Academic literature on the topic 'Carbon and nitrogen stocks'
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Journal articles on the topic "Carbon and nitrogen stocks"
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Xiao, Ruihan, Xiuling Man, and Beixing Duan. "Carbon and Nitrogen Stocks in Three Types of Larix gmelinii Forests in Daxing’an Mountains, Northeast China." Forests 11, no. 3 (March 11, 2020): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11030305.
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Studying carbon and nitrogen stocks in different types of larch forest ecosystems is of great significance for assessing the carbon sink capacity and nitrogen level in larch forests. To evaluate the effects of the differences of forest type on the carbon and nitrogen stock capacity of the larch forest ecosystem, we selected three typical types of larch forest ecosystems in the northern part of Daxing’an Mountains, which were the Rhododendron simsii-Larix gmelinii forest (RL), Ledum palustre-Larix gmelinii forest (LL) and Sphagnum-Bryum-Ledum palustre-Larix gmelinii forest (SLL), to determine the carbon and nitrogen stocks in the vegetation (trees and understories), litter and soil. Results showed that there were significant differences in carbon and nitrogen stocks among the three types of larch forest ecosystems, showing a sequence of SLL (288.01 Mg·ha−1 and 25.19 Mg·ha−1) > LL (176.52 Mg·ha−1 and 14.85 Mg·ha−1) > RL (153.93 Mg·ha−1 and 10.00 Mg·ha−1) (P < 0.05). The largest proportions of carbon and nitrogen stocks were found in soils, accounting for 83.20%, 72.89% and 64.61% of carbon stocks and 98.61%, 97.58% and 96.00% of nitrogen stocks in the SLL, LL and RL, respectively. Also, it was found that significant differences among the three types of larch forest ecosystems in terms of soil carbon and nitrogen stocks (SLL > LL > RL) (P < 0.05) were the primary reasons for the differences in the ecosystem carbon and nitrogen stocks. More than 79% of soil carbon and 51% of soil nitrogen at a depth of 0–100 cm were stored in the upper 50 cm of the soil pool. In the vegetation layer, due to the similar tree biomass carbon and nitrogen stocks, there were no significant differences in carbon and nitrogen stocks among the three types of larch forest ecosystems. The litter carbon stock in the SLL was significantly higher than that in the LL and RL (P < 0.05), but no significant differences in nitrogen stock were found among them (P > 0.05). These findings suggest that different forest types with the same tree layer and different understory vegetation can greatly affect the carbon and nitrogen stock capacity of the forest ecosystem. This indicates that understory vegetation may have significant effects on the carbon and nitrogen stocks in soil and litter, which highlights the need to consider the effects of understory in future research into the carbon and nitrogen stock capacity of forest ecosystems.
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Woś, Bartłomiej, Agnieszka Józefowska, Marek Pająk, Marcin Chodak, Jan Frouz, and Marcin Pietrzykowski. "Carbon and Macronutrient Budgets in an Alder Plantation Grown on a Reclaimed Combustion Waste Landfill." Forests 11, no. 4 (April 10, 2020): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11040430.
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Combustion waste landfills are unfavorable for revegetation due to nitrogen deficiency, and therefore, the introduction of nitrogen-fixing organisms, such as alder species (Alnus sp.), may be promising for reclamation and restoration of these sites. We investigated the carbon and macronutrient stocks in the combustion waste technosols and biomass of black alder (Alnus glutinosa) and grey alder (Alnus incana) 10 years after introduction onto a combustion waste landfill. The alder species were planted with or without lignite addition in planting holes, the latter acting as control plots. Black alder biomass was higher than that of grey alder. The total macronutrient stocks were higher in the uppermost technosol layer (0–30 cm) than in the biomass nutrient stocks. However, the K and P stocks in the black alder biomass were still greater than the exchangeable K+ and available phosphorus (Pav) stocks in technosols. This is important for the nutrition of the trees planted in combustion waste landfills and confirms the Pav deficit in investigated technosols. The differentiation of nutrients in biomass shows that the largest stock was found in the wood of trunks and branches (40–70% of the stock of individual biomass macronutrients). Although foliage biomass represented approximately 7% of the total tree biomass, the nutrient stocks therein represented a significant proportion of total nutrient stocks: approximately 27–29% nitrogen, 17–22% calcium, 28% magnesium, 7–10% potassium and 12–16% phosphorus. This is particularly important in the context of the turnover of nutrients from litterfall and soil organic matter and the circulation of nutrients in the ecosystem developed on combustion waste technosols.
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Staszel, Karolina, Ewa Błońska, and Jarosław Lasota. "Slope aspect and altitude effect on selected soil organic matter characteristics in Beskid Mountains forest soils." Folia Forestalia Polonica 63, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 214–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2021-0022.
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Abstract In the era of dynamic climate change, it is important to have knowledge on the interactions between climatic factors and processes occurring in the soil environment. The present study aimed to determine how slope aspect and altitude above sea level influence carbon and nitrogen accumulation and dehydrogenases activity of forest soils. The study was conducted in the Beskid Żywiecki in the south-facing part of Poland. Soils of the same texture, with similar vegetation species composition, in different altitude variants (600, 800, 1000 and 1200 m above sea level) and different north-facing and south-facing slope aspect were selected for the study. For each height and slope aspect variant, samples were collected from the surface horizons of soils for further analyses. The basic chemical properties and dehydrogenases activity of the soil samples were determined. Carbon and nitrogen stocks in the surface horizons of the soils were calculated. The analyses confirmed the influence of location conditions on the carbon and nitrogen stocks in mountain forest soils. The stock of carbon and nitrogen increased with the height up to 1000 m a.s.l. In the soils at the highest altitude, the reserve of carbon and nitrogen decreased regardless of the slope aspect variant. There were no statistically significant differences in carbon and nitrogen stocks between slope aspect variant. The highest dehydrogenases activity was associated with the organic horizons of the soils at the lowest altitude in height gradient. In our study, higher dehydrogenases activity was observed in the north-facing slope soils, and this finding can be explained by more stable thermal conditions.
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Silva, Jéssica C. N., Arystides R. Silva, Carlos A. C. Veloso, Edilândia F. Dantas, and José A. A. S. do Sacramento. "Aggregation, carbon, and total soil nitrogen in crop-livestock-forest integration in the Eastern Amazon." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 22, no. 12 (December 2018): 837–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v22n12p837-842.
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ABSTRACT Sustainable agricultural production systems can improve physical attributes of soil as well as increase carbon and nitrogen stocks in soils. The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in the stability of soil aggregates and contents and stocks of carbon and nitrogen after the conversion of native forest to crop-livestock-forest integration systems in the region of Western Pará. Soil samples from five management systems (including a control) were collected at three depths in a randomized block design, with five replications. The stability of the aggregates, soil density, particle density, and total soil porosity, as well as total carbon and nitrogen and their respective stocks were evaluated. The native forest had the highest percentages of macroaggregates, followed by the integration system with African mahogany. At a depth of 0-0.10 m, the contents and stocks of carbon were higher in the agricultural area and in the integration system with cumaru, whereas nitrogen contents and stocks were higher in the native forest, followed by the integration systems with mahogany and cumaru. Compared to the other systems, the pasture area stored more carbon at depths of 0-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m.
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RIBEIRO, DIEGO OLIVEIRA, GUSTAVO CASTOLDI, MARIÂNGELA BRITO FREIBERGER, MELLISSA ANANIAS SOLER DA SILVA, and CARLOS RIBEIRO RODRIGUES. "PHYSICAL FRACTIONATION AND CARBON AND NITROGEN STOCKS IN SOIL AFTER POULTRY WASTE APPLICATIONS." Revista Caatinga 35, no. 3 (September 2022): 667–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252022v35n318rc.
