Journal articles: 'Carbon allocation'

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Nehls, Uwe, and Rüdiger Hampp. "Carbon allocation in ectomycorrhizas." Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 57, no. 3 (September 2000): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/pmpp.2000.0285.

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Li, Yanbin, Zhen Li, Min Wu, Feng Zhang, and Gejirifu De. "Regional-Level Allocation of CO2 Emission Permits in China: Evidence from the Boltzmann Distribution Method." Sustainability 10, no. 8 (July 25, 2018): 2612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082612.

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To achieve the commitment of carbon emission reduction in 2030 at the climate conference in Paris, it is an important task for China to decompose the carbon emission target among regions. In this paper, entropy maximization is brought to inter-provincial carbon emissions allocation via the Boltzmann distribution method, which provides guidelines for allocating carbon emissions permits among provinces. The research is mainly divided into three parts: (1) We develop the CO2 influence factor, including per capita GDP, per capita carbon emissions, carbon emission intensity and carbon emissions of per unit industrial added value; the proportion of the second industry; and the urbanization rate, to optimize the Boltzmann distribution model. (2) The probability of carbon emission reduction allocation in each province was calculated by the Boltzmann distribution model, and then the absolute emission reduction target was allocated among different provinces. (3) Comparing the distribution results with the actual carbon emission data in 2015, we then put forward the targeted development strategies for different provinces. Finally, suggestions were provided for CO2 emission permits allocation to optimize the national carbon emissions trading market in China.

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Olson, Bret E., and Roseann T. Wallander. "Carbon allocation in Euphorbia esula and neighbours after defoliation." Canadian Journal of Botany 77, no. 11 (January 30, 2000): 1641–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b99-140.

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Weeds increase their dominance in a grazed plant community by avoiding herbivory and (or) by tolerating herbivory more than neighbouring plants. After defoliation, allocating carbon to shoots at the expense of roots may confer tolerance. We determined carbon allocation patterns of undefoliated and recently defoliated (75% clipping level) plants of the invasive leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) growing with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), or Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis Elmer). Plants were labeled with 13CO2 24 h after clipping to determine allocation patterns; all plants had equal access to the 13CO2. Based on relative distribution of 13C, defoliation did not affect the amount of carbon allocated to roots of E. esula. The amount of carbon allocated to shoots of E. esula was higher when growing with P. pratensis than when growing with the other species. Based on relative enrichment of 13C, defoliation increased sink strength of remaining shoots on defoliated E. esula plants. Conversely, roots of unclipped E. esula plants were stronger sinks for carbon than roots of clipped plants. Even though defoliation increased "sink strength" of remaining shoots of E. esula, the amount of carbon allocated to the root system was unaffected by defoliation, suggesting that uninterrupted allocation of carbon to its extensive root system, not increased allocation to its shoot system, confers grazing tolerance.

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Chen, Liyun, and Zhiwei Li. "Efficiency of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emission Control Target Allocations in China." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (May 5, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9605743.

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Effectively allocating emission control targets is critical for China to achieve its emission reduction goals. This study researched the efficiency of total carbon dioxide (CO2) emission control target allocations during the 13th Five-Year Plan period (2015–2020). The efficiency of carbon intensity reduction targets, allocated by the National Development and Reform Commission in 30 regions, was assessed using a Directional Distance Function (DDF) model. Then, a Zero-Sum Gains (ZSG)-DDF model was constructed to determine how to optimally allocate total CO2 emission, under the premise of maximizing economic benefits and minimizing CO2 emissions. The results showed that in the case of fixed total CO2 emissions, to improve the resource allocation efficiency, the quota should be increased in the regions with high efficiencies, and the quota should be reduced in the regions with low efficiencies. The results in this paper can help guide the future allocations of total CO2 emission in China.

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Eissenstat, D. M., X. Huang, and A. N. Lakso. "MODELING CARBON ALLOCATION BELOW GROUND." Acta Horticulturae, no. 707 (April 2006): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2006.707.17.

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Shojaei, Tahereh, and Alireza Mokhtar. "Carbon mitigation by quota allocation." Journal of Environmental Management 304 (February 2022): 114097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114097.

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LITTON, CREIGHTON M., JAMES W. RAICH, and MICHAEL G. RYAN. "Carbon allocation in forest ecosystems." Global Change Biology 13, no. 10 (October 2007): 2089–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01420.x.

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Merganičová, Katarína, Ján Merganič, Aleksi Lehtonen, Giorgio Vacchiano, Maša Zorana Ostrogović Sever, Andrey L. D. Augustynczik, Rüdiger Grote, et al. "Forest carbon allocation modelling under climate change." Tree Physiology 39, no. 12 (November 21, 2019): 1937–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpz105.

