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Zolotareva, O. K. "BIOCATALYTIC CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE PROMOTED BY CARBONIC ANHYDRASE." Biotechnologia Acta 16, no. 5 (October 31, 2023): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/biotech16.05.005.
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The rapid and steady increase in the concentration of CO2, the most abundant greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, leads to extreme weather and climate events. Due to the burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal and natural gas), the concentration of CO2 in the air has been increasing in recent decades by more than 2 ppm per year, and in the last year alone - by 3.29 ppm. To prevent the "worst" scenarios of climate change, immediate and significant reductions in CO2 emissions through carbon management are needed. Aim. Analysis of the current state of research and prospects for the use of carbonic anhydrase in environmental decarbonization programs. Results. Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is an enzyme that accelerates the exchange of CO2 and HCO3 in solution by a factor of 104 to 106. To date, 7 types of CAs have been identified in different organisms. CA is required to provide a rapid supply of CO2 and HCO3 for various metabolic pathways in the body, explaining its multiple independent origins during evolution. Enzymes isolated from bacteria and mammalian tissues have been tested in CO2 sequestration projects using carbonic anhydrase (CA). The most studied is one of the isoforms of human KAz - hCAII - the most active natural enzyme. Its drawbacks have been instability over time, high sensitivity to temperature, low tolerance to contaminants such as sulphur compounds and the impossibility of reuse. Molecular modelling and enzyme immobilisation methods were used to overcome these limitations. Immobilisation was shown to provide greater thermal and storage stability and increased reusability. Conclusions. Capturing carbon dioxide using carbonic anhydrase (CA) is one of the most cost-effective methods to mitigate global warming, the development of which requires significant efforts to improve the stability and thermal stability of CAs.
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Schunemann, H. J., and R. A. Klocke. "Influence of carbon dioxide kinetics on pulmonary carbon dioxide exchange." Journal of Applied Physiology 74, no. 2 (February 1, 1993): 715–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.74.2.715.
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In the absence of erythrocytes, carbonic anhydrase (CA) localized to the pulmonary capillary endothelium catalyzes the dehydration of bicarbonate to CO2. We studied the effects of lung CA and the reactions of CO2 on CO2 excretion in isolated lungs perfused with buffer. In indicator-dilution experiments, recoveries of dissolved CO2 and acetylene (C2H2) in the venous effluent were delayed significantly compared with a vascular indicator because the gases were distributed in both the vascular and alveolar volumes. In a second group of experiments, the kinetics of CO2 excretion were monitored with a plethysmographic method after injection of a bolus containing dissolved CO2 or bicarbonate. Exchange was compared with excretion of dissolved C2H2. The rate of excretion of dissolved CO2 and C2H2 was identical, indicating that CO2 is exchanged in the same manner as an inert gas. When bicarbonate was injected, CO2 excretion lagged behind C2H2 excretion by approximately 0.3 s. Inhibition of lung CA with acetazolamide reduced the quantity of CO2 exchanged to one-fourth of control and decreased the delay in exchange by one-half.
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Sima, Sergiu, and Catinca Secuianu. "The Effect of Functional Groups on the Phase Behavior of Carbon Dioxide Binaries and Their Role in CCS." Molecules 26, no. 12 (June 18, 2021): 3733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123733.
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In recent years we have focused our efforts on investigating various binary mixtures containing carbon dioxide to find the best candidate for CO2 capture and, therefore, for applications in the field of CCS and CCUS technologies. Continuing this project, the present study investigates the phase behavior of three binary systems containing carbon dioxide and different oxygenated compounds. Two thermodynamic models are examined for their ability to predict the phase behavior of these systems. The selected models are the well-known Peng–Robinson (PR) equation of state and the General Equation of State (GEOS), which is a generalization for all cubic equations of state with two, three, and four parameters, coupled with classical van der Waals mixing rules (two-parameter conventional mixing rule, 2PCMR). The carbon dioxide + ethyl acetate, carbon dioxide + 1,4-dioxane, and carbon dioxide + 1,2-dimethoxyethane binary systems were analyzed based on GEOS and PR equation of state models. The modeling approach is entirely predictive. Previously, it was proved that this approach was successful for members of the same homologous series. Unique sets of binary interaction parameters for each equation of state, determined for the carbon dioxide + 2-butanol binary model system, based on k12–l12 method, were used to examine the three systems. It was shown that the models predict that CO2 solubility in the three substances increases globally in the order 1,4-dioxane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, and ethyl acetate. CO2 solubility in 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1.4-dioxane, and ethyl acetate reduces with increasing temperature for the same pressure, and increases with lowering temperature for the same pressure, indicating a physical dissolving process of CO2 in all three substances. However, CO2 solubility for the carbon dioxide + ether systems (1,4-dioxane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane) is better at low temperatures and pressures, and decreases with increasing pressures, leading to higher critical points for the mixtures. By contrast, the solubility of ethyl acetate in carbon dioxide is less dependent on temperatures and pressures, and the mixture has lower pressures critical points. In other words, the ethers offer better solubilization at low pressures; however, the ester has better overall miscibility in terms of lower critical pressures. Among the binary systems investigated, the 1,2-dimethoxyethane is the best solvent for CO2 absorption.
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Petroianu, Georg, Wolfgang Maleck, Wolfgang Bergler, and Roderich Ruefer. "Carbon Monoxide and Nonquantitative Carbon Dioxide Detection." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 11, no. 4 (December 1996): 276–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00043120.
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AbstractIntroduction:The capnometric demonstration of end-tidal carbon dioxide (CO2) is a reliable method of differentiating between a correct endotracheal tube position and an accidental misplacement of the tube into the esophagus. Recently, several CO2 detectors have been introduced for monitoring end-tidal CO2 in the “out-of-hospital” setting, where quantitative capnometry with capnography is not yet available.Hypothesis:These devices are not influenced by carbon monoxide (CO) present in lethal concentration.Methods:A heated (37°C) 2.3 L reservoir bag filled one-third full with water (representing the stomach in esophageal misintubation) was machine ventilated (tidal volume: 450 ml; frequency: 16/min) with the following mixtures for three minutes each: 1) 95% O2, 5% CO; 2) 45% O2 5% CO, 50% N2O; and 3) 44% O2 5% CO, 50% N2O, 1% halothane. The presence of end-tidal CO2 was monitored with each of the following devices: 1) MiniCAP™ III CO2 Detector; 2) StatCAP™ CO2 Detector; 3) EasyCAP™ CO2 Detector; PediCAP™ CO2 Detector; and 5) Colibri™ CO2 Detector.Results:In none of the cases was the presence of CO2 signaled by the detector.Conclusion:The presence of 5% CO does not interfere with infrared spectrometry detection (MiniCAP™ and StatCAP™) or chemical detection (EasyCAP™, PediCAP™, and Colibri™) of CO2. The devices can be used safely in patients with CO poisoning for monitoring of endotracheal tube position.
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He, Liang-Nian, Jin-Quan Wang, and Jing-Lun Wang. "Carbon dioxide chemistry: Examples and challenges in chemical utilization of carbon dioxide." Pure and Applied Chemistry 81, no. 11 (October 31, 2009): 2069–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-08-10-22.
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The development of catalytic methods for chemical transformation of CO2 into useful compounds is of paramount importance from a standpoint of C1 chemistry and so-called green chemistry. The kinetic and thermodynamic stability of CO2 molecule presents significant challenges in designing efficient chemical transformations based on this potential feedstock. In this context, efforts to convert CO2 to useful chemicals will inevitably rely on its activation through molecular catalysts, particularly transition-metal catalysts. Two preparative processes employing solid catalyst or CO2-philic homogeneous catalyst were devised for environmentally benign synthesis of organic carbonates and oxazolidinones under solvent-free conditions. Those processes represent pathways for greener chemical fixations of CO2 to afford industrial useful materials such as organic carbonates and oxazolidinones with great potential applications.