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ABSTRACT Residues from turkey production are often used as fertilizers in pastures near producing regions. These residues can contribute to the increase of carbon and nitrogen stocks in the soil. This study aimed to evaluate the cumulative effects of nine applications of turkey litter rates on C and N fractions and stocks in a Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico (Oxisol) cultivated under rotational grazing. The experimental area was divided into 16 pickets of 0.5 ha each and cultivated with Urochloa decumbens in a rotational grazing system. The treatments consisted of accumulated doses of turkey litter (38.3; 54.8 and 69.2 Mg ha−1), with applications carried out between 2008 and 2017, in addition to a control treatment, without application of this material. After nine years of application, total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) stocks in the soil increased as turkey litter rates increased, reaching increments in the 0-0.2 m layer of 11.2 Mg ha−1 and 1.03 Mg ha−1, respectively, when compared to the control treatment. In the same 0-0.2 m layer, the maximum increments in carbon stock in particulate organic matter (POC) and nitrogen stock in particulate organic matter (N-POM) were obtained with the estimated total doses of 62 and 66 Mg ha−1, respectively. In addition to increasing the amount, the use of turkey litter improved the quality of the carbon present in the soil, since the carbon management index, in the 0-0.2 m layer, was increased by 124% when using the highest accumulated dose.
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Groppo, J. D., S. R. M. Lins, P. B. Camargo, E. D. Assad, H. S. Pinto, S. C. Martins, P. R. Salgado, et al. "Changes in soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus due to land-use changes in Brazil." Biogeosciences Discussions 12, no. 3 (February 4, 2015): 2533–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-2533-2015.
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Abstract. In this paper soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and related elemental ratios, as well as and nitrogen and phosphorus stocks were investigated in 17 paired sites and in a regional survey encompassing more than 100 pasture soils in the Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, and Pampa, the three important biomes of Brazil. In the paired sites, elemental soil concentrations and stocks were determined in native vegetation, pastures and crop-livestock systems (CPS). Overall, there were significant differences in soil element concentrations and ratios between different land uses, especially in the surface soil layers. Carbon and nitrogen contents were lower, while phosphorus contents were higher in the pasture and CPS soils than in forest soils. Additionally, soil stoichiometry has changed with changes in land use. The soil C : N ratio was lower in the forest than in the pasture and CPS soils; and the carbon and nitrogen to available phosphorus ratio (PME) decreased from the forest to the pasture to the CPS soils. The average native vegetation soil nitrogen stocks at 0–10, 0–30 and 0–60 cm soil depth layers were equal to approximately 2.3, 5.2, 7.3 Mg ha−1, respectively. In the paired sites, nitrogen loss in the CPS systems and pasture soils were similar and equal to 0.6, 1.3 and 1.5 Mg ha−1 at 0–10, 0–30 and 0–60 cm soil depths, respectively. In the regional pasture soil survey, nitrogen soil stocks at 0–10 and 0–30 soil layers were equal to 1.6 and 3.9 Mg ha−1, respectively, and lower than the stocks found in the native vegetation of paired sites. On the other hand, the soil phosphorus stocks were higher in the CPS and pasture of the paired sites than in the soil of the original vegetation. The original vegetation soil phosphorus stocks were equal to 11, 22, and 43 kg ha−1 in the three soil depths, respectively. The soil phosphorus stocks increased in the CPS systems to 30, 50, and 63 kg ha−1, respectively, and in the pasture pair sites to 22, 47, and 68 kg ha−1, respectively. In the regional pasture survey, the soil phosphorus stocks were lower than in the native vegetation, and equal to 9 and 15 kg ha−1 at 0–10 and 0–30 depth layer. The findings of this paper illustrate that land-use changes that are currently common in Brazil alter soil concentrations, stocks and elemental ratios of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. These changes could have an impact on the subsequent vegetation, decreasing soil carbon, increasing nitrogen limitation, but alleviating soil phosphorus deficiency.
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Wang, Bo, Guibin Wang, Sai Tay Zar Myo, Yong Li, Cheng Xu, Zeyang Lin, Zhuangzhuang Qian, and Luozhong Tang. "Deforestation for Agriculture Temporarily Improved Soil Quality and Soil Organic Carbon Stocks." Forests 13, no. 2 (February 2, 2022): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13020228.
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Deforestation for agricultural development or extension is a common land-use problem that may cause a series of changes in the ecological environment and soil carbon stock in planting systems. However, the response of soil physical, chemical properties and carbon stocks in agricultural systems in the initial period after deforestation have not been thoroughly examined, especially in the subsoil. We investigated the variations in the soil physicochemical properties and organic carbon stocks to a depth of 100 cm in a poplar (Populus deltoides cv. 35) plantation, a summer maize (Zea mays L.) followed by winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) field after 1 year of deforestation of a poplar plantation, and a wheat–maize rotation field used for decades. The soil bulk density and pH decreased, and the soil total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus, and total potassium contents increased considerably. The soil organic carbon (SOC) content and stocks (to 100 cm) increased by 32.8% and 20.1%, respectively. The soil TN content was significantly (p < 0.001) positively correlated with the SOC content, and the C:N ratio increased for the field following deforestation. Furthermore, the nitrogen in the poplar plantation and the field following deforestation was limited. We recommend increasing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer following deforestation to improve fertility and this will be beneficial to SOC storage.
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Groppo, J. D., S. R. M. Lins, P. B. Camargo, E. D. Assad, H. S. Pinto, S. C. Martins, P. R. Salgado, et al. "Changes in soil carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus due to land-use changes in Brazil." Biogeosciences 12, no. 15 (August 7, 2015): 4765–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-4765-2015.
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Abstract. In this paper, soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and stocks were investigated in agricultural and natural areas in 17 plot-level paired sites and in a regional survey encompassing more than 100 pasture soils In the paired sites, elemental soil concentrations and stocks were determined in native vegetation (forests and savannas), pastures and crop–livestock systems (CPSs). Nutrient stocks were calculated for the soil depth intervals 0–10, 0–30, and 0–60 cm for the paired sites and 0–10, and 0–30 cm for the pasture regional survey by sum stocks obtained in each sampling intervals (0–5, 5–10, 10–20, 20–30, 30–40, 40–60 cm). Overall, there were significant differences in soil element concentrations and ratios between different land uses, especially in the surface soil layers. Carbon and nitrogen contents were lower, while phosphorus contents were higher in the pasture and CPS soils than in native vegetation soils. Additionally, soil stoichiometry has changed with changes in land use. The soil C : N ratio was lower in the native vegetation than in the pasture and CPS soils, and the carbon and nitrogen to available phosphorus ratio (PME) decreased from the native vegetation to the pasture to the CPS soils. In the plot-level paired sites, the soil nitrogen stocks were lower in all depth intervals in pasture and in the CPS soils when compared with the native vegetation soils. On the other hand, the soil phosphorus stocks were higher in all depth intervals in agricultural soils when compared with the native vegetation soils. For the regional pasture survey, soil nitrogen and phosphorus stocks were lower in all soil intervals in pasture soils than in native vegetation soils. The nitrogen loss with cultivation observed here is in line with other studies and it seems to be a combination of decreasing organic matter inputs, in cases where crops replaced native forests, with an increase in soil organic matter decomposition that leads to a decrease in the long run. The main cause of the increase in soil phosphorus stocks in the CPS and pastures of the plot-level paired site seems to be linked to phosphorus fertilization by mineral and organics fertilizers. The findings of this paper illustrate that land-use changes that are currently common in Brazil alter soil concentrations, stocks and elemental ratios of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. These changes could have an impact on the subsequent vegetation, decreasing soil carbon and increasing nitrogen limitation but alleviating soil phosphorus deficiency.
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Armitage, A. R., and J. W. Fourqurean. "Carbon storage in seagrass soils: long-term nutrient history exceeds the effects of near-term nutrient enrichment." Biogeosciences 13, no. 1 (January 15, 2016): 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-313-2016.