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Abstract Carbon allocation plays a key role in ecosystem dynamics and plant adaptation to changing environmental conditions. Hence, proper description of this process in vegetation models is crucial for the simulations of the impact of climate change on carbon cycling in forests. Here we review how carbon allocation modelling is currently implemented in 31 contrasting models to identify the main gaps compared with our theoretical and empirical understanding of carbon allocation. A hybrid approach based on combining several principles and/or types of carbon allocation modelling prevailed in the examined models, while physiologically more sophisticated approaches were used less often than empirical ones. The analysis revealed that, although the number of carbon allocation studies over the past 10 years has substantially increased, some background processes are still insufficiently understood and some issues in models are frequently poorly represented, oversimplified or even omitted. Hence, current challenges for carbon allocation modelling in forest ecosystems are (i) to overcome remaining limits in process understanding, particularly regarding the impact of disturbances on carbon allocation, accumulation and utilization of nonstructural carbohydrates, and carbon use by symbionts, and (ii) to implement existing knowledge of carbon allocation into defence, regeneration and improved resource uptake in order to better account for changing environmental conditions.

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Lee, Jinpyo. "Operational Decision Model with Carbon Cap Allocation and Carbon Trading Price." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 5, no. 1 (February 20, 2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc5010011.

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This paper considers a carbon emission cap and trade market, where the carbon emission cap for each entity (either government or firm) is allocated first and then the carbon trading price is decided interdependently in the carbon trading market among the non-cooperative entities which make their production decision. We assume that there are n entities emitting carbon during the production process. After allocating the carbon (emission) cap for each participating entity in the carbon cap and trade market, each participant makes a production decision using the Newsvendor model given carbon trading price determined in the carbon trading market and trades some amount of its carbon emission, if its carbon emission is below or above its own carbon cap. Here, the carbon trading price depends on how carbon caps over the entities are allocated, since the carbon trading price is determined through the carbon (emission) trading market, which considers total amount of carbon emission being equal to total carbon caps over entities and some fraction of total carbon emission should be from each entity participating in the carbon cap and trade market. Thus, we can see the interdependency among the production decision, carbon cap and carbon trading price. We model this as a non-cooperative Stackelberg game in which carbon cap for each entity is allocated in the first stage and each entity’s production quantity is decided in the second stage considering the carbon trading price determined in the carbon trading market. First, we show the monotonic property of the carbon trading price and each entity’s production over the carbon cap allocation. In addition, we show that there exists an optimality condition for the carbon cap allocation. Using this optimality condition, we provide various results for carbon cap and trade market.

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Tan, Zhong Fu, Tao Lei, Huan Huan Li, Li Wei Ju, and Zhi Hong Chen. "The Impact of Initial Allocation of Carbon Emission Rights on Power Generation Replacement Analysis Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 496-500 (January 2014): 2760–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.496-500.2760.

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Rational scheme of initial allocation of carbon emission rights is the key to the smooth running of carbon trading market. Based on the traditional carbon emission rights allocation mode, this paper combining China’s actual development of power industry and characteristics of the distribution of generation resources, put forward the impact of initial allocation of carbon emission rights on power generation replacement analysis model. By studying the impact of initial allocation of carbon emission rights on power generation rights trade, and comparing the different results of power generation rights trade, respectively, based on installed capacity allocation and power generation allocation, it is found that the mode that based on power generation allocation can better promote the power generation rights trade.

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Feng, Chenpeng, Rong Zhou, Jingjing Ding, Xiangze Xiao, and Mingyue Pu. "A Method for Allocation of Carbon Emission Quotas to Provincial-Level Industries in China Based on DEA." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (February 1, 2023): 2632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032632.

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At present, China implements a quota-based trading mechanism to achieve carbon emission reduction, in which the allocation of carbon emission quotas among different provinces is short of considering the influence of unbalanced provincial development. Heterogeneity among the provincial-level three major industries, namely, agriculture, manufacturing and mining, and service industries, is a case in point. To address this insufficiency, this paper proposes a novel parallel data envelopment analysis (DEA) based method for carbon emission quota allocation. The method models each province as a decision-making unit (DMU) and the provincial-level three major industries as parallel sub-decision-making units (SDMUs). A distinguished feature of the method is that it makes explicit tradeoffs between efficiency and equality considerations for policymakers in allocating the carbon quotas among three heterogeneous provincial-level major industries. The empirical results show that the proposed method effectively improves the overall provincial gross domestic product (GDP) potentials through the reallocation of carbon quotas among industries while the equality level is not worse off. This work is helpful for policymakers to achieve a long-term emission reduction target and provides suggestions for improving the initial allocation mechanism of a national carbon trading market.

