connected with weather adjust: exchange fossil fuel having green electricity options wherever possible and also enhancing energy proficiency. In this chapter, many of us discuss most up-to-date performance connected with technology intended for improving green electricity deployment and also electricity work with proficiency.
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Londhe, Sunil Lalasaheb. "Climate Change and Agriculture." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 393–415. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8814-8.ch019.
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Increasing evidence shows that shifts in Earth's climate have already occurred and indicates that changes will continue in the coming years. This chapter is an attempt to distil what is known about the likely effects of climate change on food security and nutrition in coming decades. Apart from few exceptions, the likely impacts of climate change on agricultural sector in the future are not understood in any great depth. There are many uncertainties as to how changes in temperature, rainfall and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations will interact in relation to agricultural productivity. The consequences of climate change on various important aspects of agriculture such as crop production, livestock, availability of water, pest and diseases etc. are discussed and summarized. Each of this aspect of agriculture sector will have certain impact which may be positive or negative. The chapter also discusses on the possible mitigation measures and adaptations for agriculture production in the future climate change scenarios.
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Chen, Zhengde, and Yusen Wu. "Saihanba’s Impact on Beijing’s Environment and Its Reference to China." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde220296.
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With the development over time, people and the government gradually realize the importance of the environment. From 1962 to 2021, the forest coverage of Saihanba increased from 13% to 80%. This article used the AR model to establish time series from three aspects: oxygen release, carbon dioxide acceptance and water source storage to analyze the ecological environment before and after Saihanba ecological protection action. In addition, a time series of air quality in Beijing was established to show that the environmental improvement of Saihanba has helped reduce the dust weather in Beijing. After that, AHP analytic hierarchy process model was used to evaluate the significance of altitude, temperature, wind force, humidity and precipitation for the establishment of ecological areas. China is divided into four regions according to the differences in geographical environment. The demand degree of ecological areas was evaluated for these four regions, and the areas that need established ecological areas were selected. Then the scale of the ecological area of the site was determined through the best benefit and cost evaluation. In conclusion, based on the ecological environment construction mode of Saihanba, this report established a model that can be used to evaluate the ecological environment benefits and the best implementation site.
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Jhanji Dhir, Yamini. "Natural Fibers: The Sustainable Alternatives for Textile and Non-Textile Applications." In Natural Fiber [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106393.
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The increasing environmental concerns and depletion of petroleum resources have increased the importance of natural fibers and have stimulated researchers and industries to use sustainable fibers instead of conventional synthetic fibers. Besides exceptionally brilliant mechanical and physical properties are also attractive aspects of natural fibers enabling the utilization of natural fibers in myriad of textile and non-textile applications such as clothing, and reinforced composite products in various industries such as automotive, building, and furniture. Natural fiber composites are composite materials comprising of reinforcing fibers derived from renewable and carbon dioxide neutral resources such as wood or plants. NFCs find application in molded articles that demand moderate strength for acceptable performance for various indoor and outdoor applications. A rapid drift from oil-derived polymers and mineral-reinforced materials to sustainable alternatives has fostered automotive and packaging industries to start utilizing natural fiber composites in their designs. Accordingly, natural fiber composites are serving as energy efficient and sustainable alternatives replacing traditional materials such as metals, polymeric resins, and reinforcement fibers. A worldwide clamor for green products and thus upsurge in sustainable alternatives have been witnessed as a result of diminishing petroleum reserves worldwide, exorbitant prices of petroleum, and high disposal costs of petroleum-based composites along with inability of decomposition of some petroleum-based composites. Contrastingly, natural materials outshine the petroleum-based products in being renewable, inexpensive, biodegradable, and eco-friendly.
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Lelieveld, Jos. "Air Pollution and Climate." In The Physical Geography of the Mediterranean. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199268030.003.0038.
