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1
Schunemann, H. J., and R. A. Klocke. "Influence of carbon dioxide kinetics on pulmonary carbon dioxide exchange." Journal of Applied Physiology 74, no. 2 (February 1, 1993): 715–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.74.2.715.
Abstract:
In the absence of erythrocytes, carbonic anhydrase (CA) localized to the pulmonary capillary endothelium catalyzes the dehydration of bicarbonate to CO2. We studied the effects of lung CA and the reactions of CO2 on CO2 excretion in isolated lungs perfused with buffer. In indicator-dilution experiments, recoveries of dissolved CO2 and acetylene (C2H2) in the venous effluent were delayed significantly compared with a vascular indicator because the gases were distributed in both the vascular and alveolar volumes. In a second group of experiments, the kinetics of CO2 excretion were monitored with a plethysmographic method after injection of a bolus containing dissolved CO2 or bicarbonate. Exchange was compared with excretion of dissolved C2H2. The rate of excretion of dissolved CO2 and C2H2 was identical, indicating that CO2 is exchanged in the same manner as an inert gas. When bicarbonate was injected, CO2 excretion lagged behind C2H2 excretion by approximately 0.3 s. Inhibition of lung CA with acetazolamide reduced the quantity of CO2 exchanged to one-fourth of control and decreased the delay in exchange by one-half.
2
Petroianu, Georg, Wolfgang Maleck, Wolfgang Bergler, and Roderich Ruefer. "Carbon Monoxide and Nonquantitative Carbon Dioxide Detection." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 11, no. 4 (December 1996): 276–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00043120.
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AbstractIntroduction:The capnometric demonstration of end-tidal carbon dioxide (CO2) is a reliable method of differentiating between a correct endotracheal tube position and an accidental misplacement of the tube into the esophagus. Recently, several CO2 detectors have been introduced for monitoring end-tidal CO2 in the “out-of-hospital” setting, where quantitative capnometry with capnography is not yet available.Hypothesis:These devices are not influenced by carbon monoxide (CO) present in lethal concentration.Methods:A heated (37°C) 2.3 L reservoir bag filled one-third full with water (representing the stomach in esophageal misintubation) was machine ventilated (tidal volume: 450 ml; frequency: 16/min) with the following mixtures for three minutes each: 1) 95% O2, 5% CO; 2) 45% O2 5% CO, 50% N2O; and 3) 44% O2 5% CO, 50% N2O, 1% halothane. The presence of end-tidal CO2 was monitored with each of the following devices: 1) MiniCAP™ III CO2 Detector; 2) StatCAP™ CO2 Detector; 3) EasyCAP™ CO2 Detector; PediCAP™ CO2 Detector; and 5) Colibri™ CO2 Detector.Results:In none of the cases was the presence of CO2 signaled by the detector.Conclusion:The presence of 5% CO does not interfere with infrared spectrometry detection (MiniCAP™ and StatCAP™) or chemical detection (EasyCAP™, PediCAP™, and Colibri™) of CO2. The devices can be used safely in patients with CO poisoning for monitoring of endotracheal tube position.
3
He, Liang-Nian, Jin-Quan Wang, and Jing-Lun Wang. "Carbon dioxide chemistry: Examples and challenges in chemical utilization of carbon dioxide." Pure and Applied Chemistry 81, no. 11 (October 31, 2009): 2069–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-08-10-22.
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The development of catalytic methods for chemical transformation of CO2 into useful compounds is of paramount importance from a standpoint of C1 chemistry and so-called green chemistry. The kinetic and thermodynamic stability of CO2 molecule presents significant challenges in designing efficient chemical transformations based on this potential feedstock. In this context, efforts to convert CO2 to useful chemicals will inevitably rely on its activation through molecular catalysts, particularly transition-metal catalysts. Two preparative processes employing solid catalyst or CO2-philic homogeneous catalyst were devised for environmentally benign synthesis of organic carbonates and oxazolidinones under solvent-free conditions. Those processes represent pathways for greener chemical fixations of CO2 to afford industrial useful materials such as organic carbonates and oxazolidinones with great potential applications.
4
Khandaker, Tasmina, Muhammad Sarwar Hossain, Palash Kumar Dhar, Md Saifur Rahman, Md Ashraf Hossain, and Mohammad Boshir Ahmed. "Efficacies of Carbon-Based Adsorbents for Carbon Dioxide Capture." Processes 8, no. 6 (May 30, 2020): 654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8060654.
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Carbon dioxide (CO2), a major greenhouse gas, capture has recently become a crucial technological solution to reduce atmospheric emissions from fossil fuel burning. Thereafter, many efforts have been put forwarded to reduce the burden on climate change by capturing and separating CO2, especially from larger power plants and from the air through the utilization of different technologies (e.g., membrane, absorption, microbial, cryogenic, chemical looping, and so on). Those technologies have often suffered from high operating costs and huge energy consumption. On the right side, physical process, such as adsorption, is a cost-effective process, which has been widely used to adsorb different contaminants, including CO2. Henceforth, this review covered the overall efficacies of CO2 adsorption from air at 196 K to 343 K and different pressures by the carbon-based materials (CBMs). Subsequently, we also addressed the associated challenges and future opportunities for CBMs. According to this review, the efficacies of various CBMs for CO2 adsorption have followed the order of carbon nanomaterials (i.e., graphene, graphene oxides, carbon nanotubes, and their composites) < mesoporous -microporous or hierarchical porous carbons < biochar and activated biochar < activated carbons.
5
Guo, Jiaqi, Yijia Hu, and Yifan Zhao. "The Development of Carbon Dioxide Captures and Biochemical Transformation of Carbon Dioxide." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 6 (July 27, 2022): 372–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v6i.1034.
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In recent years, human activities have led to significant CO2 emissions. The increase in energy consumption and emissions of greenhouse gases (mainly CO2) has led to consequences such as global warming and an accelerated rate of glacial melting, making global environmental development more challenging. Even though the monoethanolamine (MEA) method of capturing carbon dioxide is now widely used in industry, the disadvantages of this method still exist, mainly because of the difficult economic balance. Since CO2 is inevitable due to human activities, converting the generated CO2 into high-value clean energy to alleviate the greenhouse effect is a current research hotspot. Therefore, finding a perfect method for capturing CO2 from industrial and commercial operations as soon as possible is certainly a high priority. This paper provides an overview of the basic principles and practical applications of physical and chemical methods of CO2 capture and biochemical technology in the conversion of the captured CO2 into value-added products. The paper describes the current status and challenges faced in the application of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology worldwide, and finally shows the advantages and prospects of each method. This will lead to the development of a new carbon economy with commercial value, which in turn will facilitate the implementation of CCS on a global scale, ultimately leading to the goal of global carbon neutrality.
6
Sima, Sergiu, and Catinca Secuianu. "The Effect of Functional Groups on the Phase Behavior of Carbon Dioxide Binaries and Their Role in CCS." Molecules 26, no. 12 (June 18, 2021): 3733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123733.