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Khandaker, Tasmina, Muhammad Sarwar Hossain, Palash Kumar Dhar, Md Saifur Rahman, Md Ashraf Hossain, and Mohammad Boshir Ahmed. "Efficacies of Carbon-Based Adsorbents for Carbon Dioxide Capture." Processes 8, no. 6 (May 30, 2020): 654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8060654.
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Carbon dioxide (CO2), a major greenhouse gas, capture has recently become a crucial technological solution to reduce atmospheric emissions from fossil fuel burning. Thereafter, many efforts have been put forwarded to reduce the burden on climate change by capturing and separating CO2, especially from larger power plants and from the air through the utilization of different technologies (e.g., membrane, absorption, microbial, cryogenic, chemical looping, and so on). Those technologies have often suffered from high operating costs and huge energy consumption. On the right side, physical process, such as adsorption, is a cost-effective process, which has been widely used to adsorb different contaminants, including CO2. Henceforth, this review covered the overall efficacies of CO2 adsorption from air at 196 K to 343 K and different pressures by the carbon-based materials (CBMs). Subsequently, we also addressed the associated challenges and future opportunities for CBMs. According to this review, the efficacies of various CBMs for CO2 adsorption have followed the order of carbon nanomaterials (i.e., graphene, graphene oxides, carbon nanotubes, and their composites) < mesoporous -microporous or hierarchical porous carbons < biochar and activated biochar < activated carbons.
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Lanjewar, Aditya Anand. "CO2 Sequestration." Research and Analysis Journal 4, no. 10 (October 9, 2021): 01. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/raj/v4i10.01.
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Starting with an overview of Science, Engineering, Technology and Management. An application of Science is called Engineering; an application of Engineering is called Technology; and applying the Knowledge of Science, Engineering & Technology in Management. Globally, due to the realization that, from last three decades, carbon dioxide sequestration gaining interest to reduce the concentration of CO2. CO2 Sequestration terms as CO2 capture. In the atmosphere capture carbon dioxide through chemical process and physical process. This process is not new and used by petroleum, petrochemical, chemical and power industries. Carbon dioxide Sequestration Technology involves the process of extracting, separating, transporting and storage. Carbon dioxide emissions can be preventing before release into the atmosphere. By this, global warming can be defer and dangerous climate change can be stop. The most important challenges that should be considered are regulatory, political, technical and economical
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Guo, Jiaqi, Yijia Hu, and Yifan Zhao. "The Development of Carbon Dioxide Captures and Biochemical Transformation of Carbon Dioxide." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 6 (July 27, 2022): 372–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v6i.1034.
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In recent years, human activities have led to significant CO2 emissions. The increase in energy consumption and emissions of greenhouse gases (mainly CO2) has led to consequences such as global warming and an accelerated rate of glacial melting, making global environmental development more challenging. Even though the monoethanolamine (MEA) method of capturing carbon dioxide is now widely used in industry, the disadvantages of this method still exist, mainly because of the difficult economic balance. Since CO2 is inevitable due to human activities, converting the generated CO2 into high-value clean energy to alleviate the greenhouse effect is a current research hotspot. Therefore, finding a perfect method for capturing CO2 from industrial and commercial operations as soon as possible is certainly a high priority. This paper provides an overview of the basic principles and practical applications of physical and chemical methods of CO2 capture and biochemical technology in the conversion of the captured CO2 into value-added products. The paper describes the current status and challenges faced in the application of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology worldwide, and finally shows the advantages and prospects of each method. This will lead to the development of a new carbon economy with commercial value, which in turn will facilitate the implementation of CCS on a global scale, ultimately leading to the goal of global carbon neutrality.
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Popa, Teodor, and Ovidiu Sorin Cupsa. "Carbon Dioxide Transport and Storage." Advanced Materials Research 1036 (October 2014): 975–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1036.975.
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Increased focus on reducing CO2 emissions has created growing interest in CO2 capture from industrial processes for storage in underground formations. New technical solutions, costs and energy requirements for ship-based transport of CO2 are presented. All elements in the transport chain, namely liquefaction, storage, loading system, dedicated CO2 ship (s), onshore loading and unloading, and offshore unloading systems are included in the paper. Over 80 % from the primary energy consumed all over the world is obtained from fossil oil and natural gas. The last researches have shown the energy dependences of these types of fuels. The transition to the economy based on the low influence of the carbon, the carbon capture technology, is the main means to reconsider the fossil fuels for meeting the needs for reduction of negative emissions. This is necessary for keeping the world temperature at normal levels. The main target of this paper is to put highlight the negative effect of CO2 emissions and the interest in recovery of carbon dioxide from flue gases trough multiple factors: the merchant CO2 market, renewed interest in enhanced oil recovery, and the desire to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It also takes in account modalities of transport and storage of CO2. Solutions for CO2 capture and injection into caverns instead of natural deposits were found worldwide. These solutions are not applicable however all over the world and they are not a priority in the environment protection activity.Another important aspect calls for all merchant ships requirements regarding CO2 emissions through index calculation and development of Management Plan. Also, to increase the control of CO2 it would be useful to identify the caverns where it is possible to deposit the CO2, to build new special ship for CO2 transport or replace natural deposits through CO2 injection.
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Ehret, David L., and Peter A. Jolliffe. "Photosynthetic carbon dioxide exchange of bean plants grown at elevated carbon dioxide concentrations." Canadian Journal of Botany 63, no. 11 (November 1, 1985): 2026–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-283.
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Leaves of bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Pure Gold Wax) grown in atmospheres enriched in CO2 (1400 μL L−1) showed a decrease in CO2 exchange capacity when compared with unenriched plants (340 μL L−1) measured at the same CO2 concentration. The decrease was not associated with changes in chlorophyll concentration or photorespiratory activity. The decrease was less evident in older leaves, in leaves maintained at low light intensity, and in those with reduced chlorophyll contents. Respiration rates in leaves of CO2-enriched plants increased only under conditions that caused a concurrent decrease in photosynthetic capacity. Enriched leaves had higher starch contents than unenriched leaves. The results were consistent with the idea that CO2 enrichment decreases photosynthetic capacity when photoassimilate supply exceeds sink demand.
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Feng, Zikun. "Current Research on CO2 Reduction Technology." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 90 (April 8, 2024): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/8q98cj44.
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The technology of carbon dioxide reduction has become a focus of research in the fields of environmental protection and sustainable development. With the exacerbation of global warming and energy crises, the issue of carbon dioxide emissions has become increasingly severe, exerting immense pressure on human society and the natural environment. In this context, carbon dioxide reduction technology has emerged as one of the important approaches to addressing climate change and energy demands. This technology involves the reaction of carbon dioxide with hydrogen or other reducing agents to produce organic compounds or fuels. Its advent not only promises to reduce carbon dioxide emissions but also to convert carbon dioxide into useful organic compounds or fuels, thereby facilitating the recycling of resources. The development of carbon dioxide reduction technology holds significant implications for addressing climate change and energy demands. By employing this technology, discarded carbon dioxide can be transformed into valuable products, reducing reliance on fossil fuels, lowering greenhouse gas emissions, and providing new energy sources for sustainable development. Furthermore, carbon dioxide reduction technology has the potential to integrate with other fields such as photocatalysis and electrochemistry, further expanding its application scope and reducing costs. This paper aims to provide reference and guidance for further research and industrial application of carbon dioxide reduction technology, promoting its sustainable utilization and environmental friendliness in practical production.
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Watson, M. N., C. J. Boreham, and P. R. Tingate. "CARBON DIOXIDE AND CARBONATE CEMENTS IN THE OTWAY BASIN: IMPLICATIONS FOR GEOLOGICAL STORAGE OF CARBON DIOXIDE." APPEA Journal 44, no. 1 (2004): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj03035.