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It has long been known that atmospheric pollutants can be hazardous to human health and ecosystems. This includes effects from episodic peak levels as well as the long-term exposure to relatively moderate concentration enhancements. Environmental issues related to air pollution include acidification, mostly by the strong acids from sulphur and nitrogen oxides, eutrophication by the deposition of reactive nitrogen compounds, the reduction of air quality by photo-oxidants and particulate matter, and the radiative forcing of climate by increasing greenhouse gases and by aerosol particles. Many air pollutants are photochemically formed within the atmosphere from emissions by traffic, energy generation, industry, the burning of wastes, and forest fires. The Mediterranean basin in summer is largely cloudfree, and the relatively intense solar radiation promotes the photochemical formation of ozone (O3) and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN); O3 being health hazardous at levels in excess of about 100 μg/m3. Ozone is formed in the lower atmosphere as a by-product in the oxidation of reactive carbon compounds such as carbon monoxide (CO) and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), catalysed by nitrogen oxides (NOx ≡ NO + NO2). In summer, notably the period from June to August, transport pathways of air pollution near the earth’s surface are typically dominated by northerly winds, carrying photo-oxidants and aerosol particles from Europe into the Mediterranean basin. Aerosol particles with a diameter of less than ∼10 μm (PM10) can have adverse health effects at a concentration of about 30 μg/m3 or higher. The fine mode particles (<2 μm diameter) are mostly composed of sulphates, nitrates, and particulate organic matter, whereas the coarse mode particles (≥2 μm) often contain substantial amounts of sea salt, Saharan dust (Chapter 14), and other mineral components. The aerosols can form widespread hazes that scatter and absorb solar radiation, thus reducing downward energy transfer and surface heating. Increased aerosol scattering causes a negative radiative forcing of climate (cooling tendency), to be weighted against the positive radiative forcing (warming tendency) by increasing greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), halocarbons, and tropospheric ozone (IPCC 2001).
Conference papers on the topic "Carbon dioxide – Environmental aspects – Europe"
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Brčić, David, Siniša Vilke, Serdjo Kos, and Srđan Žuškin. "Redirection aspects of Far East – Central Europe traffic flows: Facts, findings and future tendencies." In Maritime Transport Conference. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Iniciativa Digital Politècnica, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/mt.11003.
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The multimodal door-to-door transport chain connecting Central Europe with Far East origins predominantly calls the North European ports. However, already the geographic features are dictating the reasonable possibility of routes’ redirection via several alternatives through the Mediterranean Sea. This study represents the continuation of the research in terms of analysis and evaluation of the Southern European freight transport flow through the Northern Adriatic. The aim was to elaborate further on the justification of the possible redirection of cargoes via the Adriatic corridor. In these terms, the land segment of the transport chain from ports to the final destination was isolated and analysed. The authors were primarily guided by natural features, that are respective geographical locations and their mutual distances. For this purpose, container transport on two traffic flows was simulated, with emphasis on the land segment between the second (destination) port and the final destination. Considering the usual freight lines, the door-to-door container transport between origin and destination was selected. Both road and rail transportation modes were investigated. Besides general parameters, such as distances, time, and fuel consumption, the environmental impact for all scenarios was determined for both downstream and final fuel cycle processes. In these terms, basic environmental parameters for four possible scenarios were calculated: energy consumption, emissions of carbon dioxide, greenhouse gases, nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, non-methane hydrocarbons, and particulate matter. Results are indicating that, together with a significant reduction of sea transportation impacts on the environment, the eventual redirection contributes to emissions’ mitigation and the sustainability of transportation. These results are accompanied by several initiatives in the area. Apart from potential benefits, the findings were discussed from the reliability point of view, i.e. the ability of Northern Adriatic ports and the land infrastructure to successfully take over this task, at least to a certain extent, and finally, in a reasonable future.
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Gładyszewska-Fiedoruk, Katarzyna, and Sebastian Jachimowicz. "Analysis of Carbon Dioxide in Kindergartens in Poland." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.022.
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Children in kindergartens spend between five and ten hours a day, the quality of air inside is very important. Kindergartens are public buildings. Kindergartens in Poland do not have mechanical ventilation, most often use stack ventilation, which is frequently aided by airing. The three considered buildings were located in eastern Europe. The main objective of the research was to evaluate the interior conditions, especially with regard to carbon dioxide concentration. In the afternoon, the permissible level of carbon dioxide concentration was substantially exceeded (by 190% at the most in first series of measurement). The present research has resulted in considerable improvement of indoor conditions in the analyzed kindergartens (less than 140% in third series of measurement). The presence of children and ventilation habits seemed to be the main determinants of IAQ and carbon dioxide.
