Relevant bibliographies by topics / Carbon composites Effect of high temperatures on

Academic literature on the topic 'Carbon composites Effect of high temperatures on'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Carbon composites Effect of high temperatures on"

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Huang, E. Wen, Chung Kai Chang, Wen Jay Lee, Soo Yeol Lee, Jun Wei Qiao, and Chung Hao Chen. "Thermal-Effect Study on a Carbon-Carbon Composite Using Synchrotron X-Ray Measurements & Molecular Dynamics Simulation." Materials Science Forum 777 (February 2014): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.777.35.

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Carbon-carbon composites are deemed as candidate materials for application in very high temperature reactors. In a very high temperature reactor, carbon-carbon composite materials would experience severe environmental impacts from high temperatures. As a result, we applied non-destructive ex-situ diffraction experiments to investigate the microstructure changes of the carbon-carbon composite materials experiencing different temperatures. In this study, the samples were prepared in a format of a three-dimensional pitch-based carbon-carbon composite. The samples were heated to 500 (°C), 700 (°C), and 900 (°C) for 2 minutes, respectively. In order to understand the temperature effect on carbon-carbon composite, we facilitated the high penetration of the synchrotron X-ray diffraction at National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center to examine the evolution of microstructures subjected to heat treatment. The results show that the lattice parameters of a-axis and c-axis evolve upon heating. The molecular dynamics simulation results suggest that the early-stage rearrangement is originated from the release of the defects.
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Cao, Sheng Hu, Zhi Shen Wu, and Feng Li. "Effects of Temperature on Tensile Strength of Carbon Fiber and Carbon/Epoxy Composite Sheets." Advanced Materials Research 476-478 (February 2012): 778–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.476-478.778.

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With the increased use of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites in civil infrastructure, understanding the fire structural performance of these materials is an important safety issue. In this paper, the effect of temperature on the tensile strength of carbon fibers and carbon/epoxy composite sheets was experimentally determined from 20°C to 500°C. Meanwhile, in order to better understand the strength degradation of carbon fiber-polymer composites at elevated and high temperatures, the tension tests were also performed for pure epoxy resin and CFRP sheets by means of 10°C off-axis at the range of 20-80°C, respectively. The experimental results reveal that the strength decrease of carbon composites under tensile loading at elevated and high temperatures is dependent on both thermal softening of the epoxy polymer matrix and thermally-activated weakening of the fibers. The reduction in strength of carbon fiber is attributed to oxidation of the high strength grapheme layer at the near-surface fiber region.
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Abbas, Imran, Yanxiang Wang, Hassan Elahi, Muhammad Ali Siddiqui, Mudaser Ullah, and Faisal Qayyum. "Effect of MoSi2-Si3N4/SiC Multi-Layer Coating on the Oxidation Resistance of Carbon/Carbon Composites above 1770 K." Journal of Composites Science 4, no. 3 (July 3, 2020): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs4030086.

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To improve the oxidation resistance of carbon/carbon composites at high temperatures (>1770 K), they were coated with MoSi2-Si3N4/SiC. The slurry and pack cementation methods were adopted to deposit the inner SiC layer and outer MoSi2-Si3N4 layer. The phase composition, microstructure, and elemental distributions in the coating were analyzed using SEM, XRD, EDS, and Raman spectroscopy. Oxidation tests show that the deposited multi-layer coating can protect the carbon/carbon matrix from oxidation at high temperatures (>1770 K) for 150h and that the coating can withstand 40 thermal cycles between 1773 and 300 K. It is observed that Si3N4 assists in the formation of a dense SiO2 layer at a high temperature, which plays a vital role in increasing the thermal cyclic and oxidation resistance of the coating itself. The weight loss of coated carbon/carbon composite is attributed to the formation of micro-cracks and diffusion of SiO2, MoO3, and N2 out of the material at high temperatures.
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Iorfida, Antonio, Sebastiano Candamano, Fortunato Crea, Luciano Ombres, Salvatore Verre, and Piero de Fazio. "Bond Behaviour of FRCM Composites: Effects of High Temperature." Key Engineering Materials 817 (August 2019): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.817.161.

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The fire remains one of the serious potential risks to most buildings and structures, as recently it’s been witnessed in Paris’ historic Notre Dame Cathedral and London’s Grenfell Tower. Concrete and masonry construction materials suffer physiochemical changes and mechanical damage caused by heating that is usually confined to the outer surface but can eventually compromise their load-bearing capacity. FRCM systems could provide when applied, supplemental fire insulation on pre-existing structural members, but there is a lack of knowledge about their properties in those conditions. This experimental work, thus, aims to evaluate the mechanical behaviour of carbon-FRCM and basalt-FRCM composites bonded to masonry substrate after high temperature exposure. Temperatures of 100 °C, 300 °C and 500 °C over a period of three hours were used to investigate the degradation of their mechanical properties. Single lap shear bond tests were carried out to evaluate the bond-slip response and failure modes. For all the tested temperatures higher peak stresses were measured for carbon-FRCM composite than basalt ones. Furthermore, low-density basalt-FRCM composite showed higher peak stresses and lower global slips up to 300 °C than high-density one. Carbon-FRCM composite failure mode was not effected by temperature. High-density basalt-FRCM composite showed a change in failure mode between 300 °C and 500 °C.
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Leng, Ling, Xin You, Jianhong Yi, Caiju Li, Yichun Liu, Taofang Zeng, and Dong Fang. "In-Situ Preparation of High-Performance CNS/Cu Composites with Molten Salt Route." Nano 16, no. 05 (April 29, 2021): 2150056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292021500569.

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Carbon nanosheets (CNSs) reinforced copper composites are obtained with a molten salt route for uniform distribution of carbon in the copper matrix. The structures and properties of the composite are thoroughly characterized and tested. The mechanical properties of the composite are greatly improved compared to pure copper. The effects of annealing temperatures and carbon contents on the mechanical properties of composites are investigated and discussed. When the annealing temperature is 800∘C, the composite has excellent comprehensive properties. Its yield strength is 283 MPa, which is 3.14 times that of pure copper, and its hardness is 78[Formula: see text]HV, which is 1.77 times of pure copper. The simple and low-cost preparation process opens up a novel route for the preparation of high-performance copper-based composites.
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Yang, Baifeng, Zhufeng Yue, Xiaoliang Geng, Peiyan Wang, Jian Gan, and Baohua Liao. "Effects of space environment temperature on the mechanical properties of carbon fiber/bismaleimide composites laminates." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 232, no. 1 (November 5, 2017): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410017740382.

