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Journal articles on the topic 'Carbon dioxide enrichment'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 July 2024

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1

Tremblay, Nicolas, and André Gosselin. "Effect of Carbon Dioxide Enrichment and Light." HortTechnology 8, no. 4 (October 1998): 524–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.8.4.524.

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Since they grow nearly exponentially, plants in their juvenile phase can benefit more than mature ones of optimal growing conditions. Transplant production in greenhouses offers the opportunity to optimize growing factors in order to reduce production time and improve transplant quality. Carbon dioxide and light are the two driving forces of photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide concentration can be enriched in the greenhouse atmosphere, leading to heavier transplants with thicker leaves and reduced transpiration rates. Supplementary lighting is often considered as more effective than CO2 enrichment for transplant production. It can be used not only to speed up growth and produce higher quality plants, but also to help in production planning. However, residual effects on transplant field yield of CO2 enrichment or supplementary lighting are absent or, at the best, inconsistent.

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2

Roy, Yves, Mark Lefsrud, Valerie Orsat, Francis Filion, Julien Bouchard, Quoc Nguyen, Louis-Martin Dion, Antony Glover, Edris Madadian, and Camilo Perez Lee. "Biomass combustion for greenhouse carbon dioxide enrichment." Biomass and Bioenergy 66 (July 2014): 186–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.03.001.

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3

Prior, S. A., H. A. Torbert, G. B. Runion, H. H. Rogers, D. R. Ort, and R. L. Nelson. "Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment of Soybean." Journal of Environmental Quality 35, no. 4 (July 2006): 1470–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2005.0163.

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4

Hungate, Bruce A., Elisabeth A. Holland, Robert B. Jackson, F. Stuart Chapin, Harold A. Mooney, and Christopher B. Field. "The fate of carbon in grasslands under carbon dioxide enrichment." Nature 388, no. 6642 (August 1997): 576–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/41550.

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5

Downton, WJS, WJR Grant, and BR Loveys. "Carbon Dioxide Enrichment Increases Yield of Valencia Orange." Functional Plant Biology 14, no. 5 (1987): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9870493.

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The response to elevated CO2 of 3-year-old fruiting Valencia orange scions (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) on citrange rootstock (C. sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.) was studied over a 12-month period under controlled environmental conditions. CO2 enrichment to approx. 800 �bar CO2 which com- menced just prior to anthesis shortened the period of fruitlet abscission. Trees enriched to 800 �bar CO2 retained 70% more fruit, which at harvest were not significantly smaller in diameter or lower in fresh weight than fruit from control trees grown at approx. 400 �bar CO2. Fruit from the CO2 enriched trees also did not differ from the controls in soluble solids content, dry weight, seed number or rind thickness. The progression of fruit coloration was more rapid for the CO2 enriched trees. Dry weight of leaves and branches from the scion portion of the trees and the roots and stem of the rootstock portion did not differ between treatments at time of harvest. Leaf areas were also similar. However, specific leaf dry weight was 25% greater for the CO2 enriched treatment. Changes in dry matter partitioning resulted from the greater fruit yield (58% increase in dry weight) with CO2 enrichment. Photosynthetic rates observed at intervals over the experimental period were always lower in the CO2 enriched treatment compared to controls when measured at the same partial pressure of CO2. However photosynthetic rates in the CO2 enriched cabinet were always higher because of the increased level of CO2. The extent of this difference between the treatments varied with fruit development and increased from 23% higher photosynthetic rates in the CO2 enriched chamber at the end of flowering to 77% higher rates when fruits were 5 cm in diameter and decreased to 18% higher rates when fruit coloration was well advanced. Flushes of leaves that developed during the experiment also showed similar photo- synthetic responses to CO2 enrichment and their photosynthetic rates declined as fruit matured. These results indicate that crop yield by fruit trees will increase as global levels of CO2 continue to rise, at least in those species that experience source limitation during fruit development.