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Maharjan, Krisha, Jian Zhang, Heejin Cho, and Yang Chen. "Distributed Energy Systems Design Optimization Based on Life Cycle Environmental and Economic Impacts." In ASME 2022 16th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2022 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2022-85730.
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Abstract Nowadays, carbon neutrality becomes a long-term goal for many countries all over the world. In order to reach the final goal, carbon neutral, it requires people to reduce the fossil fuel energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission. Distributed energy systems (DES) have received an increasing attention from the researchers and governments. However, despite the previous DES studies on various distributed energy resources and systems from different aspects, the integration and design optimization issues have not been investigated sufficiently. In this paper, a multi-objective optimization in terms of life cycle environmental and economic impacts is proposed to obtain an optimal design of distributed energy systems for different building types in various climate regions. Several typical distributed energy technologies are considered in this paper including combined heat and power system (CHP), solar photovoltaic (PV), solar thermal collector (STC), wind turbine (WT), as well as battery energy storage (BES) and thermal energy storage (TES). The building types under investigation are hospital, large office, and large hotel. The proposed multi-objective optimization is applied to determine the best combination of distributed energy technologies as well as the system size for different locations building types. Results show that the proposed optimization method can be applied to obtain an optimal design of distributed energy systems for different building types in different climate zones and reach a balance between the life cycle environmental and economic impacts.
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Li, Zhongwei, and Aimin Wang. "The Environmental Benefits of Offshore Platform Structural Optimization." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/32050-ms.
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Abstract The objective of this study is to provide an approach to quantify the environmental benefits of the structural optimization in offshore platform design. As the interest in Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) has surged among investors and corporate stakeholders, the offshore industry will be able to use the quantitative calculations to demonstrate the effort in addressing climate issues. Offshore platforms are usually constructed in the yards in East Asia and towed to the installation sites in the Gulf of Mexico, Asia Pacific, Europe, or West Africa. The carbon dioxide emission (CO2) starts from steel production and continues in the construction, transportation, and installation. The environmental impact is measured quantitatively for the structural steel of offshore platforms during its life cycle up to the installation. Three optimally designed offshore platforms are compared with nearly thirty offshore platforms to quantify the reduction of greenhouse gas emission by structural optimization. The study shows that the optimized offshore platform designs significantly reduced carbon dioxide emission and other environmental impact. The quantified results are comparable to other measures addressing the climate issue. The awareness of ESG has posted additional challenges to the offshore industry. For example, Harvard University has decided not to invest in fossil fuel industry. Recently, ExxonMobile board was challenged by shareholders to address the climate issue. While providing important contributions to the economy and energy demand, the offshore industry needs to embrace the challenges and show the focus on ESG. In the past, structural optimization is usually not prioritized or only for cost and performance objectives of having less material purchase and more payload. Now using the quantitative approach to calculate the reduced environment impact from structural optimization, the engineers will have additional incentives to carry on structural optimizationregarding ESG. The same approach can be applied to designs related to renewable energy like offshore wind turbines to show the benefits in ESG from structural optimization. The quantitative measures to calculate the environmental benefits of reducing structural weight are provided by this study for the offshore industry. This important tool enables the offshore industry to show the emphasis on ESG to investors and stakeholders starting from the engineering design stage.
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Sahoo, Sridhar, and Dhananjay Kumar Srivastava. "Environment and Economic Assessment of CNG and Gasoline Engines: An Experimental Analysis." In ASME 2021 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2021-66772.
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Abstract The application of alternative fuels in automobile engines is gaining more popularity among the scientific community than ever. Most of the research emphasis is on the performance and combustion aspect of the engine. The environmental and economic evaluation of these fuels is also equally important for sustainability, which is relatively unexplored and needs to be evaluated. The present work compares the environmental and economic aspects of a spark ignition (SI) engine fueled with gasoline and compressed natural gas (CNG). To study the environmental impact, regulated and unregulated emissions coming out from the engine exhaust were compared. For economic assessment, annual fuel consumption and associated fuel cost were compared under similar engine operating conditions. The economic cost associated with the environmental impact was calculated based on carbon dioxide emissions and compared using carbon pricing. Experiments on an SI engine were performed at various engine loads to achieve a range of operating conditions to evaluate fuel consumption and engine-out emissions. Results show that a CNG fueled engine has 12.7% lower brake specific fuel consumption than the gasoline engine, which leads to 56% lower fuel cost. It is due to the cumulative effect of higher calorific value and the lower fuel price of CNG compared to gasoline. Additionally, average environment emission and associated cost due to carbon dioxide (CO2) emission reduced by 29% using CNG over gasoline. This study shows that CNG can lead to lesser fuel consumption and its associated fuel and environment cost compared to gasoline.