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Chen, Yong, Ji Gan Wang, Jie Zhang, Chuan Yu Liu, and Shu Shu Huang. "The Regional Initial Allocation Model of Carbon Emissions Permits in Power Industry." Advanced Materials Research 869-870 (December 2013): 399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.869-870.399.

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As the biggest carbon emitters, the power industry is the primary object to reduce its emissions. The construction of power industry carbon emissions of regional initial allocation model can make the development of power industry meets the new requirements of reducing the carbon emission, which has important theoretical significance and practical value. The index system of carbon emissions permits regional allocation was established, which included 5 factors-economy, technology, policy, carbon emissions and energy efficiency. Based on the projection method, considered the characteristics of multiple-goal of carbon emission permits allocation and precision of index value, the projection interval multi-objective allocation method was put forward. East China carbon emission allocation in power industry was taken as an example. The result shows that the model can be more rational, scientific to provide a theoretical reference for regional allocation of electric carbon emissions.

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GUTIERREZ-VELEZ, VICTOR HUGO, and ROBERT GILMORE PONTIUS. "Influence of carbon mapping and land change modelling on the prediction of carbon emissions from deforestation." Environmental Conservation 39, no. 4 (June 15, 2012): 325–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892912000173.

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SUMMARYThe implementation of an international programme for reducing carbon emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD) can help to mitigate climate change and bring numerous benefits to environmental conservation. Information on land change modelling and carbon mapping can contribute to quantify future carbon emissions from deforestation. However limitations in data availability and technical capabilities may constitute an obstacle for countries interested in participating in the REDD programme. This paper evaluates the influence of quantity and allocation of mapped carbon stocks and expected deforestation on the prediction of carbon emissions from deforestation. The paper introduces the conceptual space where quantity and allocation are involved in predicting carbon emissions, and then uses the concepts to predict carbon emissions in the Brazilian Amazon, using previously published information about carbon mapping and deforestation modelling. Results showed that variation in quantity of carbon among carbon maps was the most influential component of uncertainty, followed by quantity of predicted deforestation. Spatial allocation of carbon within carbon maps was less influential than quantity of carbon in the maps. For most of the carbon maps, spatial allocation of deforestation had a minor but variable effect on the prediction of carbon emissions relative to the other components. The influence of spatial carbon allocation reaches its maximum when 50% of the initial forest area is deforested. The method can be applied to other case studies to evaluate the interacting effects of quantity and allocation of carbon with future deforestation on the prediction of carbon emissions from deforestation.

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Liu, Chuan Yu, Jie Zhang, and Yong Chen. "Study on Model of Carbon Emission Rights Allocation among Power Enterprises." Advanced Materials Research 962-965 (June 2014): 1645–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.962-965.1645.

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China is launching a pilot carbon trading, but carbon trading must be based on the reasonable allocation of carbon emission rights. Current research mainly focused on the regional allocation of carbon emission rights(distributing total carbon emission rights to each area),but industry allocation research is need deeply study. Power industry is one of key industries of carbon emissions,so research about distributing power industry carbon emission rights to each power enterprise is very important. Based on principles of fairness, efficiency, feasibility and sustainability, a multiple attribute decision making model is constructed to slove the problem of power industry allocation. Finally, through comparing and analyzing the allocation results of different methods , find that the constructed model can balance the difference of each power enterprise better, and has stronger operability.

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Svejcar, Tony J., Thomas W. Boutton, and James D. Trent. "Assessment of Carbon Allocation with Stable Carbon Isotope Labeling." Agronomy Journal 82, no. 1 (January 1990): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj1990.00021962008200010004x.

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Ericsson, Tom, Lars Rytter, and Elina Vapaavuori. "Physiology of carbon allocation in trees." Biomass and Bioenergy 11, no. 2-3 (January 1996): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0961-9534(96)00032-3.

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Dickson, R. E. "Carbon and nitrogen allocation in trees." Annales des Sciences Forestières 46, Supplement (1989): 631s—647s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/forest:198905art0142.

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18

Zhou, P., and M. Wang. "Carbon dioxide emissions allocation: A review." Ecological Economics 125 (May 2016): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.03.001.

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Zhang, Mengwan, Fengfeng Gao, Bin Huang, and Bo Yin. "Provincial Carbon Emission Allocation and Efficiency in China Based on Carbon Peak Targets." Energies 15, no. 23 (December 3, 2022): 9181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15239181.