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6

Hendrey, G. R., K. F. Lewin, and J. Nagy. "Free air carbon dioxide enrichment: development, progress, results." Vegetatio 104-105, no. 1 (January 1993): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00048142.

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7

Molitor, H. D., and W. U. von Hentig. "Effect of Carbon Dioxide Enrichment During Stock Plant Cultivation." HortScience 22, no. 5 (October 1987): 741–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.22.5.741.

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Abstract Carbon dioxide enrichment has become an important factor in ornamental plant production during the past few years. Nurseries, especially those producing cuttings or young plants, increasingly use CO2 enrichment during stock plant cultivation and propagation. This development was brought about by new and inexpensive equipment for measuring and regulating greenhouse CO2 concentrations. Although the positive effect of CO2 enrichment on plant growth has been well established by previous investigations (3, 4, 6, 8, 9), optimum CO2 concentrations have not been clearly defined. Only a few previous investigations have dealt with the influence of CO2 enrichment on the growth and yield of stock plants and on successful propagation (1, 2, 5, 7, 10). Therefore, the aim of this study was to find optimum CO2 concentrations for stock plant cultivation and for the propagation of different plant species. Results with only five cultivars and species are presented, although 15 different species were tested.

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8

Ehret, David L., and Peter A. Jolliffe. "Photosynthetic carbon dioxide exchange of bean plants grown at elevated carbon dioxide concentrations." Canadian Journal of Botany 63, no. 11 (November 1, 1985): 2026–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-283.

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Leaves of bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Pure Gold Wax) grown in atmospheres enriched in CO2 (1400 μL L−1) showed a decrease in CO2 exchange capacity when compared with unenriched plants (340 μL L−1) measured at the same CO2 concentration. The decrease was not associated with changes in chlorophyll concentration or photorespiratory activity. The decrease was less evident in older leaves, in leaves maintained at low light intensity, and in those with reduced chlorophyll contents. Respiration rates in leaves of CO2-enriched plants increased only under conditions that caused a concurrent decrease in photosynthetic capacity. Enriched leaves had higher starch contents than unenriched leaves. The results were consistent with the idea that CO2 enrichment decreases photosynthetic capacity when photoassimilate supply exceeds sink demand.

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9

Hesse, Brian J., and M. E. McKay. "ENERGY EFFICIENT SUB-TROPICAL GREENHOUSES WITH CARBON DIOXIDE ENRICHMENT." Acta Horticulturae, no. 257 (December 1989): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1989.257.16.

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10

Zieslin, N., L. M. Mortensen, and R. Moe. "CARBON DIOXIDE ENRICHMENT AND FLOWER FORMATION IN ROSE PLANTS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 189 (July 1986): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1986.189.20.

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11

Bailey, B. J. "OPTIMAL CONTROL OF CARBON DIOXIDE ENRICHMENT IN TOMATO GREENHOUSES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 578 (June 2002): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2002.578.6.

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12

Jeong, Byoung Kyong, Kazuhiro Fujiwara, and Toyoki Kozai. "Carbon Dioxide Enrichment in Autotrophic Micropropagation: Methods and Advantages." HortTechnology 3, no. 3 (July 1993): 332–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.3.3.332.

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Autotrophic micropropagation has advantages over conventional micropropagation and can reduce costs of plantlet production. In this article, we describe advantages of autotrophic micropropagation and a practical and formulated method of enriching culture rooms with CO2.

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13

Lewin, Keith F., George R. Hendrey, and Zbigniew Kolber. "Brookhaven national laboratory free‐air carbon dioxide enrichment facility." Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 11, no. 2-3 (January 1992): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07352689209382335.

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14

Lewin, K. F., G. R. Hendrey, and Z. Kolber. "Brookhaven National Laboratory Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment Facility." Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 11, no. 2 (1992): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713608024.