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Wagner, Paul, Kris Ravi, and Michael Prohaska. "Real-Time Monitoring of the Effect of CO2 on the Cement Sheath." In SPE Trinidad and Tobago Section Energy Resources Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/200931-ms.
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Abstract Global warming is one of the most significant issues the world is facing. Capturing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere or industrial processes and storing it in geological formations (carbon capture and storage, CCS) can help counteract climate change. Nevertheless, the interaction between well barrier elements such as cement, casing, tubulars, packers, and valves can lead to possible leakages. To accomplish successful carbon dioxide sequestration, injecting the carbon dioxide in its supercritical state is necessary. The supercritical carbon dioxide can corrode steel and elastomers and react with the calcium compounds in the cement, dissolving them and forming calcium carbonate and bicarbonate in the process. This carbonation can lead to channels forming on the cement-to-rock interface or cracking due to the carbonate precipitation, resulting in a loss of well integrity. This study focusses on finding ways that enable the continuous monitoring of cement integrity, under in-situ conditions, in a lab setup. The construction of an autoclave, capable of withstanding supercritical conditions of carbon dioxide, facilitates the in-situ monitoring. This autoclave also makes CT-scans of the pressurized sample possible, as well as acoustic measurements, using state-of-the-art piezo elements. The first tests will establish a baseline using neat Class G Portland cement to verify the design and sensors. The set up consists of a rock core in the middle of the autoclave surrounded by a cement sheath. A prepared channel in the center of the core expedites the distribution of the carbon dioxide. Once the ability of the sensors to monitor the integrity is verified, different cement compositions and their interaction with supercritical carbon dioxide can be studied. The experimental setup and the procedure discussed here closely simulate the downhole condition. Hence, the results obtained using this setup and procedure is representative of what could be observed downhole. The direction is not to remove the sample from the autoclave for analysis, as is the current industry practice, but to measure cement integrity under in-situ conditions over an extended period of time. Digitalization is powering the in-situ analysis in these tests. The first two tests of this study, using the afore mentioned autoclave, investigated the carbonation behaviour of two Class G Portland cement slurrys, one with a low and one with a high slurry-density. The low-density slurry showed extensive degradation and even the high-density slurry showed carbonation, but only close to the sandstone core. The results from this study can lead to the prevention of leakage of carbon dioxide to the environment and other formations, which defeats the purpose of carbon dioxide sequestration. These results should improve the economics of these wells as well as the health, safety, and environmental aspects.
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Walters, Justin, and Amin Mirkouei. "Social Life Cycle Assessment of Computer-Aided Design Tools." In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22576.
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Abstract Social life cycle assessment (SLCA) is a newly developed concept that is used to assess the potential positive and negative social impacts of products and services. However, the existing approaches have not focused on improving social aspects in the execution of computer-aided design (CAD) software. The Idaho National Laboratory’s Materials and Fuels Complex is currently using Creo Parametric CAD software to design all experimental equipment. The purpose of this study is to conduct a socio-environmental life cycle assessment on the existing design procedures and present the findings and possible solutions to upper management. A comparison was performed to highlight the differences between the procedures. To determine the social effects, the Social Hotspots Database in OpenLCA was used in connection with a low, medium, high, and very high scale, which was used to quantify specific social categories. The social categories developed for this study include communication, rework time, time spent investigating non-normal methods of task completion, excessive working time, and social impacts of electricity usage. The environmental aspects were calculated by gathering data on carbon dioxide emissions per computer, utilizing the Creo software. The results produced through the calculations show that in all three areas of interest, the proposed approach decreased time and carbon dioxide emissions as well as an increase in employee satisfaction. Due to the virtually nonexistent SLCA studies in relation to the use of CAD software, it is anticipated that this study will provide a starting point for a more in-depth analysis of engineering departments.
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Garimella, Srinivas. "Novel Energy Efficient and Environmentally Friendly Space-Conditioning Systems: Challenges and Opportunities." In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/ts-23412.