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The effects of space environment temperatures on specific carbon fiber/bismaleimide composite laminates were evaluated using the simulated environment test method. The tests were performed at −120 ℃, room temperature, 150 ℃, 170 ℃, and 200 ℃. The material responses were characterized through an assessment of mechanical properties including tensile, compressive, and in-plane shear properties. The experimental results showed that transverse tensile/compressive and in-plane shear responses, which are strongly related to matrix properties, were sensitive to temperature especially high temperature above the glass transition temperature. Failure morphologies on both the microscopic and macroscopic scales were discussed. It was found that matrix fracture and delamination was more likely at high temperatures, while the interface strength was higher at low temperatures. The effects of extreme temperatures on mechanical responses of composites, as well as dynamic thermomechanical analysis results, are shown. Failure envelopes for these carbon fiber / bismaleimide composites at different temperatures based on Hashin criteria are depicted to help designers to avoid drawbacks introduced by temperature.
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Haincová, Eliška, and Pavlína Hájková. "Effect of Boric Acid Content in Aluminosilicate Matrix on Mechanical Properties of Carbon Prepreg Composites." Materials 13, no. 23 (November 27, 2020): 5409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13235409.

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This work presents carbon fabric reinforced aluminosilicate matrix composites with content of boric acid, where boron replaces aluminum ions in the matrix and can increase the mechanical properties of composites. Five different amounts of boric acid were added to the alkaline activator for preparing six types (including alkaline activator without boric acid) of composites by the prepreg method. The influence of boric acid content in the matrix on the tensile strength, Young’s modulus and interlaminar strength of composites was studied. Attention was also paid to the influence of boron content on the behavior of the matrix and on the internal structure of composites, which was monitored using a scanning electron microscope. The advantage of the aluminosilicate matrix is its resistance to high temperatures; therefore, tests were also performed on samples affected by temperatures of 400–800 °C. The interlaminar strength obtained by short-beam test were measured on samples exposed to 500 °C either hot (i.e. measured at 500 °C) or cooled down to room temperature. The results showed that the addition of boron to the aluminosilicate matrix of the prepared composites did not have any significant effect on their mechanical properties. The presence of boron affected the brittleness and swelling of the matrix and the differences in mechanical properties were evident in samples exposed to temperatures above 500 °C. All six prepared composites showed tensile strength higher than 320 MPa at laboratory temperature. The boron-free composite had the highest strength 385 MPa. All samples showed a tensile strength higher than 230 MPa at elevated temperatures up to 500 °C.
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Johnston, Joel P., J. Michael Pereira, Charles R. Ruggeri, and Gary D. Roberts. "High-speed infrared thermal imaging during ballistic impact of triaxially braided composites." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 25 (March 19, 2018): 3549–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998318765290.

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Ballistic impact experiments were performed on triaxially braided polymer matrix composites to study the heat generated in the material due to projectile velocity and penetration damage. Triaxially braided (0/+60/−60) composite panels were manufactured with T700S standard modulus carbon fiber and two epoxy resins. The PR520 (toughened) and 3502 (untoughened) resin systems were used to make different panels to study the effects of resin properties on temperature rise. The ballistic impact tests were conducted using a single stage gas gun, and different projectile velocities were applied to study the effect on the temperature results. Temperature contours were obtained from the back surface of the panel during the test through a high speed, infrared thermal imaging system. The contours show that high temperatures were locally generated and more pronounced along the axial tows for the T700S/PR520 composite panels; whereas, tests performed on T700S/3502 composite panels, using similar impact velocities, demonstrated a widespread area of lower temperature rises. Nondestructive, ultrasonic C-scan analyses were performed to observe the failure patterns in the impacted composite panels and correlate the C-scan results with the temperature contours. Overall, the impact experimentation showed temperatures exceeding 252℃ (485°F) in both composites which is well above the respective glass transition temperatures for the polymer constituents. This expresses the need for further high strain rate testing with measurement of the temperature and deformation fields in order to fully understand the complex behavior and failure of the material and to improve the confidence in designing aerospace components with these materials.
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Rahaman, M., Tapan Kumar Chaki, and D. Khastgir. "Temperature Dependent Electrical Properties of Conductive Composites (Behavior at Cryogenic Temperature and High Temperatures)." Advanced Materials Research 123-125 (August 2010): 447–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.123-125.447.

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Extrinsically conductive polymer composites can be developed by incorporation of conductive filler in suitable polymer matrix. The formation of conductive network in insulating matrix due to filler aggregation at and above percolation is responsible for electrical conductivity of such composites. The present investigation deals with effect of temperature on conductive composites made from different blends of Ethylene-Vinyl copolymer (EVA) and Acrylonitrile-Butadiene copolymer (NBR) filled with particulate carbon filler. The electrical properties of these composites depend on blend composition and filler loading. High temperature (303-393K) DC-resistivity against temperature for EVA and EVA blends composites show positive coefficient of temperature (PCT effect) followed by negative coefficient of temperature (NCT effect) thus passing through a maxima which corresponds to crystalline melting temperature(~348K) of EVA phase. Further the variation of conductivity during heating cooling cycle does not coincides and leads to some kind of thermal hysteresis due to change in conductive network structure. However in low temperature region (10-300K), the resistivity is found to increase with decrease in temperature (NCT effect) and hysteresis effect is also marginal compared to that observed in high temperature region. This difference resistivity/conductivity vs temperature behavior in two different temperature zones suggests that different two mechanisms are operative in the system.
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Zhong, Wen, Siqiang Chen, and Zhe Tong. "High-Temperature Tribological Behavior of HDPE Composites Reinforced by Short Carbon Fiber under Water-Lubricated Conditions." Materials 15, no. 13 (June 27, 2022): 4508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15134508.

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The polymer water-lubricated bearing is widely used in marine transmission systems, and the tribological properties can be improved by addition of inorganic nano-fillers. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of SCFs and temperature on the water-lubricating properties of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites. HDPE composites reinforced by varying content of short carbon fibers (SCFs) were fabricated via twin-screw extrusion and injection molding techniques to study the hardness and surface wettability of those composites. The tribological properties under water-lubricated conditions were investigated through a pin-on-disk reciprocating tribometer under different temperatures. The results showed that the increase in hardness of HDPE composites reached maximum to 42.9% after adding 25 wt % SCFs. The contact angle also increased with the increase in SCFs content and reached a maximum of 95.2° as the amount of SCFs increased to 20 wt %. The incorporation of SCFs increased the wear resistance and lubricating property of HDPE composites at different temperatures. The HDPE composite containing 20 wt % SCFs showed the lowest friction coefficient of 0.076 at 40 °C, and the wear track depth reached a maximum of 36.3 mm at 60 °C. Based on the surface wetting property and wear analysis, potential effect mechanisms of fillers and temperature were discussed. The knowledge from this study is useful for designing the anti-wear water-lubricated polymer bearing.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Carbon composites Effect of high temperatures on"

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Makhar, Sandeep P. "Mechanical properties of SU-8 and carbon nanotubes reinforced SU-8 from room temperature to high temperatures." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2006.