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In recent years we have focused our efforts on investigating various binary mixtures containing carbon dioxide to find the best candidate for CO2 capture and, therefore, for applications in the field of CCS and CCUS technologies. Continuing this project, the present study investigates the phase behavior of three binary systems containing carbon dioxide and different oxygenated compounds. Two thermodynamic models are examined for their ability to predict the phase behavior of these systems. The selected models are the well-known Peng–Robinson (PR) equation of state and the General Equation of State (GEOS), which is a generalization for all cubic equations of state with two, three, and four parameters, coupled with classical van der Waals mixing rules (two-parameter conventional mixing rule, 2PCMR). The carbon dioxide + ethyl acetate, carbon dioxide + 1,4-dioxane, and carbon dioxide + 1,2-dimethoxyethane binary systems were analyzed based on GEOS and PR equation of state models. The modeling approach is entirely predictive. Previously, it was proved that this approach was successful for members of the same homologous series. Unique sets of binary interaction parameters for each equation of state, determined for the carbon dioxide + 2-butanol binary model system, based on k12–l12 method, were used to examine the three systems. It was shown that the models predict that CO2 solubility in the three substances increases globally in the order 1,4-dioxane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, and ethyl acetate. CO2 solubility in 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1.4-dioxane, and ethyl acetate reduces with increasing temperature for the same pressure, and increases with lowering temperature for the same pressure, indicating a physical dissolving process of CO2 in all three substances. However, CO2 solubility for the carbon dioxide + ether systems (1,4-dioxane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane) is better at low temperatures and pressures, and decreases with increasing pressures, leading to higher critical points for the mixtures. By contrast, the solubility of ethyl acetate in carbon dioxide is less dependent on temperatures and pressures, and the mixture has lower pressures critical points. In other words, the ethers offer better solubilization at low pressures; however, the ester has better overall miscibility in terms of lower critical pressures. Among the binary systems investigated, the 1,2-dimethoxyethane is the best solvent for CO2 absorption.
7
Lanjewar, Aditya Anand. "CO2 Sequestration." Research and Analysis Journal 4, no. 10 (October 9, 2021): 01. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/raj/v4i10.01.
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Starting with an overview of Science, Engineering, Technology and Management. An application of Science is called Engineering; an application of Engineering is called Technology; and applying the Knowledge of Science, Engineering & Technology in Management. Globally, due to the realization that, from last three decades, carbon dioxide sequestration gaining interest to reduce the concentration of CO2. CO2 Sequestration terms as CO2 capture. In the atmosphere capture carbon dioxide through chemical process and physical process. This process is not new and used by petroleum, petrochemical, chemical and power industries. Carbon dioxide Sequestration Technology involves the process of extracting, separating, transporting and storage. Carbon dioxide emissions can be preventing before release into the atmosphere. By this, global warming can be defer and dangerous climate change can be stop. The most important challenges that should be considered are regulatory, political, technical and economical
8
Popa, Teodor, and Ovidiu Sorin Cupsa. "Carbon Dioxide Transport and Storage." Advanced Materials Research 1036 (October 2014): 975–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1036.975.
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Increased focus on reducing CO2 emissions has created growing interest in CO2 capture from industrial processes for storage in underground formations. New technical solutions, costs and energy requirements for ship-based transport of CO2 are presented. All elements in the transport chain, namely liquefaction, storage, loading system, dedicated CO2 ship (s), onshore loading and unloading, and offshore unloading systems are included in the paper. Over 80 % from the primary energy consumed all over the world is obtained from fossil oil and natural gas. The last researches have shown the energy dependences of these types of fuels. The transition to the economy based on the low influence of the carbon, the carbon capture technology, is the main means to reconsider the fossil fuels for meeting the needs for reduction of negative emissions. This is necessary for keeping the world temperature at normal levels. The main target of this paper is to put highlight the negative effect of CO2 emissions and the interest in recovery of carbon dioxide from flue gases trough multiple factors: the merchant CO2 market, renewed interest in enhanced oil recovery, and the desire to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It also takes in account modalities of transport and storage of CO2. Solutions for CO2 capture and injection into caverns instead of natural deposits were found worldwide. These solutions are not applicable however all over the world and they are not a priority in the environment protection activity.Another important aspect calls for all merchant ships requirements regarding CO2 emissions through index calculation and development of Management Plan. Also, to increase the control of CO2 it would be useful to identify the caverns where it is possible to deposit the CO2, to build new special ship for CO2 transport or replace natural deposits through CO2 injection.
9
Back, Martin R., James G. Caridi, Irvin F. Hawkins, and James M. Seeger. "ANGIOGRAPHY WITH CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2)." Surgical Clinics of North America 78, no. 4 (August 1998): 575–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0039-6109(05)70335-2.
10
Ehret, David L., and Peter A. Jolliffe. "Photosynthetic carbon dioxide exchange of bean plants grown at elevated carbon dioxide concentrations." Canadian Journal of Botany 63, no. 11 (November 1, 1985): 2026–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-283.
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Leaves of bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Pure Gold Wax) grown in atmospheres enriched in CO2 (1400 μL L−1) showed a decrease in CO2 exchange capacity when compared with unenriched plants (340 μL L−1) measured at the same CO2 concentration. The decrease was not associated with changes in chlorophyll concentration or photorespiratory activity. The decrease was less evident in older leaves, in leaves maintained at low light intensity, and in those with reduced chlorophyll contents. Respiration rates in leaves of CO2-enriched plants increased only under conditions that caused a concurrent decrease in photosynthetic capacity. Enriched leaves had higher starch contents than unenriched leaves. The results were consistent with the idea that CO2 enrichment decreases photosynthetic capacity when photoassimilate supply exceeds sink demand.
11
Benson, Sally M., and Franklin M. Orr. "Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage." MRS Bulletin 33, no. 4 (April 2008): 303–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2008.63.
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Reducing CO2 emissions from the use of fossil fuel is the primary purpose of carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS). Two basic approaches to CCS are available.1,2 In one approach, CO2 is captured directly from the industrial source, concentrated into a nearly pure form, and then pumped deep underground for long-term storage (see Figure 1). As an alternative to storage in underground geological formations, it has also been suggested that CO2 could be stored in the ocean. This could be done either by dissolving it in the mid-depth ocean (1–3 km) or by forming pools of CO2 on the sea bottom where the ocean is deeper than 3 km and, consequently, CO2 is denser than seawater. The second approach to CCS captures CO2directly from the atmosphere by enhancing natural biological processes that sequester CO2 in plants, soils, and marine sediments. All of these options for CCS have been investigated over the past decade, their potential to mitigate CO2 emissions has been evaluated,1 and several summaries are available.1,3,4
12
Watson, M. N., C. J. Boreham, and P. R. Tingate. "CARBON DIOXIDE AND CARBONATE CEMENTS IN THE OTWAY BASIN: IMPLICATIONS FOR GEOLOGICAL STORAGE OF CARBON DIOXIDE." APPEA Journal 44, no. 1 (2004): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj03035.