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Abstract This paper discusses several different approaches to increase the energy efficiency and decrease the environmental impact of space-conditioning systems. The use of microchannel components and hydronic coupling is presented as a method to drastically reduce the size and refrigerant inventories of the refrigerant-carrying components of vapor-compression heat pumps. Design aspects of heat pumps using carbon dioxide, a natural refrigerant with minimal environmental impact, are discussed, and novel component geometries that offer compactness are presented. The advantages of absorption heat pumps using waste heat and natural gas are discussed, and innovative component designs are presented. It is believed that these innovations will hasten the commercialization of these environmentally benign alternatives to CFC- and HCFC-based vapor-compression systems. The environmental benefits of waste heat-driven absorption chillers are quantified in terms of the energy savings, greenhouse gas emission reductions, and installed electric power reductions. Ground coupling of these heat pumps is also discussed, with specific examples of the performance improvement over similar air-coupled heat pumps.
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Brown, S. H. "Design Improvements and ALARA at U.S. Uranium In Situ Recovery Facilities." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16415.
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In the last few years, there has been a significant increase in the demand for Uranium as historical inventories have been consumed and new reactor orders are being placed. Numerous mineralized properties around the world are being evaluated for Uranium recovery and new mining / milling projects are being evaluated and developed. Ore bodies which are considered uneconomical to mine by conventional methods such as tunneling or open pits, can be candidates for non-conventional recovery techniques, involving considerably less capital expenditure. Technologies such as Uranium In Situ Leaching / In Situ Recovery (ISL / ISR - also refered to as “solution mining”), have enabled commercial scale mining and milling of relatively small ore pockets of lower grade, and are expected to make a significant contribution to overall world wide uranium supplies over the next ten years. Commercial size solution mining production facilities have operated in the US since the mid 1970’s. However, current designs are expected to result in less radiological wastes and emissions relative to these “first” generation plants (which were designed, constructed and operated through the 1980s). These early designs typically used alkaline leach chemistries in situ including use of ammonium carbonate which resulted in groundwater restoration challenges, open to air recovery vessels and high temperature calcining systems for final product drying vs the “zero emmisions” vaccum dryers as typically used today. Improved containment, automation and instrumentation control and use of vacuum dryers in the design of current generation plants are expected to reduce production of secondary waste byproduct material, reduce Radon emisions and reduce potential for employee exposure to uranium concentrate aerosols at the back end of the milling process. In Situ Recovery in the U.S. typically involves the circulation of groundwater, fortified with oxidizing (gaseous oxygen e.g) and complexing agents (carbon dioxide, e.g) into an ore body, solubilizing the uranium in situ, and then pumping the solutions to the surface where they are fed to a processing plant (mill). Processing involves ion exchange and may also include precipitation, drying or calcining and packaging operations depending on facility specifics. This paper presents an overview of the ISR process and the health physics monitoring programs developed at a number of commercial scale ISL / ISR Uranium recovery and production facillities as a result of the radiological character of these processes. Although many radiological aspects of the process are similar to that of conventional mills, conventional-type tailings as such are not generated. However, liquid and solid byproduct materials may be generated and impounded. The quantity and radiological character of these by products are related to facility specifics. Some special monitoring considerations are presented which are required due to the manner in which radon gas is evolved in the process and the unique aspects of controlling solution flow patterns underground. The radiological character of these procesess are described using empirical data collected from many operating facilities. Additionally, the major aspects of the health physics and radiation protection programs that were developed at these first generation facilities are discussed and contrasted to circumstances of the current generation and state of the art of uranium ISR technologies and facilities.
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Prpić-Oršić, Jasna, Odd Magnus Faltinsen, and Tomislav Mrakovčić. "Influence of Ship Behaviour in a Seaway on CO2 Emissions." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-11313.