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Durkin, Craig Raymond. "Low-Cost Continuous Production of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Aluminum Composites." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19857.

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The research conducted in this study was concerned with the development of low-cost continuous production of carbon fiber/aluminum composites. Two coatings, alumina and zirconia, were applied to the fibers to protect against interfacial degradation. They were applied using a sol-gel method and common metal salts. The fibers were infiltrated with molten aluminum using an ultrasound sonicator. The resultant composites were well-infiltrated and were tested in tension to determine their mechanical properties. Strengths were only 15-35% of the theoretical values predicted by the rule of mixtures. The composite microstructure revealed a sizable void fraction and that the fibers within the composites did not contain any coating on their surface. It was hypothesized that this was a result of few exposed graphite plane edges on the fiber surface, causing poor adhesion of the oxide coating to the fiber surface. To improve adhesion, an amorphous carbon coating was applied to the fiber surface, but still the oxide coatings were removed from the fibers upon infiltration. It was found, however, that the carbon coating on its own did strengthen the interface between the fiber and the aluminum.
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Russell-Stevens, Mark. "The effect of thermal cycling on the mechanical and thermal properties of ultra-high modulus carbon fibre reinforced magnesium composites." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.418475.

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Liu, Chun-Fu, and 劉俊甫. "Effect of peroxides on the positive temperature coefficient behaviors of high density polyethylene/carbon black composites." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36988758380329773832.

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碩士
大同大學
材料工程學系(所)
92
Abstract In this investigation, the effect of particle size of HDPE, carbon black content, plasma treatment, 60Co ��-ray irradiate dose, different initiators and content on the positive temperature coefficient(PTC) behavior and negative temperature coefficient(NTC) behavior of high density polyethylene/carbon black(HDPE/CB) composites were studied. On the other hand, the surface morphology observations and dynamic mechanical properties of HDPE/CB composite were also studied. The low temperature (T＜ 120°C) resistance of composites decreased with decreasing the size of PE and using plasma to treat polyethylene. The cross-linking density of composite could be increased by using plasma to treat PE. In comparison with the initiators, AIBN, BPO and DCP, DCP has a superior efficiency on restraint NTC effect occurred. In this investigation, the composition which possessed the 7.8 order of PTC intensity was PHDPE(40W,3min)/CB(35wt%)/DCP(2phr) without using 60Coγ-ray to irradiate. The NTC effect of composites could be eliminated by adding initiator, plasma treatment and 60Co ��-ray irradiation.
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Walls, Joshua C. "High temperature compression testing of an advanced carbon-carbon composite in an oxidating atmosphere /." 2002. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/theses.asp?Cmd=abstract&ID=MEE2002-006.

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Lu, Chih-Yuan, and 呂志遠. "Effect of Plasma Treatment on PTC and NTC Behaviors of High Density Polyethylene/Carbon Black Composites." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/48169010162333622368.

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碩士
大同大學
材料工程研究所
90
In this investigation, the effect of carbon black content, plasma treatment, cross-linking agent content, -ray radiation dose, and heat treatment on the positive temperature coefficient (PTC) and negative temperature coefficient (NTC) of high density polyethylene/carbon black (HDPE/CB) composites were studied. On the other hand, the dynamic mechanical properties of HDPE/CB composite were also studied. In this study, 35 wt % of CB content was the percolation threshold concentration. The HDPE pre-treated with plasma (40W, 3min) possessed the best PTC intensity. It was found that the PTC intensity and NTC effect of plasma treated HDPE (PHDPE)/carbon black were decreased with increasing cross-linking agent content. As adding 1 phr of cross-linking agent into PHDPE/CB composite, the PTC intensity was increased and the negative temperature coefficient (NTC) effect was decreased. To remove NTC effect completely, the radiation dose for PHDPE/CB (30 wt %) takes 5 M-ray, PHDPE/CB (35 wt %) takes 10 M-ray and PHDPE/CB (40 wt %) takes 20 M-ray. As HDPE was pretreated by plasma, the radiation dose and NTC effective of composites could be improved. Heat treatment could be used to improve the electrical reproducibility of PHDPE/CB composites. On the other hand, the reproducibility of resistance at room temperature of composite also could be improved by using plasma to pre-treated HDPE.
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Chen, Hung-Ling, and 陳虹伶. "Effect of Plasma Treatment and dditives on PTC and NTC Behavior of High Density Polyethylene/Carbon black composites." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18921530275862582084.

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碩士
大同大學
材料工程學系(所)
92
In this investigation, the effect of carbon black content, plasma treatment, 60Co γ-ray irradiate dose and additives on the positive temperature coefficient(PTC) behavior and negative temperature coefficient(NTC) behavior of high density polyethylene/carbon black(HDPE/CB) composites were studied. On the other hand, the surface morphology observations, the fracture surface morphology observations and the dynamic mechanical properties of HDPE/CB composite were also studied. It was found that the plasma pretreated was slightly decreased the NTC effect. On the other hand, adding dicumyl peroxide(DCP) and irradiation by 60Coγ-ray irradiation were good methods for increasing the PTC intensity. Used the dynamic mechanical analysis were processed the same result. In this investigation, the composites of PHDPE(40W.30min)/CB(40wt%)/DCP(2phr)/5M-rad possessed 7 order of PTC intensity. After 10 times thermal cycle measurement the reproducibility of PHDPE(40W.30min)/CB(40wt%)/ DCP(2phr)/5M-rad was very good. PHDPE(40W.30min)/CB(40wt%)/ DCP(2phr)/10M-rad possessed 8 order of PTC intensity. These two composites could be used PTC element under economical consideration.
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Ramalall, Dawlall Shahil. "The relationship between the metal dusting mechanism and the synthesis of carbon nanofilaments using toluene and a nickel based alloy." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/21729.