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As the world’s largest carbon emitter, China is facing great pressure to reduce emissions. With the country’s proposed timeline for carbon peaking and carbon neutralization, a new goal has been established for China’s low-carbon development. Based on the improved equal proportion allocation method, this paper allocates the overall carbon emission control goal for 2025 among 30 provinces and cities, based on 2015 figures, and measures and studies the country’s carbon emission allocation efficiency on this basis. The results show that Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Guangdong and Inner Mongolia need to increase their emission reduction capacity, while Jiangxi, Guizhou, Gansu, Qinghai, Hainan and Guangxi have relatively low emission reduction targets. Based on this allocation scheme, more provinces can reduce carbon emissions by increasing their efficiency with up-to-date technology, and a new vision for national allocation that is more easily accepted by all provinces and regions can be developed. Based on the research results of this paper, each province and region can choose its own low-carbon economic development path within the constraints of China’s carbon intensity emission reduction targets, without compromising its own economic development characteristics.

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Zhao, Qianqian, Haowen Yan, and Jianglei Jin. "Research on the Most Efficient Use of Wind Energy Resources in the Context of Carbon Neutrality: Overview Based on Evolutionary Algorithm." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (June 25, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5203961.

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An evolutionary algorithm-based optimal allocation method of wind resources under the background of carbon neutralization is proposed in order to better achieve the goal of energy conservation and emission reduction under the background of carbon neutralization, aiming at the current unreasonable allocation of wind resources. The evaluation model of balanced wind resource allocation is designed, and the evaluation index of optimal wind resource allocation is constructed using the evolutionary algorithm. The optimal allocation path of wind energy resources is chosen to achieve the goal of reasonable wind energy resource allocation. Finally, simulation experiments show that using an evolutionary algorithm to solve the problem of poor energy allocation and achieve the research goal, the optimal allocation method of wind energy resources under the background of carbon neutralization can effectively solve the problem of poor energy allocation.

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Huang, Jianbei, Almuth Hammerbacher, Jonathan Gershenzon, Nicole M. van Dam, Anna Sala, Nate G. McDowell, Somak Chowdhury, Gerd Gleixner, Susan Trumbore, and Henrik Hartmann. "Storage of carbon reserves in spruce trees is prioritized over growth in the face of carbon limitation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 33 (August 13, 2021): e2023297118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023297118.

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Climate change is expected to pose a global threat to forest health by intensifying extreme events like drought and insect attacks. Carbon allocation is a fundamental process that determines the adaptive responses of long-lived late-maturing organisms like trees to such stresses. However, our mechanistic understanding of how trees coordinate and set allocation priorities among different sinks (e.g., growth and storage) under severe source limitation remains limited. Using flux measurements, isotopic tracing, targeted metabolomics, and transcriptomics, we investigated how limitation of source supply influences sink activity, particularly growth and carbon storage, and their relative regulation in Norway spruce (Picea abies) clones. During photosynthetic deprivation, absolute rates of respiration, growth, and allocation to storage all decline. When trees approach neutral carbon balance, i.e., daytime net carbon gain equals nighttime carbon loss, genes encoding major enzymes of metabolic pathways remain relatively unaffected. However, under negative carbon balance, photosynthesis and growth are down-regulated while sucrose and starch biosynthesis pathways are up-regulated, indicating that trees prioritize carbon allocation to storage over growth. Moreover, trees under negative carbon balance actively increase the turnover rate of starch, lipids, and amino acids, most likely to support respiration and mitigate stress. Our study provides molecular evidence that trees faced with severe photosynthetic limitation strategically regulate storage allocation and consumption at the expense of growth. Understanding such allocation strategies is crucial for predicting how trees may respond to extreme events involving steep declines in photosynthesis, like severe drought, or defoliation by heat waves, late frost, or insect attack.

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Ji, Guo Jun, and Yang Zhao. "Study on the Allocation of Carbon Emissions Based on the Supply Chain Profit Distribution." Advanced Materials Research 712-715 (June 2013): 3067–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.712-715.3067.

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Control and allocation of carbon emissions for government has become an important way to reduce carbon emissions. How to allocate the carbon emissions reasonably and orderly is a core issue. Based on the supply chain profit distribution model, this paper by introducing the government how to allocate carbon emissions, a quantitative model of the carbon emissions allocation of government is built, and the carbon emissions of enterprises by the bilateral negotiation between government and enterprise are analyzed. Our conclusions provide the decision-making for the relevant departments to design the allocation of carbon emissions.

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Tang, Jian Rong, Xu Dong Gao, and Xiao Fang Wu. "Research on Initial Allocation and Fairness of Carbon Trading." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 1239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.1239.