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Understanding CO2 source and carbonate cements in natural gas accumulations is important for predicting the behaviour of anthropogenic CO2 in a reservoir system. The Otway Basin offers an excellent opportunity to examine late CO2-derived cements as an analogue for mineralogical storage of CO2. Understanding Otway Basin diagenesis and carbonate cement distribution is also of great significance to petroleum production in the region.Elemental and textural examination of Otway Basin cements has identified five carbonates in reservoir rock from CO2-rich gas accumulations. These carbonates show an overall increase in Fe2+ and Mg2+ relative to the calcites in CO2-free reservoir rock, indicating cation derivation from CO2 interaction with labile minerals.δ13C isotopes of 2.18‰ to -6.7‰ PDB from late carbonate cements in reservoirs containing CO2, confirm an inorganic CO2 origin. 3He/4He gas isotopic ratios of R/Ra > 1 indicate a predominantly mantle input for the CO2-rich accumulations.Degassing of magma associated with Pleistocene to Recent volcanics is suggested as the dominant, CO2 source for the existing CO2 accumulations. CO2 influx from the magmatic source was rapid, and is the most analogous scenario to injection of anthropogenic CO2. Natural influx of CO2 and the opportunity for mineralisation of CO2 is variable, with CO2 dissolving some original carbonate and precipitation dependant on pH, ρCO2, and available cations. Positive mineralogical CO2 storage occurs in the Pretty Hill Formation, due to a higher content of labile lithic minerals, with ~36 kg/m3 of CO2 (~48 kg/m3 carbonate) stored in the Ladbroke Grove Field from the current CO2 phase. The Waarre Sandstone has negative mineralogical storage of CO2, with less carbonate than similar reservoir rock without CO2, and therefore more CO2 being released from dissolution of early carbonates.
13
Pierre, Alain C. "Enzymatic Carbon Dioxide Capture." ISRN Chemical Engineering 2012 (December 16, 2012): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/753687.
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In the past decade, the capture of anthropic carbonic dioxide and its storage or transformation have emerged as major tasks to achieve, in order to control the increasing atmospheric temperature of our planet. One possibility rests on the use of carbonic anhydrase enzymes, which have been long known to accelerate the hydration of neutral aqueous CO2 molecules to ionic bicarbonate species. In this paper, the principle underlying the use of these enzymes is summarized. Their main characteristics, including their structure and catalysis kinetics, are presented. A special section is next devoted to the main types of CO2 capture reactors under development, to possibly use these enzymes industrially. Finally, the possible application of carbonic anhydrases to directly store the captured CO2 as inert solid carbonates deserves a review presented in a final section.
14
Stockwell, M. A., W. Bruce, and N. Soni. "The Influence of CO2 Production and Physiological Deadspace on End-Tidal CO2 During Controlled Ventilation: A Study Using a Mechanical Model." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 17, no. 4 (November 1989): 482–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x8901700415.
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A mechanical lung model was used to investigate the effect of varying carbon dioxide production and deadspace on the end-tidal carbon dioxide levels achieved during mechanical ventilation when using the Bain, Humphrey ADE, and circle systems. Both factors had significant influence on end-tidal cardon dioxide concentration and could result in values in excess of those considered acceptable in clinical practice. The implications of the results are discussed.
15
Lin, Jian-Shian, Chieh-Lung Lai, Hsiu-Jen Lin, Ya-Chun Tu, and Yoshimi Takeuchi. "Optical Mold Cleaning Using Carbon Dioxide." International Journal of Automation Technology 4, no. 1 (January 5, 2010): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2010.p0039.
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An optical mold cleaning technique comprised of supercritical CO2 fluids and a CO2 snow particle cleaning process is proposed in this paper. Our results indicate that using supercritical CO2 fluids with cosolvents significantly improves cleaning effectiveness. There is a high degree of cleaning efficiency even when supercritical CO2 fluids are used alone, without any cosolvents. We have also determined that two key factors in controlling the effectiveness of the CO2 snow cleaning process are the density and pressure of the CO2 propellant. Since CO2 cleaning generates much less pollution than current methods, it will be an important cleaning technique in the future.
16
Gessesse, Abrham Tezera, and Ge He. "Analysis of carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption, and economic growth in China." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 66, No. 4 (April 29, 2020): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/258/2019-agricecon.
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This study examines the nexus of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, energy consumption (EC) and gross domestic products (GDP), using an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds test approach of co-integration and error-correction model (ECM) for the period 1971–2015. The aim of the research is to i) examine the relationship between CO2 and GDP as “cross-coupling, relative decoupling, or absolute decoupling,” and validate the existence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis; ii) detect causality between CO2 emissions, EC, and GDP, and scrutinize their impacts. The ARDL results confirm a long-run and short-run co-integration relationship between the variables. The relationship between CO2 emissions and GDP is “relatively decoupling,” and the EKC exists in China. Its CO2 emissions are more explained by EC and contribute twofold of GDP. In the long run, there was significant negative causality from CO2 emission and GDP to EC. This indicates Chinese economic development structure should be re-designed towards energy-saving and decarbonized economic structure. Moreover, the central and provincial governments of China should synchronize optimal energy utilization and green economic structure to mitigate environmental deterioration and climate change.
17
Rambeli@Ramli, Norimah, Norasibah Abdul Jalil, Emilda Hashim, Maryam Mahdinezhad, Asmawi Hashim, Belee ., and Syazwani Mohd Bakri. "The Impact of Selected Macroeconomic Variables on Carbon Dioxide (Co2) Emission in Malaysia." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.15 (October 7, 2018): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.15.21447.
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This study tries to investigate the relationship between gross domestic product, electricity product, net trade, electricity consumption and oil price on carbon dioxide (Co2) emission in Malaysia. Thus, it uses the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method in structuring the model estimation. By utilizing yearly time series data from 1980 to 2017, this study focuses on economics and statistical criteria analyses. According to sign analysis, the results suggest that, gross domestic product, electricity product, net trade and energy consumption affect carbon dioxides (Co2) positively. In contrast, the oil price affects carbon dioxides (Co2) negatively. Furthermore, the results in statistical criteria conclude that the gross domestic product, electricity product and energy consumption are the dominant factors that influence carbon dioxides combustion in the long run in Malaysia.
18
Pahlipi, Muhammad Ridha, Ervina Aryanti, Mokhamad Irfan, Indah Permanasari, and Ahmad Taufiq Arminudin. "EMISI GAS KARBON DIOKSIDA (CO2) PADA PERKEBUNAN KELAPA SAWIT (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) YANG DITUMPANGSARI DENGAN TANAMAN PANGAN DI LAHAN GAMBUT." JURNAL AGROTEKNOLOGI 7, no. 2 (February 1, 2017): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24014/ja.v7i2.3355.
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Peat land conversion into oil palm plantations leads was increased emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2). Plants on peat land and environmental conditions believed to be factors in the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2). The porpuse of this research was determined the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) in oil palm plantations are intercropped with cropping crop on peat land and the influence of environmental factors on the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2). This research was conducted in September 2015 until April 2016 in Rimbo Panjang village, Subdiscrict Tambang, District of Kampar, Province of Riau. Cropping crop used were corn and soybeans. The method used in this study was a Random Block Design with four treatments and four replications. The treatments were palm - berau, palm oil - corn, palm oil - soybean, palm oil – intercropping (soybean – maize). Parameters measured were carbon dioxide (CO2), soil temperature, air temperature, the temperature of the lid, the depth of the water table and soil pH. The results showed that carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) in oil palm plantations are intercropped with cropping crop (corn and soybeans) were not significantly different. The influence of air temperature, soil temperature, the temperature of the lid, and the depth of the ground water level were inversely and insignificant to the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2). As for getting nearly neutral pH, the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) is increasing, but insignificant.