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Understanding CO2 source and carbonate cements in natural gas accumulations is important for predicting the behaviour of anthropogenic CO2 in a reservoir system. The Otway Basin offers an excellent opportunity to examine late CO2-derived cements as an analogue for mineralogical storage of CO2. Understanding Otway Basin diagenesis and carbonate cement distribution is also of great significance to petroleum production in the region.Elemental and textural examination of Otway Basin cements has identified five carbonates in reservoir rock from CO2-rich gas accumulations. These carbonates show an overall increase in Fe2+ and Mg2+ relative to the calcites in CO2-free reservoir rock, indicating cation derivation from CO2 interaction with labile minerals.δ13C isotopes of 2.18‰ to -6.7‰ PDB from late carbonate cements in reservoirs containing CO2, confirm an inorganic CO2 origin. 3He/4He gas isotopic ratios of R/Ra > 1 indicate a predominantly mantle input for the CO2-rich accumulations.Degassing of magma associated with Pleistocene to Recent volcanics is suggested as the dominant, CO2 source for the existing CO2 accumulations. CO2 influx from the magmatic source was rapid, and is the most analogous scenario to injection of anthropogenic CO2. Natural influx of CO2 and the opportunity for mineralisation of CO2 is variable, with CO2 dissolving some original carbonate and precipitation dependant on pH, ρCO2, and available cations. Positive mineralogical CO2 storage occurs in the Pretty Hill Formation, due to a higher content of labile lithic minerals, with ~36 kg/m3 of CO2 (~48 kg/m3 carbonate) stored in the Ladbroke Grove Field from the current CO2 phase. The Waarre Sandstone has negative mineralogical storage of CO2, with less carbonate than similar reservoir rock without CO2, and therefore more CO2 being released from dissolution of early carbonates.
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Pahlipi, Muhammad Ridha, Ervina Aryanti, Mokhamad Irfan, Indah Permanasari, and Ahmad Taufiq Arminudin. "EMISI GAS KARBON DIOKSIDA (CO2) PADA PERKEBUNAN KELAPA SAWIT (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) YANG DITUMPANGSARI DENGAN TANAMAN PANGAN DI LAHAN GAMBUT." JURNAL AGROTEKNOLOGI 7, no. 2 (February 1, 2017): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24014/ja.v7i2.3355.
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Peat land conversion into oil palm plantations leads was increased emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2). Plants on peat land and environmental conditions believed to be factors in the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2). The porpuse of this research was determined the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) in oil palm plantations are intercropped with cropping crop on peat land and the influence of environmental factors on the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2). This research was conducted in September 2015 until April 2016 in Rimbo Panjang village, Subdiscrict Tambang, District of Kampar, Province of Riau. Cropping crop used were corn and soybeans. The method used in this study was a Random Block Design with four treatments and four replications. The treatments were palm - berau, palm oil - corn, palm oil - soybean, palm oil – intercropping (soybean – maize). Parameters measured were carbon dioxide (CO2), soil temperature, air temperature, the temperature of the lid, the depth of the water table and soil pH. The results showed that carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) in oil palm plantations are intercropped with cropping crop (corn and soybeans) were not significantly different. The influence of air temperature, soil temperature, the temperature of the lid, and the depth of the ground water level were inversely and insignificant to the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2). As for getting nearly neutral pH, the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) is increasing, but insignificant.
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Benson, Sally M., and Franklin M. Orr. "Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage." MRS Bulletin 33, no. 4 (April 2008): 303–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2008.63.
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Reducing CO2 emissions from the use of fossil fuel is the primary purpose of carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS). Two basic approaches to CCS are available.1,2 In one approach, CO2 is captured directly from the industrial source, concentrated into a nearly pure form, and then pumped deep underground for long-term storage (see Figure 1). As an alternative to storage in underground geological formations, it has also been suggested that CO2 could be stored in the ocean. This could be done either by dissolving it in the mid-depth ocean (1–3 km) or by forming pools of CO2 on the sea bottom where the ocean is deeper than 3 km and, consequently, CO2 is denser than seawater. The second approach to CCS captures CO2directly from the atmosphere by enhancing natural biological processes that sequester CO2 in plants, soils, and marine sediments. All of these options for CCS have been investigated over the past decade, their potential to mitigate CO2 emissions has been evaluated,1 and several summaries are available.1,3,4
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Back, Martin R., James G. Caridi, Irvin F. Hawkins, and James M. Seeger. "ANGIOGRAPHY WITH CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)." Surgical Clinics of North America 78, no. 4 (August 1998): 575–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0039-6109(05)70335-2.
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Cao, Xiaopeng, Qihong Feng, and Yanfeng Ji. "Effect of Interaction between Carbon Dioxide and Fluid Phase/Rock Interface on Carbon Dioxide Storage." Processes 11, no. 12 (November 30, 2023): 3331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11123331.
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The interaction between CO2, formation water, and rock surfaces after CO2 flooding and the mechanism by which it affects CO2 storage were studied in this paper. The results show that variations in the solubility of CO2 in crude oil under pressure are similar to those observed in formation water. The solubility of CO2 increases as pressure increases under a low-pressure conditions. The solubility of CO2 in crude oil increases significantly when crude oil is in a low-viscosity state, and this makes it easier to diffuse CO2 into the oil phase at high temperatures. More resistance is encountered when CO2 diffuses into the liquid-containing space of an irregular core, making the coefficient of diffusion into the oil–water two-phase flow in the porous medium smaller. After the core is corroded by a CO2-saturated aqueous solution, the quartz content in the mineral component increases and the plagioclase and potassium feldspar content significantly decrease. The dissolution of the feldspar leads to the formation of a large amount of secondary kaolinite, thus increasing the kaolinite content. In the early stage of CO2 erosion during dynamic displacement, the combined effect of particle migration and inorganic precipitation leads to a slow growth in core permeability and porosity. As the erosion progresses, the influence of particle migration and inorganic precipitation on permeability gradually decreases, while the porosity of the core gradually increases. The secondary pores play a role, and the erosion of the CO2–water system makes the permeability and porosity of the core gradually increase. During dynamic displacement, CO2 is mainly stored in the reservoir in free and irreducible states. Under the pressure of the reservoir, some of the CO2 participates in erosion reactions and is stored in the rock or the solution in the form of minerals or ions. In addition, a small portion of the CO2 is dissolved in the residual water and residual oil that remain after the dynamic displacement. The results of this paper can provide some theoretical support for the design of a CO2 storage site.
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Rambeli@Ramli, Norimah, Norasibah Abdul Jalil, Emilda Hashim, Maryam Mahdinezhad, Asmawi Hashim, Belee ., and Syazwani Mohd Bakri. "The Impact of Selected Macroeconomic Variables on Carbon Dioxide (Co2) Emission in Malaysia." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.15 (October 7, 2018): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.15.21447.
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This study tries to investigate the relationship between gross domestic product, electricity product, net trade, electricity consumption and oil price on carbon dioxide (Co2) emission in Malaysia. Thus, it uses the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method in structuring the model estimation. By utilizing yearly time series data from 1980 to 2017, this study focuses on economics and statistical criteria analyses. According to sign analysis, the results suggest that, gross domestic product, electricity product, net trade and energy consumption affect carbon dioxides (Co2) positively. In contrast, the oil price affects carbon dioxides (Co2) negatively. Furthermore, the results in statistical criteria conclude that the gross domestic product, electricity product and energy consumption are the dominant factors that influence carbon dioxides combustion in the long run in Malaysia.
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Pierre, Alain C. "Enzymatic Carbon Dioxide Capture." ISRN Chemical Engineering 2012 (December 16, 2012): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/753687.