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Abstract. The carbon sequestration potential in coastal soils is linked to aboveground and belowground plant productivity and biomass, which in turn, is directly and indirectly influenced by nutrient input. We evaluated the influence of long-term and near-term nutrient input on aboveground and belowground carbon accumulation in seagrass beds, using a nutrient enrichment (nitrogen and phosphorus) experiment embedded within a naturally occurring, long-term gradient of phosphorus availability within Florida Bay (USA). We measured organic carbon stocks in soils and above- and belowground seagrass biomass after 17 months of experimental nutrient addition. At the nutrient-limited sites, phosphorus addition increased the carbon stock in aboveground seagrass biomass by more than 300 %; belowground seagrass carbon stock increased by 50–100 %. Soil carbon content slightly decreased ( ∼ 10 %) in response to phosphorus addition. There was a strong but non-linear relationship between soil carbon and Thalassia testudinum leaf nitrogen : phosphorus (N : P) or belowground seagrass carbon stock. When seagrass leaf N : P exceeded an approximate threshold of 75 : 1, or when belowground seagrass carbon stock was less than 100 g m−2, there was less than 3 % organic carbon in the sediment. Despite the marked difference in soil carbon between phosphorus-limited and phosphorus-replete areas of Florida Bay, all areas of the bay had relatively high soil carbon stocks near or above the global median of 1.8 % organic carbon. The relatively high carbon content in the soils indicates that seagrass beds have extremely high carbon storage potential, even in nutrient-limited areas with low biomass or productivity.
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Armitage, A. R., and J. W. Fourqurean. "Carbon storage in seagrass soils: long-term nutrient history exceeds the effects of near-term nutrient enrichment." Biogeosciences Discussions 12, no. 19 (October 2, 2015): 16285–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-16285-2015.
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Abstract. The carbon sequestration potential in coastal soils is linked to aboveground and belowground plant productivity and biomass, which in turn, is directly and indirectly influenced by nutrient input. We evaluated the influence of long-term and near-term nutrient input on aboveground and belowground carbon accumulation in seagrass beds, using a nutrient enrichment (nitrogen and phosphorus) experiment embedded within a naturally occurring, long-term gradient of phosphorus availability within Florida Bay (USA). We measured organic carbon stocks in soils and above- and belowground seagrass biomass after 17 months of experimental nutrient addition. At the nutrient-limited sites, phosphorus addition increased the carbon stock in aboveground seagrass biomass by more than 300 %; belowground seagrass carbon stock increased by 50–100 %. Soil carbon content slightly decreased (~ 10 %) in response to phosphorus addition. There was a strong but non-linear relationship between soil carbon and Thalassia testudinum leaf nitrogen: phosphorus (N : P) or belowground seagrass carbon stock. When seagrass leaf N : P exceeded a threshold of 75 : 1, or when belowground seagrass carbon stock was less than 100 g m−2, there was less than 3 % organic carbon in the sediment. Despite the marked difference in soil carbon between phosphorus-limited and phosphorus-replete areas of Florida Bay, all areas of the bay had relatively high soil carbon stocks near or above the global median of 1.8 % organic carbon. The relatively high carbon content in the soils indicates that seagrass beds have extremely high carbon storage potential, even in nutrient-limited areas with low biomass or productivity.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Carbon and nitrogen stocks"
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Silva, Jéssica Caroline dos Santos. "Estoques e fluxos de carbono e nitrogênio acima e abaixo do solo em fragmentos de Floresta Atlântica no sul do Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64135/tde-30112017-101614/.
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Florestas tropicais tem um papel relevante nos ciclos globais do carbono e nitrogênio. A Floresta Atlântica é um bioma tropical ameaçado da América do Sul, de imensa complexidade estrutural, mas ainda pouco investigado quanto ao seu funcionamento. Neste contexto, o objetivo principal desse estudo foi investigar a estrutura da floresta através da quantificação da biomassa viva acima do solo e da queda anual de folhas. Paralelamente, as concentrações de carbono e nitrogênio foram determinadas no solo, e na vegetação, permitindo a determinação de estoques e fluxos desses elementos em áreas de diferentes fitofisionomias localizadas nas escarpas da Serra do Mar, na costa nordeste do Estado de Santa Catarina, sul do Brasil. As áreas de estudo localizam-se no município de Joinville, onde a temperatura média anual é de 20°C e a precipitação média acumulada anualmente é de aproximadamente 2200 mm. Os sítios amostrais foram estabelecidos em elevações de 200 m anm (Submontana) e 800 m anm (Montana) Em cada área, quatro parcelas de aproximadamente 0,25 ha foram delimitadas, e, então, foram determinadas a estrutura florestal, biomassa acima e abaixo do solo (viva e morta) e produção de serrapilheira. Concentração e composição isotópica de carbono e nitrogênio em cada compartimento (folhas, tronco, serrapilheira e solo) foram determinadas e usadas para converter biomassa em estoques e fluxos desses elementos, e compreender as complexas interações dentro desses ecossistemas. A AGLB foi de aproximadamente 300 Mg.ha-1 na floresta Submontana e 380 Mg.ha-1 na floresta Montana, AGDB, por sua vez, foi de 6,8 e 6,6 Mgoha-1 e BGB (raízes) foi de 54 e 66 Mg.ha -1, respectivamente. Não foi encontrada diferença significativa entre a produção de serrapilheira entre as fitofisionomias, sendo encontrada uma produção média de 6,4 Mg.ha-1 ano-1 na floresta Submontana e 6,9 Mg.ha-1 ano-1 na Montana. As folhas foram o componente majoritário da serrapilheira, contribuindo com ~68% em ambas as áreas. Os estoques totais de carbono e nitrogênio foram significativamente maiores na fitofisionomia Montana, aumentando de 208 MgC.ha-1 para 390 MgC.ha-1 e de 7 MgN.ha-1 para 16 MgN.ha-1, respectivamente. Fluxos de carbono e nitrogênio via serrapilheira nas florestas Submontana e Montana foram, respectivamente, igual a 3,0 e 3,2 Mg.ha-1 e de 0,12 e 0,14 Mg.ha-1. Valores de ?13C em cada compartimento foram similares entre as áreas, e típico de plantas que seguem o ciclo fotossintético C3. Conforme esperado, um enriquecimento em 13C e 15N ao longo do perfil do solo foi encontrado em ambas as áreas. Valores de ?15N foram maiores em folhas, serrapilheira e solo na floresta Submontana, possivelmente devido à maior disponibilidade de nitrogênio neste sítio; e/ou ao baixo tempo de residência do solo e serrapilheira empobrecida em 15N no sítio Montana. De maneira geral, posições latitudinal (em termos de disponibilidade de luz) e altitudinal (em termos de precipitação e temperatura) foram determinantes na composição, alocação e dinâmica do carbono e nitrogênio nestes ecossistemasTropical evergreen forests have a key role in the global carbon and nitrogen cycles. The Atlantic Forest is a vanishing South American tropical biome of immense structural complexity. The structure and functioning of these forests are relatively unknown. In this context, the main objective of this study was to investigate the forest structure by estimating aboveground live biomass (AGLB), belowground biomass (BGB) and litterfall. The determination of carbon and nitrogen concentrations in soils and vegetation allowed to quantify stocks and fluxes of these two elements. Four 0.25 ha-plots were established in two elevations (200 m asl and 800 m asl) in forests located on the slopes of the Serra do Mar, on the northeast coast of the State of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. The sampling areas are located in the municipality of Joinville. The historical average annual temperature is 20°C and rainfall is approximately 2200 mm. The AGLB varied along the sites from approximately 300 Mg.ha-1 (submontane) to 380 Mgoha-1 (montane), AGDB varied from 6.8 to 6.6 Mgoha-1 and BGB (roots) varied from 54 to 66 Mg.ha -1, respectively. . The average litterfall production of 6.4 Mg.ha-1 ano-1 and 6.9 Mg.ha-1 ano-1 were found in the submontante and montane study sites, respectively. Leaves were the major component of litterfall contributing ~68% in both sites. Total carbon and nitrogen stocks were higher in the montane site. Total carbon stock (AGLB + BGB) increased from 208 Mg.ha-1 in the submontane site to 390 Mg.ha-1 in the montane. While, total nitrogen stock increased from 7 Mg.ha-1 to 16 Mg.ha-1, respectively. Fluxes of carbon and nitrogen via litterfall in the submontane and montane site varied from 3.0 to 3.2 Mg.ha-1 and from 0.12 to 0.14 Mg.ha-1, respectively. ?13C values in each compartment were similar between the two sites, and representative of C3 plants. As expected, there was an enrichment of ?13C and ?15N values in depth in each studied site. ?15N values where higher in leaves, litter and soil of the submontane site, possibly due higher nitrogen availability in this site; or low residence time of soil and depleted 15N in litterfall of the montane site. Overall, latitutinal (in terms of light availability) and altitudinal (in tems of precipitation and temperature) position were determinant in the nitrogen and carbon composition, allocation and dynamics in these ecosystems
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Kyulavski, Vladislav Dimitrov. "Greenhouse gas emissions and soil carbon stocks associated with crop residues and organic fertilizers mixtures in sugar cane cropping systems." Thesis, La Réunion, 2019. https://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/19_27_VDKyulav.pdf.