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A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science. Johannesburg, 2016.
Metal dusting (MD) is a severe type of corrosion that occurs mainly in petrochemical industries. The occurrence of MD is mainly due to syngas attacking Fe-, Ni- and Co-based alloys at elevated temperatures. More recently, literature has shown that apart from syngas, liquid hydrocarbon sources have been causing problems on platformer units in refineries. In the first part of this study a highly corrosion resistant Ni-based alloy (Hastelloy C276), in its polished form, was subjected to MD conditions at 800 °C using a liquid hydrocarbon (toluene) and helium (carrier gas) for 1 h. Exposure to these conditions revealed the formation of carbon nanofilaments and graphite layers which were confirmed by laser Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Burning off the carbon nanofilaments and the graphite layers in laboratory air for 1 h at 800 °C revealed that pits were formed on the Hastelloy C276. These same pits were not evident when Hastelloy C276 was exposed to either the carrier gas (helium) or laboratory air alone. Besides MD being a continuous problem in industry, this mechanism has been shown to be beneficial in the synthesis of carbon nanofilaments viz., carbon nanofibers (CNTs) and nanotubes (CNFs). In the second part of this study, unpolished Hastelloy C276 blocks (as opposed to polished blocks) were used to synthesize carbon nanofilaments. This was done as prior studies had shown that carbon nanofilaments were produced with better quality and greater yields this way. Here the flow rate (80, 160 and 240 mL/min) and reaction duration (10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 120 and 240 min) were studied using toluene (a liquid hydrocarbon). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to assess the quality and quantity of the carbon nanofilaments synthesized. Besides the formation of carbon nanofilaments, a less important material known as graphite particle structures (GPSs) were also synthesized. These studies collectively showed that MD had taken place on the surface of Hastelloy C276 when exposed to toluene at 800 °C.
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Books on the topic "Carbon composites Effect of high temperatures on"

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Thermomechanics of composites under high temperatures. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999.

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E, Tuttle M., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. An investigation of the thermoviscoplastic behavior of a metal matrix composite at elevated temperatures. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1992.

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author, Tang Chun'an, ed. Shui ni ji fu he cai liao gao wen lie hua yu sun shang: Thermal Deterioration and Damage of Cement-based Composites at Elevated Temperatures. Beijing: Ke xue chu ban she, 2012.

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D, Janoff Dwight, Royals William T, Gunaji Mohan V, and International Symposium on Flammability and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres (7th : 1995 : Denver, Colo.), eds. Flammability and sensitivity of materials in oxygen-enriched atmospheres. Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials, 1995.

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An investigation of the thermoviscoplastic behavior of a metal matrix composite at elevated temperatures. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1992.

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E, Tuttle M., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. An investigation of the thermoviscoplastic behavior of a metal matrix composite at elevated temperatures. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1992.

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An investigation of the thermoviscoplastic behavior of a metal matrix composite at elevated temperatures. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1992.

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Flammability and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres (ASTM Data Series,). American Society for Testing & Materials, 1997.

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Manson, S. S., and G. R. Halford. Fatigue and Durability of Metals at High Temperatures. ASM International, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.fdmht.9781627083430.

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Fatigue and Durability of Metals at High Temperatures is a repository of knowledge, experience, and insights on high-temperature fatigue and its effect on component lifetime and failure. The first few chapters provide readers with an intuitive understanding of creep and creep-fatigue and how they progress based on time, temperature, and stress. In subsequent chapters, the authors present several fatigue life prediction techniques, comparing them to each other and to experimental test results. The authors focus on a method called strain-range partitioning that breaks stress-strain hysteresis loops into simpler components, the effects of which can be analyzed more easily. Through detailed examples, they show how strain-range partitioning can account for creep-fatigue interactions, multiaxial stresses and strains, temperature gradients, metallurgical and microstructural changes, thermal fatigue, and damage mitigation or “healing” due to sequential loading. The method is also used to examine the cyclic deformation characteristics of various steels and alloys and the obstacles to achieving high-temperature structural durability with fiber-reinforced metal-matrix composites. For information on the print version, ISBN 978-0-87170-718-5, follow this link.
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Book chapters on the topic "Carbon composites Effect of high temperatures on"

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Reddy, C. Venkateshwar, Ch Joseph S. Raju, P. Ramesh Babu, and R. Ramnarayanan. "Effect of Benzoxazine on Epoxy Based Carbon Fabric Reinforced Composites for High Strength Applications." In Proceedings of International Conference on Intelligent Manufacturing and Automation, 353–67. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2490-1_32.

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Gebril, Mohamed A., Mohammad S. Aldlemey, and Abdessalam F. Kablan. "Effect of Austenization Temperatures and Times on Hardness, Microstructure and Corrosion Rate of High Carbon Steel." In Advanced Structured Materials, 421–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07383-5_30.

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Zhao, Xiao Jin, Wei Qin, and Ben Li Wang. "Effect of Ozone Treatment on the Interfacial Properties of High Modulus Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Composites." In Materials Science Forum, 1547–50. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-432-4.1547.

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Bob, Corneliu, Sorin Dan, Catalin Badea, Aurelian Gruin, and Liana Iures. "Strengthening of the Frame Structure at the Timisoreana Brewery, Romania." In Case Studies of Rehabilitation, Repair, Retrofitting, and Strengthening of Structures, 57–80. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/sed012.057.

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<p>Many structures built in Romania before 1970 were designed for gravity loads with inadequate lateral load resistance because earlier codes specified lower levels of seismic loads. Some of these structures are still in service beyond their design life. Also, some deterioration was observed in existing structures due to the actions of different hazard factors. This paper presents the case study of a brewery with reinforced concrete framed structure of five storeys and a tower of nine storeys, which has been assessed and strengthened. The brewery and the tower were built in 1961 and an extension in 1971. An assessment performed in 1999 showed up local damages at slabs, main girders, secondary beams, and columns; concrete carbonation; concrete cover spalled over a large surface; complete corrosion of many stirrups and deep corrosion of main reinforcement; and some broken reinforcement. Such damage was caused by salt solution, CO2, relative humidity RH 80%, and temperatures over 40◦C. Also, inadequate longitudinal reinforcement was deduced≈ from the structural analysis. The initial design, done in 1960, was according to the Romanian codes of that time with provisions at low seismic actions. The structural system weakness is due to present-day high seismic actions. The rehabilitation of the reinforced concrete structure was performed by jacketing with reinforced concrete for the main and secondary beams and columns. In 2003, due to continuous operation and subsequent damage of the structure, a new assessment was required. It was found that some beams and one column were characterized by inadequate main and shear reinforcement as well as corrosion of many stirrups at beams. The strengthening solution adopted was based on carbon fibre reinforced polymer composites for beams and column.</p>
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Shuxin, Bai, Tong Yonggang, Ye Yicong, and Zhang Hong. "Reactive Melt Infiltration of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Ceramic Composites for Ultra-High Temperature Applications." In MAX Phases and Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics for Extreme Environments, 323–53. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4066-5.ch011.