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Carbon emission permit trading is widely considered an effective means to achieve optimal distribution of regional environment. The initial allocation of carbon emissions is the bases of the successful implementation of industry carbon trading. Developing low carbon economy and achieving the state’s energy saving targets are effective ways to the adjustment of economic structure, the improvement of energy efficiency and the development of new industries. The initial allocation of carbon emissions trading has a significant impact on the carbon emissions trading policy. The paper provides a theoretical basis for the choice of the allocation methods of carbon emission permit trading through the research on the fairness of carbon emission trading.

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Wagner, Heiko, Torsten Jakob, Andrea Fanesi, and Christian Wilhelm. "Towards an understanding of the molecular regulation of carbon allocation in diatoms: the interaction of energy and carbon allocation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1728 (July 17, 2017): 20160410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0410.

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In microalgae, the photosynthesis-driven CO 2 assimilation delivers cell building blocks that are used in different biosynthetic pathways. Little is known about how the cell regulates the subsequent carbon allocation to, for example, cell growth or for storage. However, knowledge about these regulatory mechanisms is of high biotechnological and ecological importance. In diatoms, the situation becomes even more complex because, as a consequence of their secondary endosymbiotic origin, the compartmentation of the pathways for the primary metabolic routes is different from green algae. Therefore, the mechanisms to manipulate the carbon allocation pattern cannot be adopted from the green lineage. This review describes the general pathways of cellular energy distribution from light absorption towards the final allocation of carbon into macromolecules and summarizes the current knowledge of diatom-specific allocation patterns. We further describe the (limited) knowledge of regulatory mechanisms of carbon partitioning between lipids, carbohydrates and proteins in diatoms. We present solutions to overcome the problems that hinder the identification of regulatory elements of carbon metabolism. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The peculiar carbon metabolism in diatoms’.

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Wu, Qunli, and Hongjie Zhang. "Research on Optimization Allocation Scheme of Initial Carbon Emission Quota from the Perspective of Welfare Effect." Energies 12, no. 11 (June 3, 2019): 2118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12112118.

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The initial allocation of carbon emission quotas should be of primary concern when establishing China’s unified carbon emission trading market. Essentially, the issue of national carbon quota allocation is an allocation among China’s provinces. The novel bi-level allocation scheme that is based on weighted voting model is put forward, which divides allocation process into two levels, given that there are great regional differences in China. At the first level, k-means clustering is employed to cluster 29 provinces into four categories that are based on emission abatement responsibility, potential, capacity, pressure, and motivation. Subsequently, the national carbon quotas are allocated to the four classes. At the second level, carbon quotas of a class are allocated to each region in this class. The weighted voting models are constructed for the two levels, where each region selects their preferable scheme from three fundamental allocation schemes that are based on their voting rights. The comprehensive index method quantifies each region’s voting rights, which utilizes the information entropy method at the first level and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) at the second level. The carbon trading market is simulated and welfare effects obtained from carbon trading market under different allocation schemes are measured to verify the rationality of the proposed model. The results indicate: (1) the emission abatement burdens are borne by all provinces in China, but the burden shares are different, which are related to their respective carbon emission characteristics. (2) The differences in carbon intensity among regions in 2030 have narrowed on the basis of the results of 2005, which means that the proposed scheme can balance corresponding differences. (3) When compared with three fundamental allocation schemes, the bi-level allocation scheme can obtain the most welfare effects, while the differences in the welfare effect among regions under this scheme are the smallest, which indicates that the proposed model is feasible for policy-maker.

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Hobbie, Erik A. "CARBON ALLOCATION TO ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI CORRELATES WITH BELOWGROUND ALLOCATION IN CULTURE STUDIES." Ecology 87, no. 3 (March 2006): 563–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/05-0755.

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Wang, Zijin, Jitao Guo, and Gengyan Luo. "The Impact of Chinese Carbon Emissions Trading System on Efficiency of Enterprise Capital Allocation: Effect Identification and Mechanism Test." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 13, 2022): 13151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013151.

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The carbon emission trading system, as a significant policy instrument to ensure the Chinese economy achieves a green and low carbon transition, will also affect economic enterprise efficiency. This paper takes listed enterprises in a Chinese carbon trading pilot from 2011 to 2020 as research samples, constructs a multi-period differential model, and explores the impact of Chinese the carbon emission trading system on enterprise capital allocation efficiency. We find that the Chinese carbon emission trading system effectively improves the capital allocation efficiency of enterprises, which is more significant in enterprises with light pollution intensity and strong regional environmental regulation. Further analysis shows that the carbon emission trading system can improve the efficiency of enterprise capital allocation by improving the efficiency of working capital management and asset operation efficiency, while the path of human capital value is not established. Carbon trading market activity and government efficiency play a positive moderating role in the impact of the carbon emission trading system on enterprise capital allocation efficiency. The higher carbon trading market activity and government efficiency, the stronger the relationship between them. The above conclusions provide empirical evidence for the microeconomic effects of the Chinese carbon emission trading system, and also provide a useful reference for the government to implement carbon trading according to local conditions and improve the efficiency of enterprise capital allocation.