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15

Prior, S. A., H. A. Torbert, G. B. Runion, G. L. Mullins, H. H. Rogers, and J. R. Mauney. "Effects of carbon dioxide enrichment on cotton nutrient dynamics." Journal of Plant Nutrition 21, no. 7 (July 1998): 1407–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904169809365492.

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16

Kuroyanagi, Takeshi, Ken-ichiro Yasuba, Tadahisa Higashide, Yasunaga Iwasaki, and Masuyuki Takaichi. "Efficiency of carbon dioxide enrichment in an unventilated greenhouse." Biosystems Engineering 119 (March 2014): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2014.01.007.

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17

Hungate, B. A., F. S. Chapin III., H. Zhong, E. A. Holland, and C. B. Field. "Stimulation of grassland nitrogen cycling under carbon dioxide enrichment." Oecologia 109, no. 1 (January 7, 1997): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050069.

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18

Haworth, Matthew, Gerald Moser, Antonio Raschi, Claudia Kammann, Ludger Grünhage, and Christoph Müller. "Carbon dioxide fertilisation and supressed respiration induce enhanced spring biomass production in a mixed species temperate meadow exposed to moderate carbon dioxide enrichment." Functional Plant Biology 43, no. 1 (2016): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp15232.

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The rising concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere ([CO2]) has a direct effect on terrestrial vegetation through shifts in the rates of photosynthetic carbon uptake and transpirational water-loss. Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) experiments aim to predict the likely responses of plants to increased [CO2] under normal climatic conditions. The Giessen FACE system operates a lower [CO2] enrichment regime (480 μmol mol–1) than standard FACE (550–600 μmol mol–1), permitting the analysis of a mixed species temperate meadow under a [CO2] level equivalent to that predicted in 25–30 years. We analysed the physiological and morphological responses of six species to investigate the effect of moderate [CO2] on spring biomass production. Carbon dioxide enrichment stimulated leaf photosynthetic rates and supressed respiration, contributing to enhanced net assimilation and a 23% increase in biomass. The capacity for photosynthetic assimilation was unaffected by [CO2] enrichment, with no downregulation of rates of carboxylation of Rubisco or regeneration of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate. Foliar N content was also not influenced by increased [CO2]. Enhanced [CO2] reduced stomatal size, but stomatal density and leaf area index remained constant, suggesting that the effect on gas exchange was minimal.

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19

Hartz, T. K., A. Baameur, and D. B. Holt. "Carbon Dioxide Enrichment of High-value Crops under Tunnel Culture." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 116, no. 6 (November 1991): 970–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.116.6.970.

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The feasibility of field-scale CO2 enrichment of vegetable crops grown under tunnel culture was studied with cucumber (Cucumis saivus L. cv. Dasher II), summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L. cv. Gold Bar), and tomato (Lycopersicon escukntum Mill. cv. Bingo) grown under polyethylene tunnels. The drip irrigation system was used to uniformly deliver a CO2-enriched air stream independent of irrigation. Carbon dioxide was maintained between 700 and 1000 μl·liter-1 during daylight hours. Enrichment began immediately after crop establishment and continued for ≈4 weeks. At the end of the treatment phase, enrichment had significantly increased plant dry weight in the 2 years of tests. This growth advantage continued through harvest, with enriched cucumber, squash, and tomato plots yielding 30%, 20%, and 32% more fruit, respectively, in 1989. In 1990, cucumber and squash yields were increased 20%, and 16%, respectively. As performed, the expense of CO2 enrichment represented less than a 10% increase in total preharvest costs. A similar test was conducted on fall-planted strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cvs. Irvine and Chandler). Carbon dioxide enrichment under tunnel culture modestly increased `Irvine' yields but did not affect `Chandler'.

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20

Alqaheem, Yousef, and Fajer Alswaileh. "Oxygen Enrichment Membranes for Kuwait Power Plants: A Case Study." Membranes 11, no. 3 (March 17, 2021): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11030211.