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Dans le contexte environnemental actuel il est nécessaire d’optimiser l’utilisation des ressources pour réduire les déchets et les émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES). L’utilisation de ressources renouvelables et le recyclage sont au cœur du modèle d’économie circulaire, selon lequel le déchet est une ressource mobilisable, transformable, réutilisable et par conséquent non limitée. En agriculture, le cercle vertueux de l’économie circulaire peut être mis en place à travers le recyclage des matières organiques en tant que fertilisants et l’adoption d’une approche agroécologique qui privilégie les services écosystémiques pour lutter contre les nuisibles, protéger le sol et augmenter ses stocks de carbone, dont un des exemples est le paillage. Dans la culture de canne à sucre, la paille laissée à la surface du sol, est aussi de plus en plus convoitée par les industriels pour la production d’agrocarburant de seconde génération. L’émergence d’une telle concurrence d’usage de la biomasse et les enjeux environnementaux sous-jacents imposent d’évaluer à la fois les avantages et les inconvénients agronomiques et environnementaux du recyclage conjoint du paillis de canne à sucre et des fertilisants organiques. Les objectifs de ce travail sont donc i) de comparer l’effet des fertilisants de qualité physicochimique contrastée, sur la décomposition d’un paillis de canne à sucre, et ii) d’évaluer les potentialités d’émission de GES des mélanges paillis-fertilisant en fonction de la quantité de paille laissée et de la qualité des fertilisants apportés. La stratégie de recherche adoptée visait dans un premier temps à détecter des interactions carbone/azote lors du recyclage conjoint de la paille et des fertilisants organiques. Nous avons ainsi testé la prédictibilité des dynamiques de minéralisation du C et du N des matières organiques seules, ou en mélange (paille/fertilisant) en laboratoire, par un modèle additif simple et un modèle mécaniste de transformation du carbone et de l’azote dans le sol – CANTIS. Nos résultats ont montré que les deux modèles ont surestimé la minéralisation du C et n’ont pas prédit correctement la minéralisation du N des deux mélanges. Cette interaction antagoniste pour les mélanges a pu être corrigée par l’application d’un facteur de contact dans CANTIS, qui reflète la diminution de la biodisponibilité du C et du N, due à des hétérogénéités de distribution à une échelle fine du sol. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons effectué des essais au champ (en condition réelles) pour suivre à la fois la décomposition de la paille de canne à sucre en mélange avec des fertilisants organiques et les émissions de GES. La quantité de paille décomposée a été proportionnelle à la quantité initiale laissée et n’a été affectée ni par la quantité de paille initiale, ni par le type de fertilisant apporté. Cette proportionnalité est transposable aux potentialités de stockage de carbone dans le sol et devrait être considérée lors de la mise en place de programmes de séquestration de carbone dans le sol ou lors de l’exportation de la paille pour une utilisation par ailleurs. Le type de fertilisant a un rôle clef sur les émissions de GES à court terme après la fertilisation. Les flux d’émissions moyens de CO2 et de N2O les plus élevés ont été obtenus en appliquant du lisier de porc, qui a une forte teneur en eau et est riche en N minéral. A l’inverse, les cinétiques des émissions de GES des fertilisants solides ont été régis par des facteurs environnementaux, dont certains pourraient être contrôlés, tels que l'apport en eau ou la quantité de fertilisant. L’utilisation de fertilisants organiques est bénéfique lorsqu’ils sont riches en N organique et pauvres en teneur en eau, comme la boue de station d’épuration sèche, mais la minéralisation de l’azote dans ce cas est progressive et nécessite l’élaboration de plans d’épandage spécifiques pour répondre aux besoins des culturesIn the current environmental context, it is crucial to optimize the use of resources to reduce waste and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Renewable resources use and recycling lies at the heart of the circular economy model, in which a waste is a mobilizable, transformable, reusable and therefore renewable resource. In agriculture, the “virtuous circle” of circular economy can be achieved through the recycling of organic wastes as fertilizer and the adoption of an agroecological approach that favors ecosystem services for pest control, soil protection and carbon stocks increase, one of the examples of which is mulching. In sugarcane cropping systems straw left on the soil surface is also increasingly coveted by industrial sector to produce second-generation agrofuels. The emerging competition for biomass use and the underlying environmental issues make it necessary to assess both, the agronomic and the environmental advantages and disadvantages of joint recycling of sugarcane mulch and organic fertilizers. Therefore, the objectives of this work are i) to compare the effect of fertilizers of contrasting physicochemical quality, on the decomposition of a sugarcane mulch, and ii) to evaluate the potential of GHG emissions from mulch-fertilizer mixtures, according to the quantity of straw left and the quality of the fertilizers applied. The research strategy adopted in a first step aimed to detect carbon/nitrogen interactions during the combined recycling of straw and organic fertilizers. We have thus tested the predictability of the mineralization dynamics of C and N of the organic materials alone, or in mixture (straw/fertilizer) in the laboratory, by a simple additive model, and a mechanistic model of carbon and nitrogen transformation in the soil - CANTIS. Our results showed that both models overestimated the C mineralization and did not correctly predict the N mineralization of the mixtures. This antagonistic interaction for the mixtures was corrected by the application of a contact factor in CANTIS, which reflects the bioavailability decrease of C and N, due to distribution heterogeneities at a fine scale within the soil. In a second step, we conducted field trials (under real conditions) to measure both the decomposition of sugarcane straw mixed with organic fertilizers and GHG emissions. The amount of straw decomposed was proportional to the initial amount left and was affected neither by the amount of straw nor the type of fertilizer provided. This proportionality is transposable to the potential for carbon sequestration in the soil and should be considered when setting up carbon sequestration or when exporting the straw for alternative use. The type of fertilizer plays a key role in GHG emissions in the short term after fertilization. The highest average CO2 and N2O emission fluxes were obtained by applying pig slurry, which has a high water content and is rich in mineral N. Conversely, the kinetics of GHG emissions from solid fertilizers have been governed by environmental factors, some of which could be controlled, such as water intake or fertilizer quantity application. The use of organic fertilizers is beneficial when they are rich in organic N and poor in water content, such as dry sewage sludge, but the mineralization of nitrogen in this case is gradual and requires elaboration of a specific application strategies to meet crop needs. A better integration of the interactions between the different N and C sources should be considered, in order to develop modeling as a precise tool for the management of an agroecosystem
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Langenbruch, Christina. "Effects of nutrient cycling through litter of different broadleaved deciduous tree species on soil biochemical properties and the dynamics of carbon and nitrogen in soil." Doctoral thesis, Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-000D-F1C2-F.
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Ferreira, Ademir de Oliveira. "COMPARTIMENTOS DA MATÉRIA ORGÂNICA DO SOLO COMO INDICADORES DO SEQÜESTRO DE CARBONO EM SISTEMA PLANTIO DIRETO DE LONGA DURAÇÃO." UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE PONTA GROSSA, 2009. http://tede2.uepg.br/jspui/handle/prefix/2199.