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Carbon fiber reinforced ultra high temperature ceramic matrix composite (C/UHTC) is one of the most promising structural materials capable of prolonged operation in oxidizing environment at ultra high temperatures above 2000 ?C. Reactive melt infiltration (RMI) is a viable processing choice for C/UHTC composite. Compared with chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) and polymer impregnation and pyrolysis (PIP), RMI does not suffer from the drawbacks of time-consuming and high cost. It is viewed as a promising means of achieving near-net shape manufacturing with quick processing time and at low cost. Recently, great efforts have been made on RMI process for C/UHTC composite. Carbon fiber reinforced ZrC, HfC and TiC composites have been successfully fabricated by RMI. The aim of the following chapter is to introduce the RMI process and summarize the progress in RMI process for C/UHTC composite. In addition, future research directions of RMI are also proposed.
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Rangaraj, Lingappa, Canchi Divakar, and Vikram Jayaram. "Processing of Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics for Hostile Environments." In MAX Phases and Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics for Extreme Environments, 100–124. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4066-5.ch004.

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A detailed review of the processing of zirconium, hafnium, and tantalum based boride-carbide-nitride composites is presented. The processing methodology and important steps involved in producing a pore-free microstructure are reported. The effect of addition of secondary and ternary compounds on densification is highlighted as is the reactive processing of ultra-high temperature ceramics (UHTCs) based on zirconium carbide through the formation of a transient non-stoichiometric carbide and transient liquid phase, which enable densification at much lower temperatures. The reactive processing method is promising in that it readily leads to variation in the composition of secondary/ternary non-oxide phases in the composites as well as the incorporation of fibres which may otherwise degrade. Since the processing temperatures are lower, the grain size obtained after densification is finer and may lead to better mechanical properties (hardness, fracture toughness, and strength). Processing of fibre based composites with boride particulates and silicon carbide through the ceramic precursor route are also discussed.
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Li, Jianliang, Dangsheng Xiong, Yongkun Qin, and Rajnesh Tyagi. "Tribological Behavior of Ni-Based Self-Lubricating Composites at Elevated Temperatures." In Processing Techniques and Tribological Behavior of Composite Materials, 72–106. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-7530-8.ch003.

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This chapter illustrates the effect of the addition of solid lubricants on the high temperature friction and wear behavior of Ni-based composites. Ni-based composites containing solid lubricant particles both in nano and micrometer range have been fabricated through powder metallurgy route. In order to explore the possible synergetic action of a combination of low and high temperature solid lubricant, nano or micro powders of two or more solid lubricants were added in the composites. This chapter introduces the fabrication of the Ni-based self-lubricating composites containing graphite and/or MoS2, Ag and/or rare earth, Ag and/or hBN as solid lubricants and their friction and wear behavior at room and elevated temperatures. The chapter also includes information on some lubricating composite coatings such as electro-deposited nickel-base coating containing graphite, MoS2, or BN and graphene and their tribological characteristics.
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Saito, Yahachi, and Koji Asaka. "Raman Features of Linear-Carbon-Chain and Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Composites." In Recent Developments in Atomic Force Microscopy and Raman Spectroscopy for Materials Characterization [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99465.

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Structural and electronic properties of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) containing linear carbon chains (LCCs), which were produced by arc-discharge between carbon electrodes in an atmospheric pressure, have been studied by Raman spectroscopy as well as electron microscopy. Spectral features of Raman scattering from the LCC/MWCNT composites were reviewed with emphasis on the spectra obtained with a low energy photon (1.58 eV, 785 nm) excitation, which have not been described in detail so far. Characteristic frequencies of LCC stretching modes with the 785 nm laser excitation are observed at around 1740, 1759, and 1789 cm−1. In a low frequency region, radial breathing modes (RBMs) of the innermost tube within MWCNTs are observed at specific frequencies of 293, 341, 402, and 510 cm−1; the highest RBM frequency is tentatively assigned to a tube with the chiral index (4,3), whose diameter is expected to 0.50 nm. LCC bands observed with various excitation wavelengths from 488 to 785 nm show that the band consists of several peaks, and the relative intensities of constituent peaks change with the excitation wavelengths due to the resonance effect; the higher the excitation photon energy is, the higher the intensity of high-frequency LCC modes.
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Silvestroni, Laura, and Diletta Sciti. "Effect of Transition Metal Silicides on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics." In MAX Phases and Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics for Extreme Environments, 125–79. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4066-5.ch005.

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The IV and V group transition metals borides, carbides, and nitrides are widely known as ultra-high temperature ceramics (UHTCs), owing to their high melting point above 2500°C. These ceramics possess outstanding physical and engineering properties, such as high hardness and strength, low electrical resistivity and good chemical inertness which make them suitable structural materials for applications under high heat fluxes. Potential applications include aerospace manufacturing; for example sharp leading edge parts on hypersonic atmospheric re-entry vehicles, rocket nozzles, and scramjet components, where operating temperatures can exceed 3000°C. The extremely high melting point and the low self-diffusion coefficient make these ceramics very difficult to sinter to full density: temperatures above 2000°C and the application of pressure are necessary conditions. However these processing parameters lead to coarse microstructures, with mean grain size of the order of 20 µm and trapped porosity, all features which prevent the achievement of the full potential of the thermo-mechanical properties of UHTCs. Several activities have been performed in order to decrease the severity of the processing conditions of UHTCs introducing sintering additives, such as metals, nitrides, carbides or silicides. In general the addition of such secondary phases does decrease the sintering temperature, but some additives have some drawbacks, especially during use at high temperature, owing to their softening and the following loss of integrity of the material. In this chapter, composites based on borides and carbides of Zr, Hf and Ta were produced with addition of MoSi2 or TaSi2. These silicides were selected as sintering aids owing to their high melting point (>2100°C), their ductility above 1000°C and their capability to increase the oxidation resistance. The microstructure of fully dense hot pressed UHTCs containing 15 vol% of MoSi2 or TaSi2, was characterized by x-ray diffraction, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. Based on microstructural features detected by TEM, thermodynamical calculations, and the available phase diagrams, a densification mechanism for these composites is proposed. The mechanical properties, namely hardness, fracture toughness, Young’s modulus and flexural strength at room and high temperature, were measured and compared to the properties of other ultra-high temperature ceramics produced with other sintering additives. Further, the microstructural findings were used to furnish possible explanations for the excellent high temperature performances of these composites.
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Zhang, Weigang, Changming Xie, Min Ge, and Xi Wei. "C/C-ZrB2-ZrC-SiC Composites Derived from Polymeric Precursor Infiltration and Pyrolysis Part I." In MAX Phases and Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics for Extreme Environments, 413–34. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4066-5.ch013.