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A reliable prediction of attainable ship speed at actual seas is essential from economical and environmental aspects. At this paper a methodology for estimating the attainable speed and related fuel consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in moderate and severe sea is proposed. The irregular sea is handled as a series of regular waves with different amplitudes and frequencies. The added resistance in regular waves is obtained by either a direct pressure integration method or an asymptotic small wavelength formula. The in-and-out-of-water-effect and ventilation of a propeller in severe seas is accounted for by a quasi-steady averaging of experimental data for different propeller submergences. The propulsion results for regular waves are used in simulating results in irregular waves. It is shown that for higher sea states this effect has much more influence on the speed loss than the added resistance in waves. The speed loss is calculated by taking into account the engine and propeller performance in actual seas as well as the mass inertia of the ship. The numerical model used for main propulsion engine modeling is based on a zero-dimensional model of an internal combustion engine. The main propulsion engine is represented by number of control volumes interconnected with links for mass and energy transfer between them. This model provides excellent prediction of engine dynamic response during transients with rather short computational time. Also, engine fuel consumption can be precisely determined which represents the basic presumption for estimation of carbon-dioxide emission. Furthermore, use of such model can be extended to determination of the lowest fuel oil consumption strategy for given sea condition and ship speed with resulting lowest possible CO2 emissions. The attainable ship speed is obtained as time series. Correlation of speed loss with sea states allows predictions of propulsive performance in actual seas.
Reports on the topic "Carbon dioxide – Environmental aspects – Europe"
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Wackett, Lawrence, Raphi Mandelbaum, and Michael Sadowsky. Bacterial Mineralization of Atrazine as a Model for Herbicide Biodegradation: Molecular and Applied Aspects. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7695835.bard.
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Atrazine is a broadly used herbicide in agriculture and it was used here as a model to study the biodegradation of herbicides. The bacterium Pseudomonas sp. ADP metabolizes atrazine to carbon dioxide and ammonia and chloride. The genes encoding atrazine catabolism to cyanuric acid were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The genes were designated atzA, atzB and atzC. Each gene was sequenced. The enzyme activities were characterized. AtzA is atrazine chlorohydrolase which takes atrazine to hydroxyatrizine. AtzB is hydroxyatrazine N-ethylaminohydrolase which produces N-isopropylammelide and N-ethylamine. AtzC is N-isopropylammelide N-isopropylaminohydrolase which produces cyanuric acid and N-isopropylamine. Each product was isolated and characterized to confirm their identity by chromatography and mass spectrometry. Sequence analysis indicated that each of the hydrolytic enzymes AtzA, AtzB and AtzC share identity which the aminohydrolase protein superfamily. Atrazine chlorohydrolase was purified to homogeneity. It was shown to have a kcat of 11 s-1 and a KM of 150 uM. It was shown to require a metal ion, either Fe(II), Mn(II) or Co(II), for activity. The atzA, atzB and atzC genes were shown to reside on a broad-host range plasmid in Pseudomonas sp. ADP. Six other recently isolated atrazine-degrading bacteria obtained from Europe and the United States contained homologs to the atz genes identified in Pseudomonas sp. ADP. The identity of the sequences were very high, being greater than 98% in all pairwise comparisons. This indicates that many atrazine-degrading bacteria worldwide metabolize atrazine via a pathway that proceeds through hydroxyatrazine, a metabolite which is non-phytotoxic and non-toxic to mammals. Enzymes were immobilized and used for degradation of atrazine in aqueous phases. The in-depth understanding of the genomics and biochemistry of the atrazine mineralization pathway enabled us to study factors affecting the prevalence of atrazine degradation in various agricultural soils under conservative and new agricultural practices. Moreover, Pseudomonas sp. ADP and/or its enzymes were added to atrazine-contaminated soils, aquifers and industrial wastewater to increase the rate and extent of atrazine biodegradation above that of untreated environments. Our studies enhance the ability to control the fate of regularly introduced pesticides in agriculture, or to reduce the environmental impact of unintentional releases.
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Fitzpatrick, Rachael, and Helen West. Improving Resilience, Adaptation and Mitigation to Cimate Change Through Education in Low- and Lower-middle Income Countries. Institute of Development Studies, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.083.