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In the past decade, the capture of anthropic carbonic dioxide and its storage or transformation have emerged as major tasks to achieve, in order to control the increasing atmospheric temperature of our planet. One possibility rests on the use of carbonic anhydrase enzymes, which have been long known to accelerate the hydration of neutral aqueous CO2 molecules to ionic bicarbonate species. In this paper, the principle underlying the use of these enzymes is summarized. Their main characteristics, including their structure and catalysis kinetics, are presented. A special section is next devoted to the main types of CO2 capture reactors under development, to possibly use these enzymes industrially. Finally, the possible application of carbonic anhydrases to directly store the captured CO2 as inert solid carbonates deserves a review presented in a final section.
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Seng Wong, Tuck, and Kang Lan Tee. "CO2 bioeconomy: Creating value from carbon dioxide." Open Access Government 40, no. 1 (October 25, 2023): 422–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.56367/oag-040-10701.
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CO2 bioeconomy: Creating value from carbon dioxide Is the CO2 bioeconomy creating value from carbon dioxide? Dr Kang Lan Tee and Professor Tuck Seng Wong both explain. Carbon dioxide is frequently portrayed as the villain of climate change. A 50% carbon dioxide content increase in less than 200 years (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) is a stark reminder of its role in global warming. Scientists have also linked the rise of carbon dioxide with the greenhouse effect in the past 66 million years (Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences). Beyond scientific reports, we have experienced the heat-dome scorching our summer and witnessed record temperatures in the UK, with the highest temperature recorded at 40.3°C on 19 July 2022. Is carbon dioxide to blame for climate change?
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Lin, Jian-Shian, Chieh-Lung Lai, Hsiu-Jen Lin, Ya-Chun Tu, and Yoshimi Takeuchi. "Optical Mold Cleaning Using Carbon Dioxide." International Journal of Automation Technology 4, no. 1 (January 5, 2010): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2010.p0039.
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An optical mold cleaning technique comprised of supercritical CO2 fluids and a CO2 snow particle cleaning process is proposed in this paper. Our results indicate that using supercritical CO2 fluids with cosolvents significantly improves cleaning effectiveness. There is a high degree of cleaning efficiency even when supercritical CO2 fluids are used alone, without any cosolvents. We have also determined that two key factors in controlling the effectiveness of the CO2 snow cleaning process are the density and pressure of the CO2 propellant. Since CO2 cleaning generates much less pollution than current methods, it will be an important cleaning technique in the future.
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Peres, Christiano B., Pedro M. R. Resende, Leonel J. R. Nunes, and Leandro C. de Morais. "Advances in Carbon Capture and Use (CCU) Technologies: A Comprehensive Review and CO2 Mitigation Potential Analysis." Clean Technologies 4, no. 4 (November 17, 2022): 1193–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol4040073.
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One of society’s major current challenges is carbon dioxide emissions and their consequences. In this context, new technologies for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture have attracted much attention. One of these is carbon capture and utilization (CCU). This work focuses on the latest trends in a holistic approach to carbon dioxide capture and utilization. Absorption, adsorption, membranes, and chemical looping are considered for CO2 capture. Each CO2 capture technology is described, and its benefits and drawbacks are discussed. For the use of carbon dioxide, various possible applications of CCU are described, starting with the utilization of carbon dioxide in agriculture and proceeding to the conversion of CO2 into fuels (catalytic processes), chemicals (photocatalytic processes), polymers, and building supplies. For decades, carbon dioxide has been used in industrial processes, such as CO2-enhanced oil recovery, the food industry, organic compound production (such as urea), water treatment, and, therefore, the production of flame retardants and coolants. There also are several new CO2-utilization technologies at various stages of development and exploitation, such as electrochemical conversion to fuels, CO2-enhanced oil recovery, and supercritical CO2. At the end of this review, future opportunities are discussed regarding machine learning (ML) and life cycle assessment (LCA).
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Lee, Ming Ju, Ming Gin Lee, Yung Chih Wang, Yu Min Su, and Jia Lun Deng. "Preliminary Study on Reaction of Fresh Concrete with Carbon Dioxide." Defect and Diffusion Forum 382 (January 2018): 230–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.382.230.
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In order to let fresh concrete react with carbon dioxide sufficiently, the carbon dioxide was added to mixing concrete. The study used three water cement ratio (0.55, 0.65, 0.75), three CO2 pressures (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 MPa), and two CO2 concentration (50% and 100%) to make concrete samples, and observed the effect of carbon dioxide adsorption in the above parameters. Finally, the compressive strength and carbonation degree of concretes were tested after three curing time (7, 14 and 28 days). The research showed that concrete could be more efficient to absorb carbon dioxide by using this pressure method. The results found that the mixing concrete react with carbon dioxide in a short time, and shorten the initial setting time of concrete. But this method would greatly reduce the workability of concrete after mixing with carbon dioxide and it might be enhanced by water or superplasticizer. The bond of cement matrix might cut down after reacting with carbon dioxide. Based on the above, the compressive strength of concrete which was mixed with carbon dioxide would be impaired. The proposed CO2-mixing method has the capacity to uptake 9.5% carbon dioxide based on water cement ratio and CO2 pressure.
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Kvamme, Bjørn. "Feasibility of simultaneous CO2 storage and CH4 production from natural gas hydrate using mixtures of CO2 and N2." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 93, no. 8 (August 2015): 897–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2014-0501.
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Production of natural gas from hydrate using carbon dioxide allows for a win-win situation in which carbon dioxide can be safely stored in hydrate form while releasing natural gas from in situ hydrate. This concept has been verified experimentally and theoretically in different laboratories worldwide, and lately also in a pilot plant in Alaska. The use of carbon dioxide mixed with nitrogen has the advantage of higher gas permeability. Blocking of flow channels due to formation of new hydrate from injected gas will also be less compared to injection of pure carbon dioxide. The fastest mechanism for conversion involves the formation of a new hydrate from free pore water and the injected gas. As a consequence of the first and second laws of thermodynamics, the most stable hydrate will form first in a dynamic situation, in which carbon dioxide will dominate the first hydrates formed from water and carbon dioxide / nitrogen mixtures. This selective formation process is further enhanced by favorable selective adsorption of carbon dioxide onto mineral surfaces as well as onto liquid water surfaces, which facilitates efficient heterogeneous hydrate nucleation. In this work we examine limitations of hydrate stability as function of gradually decreasing content of carbon dioxide. It is argued that if the flux of gas through the reservoir is high enough to prevent the gas from being depleted for carbon dioxide prior to subsequent supply of new gas, then the combined carbon dioxide storage and natural gas production is still feasible. Otherwise the residual gas dominated by nitrogen will still dissociate the methane hydrate, if the released in situ CH4 from hydrate does not mix in with the gas but escapes through separate flow channels by buoyancy. The ratio of nitrogen to carbon dioxide in such mixtures is therefore a sensitive balance between flow rates and formation rates of new carbon dioxide dominated hydrate. Hydrate instability due to undersaturations of hydrate formers have not been discussed in this work but might add additional instability aspects.
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Perry, S. F. "Carbon dioxide excretion in fishes." Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 3 (March 1, 1986): 565–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z86-083.
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The pattern and control of carbon dioxide excretion in fish is reviewed with particular emphasis on the site(s) of bicarbonate dehydration, the involvement of diffusive and convective processes, and the relationship with ionic and acid–base regulation. The principal route for carbon dioxide excretion in fish involves the catalysed dehydration of plasma bicarbonate within erythrocytes to form physically dissolved CO2 and the subsequent diffusion of physically dissolved CO2 across the gill epithelium. It is likely that bicarbonate entry into the erythrocyte in exchange for intracellular chloride, rather than branchial CO2 diffusion or blood/water convection, is the rate-limiting process in carbon dioxide excretion, although a change in any one of these factors will affect overall CO2 elimination. Additionally, a relatively minor amount of CO2 is hydrated within gill epithelial cells to form H+ and HCO3− ions that are exchanged for Cl− ions and Na+ ions, respectively. Evidence is presented indicating that branchial and erythrocytic HCO3−/Cl− exchanges are under adrenergic control and that modulations of these processes by elevated levels of circulating catecholamines may be important in regulating acid–base disturbances.