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Previous issue date: 2009-07-13Decrease in soil organic carbon (SOC) content of the surface layer into deeper layers indicates the occurrence of the stratification in the profile due to continuous C addition of crop residues enriching the soil surface layer. The objective of this study was: in Chapter 3 the relationship of stratification (RE) of C of the soil organic matter (SOM) pools can be an indicator of C sequestration in no-tillage soils? In the chapter 4 the tensile strength of aggregates is affected by the C content of Pedosequence of Latosol with medium and clay texture? in Chapter 5 which is the C balance and the amount of crop residue needed to maintain a stable C balance in a Latosol with a medium and clay texture? The experimental design was a completely randomized 2x2x2 factorial with 12 treatments. Treatments consisted of: a) an Oxisol (Red Latosol) with medium and clayey texture, b) two soil sampling periods (T1 and T2) with one year interval between them, and c) two soil sampling depths (0-5 and 5-20 cm). The soil attributes assessed were: the separation of water stable aggregates classes (19-8, 8-4, 4-2, 2-1, 1-0,5 and 05-0,25 mm), particulate organic carbon (POC), total particulate nitrogen (TPN) in the aggregate classes. Also was determined total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (NT) in the whole sample and in the aggregates sizes classes and tensile strength of aggregates. The relationship of stratification was calculated by dividing the TOC and TN values of 0-5 cm layer by the values of the same attributes of 5-20 cm layer. The C sequestration rate and the stratification ratio changes were calculated by the difference between the T2 values minus T1. The tensile strength was measured in soil aggregates and assessed in 1920 aggregates for each sampling time. Also TOC and NT content were measured in aggregates. The aggregates greater than 8 mm represented more than 70 of the total mass in both the clay and in sandy soil. The relationship of stratification ratio (0-5:5-20 cm) of SOC, TN, POC and TPN soil indicated the improvement of the surface layer. A significant linear relationship between the SR and C sequestration rate in both textural classes showed an increase in C sequestration and was more evident in LV with medium texture. The increase in TOC content resulted in decreased tensile strength (TS) of the aggregates and was more evident in the 0-5 cm layer. The TS showed inverse relationship with the soil density and was higher in the LV medium texture. The rate of sequestration of C was 0.86 for the LV with medium texture and 0.76 Mg ha-1 for the clay texture and to maintain the stable balance of C is required an input of 8.6 Mg ha-1 of crop residues. The results presented confirm the hypothesis of SR to be a sensitive indicator for the rate of carbon sequestration in no-tillage soil. Key-words: Carbon stock, Carbon balance, Carbon sequestration, Soil management systems, particulate organic carbon, particulate nitrogen.
A redução no conteúdo de carbono (C) da camada superficial em direção as camadas mais profundas do solo indica a formação da estratificação no perfil devido à adição contínua de C pelos resíduos orgânicos resultando no enriquecendo a camada superficial do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os seguintes assuntos: a) a relação de estratificação (RE) de C dos compartimentos da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) pode ser um indicador do seqüestro de C no sistema plantio direto. b) a resistência tênsil dos gregados pode ser afetada pelo conteúdo de C em Pedossequencia de Latossolo com textura média e argilosa. c) o balanço de C e a quantidade de resíduos culturais necessária para manter o equilíbrio estável de C em um Latossolo com textura média e argilosa. O delineamento experimental foi um fatorial 2x2x2 inteiramente casualizado com 12 tratamentos. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de: a) um Latossolo Vermelho com textura média e argilosa, duas épocas de amostragem do solo (E1 e E2) com um ano de intervalo entre si e duas profundidades de amostragem (0-5 e 5-20 cm). Os atributos avaliados foram: a separação das classes de agregados do tamisamento úmido (19-8, 8-4, 4-2, 2-1, 1-0,5 e 05-0,25 mm), o carbono orgânico particulado (COP), o nitrogênio total particulado (NTP) nas classes de agregado, o C orgânico total (COT) e o nitrogênio total (NT) na amostra integral e nas classes de agregados e a resistência tênsil dos agregados. A relação de estratificação (RE) foi calculada dividindo-se o valor de COT e NT da camada de 0-5 cm pelo valor na camada 5-20 cm. A taxa de seqüestro de C e a variação da relação de estratificação foram calculadas através da diferença (D) entre os valores da E2 menos o da E1. A resistência tênsil (RT) do solo foi avaliada em 1920 agregados de cada época de coleta, determinando-se, também o conteúdo de COT e NT. A classe de agregado > 8 mm representou mais de 70% da massa dos agregados tanto na textura argilosa como na arenosa. Da mesma forma, o conteúdo de COT e NT foram maiores na classe de agregado > do que 4 mm comparado as demais classes nas duas classes texturais. A relação de estratificação 5:5-20 cm) de COT, NT, COP e NTP do solo indicou a melhoria da qualidade do solo da camada superficial. A relação linear e significativa entre o DRE com a taxa de seqüestro de carbono nas duas classes texturais mostrou o aumento no seqüestro de C e foi mais evidente no LV com textura média. O incremento do conteúdo de COT resultou na diminuição da resistência tênsil (RT) dos agregados e foi mais evidente na camada de 0-5 cm. A RT apresentou relação inversa com a densidade do solo e foi superior no LV textura média. A taxa de seqüestro de C foi de 0,86 para o LV textura média e 0,76 Mg ha-1 para o textura argilosa e para manter o equilíbrio estável de C é necessário o aporte de 8,6 Mg ha-1 de resíduos culturais. Os resultados apresentados confirmaram a hipótese da RE ser um indicador sensível para a taxa de seqüestro de carbono no solo em um sistema sob plantio direto consolidado.
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Juice, Stephanie. "The Environmental Microbiome In A Changing World: Microbial Processes And Biogeochemistry." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2020. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/1181.
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Climate change can alter ecosystem processes and organismal phenology through both long-term, gradual changes and alteration of disturbance regimes. Because microbes mediate decomposition, and therefore the initial stages of nutrient cycling, soil biogeochemical responses to climate change will be driven by microbial responses to changes in temperature, precipitation, and pulsed climatic events. Improving projections of soil ecological and biogeochemical responses to climate change effects therefore requires greater knowledge of microbial contributions to decomposition. This dissertation examines soil microbial and biogeochemical responses to the long-term and punctuated effects of climate change, as well as improvement to decomposition models following addition of microbial parameters.
First, through a climate change mesocosm experiment on two soils, I determined that biogeochemical losses due to warming and snow reduction vary across soil types. Additionally, the length of time with soil microbial activity during plant dormancy increased under warming, and in some cases decreased following snow reduction. Asynchrony length was positively related to carbon and nitrogen loss. Next, I examined soil enzyme activity, carbon and nitrogen biodegradability, and fungal abundance in response to ice storms, an extreme event projected to occur more frequently under climate change in the northeastern United States. Enzyme activity response to ice storm treatments varied by both target nutrient and, for nitrogen, soil horizon. Soil horizons often experienced opposite response of enzyme activity to ice storm treatments, and increasing ice storm frequency also altered the direction of the microbial response. Mid-levels of ice storm treatment additionally increased fungal hyphal abundance. Finally, I added explicit microbial parameters to a global decomposition model that previously incorporated climate and litter quality. The best mass loss model simply added microbial flows between litter quality pools, and addition of a microbial biomass and products pool also improved model performance compared to the traditional implicit microbial model.
Collectively, these results illustrate the importance of soil characteristics to the biogeochemical and microbial response to both gradual climate change effects and extreme events. Furthermore, they show that large-scale decomposition models can be improved by adding microbial parameters. This information is relevant to the effects of climate change and microbial activity on biogeochemical cycles.
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Manlay, Raphael. "Organic matter dynamics in mixed-farming systems of the West African savanna: a village case study from south Senegal." Diss., Institute of Forestry, Agricultural and Environmental Engineering (ENGREF), 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71623.
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Organic matter (OM) is a multi-purpose tool in West African smallholder mixed-farming systems, but its supply has been decreasing for several decades. To assess the viability of a mixed-farming system of south Senegal, carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P; available in soil and noted POD) budgets (stocks and flows) were thus quantified.The village territory of the study showed a ring-like organisation with growing intensification of fertilization and cropping practices from the periphery (bush ring) to the compounds (compound fields).Stocks in plant and soil averaged 54.7 tC, 2.63 tN and 43.5 kgP ha 1 in old fallows. They were 97, 29 and 251 % higher than in the bush cropped fields, plant biomass accounting for nearly all of the rise. C, N and P amounts recorded in the soil of compound fields were higher than those of the bush field, but the increase was restricted mainly to the 0 10 cm layer. However, the rather weak response of local sandy soils to management can be interpreted only by reassessing the bio-thermodynamical signification of soil organic carbon cycling in the maintenance of the integrity of local agroecosystems.Manageable stocks of the whole village territory were estimated to 29.7 tC, 1.52 tN and 28.6 kgP ha 1 in 1997. Carbon was stored mainly in soil. Livestock, crop harvest and wood collecting were responsible for respectively 59, 27 and 14 % of the C uptake on the village territory. As a result, large C flows were set towards the compound ring (3.8 tC ha 1 y 1). N and P depletion of the system amounted to 4 kgN and 1 kgP ha 1 y 1, suggesting that the system was close to nutrient balance.Under current demographic growth rate, C depletion may reach 0.38 tC ha 1 y 1 and C demand may double during the next three decades. Without any intensification of farming practices, the viability of the system might soon be called into question.