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Climate resilience is the ability to anticipate, prepare for, and respond to hazardous events, trends, or disturbances related to climate (C2ES, 2022). Mitigation focuses on reducing the human impacts contributing to climate change (Burton, 2007, cited in Rousell & Cutter-Mackenzie-Knowles, 2020). Adaptation is about increasing people’s adaptive capacity, reducing the vulnerability of communities and managing risks (Anderson, 2012). Anderson further defines adaptation as not just being able to adapt from one stable climate to another but having the skills to adapt to uncertainty and make informed decisions in a changing environment. While ‘climate change’ is the term used throughout these briefs, it should be read as a shorthand for a more inclusive approach, which also captures associated environmental degradation. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) warned, in their latest report, that global surface temperatures will continue to increase until 2050 (IPCC, 2021, p. 17). This will take place regardless of human intervention to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The report also warns that the traditional technocratic approaches are insufficient to tackle the challenge of climate change, and that greater focus on the structural causes is needed. High- and upper-middle-income countries have been persistently shown to be the biggest contributors to the global carbon dioxide emissions, with lower income countries facing the most disruptive climate hazards, with Africa countries particularly vulnerable (CDP, 2020; IPCC, 2021). The vulnerability of low-income contexts exacerbates this risk, as there is often insufficient infrastructure and resources to ensure resilience to climate hazards (IPCC, 2021). For decades, advocates of climate change education have been highlighting the potential of education to help mitigate against climate change, and support adaptation efforts. However, implementation has been patchy, with inconsistent approaches and a lack of evidence to help determine the most effective way forward.This paper is divided into three sections, drawing together evidence on the key aspects of system reform,green and resilient infrastructure and Curriculum, pedagogy, assessment and teacher development.
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Olsson, Olle. Industrial decarbonization done right: identifying success factors for well-functioning permitting processes. Stockholm Environment Institute, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2021.034.
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1 Introduction 1.1 The urgency of industrial decarbonization The last few years have seen several of the world’s largest carbon dioxide-emitting countries and leading heavy industry companies committing to mid-century net-zero targets (Buckley 2021; Denyer and Kashiwagi 2020; McCurry 2020; Myers 2020). Consequently, the discussion on economy-wide transition to net-zero is accelerating, with focus shifting from “if” to “when” and “how”, even for heavy industry sectors like steel, cement and chemicals. This makes it increasingly urgent to analyse not just whether it is technologically feasible to decarbonize heavy industry, but also investigate issues more directly related to practical implementation. This includes site-specific planning, infrastructure availability, and consultation with local authorities and other stakeholders. Many of the latter considerations are formalized as part of the permitting processes that are an essential vehicle to ensure that industrial interests are balanced against interests of society at large. However, doing this balancing act can turn out to be very complicated and associated with uncertainties as to their outcome, as well as being demanding in resources and time. At the same time, to ensure broad buy-in and support from society, the investments needed must be implemented in a way that takes a broad spectrum of sustainability concerns into account, not just climate change mitigation. A key question is if and how permitting processes can run more smoothly and efficiently while still ensuring inclusive consultations, fair procedures and adherence to legal certainty. This policy brief discusses this question from the starting point of Swedish conditions, but many of the points raised will be relevant for a broader international discussion on taking industrial decarbonization to implementation. 1.2 Industrial transition and permitting processes in Sweden Decarbonization of the industrial sector in Sweden essentially entails a relatively small number of investment projects in the cement, steel, petrochemical and refinery sectors, where the vast majority of carbon emissions are concentrated (Karltorp et al. 2019; Nykvist et al. 2020). However, while few in number, the size of these investments means that their implementation will by necessity become relevant to many other parts of society. In connection with the increasing focus on how to implement industrial decarbonization in Sweden, discussions about permitting processes have been brought higher up on the agenda. While there has been an active discussion on permitting processes in Sweden for quite some time, it has primarily been focused on aspects related to mining and wind power (Larsen et al. 2017; Raitio et al. 2020). The last few years have, however, focused increasingly on industrial projects, in particular related to a proposed – though eventually cancelled – expansion of an oil refinery in the southwestern part of the country (Blad 2020). In terms of political discussions, both the governmental initiative Fossil-free Sweden (2020) and the Swedish Climate Policy Council (2020) emphasize that permitting processes need to become faster in order for Sweden’s industrial transition to be implemented in line with the time plan set by the 2017 Swedish Climate Act. Business representatives and organizations are also voicing concerns about the slow speed of permitting (Balanskommissionen 2019; Jacke 2018). At the same time, criticism has been raised that much of the environmental damage done in Sweden comes from activities conducted within limits set by environmental permits, which could be a flaw in the system (Malmaeus and Lindblom 2019). Finally, recent public inquiries have also discussed permitting processes.