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Sierra, Carlos A., Verónika Ceballos-Núñez, Henrik Hartmann, David Herrera-Ramírez, and Holger Metzler. "Ideas and perspectives: Allocation of carbon from net primary production in models is inconsistent with observations of the age of respired carbon." Biogeosciences 19, no. 16 (August 16, 2022): 3727–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-3727-2022.

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Abstract. Carbon allocation in vegetation is an important process in the terrestrial carbon cycle; it determines the fate of photoassimilates, and it has an impact on the time carbon spends in the terrestrial biosphere. Although previous studies have highlighted important conceptual issues in the definition and metrics used to assess carbon allocation, very little emphasis has been placed on the distinction between the allocation of carbon from gross primary production (GPP) and the allocation from net primary production (NPP). An important number of simulation models and conceptual frameworks are based on the concept that C is allocated from NPP, which implies that C is respired immediately after photosynthetic assimilation. However, empirical work that estimates the age of respired CO2 from vegetation tissue (foliage, stems, roots) shows that it may take from years to decades to respire previously produced photosynthates. The transit time distribution of carbon in vegetation and ecosystems, a metric that provides an estimate of the age of respired carbon, indicates that vegetation pools respire carbon of a wide range of ages, on timescales that are in conflict with the assumption that autotrophic respiration only consumes recently fixed carbon. In this contribution, we attempt to provide compelling evidence based on recent research on the age of respired carbon and the theory of timescales of carbon in ecosystems, with the aim to promote a change in the predominant paradigm implemented in ecosystem models where carbon allocation is based on NPP. In addition, we highlight some implications for understanding and modeling carbon dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems.

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Adams, M. B., N. T. Edwards, G. E. Taylor Jr., and B. L. Skaggs. "Whole-plant 14C-photosynthate allocation in Pinustaeda: seasonal patterns at ambient and elevated ozone levels." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20, no. 2 (February 1, 1990): 152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x90-021.

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The seasonal patterns of carbon gain and allocation were examined in Pinustaeda L. seedlings grown under field conditions. To investigate how ozone stress may influence whole-plant carbon budgets over the growing season, the seedlings were grown in either ambient air or air enriched with ozone at twice-ambient levels. On five sampling dates during the 1987 growing season, seedlings were labeled with 14CO2, and whole-plant carbon budgets were constructed. Rate of assimilation of CO2 varied by a factor of 2 during the growing season, with a late spring maximum during the first growth flush. Respiratory losses were highest in the spring and then declined sharply during the summer when photosynthate allocation to the foliage increased rapidly. A second major shift in the carbon budget occurred in the autumn when allocation to the fine roots increased at the expense of the foliage. The proportion of photosynthate allocated to coarse roots and stems varied only slightly over the growing season. Allocation to any plant component was highest when growth of that component was at a maximum. No statistically significant effects of elevated ozone on either carbon gain or photosynthate allocation were detected at any specific time during the growing season. However, seedlings grown at twice-ambient ozone levels consistently exhibited the following trends: (i) lower rates of CO2 assimilation, (ii) greater allocation of photosynthate to respiration, and (iii) corresponding reduction in photosynthate allocation to fine roots. An individual-fascicle 14C-labeling technique was found to reflect the seasonal patterns of carbon import and export by foliage and thus may serve as an acceptable surrogate for whole-tree tagging. The pronounced seasonality of the carbon budgets in P. taeda in conjunction with a pattern of ozone effects on carbon assimilation and photosynthate allocation suggests that whole-plant carbon budgets are sensitive and biologically meaningful indicators of seedlings' responses to anthropogenic changes in atmospheric chemistry.

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McDowell, Nate G., Nick J. Balster, and John D. Marshall. "Belowground carbon allocation of Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, no. 8 (August 1, 2001): 1425–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x01-067.