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Power plants are considered as the major source of carbon dioxide pollution in Kuwait. The gas is released from the combustion of fuel with air to convert water into steam. It has been proven that the use of enriched oxygen can reduce fuel consumption and minimize emissions. In this study, UniSim (Honeywell, Charlotte, NC, USA) was used to estimate the fuel savings and carbon dioxide emissions of the largest power plant in Kuwait (Alzour). Results showed that at 30 mol% oxygen, the fuel consumption was lowered by 8%, with a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions by 3524 tons per day. An economic analysis was performed on the use of a membrane unit to produce 30 mol% oxygen. At current market prices, the unit is not economical. However, the system can achieve a payback duration of 3 years if natural gas price increases to USD 6.74 or the compressor cost decreases to USD 52 per kW. Currently, the research and development sector is targeting a membrane fabrication cost of less than USD 10 per m2 to make the membrane process more attractive.

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21

Prior, S. A., H. A. Torbert, G. B. Runion, H. H. Rogers, C. W. Wood, B. A. Kimball, R. L. LaMorte, P. J. Pinter, and G. W. Wall. "Free‐air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment of Wheat: Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics." Journal of Environmental Quality 26, no. 4 (July 1997): 1161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600040031x.

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22

Jiang, Mingkai, Belinda E. Medlyn, John E. Drake, Remko A. Duursma, Ian C. Anderson, Craig V. M. Barton, Matthias M. Boer, et al. "The fate of carbon in a mature forest under carbon dioxide enrichment." Nature 580, no. 7802 (April 2020): 227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2128-9.

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23

Hartz, T. K., A. Baameur, and D. B. Holt. "CARBON DIOXIDE ENRICHMENT OF VEGETABLE CROPS GROWN UNDER TUNNEL CULTURE." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1119d—1119. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1119d.

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A study was conducted to determine the feasibility of fieldscale CO2 enrichment of vegetable crops grown under tunnel culture. Cucumber, squash and tomato were grown under polyethylene tunnels in a manner similar to commercial practices in southern California. The buried drip irrigation system was used to uniformly deliver an enriched CO2 air stream independent of irrigation. CO2 concentration in the tunnel atmosphere was maintained between 700-1000 ppm during daylight hours. Enrichment began two weeks after planting and continued for four weeks. At the end of the treatment phase, enrichment had significantly increased plant dry weights. This growth advantage continued through harvest, with enriched plots yielding 20%, 30% and 32% more fruit of squash, cucumber and tomato, respectively. As performed in this study, the expense of CO2 enrichment represented less than a 10% increase in total pre-harvest costs. Industrial bottled CO2 was used in this study; since bottled CO2 is captured as a byproduct of industrial processes, this usage represents a recycling of CO2 that would otherwise be vented directly to the atmosphere.

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24

Combe, Laurette, Jean-Michel Bertolini, and Philippe Quétin. "Photosynthèse de la primevère (Primula obconica Hance): Effets du gaz carbonique et de l’éclairement." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 73, no. 4 (October 1, 1993): 1149–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps93-154.

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Net CO2 exchange rates were measured on a 1 m2 crop of Primula obconica placed in a closed loop growing chamber as a function of irradiation and CO2 concentration. Greenhouse cultivation with CO2 enrichment (700 ppm) or without (350 ppm) had only very little effect on dry weight or on flowering rate and did not modify photosynthetic capacity of primrose. Productivity differences between horticultural techniques, such as supplemental lighting and/of CO2 enrichment, can be partly explained by study of photosynthesis curves: light increase is more efficient than carbon dioxide increase, the latter giving the best results with young primroses under strong irradiation. Key words: Primula obconica, net assimilation, carbon dioxide air concentration, light intensity, carbon fertilization

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25

Behboudian, M. Hossein, and Robert Lai. "Carbon Dioxide Enrichment in `Virosa' Tomato Plant: Responses to Enrichment Duration and to Temperature." HortScience 29, no. 12 (December 1994): 1456–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.12.1456.