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Vargas-Sánchez, Mariana, Javier Alcocer, Eric Puche, and Salvador Sánchez-Carrillo. "Abiotic processes control carbon dioxide dynamics in temperate karst lakes." PeerJ 12 (May 22, 2024): e17393. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.17393.
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Inland waters are crucial in the carbon cycle, contributing significantly to the global CO2 fluxes. Carbonate lakes may act as both sources and sinks of CO2 depending on the interactions between the amount of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) inputs, lake metabolisms, and geochemical processes. It is often difficult to distinguish the dominant mechanisms driving CO2 dynamics and their effects on CO2 emissions. This study was undertaken in three groundwater-fed carbonate-rich lakes in central Spain (Ruidera Lakes), severely polluted with nitrates from agricultural overfertilization. Diel and seasonal (summer and winter) changes in CO2 concentration (CCO2) DIC, and CO2 emissions-(FCO2)-, as well as physical and chemical variables, including primary production and phytoplanktonic chlorophyll-a were measured. In addition, δ13C-DIC, δ13C-CO2 in lake waters, and δ13C of the sedimentary organic matter were measured seasonally to identify the primary CO2 sources and processes. While the lakes were consistently CCO2 supersaturated and FCO2 was released to the atmosphere during both seasons, the highest CCO2 and DIC were in summer (0.36–2.26 µmol L–1). Our results support a strong phosphorus limitation for primary production in these lakes, which impinges on CO2 dynamics. External DIC inputs to the lake waters primarily drive the CCO2 and, therefore, the FCO2. The δ13C-DIC signatures below –12‰ confirmed the primary geogenic influence on DIC. As also suggested by the high values on the calcite saturation index, the Miller-Tans plot revealed that the CO2 source in the lakes was close to the signature provided by the fractionation of δ13C-CO2 from calcite precipitation. Therefore, the main contribution behind the CCO2 values found in these karst lakes should be attributed to the calcite precipitation process, which is temperature-dependent according to the seasonal change observed in δ13C-DIC values. Finally, co-precipitation of phosphate with calcite could partly explain the observed low phytoplankton production in these lakes and the impact on the contribution to increasing greenhouse gas emissions. However, as eutrophication increases and the soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) content increases, the co-precipitation of phosphate is expected to be progressively inhibited. These thresholds must be assessed to understand how the CO32− ions drive lake co-precipitation dynamics. Carbonate regions extend over 15% of the Earth’s surface but seem essential in the CO2 dynamics at a global scale.
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Gessesse, Abrham Tezera, and Ge He. "Analysis of carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption, and economic growth in China." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 66, No. 4 (April 29, 2020): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/258/2019-agricecon.
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This study examines the nexus of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, energy consumption (EC) and gross domestic products (GDP), using an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds test approach of co-integration and error-correction model (ECM) for the period 1971–2015. The aim of the research is to i) examine the relationship between CO2 and GDP as “cross-coupling, relative decoupling, or absolute decoupling,” and validate the existence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis; ii) detect causality between CO2 emissions, EC, and GDP, and scrutinize their impacts. The ARDL results confirm a long-run and short-run co-integration relationship between the variables. The relationship between CO2 emissions and GDP is “relatively decoupling,” and the EKC exists in China. Its CO2 emissions are more explained by EC and contribute twofold of GDP. In the long run, there was significant negative causality from CO2 emission and GDP to EC. This indicates Chinese economic development structure should be re-designed towards energy-saving and decarbonized economic structure. Moreover, the central and provincial governments of China should synchronize optimal energy utilization and green economic structure to mitigate environmental deterioration and climate change.
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Liang, Zhuoming, Linlin Huang, Siyuan Tu, and Keqin Wang. "Global Warming and Carbon Dioxide Concentration." Advances in Engineering Technology Research 4, no. 1 (March 18, 2023): 470. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aetr.4.1.470.2023.
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At present, global warming is one of the most important environmental problems that people pay attention to. We generally believe that the main factor causing the problem of global warming is the emission of greenhouse gases. Among them, the most important greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide (CO2). The prediction and correlation analysis of CO2 concentration and land-ocean temperature allows us to accurately get the level of future CO2 concentration and land-ocean temperature. The great significance for knowing environmental protection work and specifying environmental protection policies. However, the prediction of future CO2 concentration/land-ocean temperature in the existing research work lacks scientific analysis. Therefore, this paper study the trend prediction method of CO2 concentration and land-ocean temperature. We first established a prediction model for the change of CO2 concentration with time. And The prediction of land ocean temperature and its relationship with the change of CO2 concentration are studied. Finally, the reliability of the model prediction results is analyzed.
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B S, Seema, Vijaya Kumar Y M, Yashaswini L, and Natraj R L. "An Experimental Study on Curing of Mortar Cubes by Carbon Dioxide." Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology 06, no. 02 (2022): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.38177/ajast.2022.6204.
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Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the predominant greenhouse gas resulting from human industrial Activities. A significant fraction of CO2 discharged into the atmosphere comes from Industry point sources. Cement production alone contributes approximately 5% of global CO2 emissions. This emitted carbon dioxide, however, can be partially recycled into mortar through early age curing to form thermodynamically stable calcium carbonates. The carbonation reaction between carbon dioxide and appropriate calcium Compounds results in permanent fixation of the carbon dioxide in a thermodynamically stable calcium carbonate. Carbon dioxide and water can be found in almost every environment and thus all concretes will be subjected to carbonation. The experimental study on water cured and CO2 specimens for compression strength were carried out. The results show that mortar cubes has achieved increasing value as comparing with water curing.
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Pratama, Ikhwan Annas, and Jihad Lukis Panjawa. "ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, AND ENERGY ON CO2 EMISSIONS IN INDONESIA FOR THE 1990-2020 PERIOD." JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES, SOCIAL SCIENCES AND BUSINESS (JHSSB) 1, no. 4 (August 27, 2022): 189–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.55047/jhssb.v1i4.343.
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This study examines the factors influencing CO2 emissions from 1990 to 2020. In this study, CO2 emissions are the dependent variable, and the independent variables consist of financial development, foreign direct investment, economic growth, and energy, as measured by the Error Correction Model (ECM) method implemented in the E-views 10 software. This study discover that (1) Financial Development in the short and long term has no effect on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Indonesia, (2) foreign direct investment in the short and long term has no effect on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Indonesia, (3) economic growth in the short and long term has an insignificantly positive effect on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Indonesia, and (4) energy has no effect on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Indonesia.
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Wardhani, Annisa Choerinita Kusuma, Rita Retnowati, and Yossa Istiadi. "Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) emissions and mitigation efforts based on Bogor City's green open space." Indonesian Journal of Applied Environmental Studies 5, no. 2 (October 29, 2024): 92–96. https://doi.org/10.33751/injast.v5i2.8513.
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One of the risks associated with climate change is carbon dioxide (CO2) emission, which can negatively affect human health and the ecosystem. The CO2 emission can lead to a decline in urban area quality that surpasses the environment's carrying capacity. This research aimed to investigate the relationship between CO2 Emissions from Transportation (X1), Household (X2), and Business Sector (X3) with the CO2 reduction of green open space (Y). The hypothesis is that there is a negative correlation between CO2 emissions from transportation, households, and businesses and CO2 reduction from green open spaces. A quantitative research design was adopted using the Slovin formula and cluster random sampling. The Normality and Homogeneity Tests are used to analyze research data. The study yielded the following results: first, the coefficient of determination (r2) = 0.003 indicates a relationship between CO2 emissions from transportation with CO2 reduction from green open space, with a 0.3% contribution. The second finding is that there is a 0.1% contribution from CO2 reduction from green open space to the CO2 emissions of households, as indicated by the coefficient of determination (r2) = 0.001. Third, a correlation of 0.1% between CO2 reduction from green open space and CO2 emissions from the Business Sector is indicated by the coefficient of determination (r2) = 0.001. Thus, using the regression equation Y = 2320.432 – 0.16X1 – 0,25 X2 – 0,007 X3, there is an overall significant relationship between CO2 emissions from transportation, CO2 emissions from households, and CO2 emissions from the business sector with the reduction of CO2 from green open space.