19
Perry, S. F. "Carbon dioxide excretion in fishes." Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 3 (March 1, 1986): 565–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z86-083.
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The pattern and control of carbon dioxide excretion in fish is reviewed with particular emphasis on the site(s) of bicarbonate dehydration, the involvement of diffusive and convective processes, and the relationship with ionic and acid–base regulation. The principal route for carbon dioxide excretion in fish involves the catalysed dehydration of plasma bicarbonate within erythrocytes to form physically dissolved CO2 and the subsequent diffusion of physically dissolved CO2 across the gill epithelium. It is likely that bicarbonate entry into the erythrocyte in exchange for intracellular chloride, rather than branchial CO2 diffusion or blood/water convection, is the rate-limiting process in carbon dioxide excretion, although a change in any one of these factors will affect overall CO2 elimination. Additionally, a relatively minor amount of CO2 is hydrated within gill epithelial cells to form H+ and HCO3− ions that are exchanged for Cl− ions and Na+ ions, respectively. Evidence is presented indicating that branchial and erythrocytic HCO3−/Cl− exchanges are under adrenergic control and that modulations of these processes by elevated levels of circulating catecholamines may be important in regulating acid–base disturbances.
20
Kvamme, Bjørn. "Feasibility of simultaneous CO2 storage and CH4 production from natural gas hydrate using mixtures of CO2 and N2." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 93, no. 8 (August 2015): 897–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2014-0501.
Abstract:
Production of natural gas from hydrate using carbon dioxide allows for a win-win situation in which carbon dioxide can be safely stored in hydrate form while releasing natural gas from in situ hydrate. This concept has been verified experimentally and theoretically in different laboratories worldwide, and lately also in a pilot plant in Alaska. The use of carbon dioxide mixed with nitrogen has the advantage of higher gas permeability. Blocking of flow channels due to formation of new hydrate from injected gas will also be less compared to injection of pure carbon dioxide. The fastest mechanism for conversion involves the formation of a new hydrate from free pore water and the injected gas. As a consequence of the first and second laws of thermodynamics, the most stable hydrate will form first in a dynamic situation, in which carbon dioxide will dominate the first hydrates formed from water and carbon dioxide / nitrogen mixtures. This selective formation process is further enhanced by favorable selective adsorption of carbon dioxide onto mineral surfaces as well as onto liquid water surfaces, which facilitates efficient heterogeneous hydrate nucleation. In this work we examine limitations of hydrate stability as function of gradually decreasing content of carbon dioxide. It is argued that if the flux of gas through the reservoir is high enough to prevent the gas from being depleted for carbon dioxide prior to subsequent supply of new gas, then the combined carbon dioxide storage and natural gas production is still feasible. Otherwise the residual gas dominated by nitrogen will still dissociate the methane hydrate, if the released in situ CH4 from hydrate does not mix in with the gas but escapes through separate flow channels by buoyancy. The ratio of nitrogen to carbon dioxide in such mixtures is therefore a sensitive balance between flow rates and formation rates of new carbon dioxide dominated hydrate. Hydrate instability due to undersaturations of hydrate formers have not been discussed in this work but might add additional instability aspects.
21
Peres, Christiano B., Pedro M. R. Resende, Leonel J. R. Nunes, and Leandro C. de Morais. "Advances in Carbon Capture and Use (CCU) Technologies: A Comprehensive Review and CO2 Mitigation Potential Analysis." Clean Technologies 4, no. 4 (November 17, 2022): 1193–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol4040073.
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One of society’s major current challenges is carbon dioxide emissions and their consequences. In this context, new technologies for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture have attracted much attention. One of these is carbon capture and utilization (CCU). This work focuses on the latest trends in a holistic approach to carbon dioxide capture and utilization. Absorption, adsorption, membranes, and chemical looping are considered for CO2 capture. Each CO2 capture technology is described, and its benefits and drawbacks are discussed. For the use of carbon dioxide, various possible applications of CCU are described, starting with the utilization of carbon dioxide in agriculture and proceeding to the conversion of CO2 into fuels (catalytic processes), chemicals (photocatalytic processes), polymers, and building supplies. For decades, carbon dioxide has been used in industrial processes, such as CO2-enhanced oil recovery, the food industry, organic compound production (such as urea), water treatment, and, therefore, the production of flame retardants and coolants. There also are several new CO2-utilization technologies at various stages of development and exploitation, such as electrochemical conversion to fuels, CO2-enhanced oil recovery, and supercritical CO2. At the end of this review, future opportunities are discussed regarding machine learning (ML) and life cycle assessment (LCA).
22
Lee, Ming Ju, Ming Gin Lee, Yung Chih Wang, Yu Min Su, and Jia Lun Deng. "Preliminary Study on Reaction of Fresh Concrete with Carbon Dioxide." Defect and Diffusion Forum 382 (January 2018): 230–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.382.230.
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In order to let fresh concrete react with carbon dioxide sufficiently, the carbon dioxide was added to mixing concrete. The study used three water cement ratio (0.55, 0.65, 0.75), three CO2 pressures (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 MPa), and two CO2 concentration (50% and 100%) to make concrete samples, and observed the effect of carbon dioxide adsorption in the above parameters. Finally, the compressive strength and carbonation degree of concretes were tested after three curing time (7, 14 and 28 days). The research showed that concrete could be more efficient to absorb carbon dioxide by using this pressure method. The results found that the mixing concrete react with carbon dioxide in a short time, and shorten the initial setting time of concrete. But this method would greatly reduce the workability of concrete after mixing with carbon dioxide and it might be enhanced by water or superplasticizer. The bond of cement matrix might cut down after reacting with carbon dioxide. Based on the above, the compressive strength of concrete which was mixed with carbon dioxide would be impaired. The proposed CO2-mixing method has the capacity to uptake 9.5% carbon dioxide based on water cement ratio and CO2 pressure.
23
Parnell, John, Kirsty Macleod, and Malcolm J. Hole. "Carbon dioxide drawdown by Devonian lavas." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 105, no. 1 (March 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755691014000152.
Abstract:
ABSTRACTLower Devonian volcanic rocks in the northern British Isles, especially Scotland, show extensive evidence for contemporaneous subaerial weathering. Basalt and andesite lavas were altered to red iron oxides, commonly accompanied by calcite. Measurement of carbonate contents in 104 samples over a region of 100,000 km2 show an average of 13% calcite. Weighted for outcrop thickness, this represents an estimated 7.3×1016 moles CO2, extracted from surface waters and ultimately the atmosphere. The time frame for this drawdown is difficult to constrain, but complete weathering of a one-metre unit over 1000 years would involve CO2 consumption comparable with the highest rates determined in modern basaltic watersheds. These data demonstrate that volcanic activity can be a major sink, as well as a source for CO2, and provide a data set for modelling of CO2 flux during episodes of volcanic activity in the geological record. The high capacity of the Devonian lavas for CO2 drawdown emphasises the potential of basalts for CO2 sequestration.