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Durigan, Mariana Regina. "Mudanças nos estoques de carbono e nitrogênio do solo em função da conversão do uso da terra no Pará." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-03062013-093119/.
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A atividade de mudança do uso da terra na Amazônia vem sendo apontada como principal fonte de CO2 para a atmosfera em função das emissões de C e N provenientes do solo. A prática de manejo adotada pode influenciar significativamente nos estoques de C e N do solo funcionando como dreno ou fonte de C e N para a atmosfera. Além disso, podem ser alterados: a fertilidade e a densidade do solo bem como as frações e a origem da MOS. Com o objetivo de avaliar o impacto das mudanças de uso da terra na região leste da Amazônia foram coletadas amostras de terra nos principais usos da terra na região de Santarém-PA, em três profundidades: 0-10, 10-20 e 20-30 cm. Através das amostras foi realizada a caracterização físico-química das áreas e foram determinados os teores de C e N do solo e os isótopos ? 13C e ? 15N com a finalidade de quantificar os estoques de C e N do solo e avaliar a dinâmica e origem da MOS. Para um subconjunto de amostras foi realizado o fracionamento físico da MOS e a determinação do C da biomassa microbiana para compreender como a mudança de uso da terra interferiu nessas frações. Somado a essas determinações foi realizada a estimativa dos fatores de emissão com base na metodologia descrita pelo IPCC. Através da caracterização físicoquímica as áreas de estudo são caracterizadas por solos argilosos a muito argilosos. Os maiores valores de pH, macronutrientes, CTC, SB e V% foram observados nas áreas de agricultura (AGR) sugerindo que a utilização de práticas como adubação e calagem, são capazes de alterar os padrões de fertilidade do solo na Amazônia, aumentando seus índices de fertilidade. Para os estoques de C e N pode-se dizer que a mudança de uso da terra na região estudada está contribuindo para as perdas de C e N do solo, principalmente quando a conversão é realizada para áreas de agricultura (AGR) e pastagem (PA) sendo que os estoques de C observados na camada de 0-30 cm nessas áreas foram 49,21 Mg C ha-1 (PA) e 48,60 Mg C ha-1 (AGR). O maior valor de ? 13C foi encontrado nas áreas de pastagens, -25,08?, sugerindo que para as áreas de PA existe diluição isotópica e que parte do C do solo ainda é remanescente da floresta. As frações da MOS apresentaram alterações na quantidade de C e na proporção das frações leve e oclusa, principalmente nos usos AGR e PA. A fração lábil da MOS (C da biomassa microbiana) também apresentou grande diferença entre os usos FLO e AGR (526,21 e 296,78 ?g g-1de solo seco), indicando que a AGR foi o uso que mais alterou os estoques de C e N do solo e também as frações da MOS. Os fatores de emissão calculados confirmam todos os resultados observados em relação a conversão de FLO para AGR, sendo que para esse uso o fator de emissão foi de 0,93 ± 0,033, sendo então o uso que mais emitiu C. Com base nos resultados conclui-se que a introdução de áreas agrícolas na região de Santarém, é a principal causa de perda de C e N do solo e consequentemente é o uso que mais contribui com as emissões de gases do efeito estufa.The land use change in the Brazilian Amazon has been identified as the main source of CO2 to the atmosphere due to emissions of soil carbon and nitrogenl. The management practice adopted can strongly influence the soil C and N stocks and may works like a sink or source of C and N to the atmosphere. Furthermore, can be changed: the soil fertility and bulk density as well as the SOM fractions and C source of the SOM. With the objective of evaluate the impact of the land use change in eastern Amazonia soil samples were collected in the main land uses in Santarém region, Para State of Brazil, at three depths: 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm. Through the samples was performed the physicochemical characterization of the areas and were determined the soil C and N contents as well the isotopes ? 13C and ? 15N in order to quantify the soil C and N stocks and understand the SOM dynamics and evaluate the SOM origin. For a subset of samples were performed the physical fractionation of SOM and the determination of microbial biomass C to understand how the land use change may interfere in these fractions. Added to these determinations were estimated the emission factors based on the methodology described by the IPCC. Through the physicochemical characterization study areas can be characterized as a clayey loamy soils. The highest values of pH, macronutrients, CEC , sum of bases and base saturation were observed in croplands (CP), suggesting that the use of practices such as fertilization and liming are able to change the soil fertility patterns in the Amazon, increasing their fertility. For C and N stocks can be said that the land use change in the study area is contributing to the loss of soil C and N, especially when the conversion is done for croplands (CP) and grasslands (GS) areas and the value observed for soil C stocks in the 0-30 cm layer in these areas were 49.21 Mg C ha-1 (GS) and 48.60 Mg C ha-1 (CP). The highest ? 13C value was found in GS, -25.08 ?, suggesting that for these areas is occurring an isotope dilution and that part of the soil C is still remaining from forest. The SOM fractions showed changes in the amount of C and in the proportion of light and occluded fractions, especially in the uses CP and GS. The labile SOM fractions (microbial biomass) also showed a large difference between the UF and CP uses (526.21 and 296.78 mg g-1 of dry soil), indicating that CP affects the soil C and N stocks and also the SOM fractions. The emission factors calculated confirm all results observed for the conversion of UF for CP, and for this use the emission factor was 0.93 ± 0.033, and then this was the use that emitted more C. Based on the results we conclude that the introduction of croplands in Santarem region is the main cause of soil C and N loss and consequently contributes more to the greenhouse gases emission.
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Truong, Van Vinh. "Carbon stocks and fluxes in tropical mangrove (Southern Vietnam)." Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NCAL0002.
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Les forêts de mangrove contribuent de manière significative au flux d'énergie, au cycle des nutriments et du carbone dans l'océan côtier, étant un puits pour le CO2 atmosphérique. Les forêts de mangroves sont très productives et stockent une quantité élevée de carbone à la fois dans leurs sols et dans leur biomasse.Au cours de la décomposition de la litière, les nutriments et le carbone peuvent être recyclés ou exportés vers les écosystèmes adjacents par l'action des marées. La mangrove de Can Gio (Ho Chi Minh Ville, Vietnam), dégradée par l'épandage de défoliants pendant la guerre du Vietnam, a pu être restaurée grâce à la replantation et à la régénération naturelle. À ce jour, la forêt de mangrove de Can Gio est la plus grande forêt de mangrove contiguë au Vietnam, et est devenue la première réserve biosphère UNESCO dans ce pays. L'objectif principal de cette thèse était de caractériser le cycle du carbone dans la forêt de mangrove tropicale.Les résultats de cette thèse ont permis de:- Développer des équations allométriques permettant d’estimer la biomasse aérienne de la forêt plantée de mangroves de l’espèceRhizophora apiculatadans le sud du Vietnam;- Calculer les stocks de carbone totaux dans différents peuplements de mangrove se développant sous le climat tropical du sud du Vietnam;- Caractériser les taux de décomposition de la litière et évaluer la dynamique des nutriments et des métaux traces au cours des processus de dégradation de la litière, ainsi que l'évolution de δ13C pendant la décomposition;- Déterminer la variabilité saisonnière des flux de CO2 à différentes interfaces: sol-air, eau-air et tronc-air, et caractériser les profils de concentration en CO2 dans la canopéeMangrove forests significantly contribute to energy flow, nutrient and carbon cycling in the coastal ocean, being a sink for atmospheric CO2. Mangroves forests are highly productive and store high amount of carbon both in their soils and in their biomass. During leaf litter decomposition, nutrients and carbon can be recycled or exported to adjacent ecosystems by the tidal action. Can Gio mangrove, degraded by the spraying of defoliants during the Vietnam War, successfully recovered through replantation and natural regeneration after 40 years. To date, the Can Gio mangrove forest is the largest contiguous mangrove forest in Vietnam, and became the first Mangrove Biosphere Reserve in this country. The main objective of this PhD thesis was to characterize carbon cycling within the Can Gio mangrove forest, which is a tropical one.The results of this PhD thesis allowed to: - Develop allometric equations and to estimate the aboveground biomass of Rhizophora apiculata Blume planted mangroves forest in Southern Vietnam; - Calculate the total carbon stocks in different mangrove stands developing under the tropical climate of Southern Vietnam; - Characterize the leaf litter decomposition rates, and assess nutrients and trace metals dynamics during litter decay processes, as well as the evolution of δ13C during decay; - Determine the seasonal variability CO2 fluxes at different interfaces: soil-air, water-air and trunk-air, and to characterize CO2 concentrations profiles in the canopy
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Wang, Eugenia. "Growth of nitrogen-containing carbon nanofibers." Connect to resource, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/6446.