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Paik, Inkwan, and Seunguk Na. "Comparison of Carbon Dioxide Emissions of the Ordinary Reinforced Concrete Slab and the Voided Slab System During the Construction Phase: A Case Study of a Residential Building in South Korea." Sustainability 11, no. 13 (June 28, 2019): 3571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11133571.
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The construction industry not only consumes a lot of energy but also emits large volumes of carbon dioxide. Most countries have established target reduction values of the carbon dioxide emissions to alleviate environmental burdens and promote sustainable development. The reduction in carbon dioxide emissions in the construction industry has been taking place in various ways as buildings produce large quantities of the carbon dioxide over their construction life cycle. The aim of this study is to assess and compare the carbon dioxide emissions of an ordinary reinforced concrete slab and the voided slab system applied to a case study involving a commercial-residential complex building in South Korea. Process-based life-cycle assessment (LCA) is adopted to compute the carbon dioxide emissions during the construction phase, which includes all processes from material production to the end of construction. The results indicate that the total CO2 emissions are 257,230 and 218,800 kg CO2 for the ordinary reinforced concrete slab and the voided slab system, respectively. The highest contributor to CO2 reduction is the embodied carbon dioxide emissions of the building materials, which accounts for 34,966 kg CO2. The second highest contributor is the transportation of the building materials, accounting for 3417 kg CO2.
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Guliyeva, Shafa. "Energy consumption, economic growth and CO2 emissions in Azerbaijan." Multidisciplinary Science Journal 5, no. 4 (August 13, 2023): 2023052. http://dx.doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2023052.
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The primary goal of this research is to investigate the link between carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption, and economic growth in Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan's economy is growing, and people have noticed that the country is using more energy. However, the issue of how this increase affects carbon dioxide emissions is controversial. The analyzes show that there is a linear relationship between energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. That is, as energy consumption increases, carbon dioxide emissions also increase. In addition, it is stated in the study that Azerbaijan focuses on fossil fuels in energy production and that this situation has an impact on carbon dioxide emissions. Policies such as increasing the use of renewable energy sources and increasing energy efficiency in Azerbaijan can help reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Finally, the Azerbaijan analysis shows that there is a linear relationship between energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions, and policies such as the use of renewable energy sources and increasing energy efficiency can help reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
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Parnell, John, Kirsty Macleod, and Malcolm J. Hole. "Carbon dioxide drawdown by Devonian lavas." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 105, no. 1 (March 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755691014000152.
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ABSTRACTLower Devonian volcanic rocks in the northern British Isles, especially Scotland, show extensive evidence for contemporaneous subaerial weathering. Basalt and andesite lavas were altered to red iron oxides, commonly accompanied by calcite. Measurement of carbonate contents in 104 samples over a region of 100,000 km2 show an average of 13% calcite. Weighted for outcrop thickness, this represents an estimated 7.3×1016 moles CO2, extracted from surface waters and ultimately the atmosphere. The time frame for this drawdown is difficult to constrain, but complete weathering of a one-metre unit over 1000 years would involve CO2 consumption comparable with the highest rates determined in modern basaltic watersheds. These data demonstrate that volcanic activity can be a major sink, as well as a source for CO2, and provide a data set for modelling of CO2 flux during episodes of volcanic activity in the geological record. The high capacity of the Devonian lavas for CO2 drawdown emphasises the potential of basalts for CO2 sequestration.
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Tagwale, Pranav, Vibhas Bambroo, Rituja Bande, Prasad Rathod, and S. T. Mali. "POTENTIAL OF CARBON DIOXIDE ABSORPTION IN CONCRETE." International Journal of Students' Research in Technology & Management 3, no. 5 (September 27, 2015): 369–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/ijsrtm.2015.357.
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Abstract: Cement industry contributes to 5% of global CO2 emissions. To mitigate pollution, there is a need of CO2 sequestration into stable forms. Present research focusses on CO2 being channelized towards an important construction practice. This paper summarizes the potential of CO2 absorption in concrete. To verify CO2 absorption in concrete, an artificial CO2 environment for curing of concrete cubes using dry ice was created. Considering concrete of M20 grade, a comparative experimental study of water cured concrete cubes, CO2 cured concrete cubes, for penetration (using phenolphthalein indicator), and compressive strength was carried out. The result analysis of the tests indicated that CO2 cured concrete cubes showed 22.125% higher compressive strength than water cured concrete cubes and CO2 penetration of 13.5 mm after 2 hours. The rate of CO2 penetration and strength gain in concrete was found to be rapid in the early hours. It is shown that CO2 can prove to be a useful resource in the construction scenario, especially in the precast.
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Zou, Shaohui, and Tian Zhang. "CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, and Economic Growth Nexus: Evidence from 30 Provinces in China." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (November 30, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8842770.
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Under the situation of global low-carbon development, the contradiction among energy consumption, economic growth, and CO2 emissions is increasingly prominent. Considering the possible two-way feedback among the three, based on the panel data of 30 regions in China from 2000 to 2017, this paper establishes a spatial Durbin model including economic growth, energy consumption equation, and CO2 emissions and studies the dynamic relationship and spatial spillover among economic growth, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions effects. The results show that the economic growth can significantly improve carbon dioxide emissions, and China’s economic growth level has become a positive driving force for carbon dioxide emissions. However, economic growth will not be significantly affected by the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. There is a two-way relationship between energy consumption (ENC) and carbon dioxide emissions (CO2). Energy consumption and carbon emissions are interrelated, which has a negative spatial spillover effect on the carbon dioxide emissions of the surrounding provinces and cities.
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Islami, Fitrah Sari, Panji Kusuma Prasetyanto, and Fitri Kurniasari. "The Effect of Population, GDP, Non-Renewable Energy Consumption and Renewable Energy Consumption on Carbon Dioxide Emissions in G-20 Member Countries." International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 12, no. 2 (March 20, 2022): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.12548.
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The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of population, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), consumption of non-renewable energy, and renewable energy on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in The G-20 Member Countries 2010-2019. The data used in this study is panel data. The data used in this study is secondary data obtained from the World Bank and BP Statistical Review of World Energy. This study uses panel data regression analysis through the E-views 11 program. The results of the analysis in this study show that (1) the population has a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Thhe G-20 Member Countries, (2) Gross Domestic Product ( GDP) has a positive and insignificant effect on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in The G-20 Member States, (3) consumption of non-renewable energy has a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in The G-20 Member States, (4) consumption renewable energy has a negative and significant effect on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in The G-20 Member States, (5) Population variables, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), non-renewable energy consumption, and renewable energy consumption together have a significant effect on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in The G-20 Member Countries 2010-2019.
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Afifah, Yuri, Indra Prasetya, Setyasih Anjarwani, and Andranissa Amalia Pashira. "The complex relationship between arterial carbon dioxide levels and acute heart failure: implications for prognosis and management." Heart Science Journal 6, no. 1 (January 31, 2025): 3–10. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.hsj.2025.006.01.2.