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Two-dimensional C/C-ZrB2-ZrC-SiC composites with three phases of ultra high temperature ceramics (UHTCs) are fabricated for the first time using blending pre-ceramic polymeric precursors through the traditional polymer infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP) technique, in which a porous carbon fiber reinforced pyrolytic carbon (C/C) with a porosity of about 60% is prepared as preforms. The fabricated composite possesses a matrix of 20ZrB2-30ZrC-50SiC, which is obtained by co-pyrolysis of three pre-ceramic polymers solution in xylene with certain molar ratios. Pyrolysis of these ZrB2-ZrC-SiC pre-ceramic precursors is studied with XRD characterization of the residual solids. The gas phase products are analysized with an on-line GC-MS-FTIR coupling technique, which confirms the formation of crystalline ZrC and ZrB2 from these precursors at temperatures above 1400°C. Possible mechanisms of pyrolysis and formation of pure ZrB2 from the precursors with various B/Zr molar ratios are suggested. The densification process and microstructures of the fabricated composite are studied. It is found that a composite with a bulk density of 2.06 g/cm3 and open porosity of 9.6% can be obtained after 16 PIP cycles. The formed matrix exhibits homogeneous dispersion of three matrix ceramics without any oxide impurities, i.e., the nano sized ZrB2 and ZrC particles dispersed in a continuous SiC ceramic with clean crystalline boundaries and particle dimensions less than 200 nm. No erosion or interface reaction occurs upon the carbon fiber reinforcement, which therefore avoids a dramatic deterioration of mechanical strength of carbon fiber and the composite. Improvement of PIP benefits from two aspects; firstly, the dense pyrolytic carbon interphase deposited on fiber surface by CVI serves as barrier coating and secondly, pyrolysis of the novel organic polymeric precursors does not release corrosive by-products such as hydrogen chloride.
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Conference papers on the topic "Carbon composites Effect of high temperatures on"

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Patrick, Melanie, and Messiha Saad. "3D Examination of the Thermal Properties of Carbon-Carbon Composites." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-40146.

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Thermal characterization of composites is essential for their proper assignment to a specific application. Specific heat, thermal diffusivity, and thermal conductivity of carbon-carbon composites are essential in the engineering design process and in the analysis of aerospace vehicles, space systems and other high temperature thermal systems. Specifically, thermal conductivity determines the working temperature levels of a material and is influential in its performance in high temperature applications. There is insufficient thermal property data for carbon-carbon composites over a range of temperatures. The purpose of this research is to develop a thermal properties database for carbon-carbon composites that will contain in-plane (i-p) and through-the-thickness (t-t-t) thermal data at different temperatures as well as display the effects of graphitization on the composite material. The carbon-carbon composites tested were fabricated by the Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) technique, utilizing T300 2-D carbon fabric and Primaset PT-30 cyanate ester resin. Experimental methods were employed to measure the thermal properties. Following the ASTM standard E-1461, the flash method enabled the direct measurement of thermal diffusivity. Additionally, differential scanning calorimetry was performed in accordance with the ASTM E-1269 standard to measure the specific heat. The measured thermal diffusivity, specific heat, and density data were used to compute the thermal conductivity of the carbon-carbon composites. The measured through-the-thickness thermal conductivity values of all the materials tested range from 1.0 to 17 W/m·K, while in-plane values range from 3.8 to 4.6 W/m·K due to the effect of fiber orientation. Additionally, the graphitized samples exhibit a higher thermal conductivity because of the nature of the ordered graphite structure.
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Konduri, Teja G. K., and Olesya I. Zhupanska. "Overall Temperature-Dependent Elastic Properties of Carbon Fiber Polymer Matrix Composites at High Temperatures." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-24344.

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Abstract In this paper we discuss the effect of volumetric ablation on the overall elastic properties of the carbon fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite. An Arrhenius type equation describing polymer decomposition was used to determine volume fractions of evolving polymer matrix phases (i.e. polymer, growing pores filled with pyrolysis gases, and char). The effect of the pressure exerted by pyrolysis gases trapped inside the pores was analyzed. Microstructures consisting of carbon fibers (circular inclusions) in the matrix and pores (elliptic inclusions) in the polymer were generated. Temperature dependency was addressed by generating microstructures with different volume fraction of pores, which were calculated from the mass loss model. Two-step numerical homogenization of representative volume elements (RVEs) was performed using finite element analysis (FEA). The developed procedures were applied to calculate temperature dependent (up to 700 K) effective elastic properties of the AS4/3501-6 composite. The results are compared to the existing experimental data and show good agreement.
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Ghose, Sayata, Kent A. Watson, Holly A. Elliott, Dennis C. Working, Jim M. Criss, Kenneth L. Dudley, Emilie J. Siochi, and John W. Connell. "Fabrication and Characterization of High Temperature Resin/Carbon Nanofiller Composites." In ASME 2006 Multifunctional Nanocomposites International Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mn2006-17016.

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As part of ongoing efforts to develop multifunctional advanced composites, blends of PETI-330 with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and carbon nanofibers (CNF) were prepared and characterized. The effect of nanofiller loading level on melt viscosity was determined. The resulting powders were characterized for degree of mixing, thermal, and rheological properties. Select samples were scaled up for processing and continuous strands of nanocomposites were extruded. Based on the characterization results, samples containing 10 and 15 wt% MWCNT and 30 and 40 wt% CNF were scaled up to ∼300 g and used to fabricate moldings 10.2 cm × 15.2 cm × 0.32 cm in size. The moldings were fabricated by injecting the mixtures at 260–280 °C into a stainless steel tool followed by curing for 1 h at 371 °C. The tool was designed to impart substantial shear during the injection process in an attempt to achieve some alignment of nanofillers in the flow direction. Moldings were obtained that were subsequently characterized for thermal, mechanical, electrical and EMI shielding properties. The degree of dispersion and alignment of nanofillers were investigated using high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. Preparation and preliminary characterization of PETI-330/MWCNT and PETI-330/CNF composites will be discussed.
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Zantout, Alan, and Olesya I. Zhupanska. "Electrical Characterization of Carbon Fiber Polymer Matrix Composites." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-10423.