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Thesis (Honors)--Ohio State University, 2006.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages: contains 55 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 51). Available online via Ohio State University's Knowledge Bank.
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Burch, Hilary Jane. "Bioapplications of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437176.
Full textBooks on the topic "Carbon and nitrogen stocks"
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Smil, Vaclav. Carbon-Nitrogen-Sulfur. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8839-5.
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Datta, Rahul, Ram Swaroop Meena, Shamina Imran Pathan, and Maria Teresa Ceccherini, eds. Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling in Soil. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7264-3.
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Fischer, H., ed. Conjugated Carbon-Centered and Nitrogen Radicals. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/b33155.
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Nieder, R., and D. K. Benbi. Carbon and Nitrogen in the Terrestrial Environment. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8433-1.
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Kunze, Joachim. Nitrogen and carbon in iron and steel thermodynamics. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1990.
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Roeckel, Marlene. Nitrogen and carbon removal from organic loaded effluents. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.
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Schulze, Ernst-Detlef, ed. Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling in European Forest Ecosystems. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57219-7.
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Cycles of soil: Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, micronutrients. New York: Wiley, 1986.
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Stevenson, F. J. Cycles of soil: Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, micronutrients. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, 1999.
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Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet. Institutionen fo r ekologi och miljo va rd., ed. Theoretical analyses of C and N cycling in soil. Uppsala: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Dept. of Ecology and Environmental Research, 1987.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Carbon and nitrogen stocks"
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de Carvalho Balieiro, Fabiano, Fernando Vieira Cesário, and Felipe Martini Santos. "Litter Decomposition and Soil Carbon Stocks in Mixed Plantations of Eucalyptus spp. and Nitrogen-Fixing Trees." In Mixed Plantations of Eucalyptus and Leguminous Trees, 57–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32365-3_4.
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Were, Kennedy O., Bal Ram Singh, and Øystein B. Dick. "Effects of Land Cover Changes on Soil Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen Stocks in the Eastern Mau Forest Reserve, Kenya." In Sustainable Intensification to Advance Food Security and Enhance Climate Resilience in Africa, 113–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09360-4_6.
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Smil, Vaclav. "Nitrogen." In Carbon-Nitrogen-Sulfur, 115–249. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8839-5_3.
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Lorenz, Klaus, and Rattan Lal. "Soil Organic Carbon Stocks." In Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration in Terrestrial Biomes of the United States, 33–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95193-1_2.
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Smil, Vaclav. "Carbon." In Carbon-Nitrogen-Sulfur, 17–113. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8839-5_2.
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Tomashik, Vasyl. "Boron – Carbon – Nitrogen." In Refractory metal systems, 444–73. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-88053-0_19.
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Tomashik, Vasyl. "Carbon – Nitrogen – Silicon." In Refractory metal systems, 531–50. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02700-0_34.
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Perrot, Pierre. "Carbon – Nitrogen – Uranium." In Refractory metal systems, 551–59. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02700-0_35.
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Elias, Hans-Georg. "Carbon-Nitrogen Chains." In Macromolecules, 445–528. D-69451 Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527627226.ch10.
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Hari Kumar, K. C. "Carbon – Iron – Nitrogen." In Iron Systems, Part 2, 230–45. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74196-1_8.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Carbon and nitrogen stocks"
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Karklina, Ilze, Andis Lazdins, Jelena Stola, Aldis Butlers, Zaiga Anna Zvaigzne, and Dana Purvina. "Soil carbon stock in fertilized forest stands with mineral soils." In Research for Rural Development 2021 : annual 27th International scientific conference proceedings. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.27.2021.007.
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Forest mineral soil is one of the terrestrial carbon pools, and changes in forest management practices can affect the carbon stock in forest soil. The purpose of the study is to estimate temporal fertilization impact on mineral soil organic carbon stock, depending on fertilizers applied, forest stand type, different dominant tree species of the stands. Coniferous and birch forest stands with mineral soil in the central and eastern part of Latvia were selected for the experiment. The fertilizers used were wood ash and nitrogen containing mineral fertilizer. No significant differences in organic carbon stock in O horizon were detected 2–5 years after fertilization. A tendency of smaller organic carbon stock in upper mineral soil layers (0–10 cm, 10–20 cm) was found in most part of objects. Significantly smaller organic carbon stock was found in upper mineral soil layers (0–10 cm and 10–20 cm) in birch stands with wet mineral soil treated with ammonium nitrate if compared to the control plots, possibly due to a different soil moisture regime of forest stands. The positive and significant correlations between soil organic carbon and nitrogen stocks were found in most part of the objects.
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Gokulakrishnan, Ponnuthurai, Jiankun Shao, Michael Klassen, David Davidson, and Ronald Hanson. "The Effect of Nitrogen Impurities on Oxy-Fuel Combustion Under Supercritical-CO2 Conditions." In ASME Turbo Expo 2022: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2022-81576.
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Abstract The direct-fired supercritical-CO2 (sCO2) cycle has demonstrated the ability to produce clean energy by burning hydrocarbon feed stocks under oxy-fuel conditions. High-pressure operation of the direct-fired cycle allows for more economic extraction of CO2 for carbon capture and storage. However, the presence of nitrogen impurities in the oxidizer (i.e., N2) and in fuel feed stocks (e.g., NH3) can generate NOx in the exhaust. The presence of NOx in the recycled-CO2 stream can impact the combustion process as well as the structural integrity of the system. Also, even trace amounts of nitrogen oxides (considered acid gases) can be detrimental for CO2 capture, transportation and storage at supercritical conditions. Therefore, it is critical to understand and accurately model the effects of nitrogen impurities on NOx formation and the impact of NOx in the recycled CO2 on combustion kinetics under oxy-fuel sCO2 conditions. It is also important to understand the effects of pressure with a sCO2 medium as the direct-fired sCO2 cycle operates up to 300 atm pressure. In this work, experimental and modeling work were performed to study the effect of nitrogen species on emissions as well as effect of NOx on ignition of CH4 and syngas fuels at sCO2 conditions. A chemical reactor network simulation was used to investigate the effects of nitrogen impurities in fuel and oxidizer stream on emissions from a direct-fired combustor condition. Monte Carlo simulations were also carried out to study the impact of model input variables on the emission profile. High-pressure shock tube ignition delay time experiments were performed to investigate the effect of NOx on ignition at conditions relevant to direct-fired oxy-fuel sCO2 combustion. The ignition delay time measurements were made for syngas and CH4 fuels with and without NO addition using CO2 as bulk diluent at nominal pressures around 100 atm. Experimental data showed that the presence of NO promotes the ignition at the oxyfuel sCO2 combustion conditions. Reaction sensitivity analyses and model uncertainty analyses were conducted to identify important reactions and their rate uncertainty on the model predictions, respectively.
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Chudnovsky, B., I. Chatskiy, and A. Lazebnikov. "Evaluation of Gas Turbine Combustors Running on Renewable Fuels Produced From Carbon Dioxide Aimed for Greenhouse Emission Reduction." In ASME 2021 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2021-60860.