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Responses of the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Virosa) plant to elevated CO2 concentrations applied throughout the photoperiod or part of it were studied under two temperature regimes. Plants were exposed to CO2 at 340 (control), 700, and 1000 μl·liter–1. The highest concentration was applied only at 22/16C (day/night) and 700 μl·liter–1 at 22/16C and 25/16C. Transpiration rates were lower and photosynthetic rates were higher under elevated CO2 than at the ambient level. Biomass production was higher only for plants grown at 700 μl·liter–1 and 25/16C. Concentrations of macronutrients were lower in plants exposed to 1000 μl CO2/liter than in the control plants. Intermittent CO2 was applied using two timing methods. In method 1, plants were exposed to 4- or 8-hour high-CO2 concentrations during their 12-hour photoperiod. In method 2, plants were exposed for 3.5 days of each week to 700 μl CO2/liter. Only two of the 8-hour exposures resulted in greater growth than the controls. The lack of higher growth for CO2-enriched plants at 22/16C was attributed to a higher dark respiration rate and to a lack of efficient transport of photosynthates out of leaves.

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26

Tang, Po-Hsiang, Pamela Berilyn So, Wa-Hua Li, Zi-You Hui, Chien-Chieh Hu, and Chia-Her Lin. "Carbon Dioxide Enrichment PEBAX/MOF Composite Membrane for CO2 Separation." Membranes 11, no. 6 (May 28, 2021): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11060404.

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Zeolitic imidazole framework (ZIF-8) was incorporated into poly(ether-block-amide) (Pebax-1657) in differing ratios to prepare mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) for gas separation. As ZIF-8 loading is increased, gas separation selectivity also gradually increases. For economic considerations, the proportion of the increase in selectivity to the amount of MOF loaded per unit was calculated. The results show that mixing 5% MOF gives the best unit performance. With this, a variety of MOFs (UiO-66, UiO-66-NH2, A520, MIL-68(Al) and MIL-100(Fe)) were mixed with PEBAX at 5 loading to prepare MMMs. In this work, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) were processed using the dry-free method, where in the synthesized MOF was not dried prior to incorporation. The gas separation performance test carried out shows the highest separation performance was exhibited by P-UiO-66, wherein the CO2/N2 gas selectivity was 85.94, and the permeability was 189.77 (Barrer), which was higher than Robeson’s Upper bound in 2008, and obtained a high permeability and selectivity among mixed matrix membranes. In the preparation of high quality MMMs for gas separation, details regarding the interface phenomenon were assessed.

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27

Prior, S. A., H. H. Rogers, G. B. Runion, B. A. Kimball, J. R. Mauney, K. F. Lewin, J. Nagy, and G. R. Hendrey. "Free‐Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment of Cotton: Root Morphological Characteristics." Journal of Environmental Quality 24, no. 4 (July 1995): 678–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1995.00472425002400040019x.

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28

Bloom, A. J., M. Burger, J. S. R. Asensio, and A. B. Cousins. "Carbon Dioxide Enrichment Inhibits Nitrate Assimilation in Wheat and Arabidopsis." Science 328, no. 5980 (May 13, 2010): 899–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1186440.

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29

Yurgalevitch, C. M., and H. W. Janes. "Carbon dioxide enrichment of the root zone of tomato seedlings." Journal of Horticultural Science 63, no. 2 (January 1988): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14620316.1988.11515858.

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30

Li, Yongwei, Ying Ding, Daoliang Li, and Zheng Miao. "Automatic carbon dioxide enrichment strategies in the greenhouse: A review." Biosystems Engineering 171 (July 2018): 101–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2018.04.018.

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31

Zhang, Gen, E. Jiang, Weiwei Liu, Hong Yang, Yulong Wu, and Yanping Huang. "Compatibility of Different Commercial Alloys in High-Temperature, Supercritical Carbon Dioxide." Materials 15, no. 13 (June 24, 2022): 4456. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15134456.