24
Tagwale, Pranav, Vibhas Bambroo, Rituja Bande, Prasad Rathod, and S. T. Mali. "POTENTIAL OF CARBON DIOXIDE ABSORPTION IN CONCRETE." International Journal of Students' Research in Technology & Management 3, no. 5 (September 27, 2015): 369–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/ijsrtm.2015.357.
Abstract:
Abstract: Cement industry contributes to 5% of global CO2 emissions. To mitigate pollution, there is a need of CO2 sequestration into stable forms. Present research focusses on CO2 being channelized towards an important construction practice. This paper summarizes the potential of CO2 absorption in concrete. To verify CO2 absorption in concrete, an artificial CO2 environment for curing of concrete cubes using dry ice was created. Considering concrete of M20 grade, a comparative experimental study of water cured concrete cubes, CO2 cured concrete cubes, for penetration (using phenolphthalein indicator), and compressive strength was carried out. The result analysis of the tests indicated that CO2 cured concrete cubes showed 22.125% higher compressive strength than water cured concrete cubes and CO2 penetration of 13.5 mm after 2 hours. The rate of CO2 penetration and strength gain in concrete was found to be rapid in the early hours. It is shown that CO2 can prove to be a useful resource in the construction scenario, especially in the precast.
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Rashmi, Saini, C. Majhi Manash, Kapoor Rupam, Kumar Rita, and Kumar Anil. "Carbon dioxide (CO2) utilizing strain database." African Journal of Biotechnology 10, no. 63 (October 17, 2011): 13818–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajb10.2643.
26
Basilios, Koumbakis. "Climate change and CO2 Carbon dioxide." International Journal of Scientific and Management Research 05, no. 03 (2022): 79–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.37502/ijsmr.2022.5308.
Abstract:
This paper is about climate change, its relationship with carbon dioxide, the Greenhouse Effect and Renewable Energy Sources. Through a historical reference, the original view of the Greenhouse Effect is introduced, while based on facts of greenhouse gases and solar radiation is been proved the unrelated interconnection of the “accused” gas with the accusations against it. Factors responsible for the increase in temperature in ambient air are examined and their contribution to this increase is calculated. Also, is been examined the operation of the most known renewable energy sources and their contribution to the increase of the air temperature, as well as, their contribution to intense weather phenomena. The paper responds factually to the causes that create the changes in the climate and raises questions about the policy pursued on this issue, in the direction of solving the problem or reducing its impact. The aim of the project is to present to the general public, the scientific community and politicians, different from conventional facts, so that they have in their hands a tool for better use of renewable energy sources and real protection of the environment.
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Dong, J. "Non-molecular Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Solids." Science 287, no. 5450 (January 7, 2000): 11a—11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.287.5450.11a.
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Gargoom, Ali Mohamed, and Gamal Ahmed Duweb. "Ultra-pulsed Carbon Dioxide Laser for the Treatment of Melanocytic Nevi." Dermatology and Dermatitis 4, no. 2 (October 30, 2019): 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2578-8949/054.
Abstract:
Abstract: Congenital melanocytic nevi (CMN) even small-sized as well as acquired melanocytic nevi (AMN) are of common cosmetic concerns and getting rid of them remain challenging. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the ultra-pulsed CO2 laser for the treatment of melanocytic nevi. 15 male and female Libyan patients with 16 AMN and 7 CMN were treated with multiple sessions of ultra-pulsed CO2 laser at 1-month intervals. Clinical response at 6 months after final treatment was graded as poor (< 50%), moderate (50–75%), good (> 75%) and excellent where the skin of the lesion returned normal as the rest of the surrounding skin. All treated nevi showed good to excellent cosmetic outcomes after 2 or 4 treatment sessions. The post laser complication were minimal and transit except for one atrophic scar. No recurrence of pigmentation during the six months of follow-up period. Conclusion: Ultra-pulsed CO2 laser seems to be effective and associate with minimum adverse side effect in the treatment of small CMN and AMN.
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Enyi, C. G., and D. Appah. "Improved Wastewater Treatment Using Carbon Dioxide." Advanced Materials Research 18-19 (June 2007): 569–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.18-19.569.
Abstract:
This paper focus on the use of Carbon dioxide (CO2) instead of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) in a modified wastewater treatment scheme. Over 90% of the vented CO2 from an ammonia plant was used in this scheme, CO2 was directly injected into the wastewater to neutralize it, by reducing the pH to acceptable standard (7.0). This was achieved because the CO2 produces carbonic acid (H2CO3). The use of this process produced a better overall effluent quality of wastewater (pH, 7.56; TDS, 155.15 ppm; Heavy metal, 1.49 ; ppm) as against the use of H2SO4 (pH, 8.77; TDS, 1000 ppm; Heavy metals, 2.90 ppm) which has to be purchased. Savings in operating costs amount to N13,710,600 ($100,813.00) per year, with improved treatment efficiency. Additional long term savings are projected because of reduced shutdown time. However, it was observed that it took 45 minutes longer to achieve this result with CO2.
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B S, Seema, Vijaya Kumar Y M, Yashaswini L, and Natraj R L. "An Experimental Study on Curing of Mortar Cubes by Carbon Dioxide." Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology 06, no. 02 (2022): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.38177/ajast.2022.6204.
Abstract:
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the predominant greenhouse gas resulting from human industrial Activities. A significant fraction of CO2 discharged into the atmosphere comes from Industry point sources. Cement production alone contributes approximately 5% of global CO2 emissions. This emitted carbon dioxide, however, can be partially recycled into mortar through early age curing to form thermodynamically stable calcium carbonates. The carbonation reaction between carbon dioxide and appropriate calcium Compounds results in permanent fixation of the carbon dioxide in a thermodynamically stable calcium carbonate. Carbon dioxide and water can be found in almost every environment and thus all concretes will be subjected to carbonation. The experimental study on water cured and CO2 specimens for compression strength were carried out. The results show that mortar cubes has achieved increasing value as comparing with water curing.
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Petuya, Claire, Françoise Damay, Sarah Desplanche, David Talaga, and Arnaud Desmedt. "Selective trapping of CO2 gas and cage occupancy in CO2–N2 and CO2–CO mixed gas hydrates." Chemical Communications 54, no. 34 (2018): 4290–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc00538a.
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Susanti, Indri. "Technologies and Materials for Carbon Dioxide Capture." Science Education and Application Journal 1, no. 2 (October 5, 2019): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.30736/seaj.v1i2.147.
Abstract:
This paper was aims to review the technologies and materials for CO2 capture. Carbon dioxide is one of the triggers for the greenhouse effect and global warming. Some methods to reduce CO2 are separation technologies include air capture, CO2 Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) and CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS) technology. CCS technology have several systems namely post-combution, pre-combustion and oxy-fuel combustion. Post-combution systems can be done in various systems including absorption, adsorption, membrane, and cryogenic. Adsorption proses for CO2 capture applied with porous material such us mesopore silica, zeolite, carbon, MOF dan COF. This review was described the advantages and disadvantages of each technology for CO2 capture. Materials for CO2 adsorption also descibed in this review.