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Abstract Over the past decades there has been a dramatic increase in natural gas burning as the benign fossil fuel, offering far lower emissions than oil or coal. Its place had been established in a clean, or at least, cleaner energy future. Today, the national and international energy policy has been shifted to carbon neutrality — achieving net zero carbon emissions — and as result has moved natural gas from the “benign” to the “menace” category At present, there are chiefly two alternatives for fuel carbon neutrality under discussion: power-to-gas (PtG) producing methane (or synthetic natural gas, SNG, hydrogen etc.) and power-to-liquid, which stores electric power in the form of methanol. In opposite to other synthetic or fossil fuels, like synthetic methane, NG or hydrogen, methanol burning leads to significant reductions in emissions of nitrogen oxides without any substantial firing system design change. Burning of synthetic methane or hydrogen requires significant effort for NOx reduction. Hydrogen as a fuel offers many advantages in power production. It is a carbon-free fuel that can decarbonize power and heat generation, and transportation, to help meet long-term CO2 emission-reduction targets. However, things are different for NOx emissions are a different matter. The more hydrogen is added to a NG, the higher the NOx is anticipated. Dry Low NOx (DLN) combustor has traditionally mixed NG with sufficient air upstream the combustor, so burning can take place in a lean atmosphere to maintain a relatively cool flame and thus keep NOx down. That approach does not work so well when more hydrogen enters the picture due to auto ignition occurring in the premix zone. Some companies already have diffusion-type combustor technology where fuel and air are supplied separately. Combustion of hydrogen, specifically in diffusion mode, implies combustion with a hotter flame, leading to higher combustion temperatures and the formation of local hot spots. These, in turn, can cause NOx to increase. The generalized solution is to cool the flame using diluents, such as demineralized water, steam or nitrogen. However, reducing NOx, by dilution reduces efficiency compared to a DLN combustor. Another option of providing wide load range of GT operation, while maintaining low NOx emissions is fuel dilution with flue gas being recirculated from the exhaust (FGR - Flue gas recirculation). The present paper discusses the effect of burning renewable fuels produced from carbon dioxide and hydrogen which are being diluted with a flow of FGR on GT performance and emissions reduction in diffusion combustors. For the prediction of the combustion behavior a methodology that combines experimental work and computational simulations was used. Given the fact that due to the increase in renewable energy introduction into the grid, addition of renewable fuel-based energy produced from carbon dioxide becomes very significant. Hence, the development of enhanced firing systems burning synthetic clean fuels with low emissions is challenging and should be promoted. Using renewable fuels for energy supply would reduce the unfavorable impact of CO2 and allow meeting the targets established in the Kyoto and Paris Protocols.
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Zheng, Ziliang, Umashankar Joshi, Naeim Henein, and Eric Sattler. "Effect of Cetane Improver on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Coal-Derived Sasol IPK in a Single Cylinder Diesel Engine." In ASME 2014 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2014-5589.
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Sasol IPK is a coal-derived synthetic fuel under consideration as a blending stock with JP-8 for use in military ground vehicles. Since Sasol IPK is a low ignition quality fuel with Derived Cetane Number (DCN) of 31, there is a need to improve its ignition quality. This paper investigates the effect of adding different amounts of Lubrizol 8090 cetane improver to Sasol IPK on increasing its DCN. The experimental investigation was conducted in a single-cylinder research type diesel engine. The engine is equipped with a common rail injection system and an open Engine Control Unit (ECU). Experiments covered different injection pressures and intake air temperatures. Analysis of test results was made to determine the effect of cetane improver percentage in the coal-derived Sasol IPK blend on autoignition, combustion and emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), total unburned hydrocarbon (HC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and particulate matter (PM). In addition, the effect of cetane improver on the apparent activation energy of the global autoignition reactions was determined.
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Tzabar, Nir, and Gershon Grossman. "Nitrogen activated-carbon sorption compressor." In ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING: Transactions of the Cryogenic Engineering Conference - CEC, Volume 57. AIP, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4706999.
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Kreutzer, Cory J., Daniel B. Olsen, and Robin J. Bremmer. "Evaluation of a Lean-Burn Natural Gas Engine Operating on Variable Methane Number Fuel." In ASME 2011 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2011-60071.
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Wellhead gas from which pipeline natural gas originates has significant variability in composition due to natural variations in deposits. Gas quality is influenced by relative concentrations of both inert and hydrocarbon species. Gas compression engines utilizing wellhead gas as a fuel source often require significant installation time and adjustment of stock configuration due to fuel compositions that vary with time and location. Lean burn natural gas engines are chosen as wellhead compression engines for high efficiency and low emissions while minimizing the effect of variable gas composition. Ideal engine conditions are maintained by operating within the knock and misfire limits of the engine. Additional data is needed to find engine operational limitations. In this work, experimental data was collected on a Cummins GTA8.3SLB engine operating on variable methane number fuel under closed-loop equivalence ratio control. A fuel blending system was used to vary methane number to simulate wellhead compositions. NOx and CO emissions were found to increase with decreasing methane number while combustion stability remained constant. In addition, the effects of carbon dioxide and nitrogen diluents in the fuel were investigated. When diluents were present in the fuel, engine performance could be maintained by spark timing advance.
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Pangritz, Paul, Arno Rohrbach, Christian Vollmer, Jasper Berndt, and Stephan Klemme. "The Iron-Nitrogen-Carbon System at 10 GPa -Implications for deep nitrogen and carbon cycles." In Goldschmidt2021. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7185/gold2021.7102.
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Martono, Wisnu Ali, and Laju Gandharum. "Carbon Stocks In OKI Regency Peatland – A Benefit Transfer Approach." In 2018 IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Geoscience, Electronics and Remote Sensing Technology (AGERS). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/agers.2018.8554205.
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Silva, Carlos Alberto, Carine Klauberg, Samuel de Padua Chaves e. Carvalho, and Luiz Carlos Estraviz Rodriguez. "Estimation of aboveground carbon stocks in Eucalyptus plantations using LIDAR." In IGARSS 2013 - 2013 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2013.6721324.
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Philcox, J. E., R. J. Grader, and R. E. Gilchrist. "Cryogenic Nitrogen or Carbon Dioxide Rejection." In Permian Basin Oil and Gas Recovery Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/17291-ms.
Full textReports on the topic "Carbon and nitrogen stocks"
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Ares, Adrian, Thomas A. Terry, Kathryn B. Piatek, Robert B. Harrison, Richard E. Miller, Barry L. Flaming, ChristopherW Licata, et al. The Fall River Long-Term Site Productivity study in coastal Washington: site characteristics, methods, and biomass and carbon and nitrogen stores before and after harvest. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-691.
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Smith, James E., Linda S. Heath, and Michael C. Nichols. US forest carbon calculation tool: forest-land carbon stocks and net annual stock change. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/nrs-gtr-13.
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Sawyer, John E., Mahdi Al-Kaisi, Daniel W. Barker, and Weston Dittmer. Soil Nitrogen and Carbon Management Project. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1507.
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Woodall, Christopher W., John W. Coulston, Grant M. Domke, Brian F. Walters, David N. Wear, James E. Smith, Hans-Erik Andersen, et al. The U.S. forest carbon accounting framework: stocks and stock change, 1990-2016. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/nrs-gtr-154.
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Zinke, P. J., A. G. Stangenberger, W. M. Post, W. R. Emanual, and J. S. Olson. Worldwide organic soil carbon and nitrogen data. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/543663.
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Besmann, T. M. Chemical vapor deposition in the silicon-carbon and boron-carbon-nitrogen systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6567811.
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Fried, Jeremy S., and Xiaoping Zhou. Forest inventory-based estimation of carbon stocks and flux in California forests in 1990. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-750.
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Jansen, Henrice, and Lisanne van den Bogaart. Blue carbon by marine bivalves : Perspective of Carbon sequestration by cultured and wild bivalve stocks in the Dutch coastal areas. Den Helder: Wageningen Marine Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/537188.
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Schell, D. M. Carbon and nitrogen isotope studies in an arctic ecosystem. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10137214.
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R.L. Sinsabaugh, D.R. Zak, and D.L. Moorhead. Mechanisms controlling soil carbon sequestration under atmospheric nitrogen deposition. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/923800.
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