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Carbon allocation to fine roots and mycorrhizae constitute one of the largest carbon fluxes in forest ecosystems, but these fluxes are also among the most difficult to measure. We measured belowground carbon fluxes in two Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. glauca stands. We used a carbon balance approach to estimate total belowground carbon allocation (TBCA) and carbon allocation to fine-root and mycorrhizal production (NPPfr). The stands differed in belowground biomass because of fertilization treatment 8 years prior. Annual soil flux was 856 and 849 g C·m2·year1 for the two stands. Annual root respiration equaled 269 and 333 g C·m2·year1 in the low- and high-biomass stand, respectively. TBCA equaled 733 and 710 g C·m2·year1 in the low- and high-biomass stand, respectively. Calculated NPPfr equaled 431 g C·m2·year1 in the low-biomass stand and 334 g C·m2·year1 in the high-biomass stand; equivalent to 59 and 47% of TBCA, respectively. Fine-root and mycorrhizal turnover equaled 1.8 and 0.8 year1 in the low- and high-biomass stands, respectively. Belowground carbon allocation appeared to be distributed evenly between respiration and production despite differences in biomass and turnover. Sensitivity analysis indicated the NPPfr estimate is dependent foremost on the annual prediction of soil CO2 flux. The carbon balance approach provided a simple nonintrusive method for separating the belowground autotrophic and heterotrophic carbon budget.

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Li, Qinqin, Yujie Xiao, Yuzhuo Qiu, Xiaoling Xu, and Caichun Chai. "Impact of carbon permit allocation rules on incentive contracts for carbon emission reduction." Kybernetes 49, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 1143–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-04-2018-0169.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of carbon permit allocation rules (grandfathering mechanism and benchmarking mechanism) on incentive contracts provided by the retailer to encourage the manufacturer to invest more in reducing carbon emissions. Design/methodology/approach The authors consider a two-echelon supply chain in which the retailer offers three contracts (wholesale price contract, cost-sharing contract and revenue-sharing contract) to the manufacturer. Based on the two carbon permit allocation rules, i.e. grandfathering mechanism and benchmarking mechanism, six scenarios are examined. The optimal price and carbon emission reduction decisions and members’ equilibrium profits under six scenarios are analyzed and compared. Findings The results suggest that the revenue-sharing contract can more effectively stimulate the manufacturer to reduce carbon emissions compared to the cost-sharing contract. The cost-sharing contract can help to achieve the highest environmental performance, whereas the implementation of revenue-sharing contract can attain the highest social welfare. The benchmarking mechanism is more effective for the government to prompt the manufacturer to produce low-carbon products than the grandfathering mechanism. Although a loose carbon policy can expand the total emissions, it can improve the social welfare. Practical implications These results can provide operational insights for the retailer in how to use incentive contract to encourage the manufacturer to curb carbon emissions and offer managerial insights for the government to make policy decisions on carbon permit allocation rules. Originality/value This paper contributes to the literature regarding to firm’s carbon emissions reduction decisions under cap-and-trade policy and highlights the importance of carbon permit allocation methods in curbing carbon emissions.

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Dickson, Richard E., Patricia T. Tomlinson, and J. G. Isebrands. "Allocation of current photosynthate and changes in tissue dry weight within northern red oak seedlings: individual leaf and flush carbon contribution during episodic growth." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30, no. 8 (August 1, 2000): 1296–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x00-058.

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Relatively little is known about the changing carbon allocation patterns in species with episodic growth cycles such as northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.). To examine such changing allocation and growth patterns, northern red oak plants were grown from seed in controlled environment chambers through four cycles of growth. 14CO2 was supplied to leaves of the first, second, or third flushes at different Quercus morphological index growth stages within each flush, and the distribution of 14C within the plant was analyzed. Carbon allocation from source leaves of the first and second flush was primarily upward during the subsequent cycle of shoot growth and downward during lag and bud growth stages. All leaves within a flush did not respond the same. Upper leaves allocated most 14C-photosynthate upward during leaf and shoot growth while lower leaves supplied more 14C to lower stem and roots. During the third and fourth flushes, differential allocation from leaves within a flush resulted in essentially equal upward and downward carbon allocation. Growth and allometric relationships reflected these changes in carbon allocation.

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Shen, Yongcen. "Optimization of liner route allocation considering carbon emissions." E3S Web of Conferences 248 (2021): 02011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124802011.

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With the general awareness of energy and environmental issues in the whole society, the issue of greenhouse gas emission reduction has gradually become the focus of attention. Ocean transport undertakes more than 90% of the world's cargo transportation and also produces a large amount of carbon dioxide. In order to achieve carbon emission reduction in the shipping industry, in June 2012, the ECOFIN proposed to impose a Maritime Carbon Tax, which will increase the operating costs of shipping companies. In view of this, it is of great significance to consider carbon emission factors in the optimization of liner routes. This paper considers the carbon emissions of maritime transportation, establishes a mathematical model that minimizes operating costs such as maritime carbon tax, ship management fees, and fuel costs, verifies the effectiveness of the algorithm through calculation examples, and provides a plan for the carrier to make optimization decisions on liner route allocation.