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Pratama, Ikhwan Annas, and Jihad Lukis Panjawa. "ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT, FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT, AND ENERGY ON CO2 EMISSIONS IN INDONESIA FOR THE 1990-2020 PERIOD." JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES, SOCIAL SCIENCES AND BUSINESS (JHSSB) 1, no. 4 (August 27, 2022): 189–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.55047/jhssb.v1i4.343.
Abstract:
This study examines the factors influencing CO2 emissions from 1990 to 2020. In this study, CO2 emissions are the dependent variable, and the independent variables consist of financial development, foreign direct investment, economic growth, and energy, as measured by the Error Correction Model (ECM) method implemented in the E-views 10 software. This study discover that (1) Financial Development in the short and long term has no effect on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Indonesia, (2) foreign direct investment in the short and long term has no effect on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Indonesia, (3) economic growth in the short and long term has an insignificantly positive effect on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Indonesia, and (4) energy has no effect on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Indonesia.
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Barbey, Farber, Marienhoff, and Gmelin. "Carbon dioxide digital subtraction angiography." Vasa 28, no. 4 (November 1, 1999): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526.28.4.243.
Abstract:
Die Gefäßdarstellung mit Kohlendioxid (CO2) stellt ein potentes Alternativverfahren zur herkömmlichen Kontrastmittelangiographie dar, das auch den Einsatz bei Risikopatienten erlaubt. Aufgrund des gasförmigen Aggregatzustandes, der geringen Dichte sowie der physiko-chemischen Eigenschaften werden spezielle Anforderungen an Untersucher, Röntgenanlage, Injektor und Kathetermaterial gestellt. Die folgende Übersichtsarbeit stellt die historische Entwicklung, die physikalischen und physiologischen Grundlagen, Indikationen sowie Kontraindikationen, klinischen Einsatz sowie Nebenwirkungen und Komplikationen der CO2-Angiographie vor dem Hintergrund der aktuellen Literatur dar.
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Harding, Frances C., Alan T. James, and Hazel E. Robertson. "The engineering challenges of CO2 storage." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 232, no. 1 (February 2018): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957650918756542.
Abstract:
The permanent underground storage of large quantities of anthropogenic carbon dioxide from thermal energy and industrial plant is widely recognised as a fundamental tool which can help to avoid the worst impacts of climate change. To achieve this effectiveness, it will require widespread global deployment in a new industry which would rival the current oil and gas industry in its scale and ambition. Many of the technologies for carbon dioxide storage are the adaptations of oil and gas technology, but there are some important differences. These arise from: 1. the thermodynamic properties of carbon dioxide, 2. the essential requirement for long-term storage site integrity, 3. the absence of an established and mature business model for the industry and 4. the contrasting regulatory environments between carbon capture and storage and oil and gas extraction. Whilst the underground injection of carbon dioxide can truly be considered a proven technology, there are a range of engineering challenges to achieve this in a safe and cost effective manner. This paper sets out to explore some of these challenges and concludes with a view of what next steps are required to progress carbon dioxide storage effectively within the UK. • The challenges of injecting carbon dioxide into offshore subsurface reservoirs: ^ Arrival processing (heating before injection) ^ Injectivity assessment – how many wells? ^ Platform or subsea? ^ Well design for long service operations and monitoring • The challenges of forecasting reservoir and injection performance within porous and permeable storage reservoirs: ^ Issues influencing carbon dioxide storage capacity ^ Assuring storage site containment integrity ^ Geology and engineering – uncertainty and risk • Where has the industry got to and what are the practical next steps?
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Paik, Inkwan, and Seunguk Na. "Comparison of Carbon Dioxide Emissions of the Ordinary Reinforced Concrete Slab and the Voided Slab System During the Construction Phase: A Case Study of a Residential Building in South Korea." Sustainability 11, no. 13 (June 28, 2019): 3571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11133571.
Abstract:
The construction industry not only consumes a lot of energy but also emits large volumes of carbon dioxide. Most countries have established target reduction values of the carbon dioxide emissions to alleviate environmental burdens and promote sustainable development. The reduction in carbon dioxide emissions in the construction industry has been taking place in various ways as buildings produce large quantities of the carbon dioxide over their construction life cycle. The aim of this study is to assess and compare the carbon dioxide emissions of an ordinary reinforced concrete slab and the voided slab system applied to a case study involving a commercial-residential complex building in South Korea. Process-based life-cycle assessment (LCA) is adopted to compute the carbon dioxide emissions during the construction phase, which includes all processes from material production to the end of construction. The results indicate that the total CO2 emissions are 257,230 and 218,800 kg CO2 for the ordinary reinforced concrete slab and the voided slab system, respectively. The highest contributor to CO2 reduction is the embodied carbon dioxide emissions of the building materials, which accounts for 34,966 kg CO2. The second highest contributor is the transportation of the building materials, accounting for 3417 kg CO2.
37
Stallinga, Peter. "Carbon Dioxide and Ocean Acidification." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 18 (June 30, 2018): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n18p476.
Abstract:
One of the results of Anthropogenic Global Warming is the acidification of the oceans which threatens wildlife on this planet. In this work it will be shown what will be the effect of carbon dioxide injected into the atmosphere, doubling the total amount from 350 ppm to 700 ppm. Principally the effect on carbonate ions CO32-. It is based on textbook chemical principles worked out by numerically solving the resulting non-linear equations by the bisection method. The results are the following: In a pure-water environment the effect is that carbonate ion concentration remains unaltered (i.e., no harm to coral reefs). In a constant-pH environment the carbonate ion concentration grows linearly with CO2 in the atmosphere (i.e., good for coral reefs). When lowering the pH by other means than CO2, the carbonate ion concentration drops linearly (i.e., bad for coral reefs). In some specific cases can raising the CO2 in the atmosphere slightly reduce carbonate ions in the oceans.
38
Zou, Shaohui, and Tian Zhang. "CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, and Economic Growth Nexus: Evidence from 30 Provinces in China." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (November 30, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8842770.
Abstract:
Under the situation of global low-carbon development, the contradiction among energy consumption, economic growth, and CO2 emissions is increasingly prominent. Considering the possible two-way feedback among the three, based on the panel data of 30 regions in China from 2000 to 2017, this paper establishes a spatial Durbin model including economic growth, energy consumption equation, and CO2 emissions and studies the dynamic relationship and spatial spillover among economic growth, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions effects. The results show that the economic growth can significantly improve carbon dioxide emissions, and China’s economic growth level has become a positive driving force for carbon dioxide emissions. However, economic growth will not be significantly affected by the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. There is a two-way relationship between energy consumption (ENC) and carbon dioxide emissions (CO2). Energy consumption and carbon emissions are interrelated, which has a negative spatial spillover effect on the carbon dioxide emissions of the surrounding provinces and cities.
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Watkins, Christopher B., and Kenneth J. Silsby. "Carbon Dioxide Injury of `Empire' Apples." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 639c—639. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.639c.