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This paper studies the response of carbon fiber polymer matrix composites subjected to DC electric currents. We have developed a new fully instrumented experimental setup that enables one to measure electric field characteristics (amperage, voltage, resistance) and temperature at the surface of the electrified composites in real time. The experimental procedure ensured a low contact resistance between the composite and electrodes, high uniformity in the density of the applied electric current, and low resistance heating. An extensive experimental study on the electrical characterization of carbon fiber polymer composites of different composition, ply sequence, thickness, etc. was conducted. The effect of the resistance heating was carefully analyzed through experimental analysis as well as the finite element modeling.
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Akderya, Tarkan, Nesrin Horzum Polat, and Buket Okutan Baba. "The Effect of Acidic Environment on Bending Behaviour of Glass-Carbon/Epoxy Based Hybrid Composites." In 6th International Students Science Congress. Izmir International Guest Student Association, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2022.038.

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In this study, the effect of an acidic environment on the bending properties of hybrid composites was investigated. Instead of conventional glass fibre/epoxy and carbon fibre/epoxy polymer composite materials, glass-carbon fibre reinforced epoxy polymer (GCFREP) hybrid composite materials against the low strength of glass fibre and high cost of carbon fibre have been used. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) - nitric acid (HNO3) combination has been formed to simulate an acid rain environment. Synthetic acidic solutions of H2SO4 - HNO3 at pH values of 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 at -10, 25, and 40 °C have been prepared. GCFREP hybrid composite materials have been immersed in these solutions periodically for one day and 1-3-6-9-12 weeks. Samples of GCFREP hybrid composite materials that complete the exposure to acidic media within specified periods have been subjected to three-point bending tests. As a result of the research, it has been observed that the bending properties of GCFREP hybrid composites change significantly as the acidity of the environment and ambient temperature values increases. These changes have become more evident with prolonged exposure durations.
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Panakarajupally, Ragav P., Joseph Elrassi, K. Manigandan, Yogesh P. Singh, and Gregory N. Morscher. "Monitoring Damage in Non-Oxide Composites at High Temperatures Using Carbon-Containing CVD SiC Monofilament Fibers As Embedded Electrical Resistance Sensors." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-15937.

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Abstract Electrical resistance has become a technique of interest for monitoring SiC-based ceramic composites. The typical constituents of SiC fiber-reinforced SiC matrix composites, SiC, Si and/or C, are semi-conducive to some degree resulting in the fact that when damage occurs in the form of matrix cracking or fiber breakage, the resistance increases. For aero engine applications, SiC fiber reinforced SiC, sometimes Si-containing, matrix with a BN interphase are often the main constituents. The resistivity of Si and SiC is highly temperature dependent. For high temperature tests, electrical lead attachment must be in a cold region which results in strong temperature effects on baseline measurements of resistance. This can be instructive as to test conditions; however, there is interest in focusing the resistance measurement in the hot section where damage monitoring is desired. The resistivity of C has a milder temperature dependence than that of Si or SiC. In addition, if the C is penetrated by damage, it would result in rapid oxidation of the C, presumably resulting in a change in resistance. One approach considered here is to insert carbon “rods” in the form of CVD SiC monofilaments with a C core to try and better sense change in resistance as it pertains to matrix crack growth in an elevated temperature test condition. The monofilaments were strategically placed in two non-oxide composite systems to understand the sensitivity of ER in damage detection at room temperature as well as elevated temperatures. Two material systems were considered for this study. The first composite system consisted of a Hi-Nicalon woven fibers, a BN interphase and a matrix processed via polymer infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP) which had SCS-6 monofilaments providing the C core. The second composite system was a melt-infiltrated (MI) pre-preg laminate which contained Hi-Nicalon Type S fibers with BN interphases with SCS-Ultra monofilaments providing the C core. The two composite matrix systems represent two extremes in resistance, the PIP matrix being orders of magnitude higher in resistance than the Si-containing pre-preg MI matrix. Single notch tension-tension fatigue tests were performed at 815°C to stimulate crack growth. Acoustic emission (AE) was used along with electrical resistance (ER) to monitor the damage initiation and progression during the test. Post-test microscopy was performed on the fracture specimen to understand the oxidation kinetics and carbon recession length in the monofilaments.
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Kotikalapudi, Sai Tharun, and Raman P. Singh. "Mechanical Strength Degradation of Carbon Fiber Polymer Matrix Composites Exposed to Constant Low-Density Direct Current." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-12259.

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Abstract Carbon fiber reinforced composites (CFRP) can experience two dissimilar magnitudes of direct current during a lightning strike on an aircraft, a concentrated catastrophic high current followed by low direct current spread across the surface. Low density direct current can also occur in multifunctional composite structures for resistive heating, energy harvesting and storage. These direct currents lead to material degradation. Since CFRP structures are more susceptible to a lightning strike due to weak electrical and thermal conductivity compared to metallic bodies, considerable amount of research has been done to study the effects of instantaneous high current on mechanical properties. With the ever-growing demand for tailorable multifunctional composites, the effect of low direct current on mechanical properties of CFRP should be investigated. An experiment is designed to study the long-term exposure of low-density electric field effects on CFRP which are often coupled with detrimental thermal effects. In this study, experiments have been performed using an in-house setup to study the electrical effects of low constant direct current (DC) on cross-ply CFRP laminates. A constant current study has been conducted to characterize the voltage across the laminate over a period. The strength of the polymer depends on the integrity and type of bonds, the observed resistance change is a perceptible way of demonstrating the change in mechanical properties. The combined effect of electrical and thermal fields has been studied by mapping the surface temperatures continuously on the entire length of the laminate. Preliminary research showed that the presence of non-conducting epoxy undergoes localized dielectric breakdown near the carbon epoxy interface. In order to quantify the degradation, combined loading compression (CLC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) tests have been performed for coupon size samples which have been electrically degraded for a definite period. Compression test results are compared with electrical characterization and glass transition temperatures from DMA results.
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Huang, C. Y., C. S. Tsai, Alberto D’Amore, Domenico Acierno, and Luigi Grassia. "EFFECT OF PLASMA TREATMENT AND CROSS-LINKING ON THE OVER VOLTAGE POSITIVE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE∕CARBON BLACK∕MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE NANO COMPOSITES." In IV INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE TIMES OF POLYMERS (TOP) AND COMPOSITES. AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2989023.