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In this work, the compatibility and long-term integrity of candidate structural materials, including the austenitic stainless steel 316NG, the Fe-Ni-based alloy 800H, and the Ni-based alloy 625, were tested in high-temperature and high-pressure SCO2. The exposure time was up to 3000 h. The results showed that the corrosion kinetics approximately followed a near-cubic law for 316NG and 800H. After 3000 h exposure, all oxide layers, mainly composed of Cr2O3, were continuous, compact, and protective, and their thicknesses were about 21~45 nm, 64~88 nm, and 34~43 nm, respectively. In the case of carburization, dark spots corresponding carbon deposition were observed on the surface and a little enriched in the underside of the oxide for 800H. Moreover, the enrichment of trace elements was found at the oxide/substrate interface through GDOES and TEM analyses, i.e., the enrichment of Mn and Si for 316NG, the enrichment of Mn, Si, Al, and Ti for 800H, and the enrichment of Ti and Al for alloy 625.

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32

Hong, Jindui, Wei Zhang, Yabo Wang, Tianhua Zhou, and Rong Xu. "Photocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide over Self-Assembled Carbon Nitride and Layered Double Hydroxide: The Role of Carbon Dioxide Enrichment." ChemCatChem 6, no. 8 (July 2, 2014): 2315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201402195.

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Pertiwiningrum, A., T. Rhema, M. A. Wuri, N. A. Fitriyanto, and A. E. Tontowi. "The effect of chemical activation of biochar on biogas purification." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1108, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1108/1/012032.

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Abstract Biogas become one of many alternative energies that are claimed to contribute to greenhouse gas mitigation. The improved technology to gain good quality biogas has been developed over many years such as carbon dioxide adsorption and methane enrichment. Implementing biochar-based renewable sources can replace activated carbon-based fossil fuels. This study is developing activated biochar-based rice husk by chemical activation to replace 25% volume of natural zeolite to adsorb carbon dioxide in biogas purification. Three treatments of adsorption time variation were used in this study: 10, 20, and 30 minutes. The results showed that activation of biochar repaired the capability of biochar to adsorb carbon dioxide and methane levels in biogas. The best result was shown by biogas purification for 30 minutes with a methane enrichment of 24% compared to biogas before purification. Our results highlight the activated biochar based-rice husk becomes a candidate for an adsorbent in biogas purification and the chemical activation process as a strategy to improve the capability of the adsorbent.

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Stutte, Gary W., Ignacio Eraso, and Agnes M. Rimando. "Carbon Dioxide Enrichment Enhances Growth and Flavonoid Content of Two Scutellaria species." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 133, no. 5 (September 2008): 631–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.133.5.631.

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Scutellaria L. is a genus of herbaceous perennials of the Lamianaceae that includes several species with medicinal properties. The medicinal species of Scutellaria are rich in physiologically active flavonoids with a range of pharmacological activity. Experiments were conducted to determine the feasibility of increasing the growth rate and flavonoid content of Scutellaria barbata D. Don and Scutellaria lateriflora L. with CO2 enrichment in a controlled environment. Both species showed an increased growth rate and total biomass in response to CO2 enrichment from 400 to 1200 μmol·mol−1 CO2, and time to flowering was accelerated by 7 to 10 days. The bioactive flavonoids scutellarein, baicalin, apigenin, baicalein, and wogonin were detected in vegetative tissue of S. barbata. Total flavonoid content increased 50% with enrichment of CO2 to 1200 and 81% with 3000 μmol·mol−1. Scutellarein, baicalin, and apigenin concentrations increased with increasing CO2, whereas baicalein and wogonin did not. The flavonoids baicalin, baicalein, wogonin, and chrysin were detected in the vegetative tissue of S. lateriflora. The total concentration of the bioactive flavonoids measured in the vegetative tissue of S. lateriflora was much higher than S. barbata under ambient CO2 conditions (1144 vs. 249 μg·g−1 dry weight). The total content of the measured bioactive flavonoids increased 2.4 times with enrichment to 1200 μmol·mol−1 CO2, and 5.9 times with enrichment to 3000 μmol·mol−1 CO2. These results indicate that the yield and pharmaceutical quality of Scutellaria species can be enhanced with controlled environment production and CO2 enrichment.