Abstract:
Occasional occurrence of a superficial skin injury associated with CA storage can cause severe commercial loss in the `Empire' cultivar in the northeast. To develop industry strategies to prevent losses due to the disorder, we have examined a number of factors related to its occurrence. 1) Fruit from six orchards were stored with 2% or 5% CO2 (with 2% O2) at 0.5 or 3°C for 6 or 9 months. Orchard variation in susceptibility was high. Preharvest factors such as maturity or mineral levels in the fruit did not account for these differences. Incidence of the disorder was much higher at 5% than at 2% CO2. However, temperature did not affect the extent of injury. 2) Exposure of fruit stored at 2% CO2/2% O2 to 5% CO2 at 4-week intervals from harvest until 20 weeks indicated that fruit were most susceptible to injury between 0 and 8 weeks. 3) A postharvest treatment with diphenylamine (DPA) prevented occurrence of the disorder, ethanol reduced it, but ascorbic acid had little effect. 4) Fruit were held at storage temperatures for up to 10 days before exposure to either 2% or 5% CO2. Injury was highest in fruit exposed one day after harvest and negligible when exposed after 10 days. Collectively the results indicate that rapid CA can aggravate the disorder if care is not taken to maintain low CO2 concentrations in the storage atmosphere but that use of DPA for control of superficial scald will prevent its occurrence.
40
Yin, Wei. "Solidification of Greenhouse Gas Carbon Dioxide." Applied Mechanics and Materials 472 (January 2014): 879–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.472.879.
Abstract:
The feasible routine of carbon dioxide solidification is developed, which employs carbon dioxide with calcium sulfate and ammonia to obtain calcium carbonate and ammonium sulfate at ambient temperature. The process of carbon dioxide solidification is a spontaneous and exothermic reaction, whose possesses the rate constants of the second order reaction, which can be attributed to carbon dioxide gas dissolving the water media and carbon dioxide reacted with ammonia to produce ammonium bicarbonate. Calcium sulfate changing rapidly into calcium carbonate accelerates the process of reaction of carbon dioxide reacted with ammonia. The optimization process parameters of carbon dioxide solidification are a 0.075-MPa of CO2, a 0.5-mol of CaSO4·2H2O, a 0.5-mol of NH3·H2O and a 100-ml of H2O in a closed reactor, which is able to obtain 100% CO2 gas solidification efficiency within 4 minutes at ambient temperature.
41
Islami, Fitrah Sari, Panji Kusuma Prasetyanto, and Fitri Kurniasari. "The Effect of Population, GDP, Non-Renewable Energy Consumption and Renewable Energy Consumption on Carbon Dioxide Emissions in G-20 Member Countries." International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 12, no. 2 (March 20, 2022): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.12548.
Abstract:
The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of population, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), consumption of non-renewable energy, and renewable energy on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in The G-20 Member Countries 2010-2019. The data used in this study is panel data. The data used in this study is secondary data obtained from the World Bank and BP Statistical Review of World Energy. This study uses panel data regression analysis through the E-views 11 program. The results of the analysis in this study show that (1) the population has a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Thhe G-20 Member Countries, (2) Gross Domestic Product ( GDP) has a positive and insignificant effect on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in The G-20 Member States, (3) consumption of non-renewable energy has a positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in The G-20 Member States, (4) consumption renewable energy has a negative and significant effect on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in The G-20 Member States, (5) Population variables, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), non-renewable energy consumption, and renewable energy consumption together have a significant effect on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in The G-20 Member Countries 2010-2019.
42
Chiang, Yu-Chun, Cheng-Yu Yeh, and Chih-Hsien Weng. "Carbon Dioxide Adsorption on Porous and Functionalized Activated Carbon Fibers." Applied Sciences 9, no. 10 (May 14, 2019): 1977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9101977.
Abstract:
Polyacrylonitrile-based activated carbon fibers (ACFs), modified using potassium hydroxide (KOH) or tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA), were investigated for carbon dioxide (CO2) adsorption, which is one of the promising alleviation approaches for global warming. The CO2 adsorption isotherms were measured, and the values of isosteric heat of adsorption were calculated. The results showed that the KOH-modified ACFs exhibited a great deal of pore volume, and a specific surface area of 1565 m2/g was obtained. KOH activation made nitrogen atoms easily able to escape from the surface of ACFs. On the other hand, the surface area and pore volume of ACFs modified with TEPA were significantly reduced, which can be attributed to the closing or blocking of micropores by the N-groups. The CO2 adsorption on the ACF samples was via exothermic reactions and was a type of physical adsorption, where the CO2 adsorption occurred on heterogeneous surfaces. The CO2 uptakes at 1 atm and 25 °C on KOH-activated ACFs reached 2.74 mmole/g. This study observed that microporosity and surface oxygen functionalities were highly associated with the CO2 uptake, implying the existence of O-C coordination, accompanied with physical adsorption. Well cyclability of the adsorbents for CO2 adsorption was observed, with a performance decay of less than 5% over up to ten adsorption-desorption cycles.
43
Mollah, Mahabubur, Debra Partington, and Genn Fitzgerald. "Understand distribution of carbon dioxide to interpret crop growth data: Australian grains free-air carbon dioxide enrichment experiment." Crop and Pasture Science 62, no. 10 (2011): 883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp11178.
Abstract:
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most important greenhouse gas, predicted to increase globally from currently 386 to 550 μmol mol–1 by 2050 and cause significant stimulation to plant growth. Consequently, in 2007 and 2008, Australian grains free-air carbon dioxide enrichment (AGFACE) facilities were established at Horsham (36°45′07″S lat., 142°06′52″E long., 127 m elevation) and Walpeup (35°07′20″S lat., 142°00′18″E long., 103 m elevation) in Victoria, Australia to investigate the effects of elevated CO2, water supply and nitrogen fertiliser on crop growth. Understanding the distribution patterns of CO2 inside AGFACE rings is crucial for the interpretation of the crop growth data. In the AGFACE system, the engineering performance goal was set as having at least 80% of the ring area with a CO2 concentration [CO2] at or above 90% of the target concentration at the ring-centre for 80% of the time. The [CO2] was highly variable near the ring-edge where CO2 is emitted and declined non-linearly with the distance downwind and wind speeds. Larger rings maintained the target [CO2] of 550 μmol mol–1 at the ring-centres better than the smaller rings. The spatial variation of [CO2] depended on ring size and the gap between fumigation and canopy heights but not on wind speeds. The variations in the inner 80% of the rings were found to be higher in smaller rings, implying that the larger rings had more areas of relatively uniform [CO2] to conduct experiments.
44
North, M., and P. Styring. "Perspectives and visions on CO2 capture and utilisation." Faraday Discussions 183 (2015): 489–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5fd90077h.
Abstract:
This article summarises and contextualises the debates which occurred during the Carbon Dioxide Utilisation Faraday Discussion meeting. The utilisation of carbon dioxide is discussed in terms of both conversion to fuel, with a potential impact on atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, and conversion to chemicals with a potential impact on sustainability.
45
Lach, Daniel, Jaroslaw Polanski, and Maciej Kapkowski. "CO2—A Crisis or Novel Functionalization Opportunity?" Energies 15, no. 5 (February 22, 2022): 1617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051617.