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Acute Heart Failure (AHF) can affect carbon dioxide levels in the body by altering the balance between ventilation and carbon dioxide production, leading to either hypocapnia or hypercapnia. Arterial carbon dioxide (CO2) levels are essential for maintaining respiratory function and acid-base balance. However, the relationship between arterial CO2 levels and AHF remains complex and not fully understood. Diverse factors affect arterial CO2 levels in patients with AHF, including neurohormonal activation, respiratory compensation for hypoxemia, and changes in pulmonary perfusion. Hypocapnia, characterized by low arterial CO2 levels (PaCO2 < 35 mmHg), is commonly observed in AHF due to hyperventilation-driven respiratory alkalosis secondary to pulmonary congestion. It showed a strong connection with the survival rates of patients following a cardiac arrest. Nevertheless, elevated levels of carbon dioxide in the blood, known as hypercapnia, with a partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) exceeding 45 mmHg, can also arise in the later phases of acute heart failure (AHF), indicating fatigue in respiratory muscles or deterioration in pulmonary edema. Abnormal arterial CO2 levels have been associated with increased morbidity and mortality in AHF patients, serving as a valuable prognostic marker. Keywords: Acute Heart Failure, Arterial Carbon Dioxide, Hypercapnia, Hypocapnia
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Zeitler, Elizabeth. "Carbon Dioxide Conversion: Pathway to Defossilize Carbon‐Based Materials and Durably Store Carbon." Climate and Energy 41, no. 8 (February 14, 2025): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/gas.22445.
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Carbon dioxide (CO2) conversion is a suite of chemical and biological processes that transform the carbon in CO2 into other forms, such as mineral carbonates, alcohols, hydrocarbons, polymers, or elemental carbon materials. Such processes allow CO2 to replace fossil fuels to enable sustainable production of chemicals and materials, and support durable storage of CO2 in long‐lived products, two underexamined aspects of addressing CO2 accumulation in the atmosphere. CO2 can, in principle, serve as a feedstock for any carbon‐based product, and is better suited to forming carbonates, other oxygenated products, or single‐carbon products that share similar properties to CO2. CO2 conversion requires new infrastructure for CO2 capture, clean energy, and product distribution, and may need CO2 transportation, clean hydrogen, and water resources. Infrastructure buildouts could benefit from clustered siting, integration of utilization infrastructure with other carbon management infrastructure, improved public engagement, and improved research on pipeline modeling and testing for safety from propagating brittle fractures. CO2 utilization is enabled by economic and noneconomic policies that develop the sector's value for sustainable product formation and long‐term carbon storage. Though CO2 conversion technologies are operating today in select markets at pilot, demonstration, and commercial scales, most areas of the product and process landscape require investment in research, development, and demonstration. The first1 and final2 reports of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) Committee on Carbon Utilization Infrastructure, Markets, Research, and Development offer comprehensive assessments of the infrastructure, market, policy, and research needs to enable CO2 conversion to serve the needs of circular carbon economies and durable carbon storage.
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Harding, Frances C., Alan T. James, and Hazel E. Robertson. "The engineering challenges of CO2 storage." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 232, no. 1 (February 2018): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957650918756542.
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The permanent underground storage of large quantities of anthropogenic carbon dioxide from thermal energy and industrial plant is widely recognised as a fundamental tool which can help to avoid the worst impacts of climate change. To achieve this effectiveness, it will require widespread global deployment in a new industry which would rival the current oil and gas industry in its scale and ambition. Many of the technologies for carbon dioxide storage are the adaptations of oil and gas technology, but there are some important differences. These arise from: 1. the thermodynamic properties of carbon dioxide, 2. the essential requirement for long-term storage site integrity, 3. the absence of an established and mature business model for the industry and 4. the contrasting regulatory environments between carbon capture and storage and oil and gas extraction. Whilst the underground injection of carbon dioxide can truly be considered a proven technology, there are a range of engineering challenges to achieve this in a safe and cost effective manner. This paper sets out to explore some of these challenges and concludes with a view of what next steps are required to progress carbon dioxide storage effectively within the UK. • The challenges of injecting carbon dioxide into offshore subsurface reservoirs: ^ Arrival processing (heating before injection) ^ Injectivity assessment – how many wells? ^ Platform or subsea? ^ Well design for long service operations and monitoring • The challenges of forecasting reservoir and injection performance within porous and permeable storage reservoirs: ^ Issues influencing carbon dioxide storage capacity ^ Assuring storage site containment integrity ^ Geology and engineering – uncertainty and risk • Where has the industry got to and what are the practical next steps?
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Frank, Patrick. "Cenozoic Carbon Dioxide: The 66 Ma Solution." Geosciences 14, no. 9 (September 3, 2024): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14090238.
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The trend in partial pressure of atmospheric CO2, P(CO2), across the 66 MYr of the Cenozoic requires elucidation and explanation. The Null Hypothesis sets sea surface temperature (SST) as the baseline driver for Cenozoic P(CO2). The crystallization and cooling of flood basalt magmas is proposed to have heated the ocean, producing the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM). Heat of fusion and heat capacity were used to calculate flood basalt magmatic Joule heating of the ocean. Each 1 million km3 of oceanic flood basaltic magma liberates ~5.4 × 1024 J, able to heat the global ocean by ~0.97 °C. Henry’s Law for CO2 plus seawater (HS) was calculated using δ18O proxy-estimated Cenozoic SSTs. HS closely parallels Cenozoic SST and predicts the gas solute partition across the sea surface. The fractional change of Henry’s Law constants, Hn−HiHn−H0 is proportional to ΔP(CO2)i, and Hn−HiHn−H0×∆P(CO2)+P(CO2)min, where ΔP(CO2) = P(CO2)max − P(CO2)min, closely reconstructs the proxy estimate of Cenozoic P(CO2) and is most consistent with a 35 °C PETM ocean. Disparities are assigned to carbonate drawdown and organic carbon sedimentation. The Null Hypothesis recovers the glacial/interglacial P(CO2) over the VOSTOK 420 ka ice core record, including the rise to the Holocene. The success of the Null Hypothesis implies that P(CO2) has been a molecular spectator of the Cenozoic climate. A generalizing conclusion is that the notion of atmospheric CO2 as the predominant driver of Cenozoic global surface temperature should be set aside.
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Petuya, Claire, Françoise Damay, Sarah Desplanche, David Talaga, and Arnaud Desmedt. "Selective trapping of CO2 gas and cage occupancy in CO2–N2 and CO2–CO mixed gas hydrates." Chemical Communications 54, no. 34 (2018): 4290–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc00538a.
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Sari, Erza Guspita, and Muhammad Sofwan. "Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions Due to Motor Vehicle Movements in Pekanbaru City, Indonesia." Journal of Geoscience, Engineering, Environment, and Technology 6, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 234–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/jgeet.2021.6.4.7692.
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Land use has a very close relationship with transportation. Transportation is formed as a result of the interaction between land use and its support system. Good land use supported by good infrastructure will result in good movement as well. Accessibility is one of the supporting factors for good interaction between transportation and land use—the better the land use conditions in an area, the greater the movement in that area. However, the interaction between land use and transportation can cause one of the problems: the increase in carbon dioxide emissions due to the more significant movement of motorized vehicles. Motor vehicles are the most significant contributor to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the world. The further the route traveled by motorized vehicles, the more carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions will increase. This study aims to analyze the average total emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) resulting from transportation activities in Pekanbaru City into two parts, namely: (1) Based on Travel Time (2) Based on the type of vehicle. Vehicle Kilometers of Travel (VKT) and Emission Factors are the primary data in calculating Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions. The research area consists of 12 zones involving 1,342 households in Pekanbaru City. Based on travel time, 52% of community motorized vehicle movement activities are carried out in the morning. Private cars contribute 65% of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Pekanbaru City based on the type of vehicle. This study found that a high number of motorized vehicles cannot be used as a benchmark that the resulting emissions will also be high. However, the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) depends on the fuel consumption of each vehicle. The higher the fuel consumption, the higher the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions released by motorized vehicles.