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Tehrani, Mehran, Ayoub Y. Boroujeni, Ramez Hajj, and Marwan Al-Haik. "Mechanical Characterization of a Hybrid Carbon Nanotube/Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composite." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-62251.

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Carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites (CFRPs) are renowned for their superior in-plane mechanical properties. However, they lack sufficient out-of-plane performance. Integrating carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into structures of CFRPs can enhance their poor out-of-plane properties. The present work investigates the effect of adding CNTs, grown on carbon fibers via a relatively low temperature growth technique, on the on and off-axis tensile properties as well as on transverse high velocity impact (∼100 m.s−1) energy absorption of the corresponding CFRPs. Two sets of composite samples based on carbon fabrics with surface grown CNTs and reference fabrics were fabricated and mechanically characterized via tension and impact tests. The on-axis and off-axis tests confirmed improvements in the strength and stiffness of the hybrid samples over the reference ones. A gas gun equipped with a high-speed camera was utilized to evaluate the impact energy absorption of the composite systems subjected to transverse spherical projectiles. Due to the integration of CNTs, intermediate improvements in the tensile properties of the CFRP were achieved. However, the CFRPs’ impact energy absorption was improved significantly.
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PITTMAN, EMILY, STYLIANOS KOUMLIS, and LESLIE LAMBERSON. "DYNAMIC FACTURE OF HYDROTHERMALLY DEGRADED CARBON-EPOXY COMPOSITES." In Thirty-sixth Technical Conference. Destech Publications, Inc., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/asc36/35805.

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Structures used in naval applications are often subjected to marine or other aqueous environments during their work-life. It has been observed that many composites absorb moisture when exposed to such environments, which can lead to material damage and degradation of mechanical properties. The addition of salt to the water solution may have additional impacts on the material degradation over time. Furthermore, many of these applications require that the material be subject to stresswave loading environments like impact that may cause dynamic fracture. In this experimental study, the effect of water absorption on the Mode-I dynamic fracture behavior of carbon-epoxy composites is investigated. Specifically, the effects of moisture uptake and the role of saline on the critical dynamic SIF are investigated. Samples were hygrothermally soaked in an elevated temperature bath (70 °C) of either ASTM standard sea water or distilled water. The elevated temperature accelerates mass absorption, making experimental observation possible on a more reasonable timeline than natural aging. Soaking durations varied between 3.5 hours to excess of 4 months to explore the role of soak time on dynamic fracture behavior. Pre-cracked specimens were impacted using a unique long-bar striker device at 4 m/s, and the resulting Mode-I (opening mode) fracture behavior investigated. Digital image correlation (DIC) was used in conjunction with ultra-high-speed imaging to track the crack tip surface displacements, and an elastodynamic solution was leveraged to extract the stress intensity factors (SIF) at fracture initiation. The dynamic fracture toughness of the soaked samples was compared with results from a group of unsoaked, ambient condition samples. The results indicated that the ambient condition samples had a consistently higher Mode-I SIF than any of the soaked conditions. The difference between the ambient condition SIF and the soaked conditions was observed to be approximately 60% for the 3.5 hour soaks, 40% for the 2 day soaks, 50% for the 2 week soaks, and 80% for the samples soaked for longer than 4 months. The SIF reduction is thought to be due primarily to matrix and interface degradation. No statistically significant difference in the SIF was observed between samples soaked in DI water versus salt water.
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Reports on the topic "Carbon composites Effect of high temperatures on"

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Bryant, C. A., S. A. Wilks, and C. W. Keevil. Survival of SARS-CoV-2 on the surfaces of food and food packaging materials. Food Standards Agency, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.kww583.

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COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, was first reported in China in December 2019. The virus has spread rapidly around the world and is currently responsible for 500 million reported cases and over 6.4 million deaths. A risk assessment published by the Foods Standards Agency (FSA) in 2020 (Opens in a new window) concluded that it was very unlikely that you could catch coronavirus via food. This assessment included the worst-case assumption that, if food became contaminated during production, no significant inactivation of virus would occur before consumption. However, the rate of inactivation of virus on products sold at various temperatures was identified as a key uncertainty, because if inactivation does occur more rapidly in some situations, then a lower risk may be more appropriate. This project was commissioned to measure the rate of inactivation of virus on the surface of various types of food and food packaging, reducing that uncertainty. The results will be used to consider whether the assumption currently made in the risk assessment remains appropriate for food kept at a range of temperatures, or whether a lower risk is more appropriate for some. We conducted a laboratory-based study, artificially contaminating infectious SARS-CoV-2 virus onto the surfaces of foods and food packaging. We measured how the amount of infectious virus present on those surfaces declined over time, at a range of temperatures and relative humidity levels, reflecting typical storage conditions. We tested broccoli, peppers, apple, raspberry, cheddar cheese, sliced ham, olives, brine from the olives, white and brown bread crusts, croissants and pain au chocolat. The foods tested were selected as they are commonly sold loose on supermarket shelves or uncovered at deli counters or market stalls, they may be difficult to wash, and they are often consumed without any further processing i.e. cooking. The food packaging materials tested were polyethylene terephthalate (PET1) trays and bottles; aluminium cans and composite drinks cartons. These were selected as they are the most commonly used food packaging materials or consumption of the product may involve direct mouth contact with the packaging. Results showed that virus survival varied depending on the foods and food packaging examined. In several cases, infectious virus was detected for several hours and in some cases for several days, under some conditions tested. For a highly infectious agent such as SARS-CoV-2, which is thought to be transmissible by touching contaminated surfaces and then the face, this confirmation is significant. For most foods tested there was a significant drop in levels of virus contamination over the first 24 hours. However, for cheddar cheese and sliced ham, stored in refrigerated conditions and a range of relative humidity, the virus levels remained high up to a week later, when the testing period was stopped. Both cheddar cheese and sliced ham have high moisture, protein and saturated fat content, possibly offering protection to the virus. When apples and olives were tested, the virus was inactivated to the limit of detection very quickly, within an hour, when the first time point was measured. We suggest that chemicals, such as flavonoids, present in the skin of apples and olives inactivate the virus. The rate of viral decrease was rapid, within a few hours, for croissants and pain au chocolat. These pastries are both coated with a liquid egg wash, which may have an inhibitory effect on the virus. Food packaging materials tested had variable virus survival. For all food packaging, there was a significant drop in levels of virus contamination over the first 24 hours, in all relative humidity conditions and at both 6°C and 21°C; these included PET1 bottles and trays, aluminium cans and composite drinks cartons.
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