Abstract:
The growing emission of carbon dioxide (CO2), combined with its ecotoxicity, is the reason for the intensification of research on the new technology of CO2 management. Currently, it is believed that it is not possible to eliminate whole CO2 emissions. However, a sustainable balance sheet is possible. The solution is technologies that use carbon dioxide as a raw material. Many of these methods are based on CO2 methanation, for example, projects such as Power-to-Gas, production of fuels, or polymers. This article presents the concept of using CO2 as a raw material, the catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide to methane, and consideration on CO2 methanation catalysts and their design.
46
Sari, Erza Guspita, and Muhammad Sofwan. "Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions Due to Motor Vehicle Movements in Pekanbaru City, Indonesia." Journal of Geoscience, Engineering, Environment, and Technology 6, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 234–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/jgeet.2021.6.4.7692.
Abstract:
Land use has a very close relationship with transportation. Transportation is formed as a result of the interaction between land use and its support system. Good land use supported by good infrastructure will result in good movement as well. Accessibility is one of the supporting factors for good interaction between transportation and land use—the better the land use conditions in an area, the greater the movement in that area. However, the interaction between land use and transportation can cause one of the problems: the increase in carbon dioxide emissions due to the more significant movement of motorized vehicles. Motor vehicles are the most significant contributor to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the world. The further the route traveled by motorized vehicles, the more carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions will increase. This study aims to analyze the average total emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) resulting from transportation activities in Pekanbaru City into two parts, namely: (1) Based on Travel Time (2) Based on the type of vehicle. Vehicle Kilometers of Travel (VKT) and Emission Factors are the primary data in calculating Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions. The research area consists of 12 zones involving 1,342 households in Pekanbaru City. Based on travel time, 52% of community motorized vehicle movement activities are carried out in the morning. Private cars contribute 65% of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Pekanbaru City based on the type of vehicle. This study found that a high number of motorized vehicles cannot be used as a benchmark that the resulting emissions will also be high. However, the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) depends on the fuel consumption of each vehicle. The higher the fuel consumption, the higher the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions released by motorized vehicles.
47
Allaire, S. E., C. Dufour-L'Arrivée, J. A. Lafond, R. Lalancette, and J. Brodeur. "Carbon dioxide emissions by urban turfgrass areas." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 88, no. 4 (August 1, 2008): 529–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss07043.
Abstract:
This research compared four turfgrass lawn management approaches on CO2 emissions: (1) fertilized and frequently mowed with clippings removal, and unfertilized with clippings left on site and mowed 2) weekly, 3) three times, or 4) once during the growing season. CO2 emissions were measured weekly with flux chambers. Mowing frequency had higher impact on CO2 flux than fertilisation and soil characteristics. Frequently mowed sites emitted CO2 at a maximum rate of 0.63 mg m-2 s-1 and annually up to 2.0 kg m-2, an emission four times higher than lawns mowed infrequently. Differences between treatments mostly occurred during warm weeks. Key words: Lawns, greenhouse gases, carbon cycle, carbon dioxide, net CO2 exchange
48
Akpasi, Stephen Okiemute, and Yusuf Makarfi Isa. "Review of Carbon Capture and Methane Production from Carbon Dioxide." Atmosphere 13, no. 12 (November 24, 2022): 1958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13121958.
Abstract:
In the last few decades, excessive greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere have led to significant climate change. Many approaches to reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions into the atmosphere have been developed, with carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) techniques being identified as promising. Flue gas emissions that produce CO2 are currently being captured, sequestered, and used on a global scale. These techniques offer a viable way to encourage sustainability for the benefit of future generations. Finding ways to utilize flue gas emissions has received less attention from researchers in the past than CO2 capture and storage. Several problems also need to be resolved in the field of carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) technology, including those relating to cost, storage capacity, and reservoir durability. Also covered in this research is the current carbon capture and sequestration technology. This study proposes a sustainable approach combining CCS and methane production with CO2 as a feedstock, making CCS technology more practicable. By generating renewable energy, this approach provides several benefits, including the reduction of CO2 emissions and increased energy security. The conversion of CO2 into methane is a recommended practice because of the many benefits of methane, which make it potentially useful for reducing pollution and promoting sustainability.
49
Lao, Wan-Li, Xiao-Ling Li, Ying-Chun Gong, and Xin-Fang Duan. "Carbon Dioxide Emission Evaluations in the Chinese Furniture Manufacturing Industry Using the IPCC Tier-2 Methodology." Forest Products Journal 73, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-22-00023.
Abstract:
Abstract Estimating industrial carbon dioxide emissions at the national scale is crucial for China's carbon peak and carbon neutralization targets, as well as the low-carbon development of the Chinese furniture manufacturing industry. For this purpose, in this study the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Tier-2 methodology was used to evaluate the carbon dioxide emissions of the Chinese furniture manufacturing industry at the national scale. The results show that carbon dioxide emissions increased from 219.50 × 10,000 tons of CO2 equivalent in 2000 to 850.68 × 10,000 tons of CO2 equivalent in 2019. Moreover, carbon dioxide emission intensity decreased from 9.50 tons of CO2 per million dollars to 1.73 tons of CO2 per million dollars in this period. Moreover, electricity and raw coal were observed to have a significant influence on carbon dioxide emissions, followed by diesel oil, gasoline, heat energy, and natural gas. The results reveal that the Chinese furniture manufacturing industry has generally realized low-carbon development over the past two decades. This work proposes several suggestions to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from the Chinese furniture manufacturing industry, including promoting the use of clean electricity, the installation of photovoltaic cells, industrial transformation and upgrading, the optimization of transport modes for product delivery and material supply, and the employment of low-carbon raw materials.
50
Duan, Cheng, Wei Zou, Zhongjie Du, Jianguo Mi, Jiaxi Han, and Chen Zhang. "Construction of Oxygen-Rich Carbon Foams for Rapid Carbon Dioxide Capture." Materials 14, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14010173.
Abstract:
As carbon dioxide (CO2) adsorbents, porous materials with high specific surface areas and abundant CO2-philic groups always exhibit high CO2 capacities. Based on this consensus, a category of oxygen-rich macroporous carbon foams was fabricated from macroporous resorcinol-formaldehyde resins (PRFs), which were obtained via an oil-in-water concentrated emulsion. By the active effect of potassium hydroxide (KOH) at high temperatures, the resultant carbon foams (ACRFs) possessed abundant micropores with rich oxygen content simultaneously. At the same time, most of the ACRFs could retain the marcoporous structure of their precursor. It is found that porosity of ACRFs was mainly determined by carbonization temperature, and the highest specific surface areas and total pore volume of ACRFs could reach 2046 m2/g and 0.900 cm3/g, respectively. At 273 K, ACRFs showed highest CO2 capacity as 271 mg/g at 1 bar and 91.5 mg at 15 kPa. Furthermore, it is shown that the ultra-micropore volume was mainly responsible for the CO2 capacities of ACRFs at 1 bar, and CO2 capacities at 15 kPa were mainly affected by the oxygen content. It is also found that the presence of macropores would accelerate ACRFs adsorbing CO2. This study provides ideas for designing a porous CO2 adsorbent.