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Enyi, C. G., and D. Appah. "Improved Wastewater Treatment Using Carbon Dioxide." Advanced Materials Research 18-19 (June 2007): 569–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.18-19.569.
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This paper focus on the use of Carbon dioxide (CO2) instead of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) in a modified wastewater treatment scheme. Over 90% of the vented CO2 from an ammonia plant was used in this scheme, CO2 was directly injected into the wastewater to neutralize it, by reducing the pH to acceptable standard (7.0). This was achieved because the CO2 produces carbonic acid (H2CO3). The use of this process produced a better overall effluent quality of wastewater (pH, 7.56; TDS, 155.15 ppm; Heavy metal, 1.49 ; ppm) as against the use of H2SO4 (pH, 8.77; TDS, 1000 ppm; Heavy metals, 2.90 ppm) which has to be purchased. Savings in operating costs amount to N13,710,600 ($100,813.00) per year, with improved treatment efficiency. Additional long term savings are projected because of reduced shutdown time. However, it was observed that it took 45 minutes longer to achieve this result with CO2.
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Lach, Daniel, Jaroslaw Polanski, and Maciej Kapkowski. "CO2—A Crisis or Novel Functionalization Opportunity?" Energies 15, no. 5 (February 22, 2022): 1617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051617.
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The growing emission of carbon dioxide (CO2), combined with its ecotoxicity, is the reason for the intensification of research on the new technology of CO2 management. Currently, it is believed that it is not possible to eliminate whole CO2 emissions. However, a sustainable balance sheet is possible. The solution is technologies that use carbon dioxide as a raw material. Many of these methods are based on CO2 methanation, for example, projects such as Power-to-Gas, production of fuels, or polymers. This article presents the concept of using CO2 as a raw material, the catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide to methane, and consideration on CO2 methanation catalysts and their design.
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Geiser, Dennis R., and B. W. Rohrbach. "Use of end-tidal CO2 tension to predict arterial CO2 values in isoflurane-anesthetized equine neonates." American Journal of Veterinary Research 53, no. 9 (September 1, 1992): 1617–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1992.53.09.1617.
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SUMMARY End-tidal carbon dioxide tension (PetCO2) and arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) were determined and compared in isoflurane-anesthetized spontaneously breathing equine neonates. End-tidal carbon dioxide and PaCO2 values increased with respect to time. Difference between values of PetCO2 and PaCO2 increased over time. End-tidal carbon dioxide tension was useful to predict changes in and was more closely correlated with PaCO2 early in the anesthetic period (T ≤ 60 minutes). The dead space volume to tidal volume (Vd/Vt) ratio increased with respect to time, indicating increase in physiologic dead space in isoflurane-anesthetized foals. The data indicate that the increased difference between widening of the PetCO2 and PaCO2 values over time may have been attributable to hypoventilation and decreased pulmonary capillary perfusion of alveoli.
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Lao, Wan-Li, Xiao-Ling Li, Ying-Chun Gong, and Xin-Fang Duan. "Carbon Dioxide Emission Evaluations in the Chinese Furniture Manufacturing Industry Using the IPCC Tier-2 Methodology." Forest Products Journal 73, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00023.
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Abstract Estimating industrial carbon dioxide emissions at the national scale is crucial for China's carbon peak and carbon neutralization targets, as well as the low-carbon development of the Chinese furniture manufacturing industry. For this purpose, in this study the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Tier-2 methodology was used to evaluate the carbon dioxide emissions of the Chinese furniture manufacturing industry at the national scale. The results show that carbon dioxide emissions increased from 219.50 × 10,000 tons of CO2 equivalent in 2000 to 850.68 × 10,000 tons of CO2 equivalent in 2019. Moreover, carbon dioxide emission intensity decreased from 9.50 tons of CO2 per million dollars to 1.73 tons of CO2 per million dollars in this period. Moreover, electricity and raw coal were observed to have a significant influence on carbon dioxide emissions, followed by diesel oil, gasoline, heat energy, and natural gas. The results reveal that the Chinese furniture manufacturing industry has generally realized low-carbon development over the past two decades. This work proposes several suggestions to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from the Chinese furniture manufacturing industry, including promoting the use of clean electricity, the installation of photovoltaic cells, industrial transformation and upgrading, the optimization of transport modes for product delivery and material supply, and the employment of low-carbon raw materials.
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Politaeva, Natalia, Igor Ilin, Ksenia Velmozhina, and Polina Shinkevich. "Carbon Dioxide Utilization Using Chlorella Microalgae." Environments 10, no. 7 (June 23, 2023): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments10070109.
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The problem of the excessive CO2 emitted into the atmosphere is one of the significant problems for the modern world and ecology. This article examines the dynamics of carbon dioxide absorption from thermal power plants, TPP, and waste gases by three types of microalgae, the most typical for the Russian Federation: Chlorella kessleri, Chlorella vulgaris, and Chlorella sorokiniana. The exhaust gases of the TPP contain up to 39% carbon dioxide. In this work, the rate of absorption of carbon dioxide from model exhaust gases with a CO2 content of up to 39% was studied. As a result of the study, a species of microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris) was identified, characterized by the maximum rate of absorption of CO2 = 0.412 g/L·day and the maximum volume of CO2 utilized in 1 day = 8.125 L. The conducted research proved the possibility of utilizing a large content (up to 39%) of carbon dioxide from the exhaust gases of the TPP with the help of microalgae of the genus Chlorella. A scheme for the utilization of CO2 with the help of microalgae is also proposed, which meets the principles of a circular economy (closed cycle).
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Susanti, Indri. "Technologies and Materials for Carbon Dioxide Capture." Science Education and Application Journal 1, no. 2 (October 5, 2019): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.30736/seaj.v1i2.147.
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This paper was aims to review the technologies and materials for CO2 capture. Carbon dioxide is one of the triggers for the greenhouse effect and global warming. Some methods to reduce CO2 are separation technologies include air capture, CO2 Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) and CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS) technology. CCS technology have several systems namely post-combution, pre-combustion and oxy-fuel combustion. Post-combution systems can be done in various systems including absorption, adsorption, membrane, and cryogenic. Adsorption proses for CO2 capture applied with porous material such us mesopore silica, zeolite, carbon, MOF dan COF. This review was described the advantages and disadvantages of each technology for CO2 capture. Materials for CO2 adsorption also descibed in this review.
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Bolshette, Nityanand, Saar Ezagouri, Vaishnavi Dandavate, Iuliia Karavaeva, Marina Golik, Hu Wang, Peter J. Espenshade, Timothy F. Osborne, Xianlin Han, and Gad Asher. "Carbon dioxide regulates cholesterol levels through SREBP2." PLOS Biology 21, no. 11 (November 15, 2023): e3002367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002367.
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In mammals, O2 and CO2 levels are tightly regulated and are altered under various pathological conditions. While the molecular mechanisms that participate in O2 sensing are well characterized, little is known regarding the signaling pathways that participate in CO2 signaling and adaptation. Here, we show that CO2 levels control a distinct cellular transcriptional response that differs from mere pH changes. Unexpectedly, we discovered that CO2 regulates the expression of cholesterogenic genes in a SREBP2-dependent manner and modulates cellular cholesterol accumulation. Molecular dissection of the underlying mechanism suggests that CO2 triggers SREBP2 activation through changes in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane cholesterol levels. Collectively, we propose that SREBP2 participates in CO2 signaling and that cellular cholesterol levels can be modulated by CO2 through SREBP2.
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Rashmi, Saini, C. Majhi Manash, Kapoor Rupam, Kumar Rita, and Kumar Anil. "Carbon dioxide (CO2) utilizing strain database." African Journal of Biotechnology 10, no. 63 (October 17, 2011): 13818–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajb10.2643.
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