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35

Mollah, Mahabubur, Debra Partington, and Genn Fitzgerald. "Understand distribution of carbon dioxide to interpret crop growth data: Australian grains free-air carbon dioxide enrichment experiment." Crop and Pasture Science 62, no. 10 (2011): 883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp11178.

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Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most important greenhouse gas, predicted to increase globally from currently 386 to 550 μmol mol–1 by 2050 and cause significant stimulation to plant growth. Consequently, in 2007 and 2008, Australian grains free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (AGFACE) facilities were established at Horsham (36°45′07″S lat., 142°06′52″E long., 127 m elevation) and Walpeup (35°07′20″S lat., 142°00′18″E long., 103 m elevation) in Victoria, Australia to investigate the effects of elevated CO2, water supply and nitrogen fertiliser on crop growth. Understanding the distribution patterns of CO2 inside AGFACE rings is crucial for the interpretation of the crop growth data. In the AGFACE system, the engineering performance goal was set as having at least 80% of the ring area with a CO2 concentration [CO2] at or above 90% of the target concentration at the ring-centre for 80% of the time. The [CO2] was highly variable near the ring-edge where CO2 is emitted and declined non-linearly with the distance downwind and wind speeds. Larger rings maintained the target [CO2] of 550 μmol mol–1 at the ring-centres better than the smaller rings. The spatial variation of [CO2] depended on ring size and the gap between fumigation and canopy heights but not on wind speeds. The variations in the inner 80% of the rings were found to be higher in smaller rings, implying that the larger rings had more areas of relatively uniform [CO2] to conduct experiments.

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36

Burla, Sai Kiran, and S. R. Prasad Pinnelli. "Enrichment of gas storage in clathrate hydrates by optimizing the molar liquid water–gas ratio." RSC Advances 12, no. 4 (2022): 2074–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra07585c.

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37

Gagnon, A., S. Yelle, and A. Gosselin. "THE INFLUENCE OF CONTINUOUS AND INTERMITTENT CO2 ENRICHMENT ON THE GROWTH, PRODUCTIVITY, AND PHYSIOLOGY OF GREENHOUSE TOMATO." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 641a—641. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.641a.

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The objective of this experiment was to examine the influence of continuous and intermittent carbon dioxide enrichment on the growth of greenhouse tomato plants. Tomato plants were grown under four CO2 regimes: Control at 330 ppm, continuous supply at 1000 ppm, and intermittent supply (1h supply/2 hours) at 1000 ppm and 2000 ppm. Carbon enrichment produced an increase in photosynthetic rate and plant dry weight, a decrease in leaf nitrate level, and leaf accumulation of reducing sugars and starch. A loss in efficiency was observed over time in plants grown under high atmospheric C02 concentration. However, intermittent carbon enrichment reduced the plant acclimation. Even with 32% less C02, intermittent enrichment at 1000 ppm produced yields 6% greater than continuous enrichment. The superior yield may be explained by preferential allocation of photosynthates to the fruit under intermittent supply.

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38

Metges, Cornelia, Klaus Kempe, and Hanns-Ludwig Schmidt. "Dependence of the carbon-isotope contents of breath carbon dioxide, milk, serum and rumen fermentation products on the δ13C value of food in dairy cows." British Journal of Nutrition 63, no. 2 (March 1990): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19900106.

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Six dairy cows of two breeds were fed during three alternating periods with products from C3- and C4-plants to yield different natural 13C enrichments of the diet (δ13C range: -28.0 to -13.7‰). The resulting changes in the 13C enrichment of breath carbon dioxide, serum and milk of the animals followed the 13C: 12C of the food, in agreement with the individual biological half-lives of those products, and established isotope discriminations. Breath CO2 was more enriched in 13C than expected. This could be related to isotope discriminations during rumen fermentation. From these results an isotopic balance model for the breath CO2 could be established.

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Heagle, A. S., J. E. Miller, F. L. Booker, and W. A. Pursley. "Ozone Stress, Carbon Dioxide Enrichment, and Nitrogen Fertility Interactions in Cotton." Crop Science 39, no. 3 (May 1999): 731–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1999.0011183x003900030021x.

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Allen, L. H., J. C. V. Vu, R. R. Valle, K. J. Boote, and P. H. Jones. "Nonstructural Carbohydrates and Nitrogen of Soybean Grown under Carbon Dioxide Enrichment." Crop Science 28, no. 1 (January 1988): 84–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1988.0011183x002800010020x.

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Campbell, Justin E., and James W. Fourqurean. "Novel methodology for in situ carbon dioxide enrichment of benthic ecosystems." Limnology and Oceanography: Methods 9, no. 3 (March 2011): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lom.2011.9.97.

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Lootens, P., and J. Heursel. "Irradiance, Temperature, and Carbon Dioxide Enrichment Affect Photosynthesis in Phalaenopsis Hybrids." HortScience 33, no. 7 (December 1998): 1183–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.7.1183.

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The short-term effects of photosynthetic photon flux (PPF), day/night temperatures and CO2 concentration on CO2 exchange were determined for two Phalaenopsis hybrids. At 20 °C, the saturating PPF for photosynthesis was 180 μmol·m-2s-1. At this PPF and ambient CO2 level (380 μL·L-1), a day/night temperature of 20/15 °C resulted in the largest daily CO2 uptake. Higher night temperatures probably increased the respiration rate and lowered daily CO2 uptake in comparison with 20/15 °C. An increase in the CO2 concentration from 380 to 950 μL·L-1 increased daily CO2 uptake by 82%.

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43

Ko, Soon-Nam, Tae-Yeoul Ha, Seung In Hong, Sung Won Yoon, Junsoo Lee, Yangha Kim, and In-Hwan Kim. "Enrichment of tocols from rice germ oil using supercritical carbon dioxide." International Journal of Food Science & Technology 47, no. 4 (February 9, 2012): 761–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2011.02905.x.

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Filion, Mathieu, Pierre Dutilleul, and Catherine Potvin. "Optimum experimental design for Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) studies." Global Change Biology 6, no. 7 (October 2000): 843–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00353.x.

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Hocking, P. J., and C. P. Meyer. "Carbon dioxide enrichment decreases critical nitrate and nitrogen concentrations in wheat." Journal of Plant Nutrition 14, no. 6 (June 1991): 571–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904169109364225.

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Prior, Stephen A., and Hugo H. Rogers. "Soybean growth response to water supply and atmospheric carbon dioxide enrichment." Journal of Plant Nutrition 18, no. 4 (April 1995): 617–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904169509364927.

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Ball, Andrew S., and Bert G. Drake. "Stimulation of soil respiration by carbon dioxide enrichment of marsh vegetation." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 30, no. 8-9 (August 1998): 1203–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0038-0717(97)00253-8.

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Schier, George A., and Carolyn J. McQuattie. "Effects of carbon dioxide enrichment on response of mycorrhizal pitch pine (." Trees 12, no. 6 (1998): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004680050160.

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Dugas, William A., and Paul J. Pinter. "Introduction to the Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) cotton project." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 70, no. 1-4 (September 1994): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(94)90043-4.

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Lewin, Keith F., George R. Hendrey, John Nagy, and Robert L. LaMorte. "Design and application of a free-air carbon dioxide enrichment facility." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 70, no. 1-4 (September 1994): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(94)90045-0.

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