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García-Carreras, Bernardo, Sofía Sal, Daniel Padfield, Dimitrios-Georgios Kontopoulos, Elvire Bestion, C. Elisa Schaum, Gabriel Yvon-Durocher, and Samrāt Pawar. "Role of carbon allocation efficiency in the temperature dependence of autotroph growth rates." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 31 (July 18, 2018): E7361—E7368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1800222115.

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Relating the temperature dependence of photosynthetic biomass production to underlying metabolic rates in autotrophs is crucial for predicting the effects of climatic temperature fluctuations on the carbon balance of ecosystems. We present a mathematical model that links thermal performance curves (TPCs) of photosynthesis, respiration, and carbon allocation efficiency to the exponential growth rate of a population of photosynthetic autotroph cells. Using experiments with the green alga, Chlorella vulgaris, we apply the model to show that the temperature dependence of carbon allocation efficiency is key to understanding responses of growth rates to warming at both ecological and longer-term evolutionary timescales. Finally, we assemble a dataset of multiple terrestrial and aquatic autotroph species to show that the effects of temperature-dependent carbon allocation efficiency on potential growth rate TPCs are expected to be consistent across taxa. In particular, both the thermal sensitivity and the optimal temperature of growth rates are expected to change significantly due to temperature dependence of carbon allocation efficiency alone. Our study provides a foundation for understanding how the temperature dependence of carbon allocation determines how population growth rates respond to temperature.

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Chih Chang, Ching, and Tin Chia Lai. "Carbon allowance allocation in the transportation industry." Energy Policy 63 (December 2013): 1091–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.08.093.

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Pregitzer, Kurt S. "Woody plants, carbon allocation and fine roots." New Phytologist 158, no. 3 (May 21, 2003): 421–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00766.x.

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Gauci, R., B. Otrysko, J. G. Catford, and L. Lapointe. "Carbon allocation during fruiting in Rubus chamaemorus." Annals of Botany 104, no. 4 (June 10, 2009): 703–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcp142.

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DURALL, D. M., MELANIE D. JONES, and P. B. TINKER. "Allocation of 14C-carbon in ectomycorrhizal willow." New Phytologist 128, no. 1 (September 1994): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1994.tb03993.x.

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Weng, Ensheng, Ray Dybzinski, Caroline E. Farrior, and Stephen W. Pacala. "Competition alters predicted forest carbon cycle responses to nitrogen availability and elevated CO<sub>2</sub>: simulations using an explicitly competitive, game-theoretic vegetation demographic model." Biogeosciences 16, no. 23 (December 3, 2019): 4577–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4577-2019.

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Abstract. Competition is a major driver of carbon allocation to different plant tissues (e.g., wood, leaves, fine roots), and allocation, in turn, shapes vegetation structure. To improve their modeling of the terrestrial carbon cycle, many Earth system models now incorporate vegetation demographic models (VDMs) that explicitly simulate the processes of individual-based competition for light and soil resources. Here, in order to understand how these competition processes affect predictions of the terrestrial carbon cycle, we simulate forest responses to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration [CO2] along a nitrogen availability gradient, using a VDM that allows us to compare fixed allocation strategies vs. competitively optimal allocation strategies. Our results show that competitive and fixed strategies predict opposite fractional allocation to fine roots and wood, though they predict similar changes in total net primary production (NPP) along the nitrogen gradient. The competitively optimal allocation strategy predicts decreasing fine root and increasing wood allocation with increasing nitrogen, whereas the fixed strategy predicts the opposite. Although simulated plant biomass at equilibrium increases with nitrogen due to increases in photosynthesis for both allocation strategies, the increase in biomass with nitrogen is much steeper for competitively optimal allocation due to its increased allocation to wood. The qualitatively opposite fractional allocation to fine roots and wood of the two strategies also impacts the effects of elevated [CO2] on plant biomass. Whereas the fixed allocation strategy predicts an increase in plant biomass under elevated [CO2] that is approximately independent of nitrogen availability, competition leads to higher plant biomass response to elevated [CO2] with increasing nitrogen availability. Our results indicate that the VDMs that explicitly include the effects of competition for light and soil resources on allocation may generate significantly different ecosystem-level predictions of carbon storage than those that use fixed strategies.

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Hartmann, Henrik, Michael Bahn, Mariah Carbone, and Andrew D. Richardson. "Plant carbon allocation in a changing world – challenges and progress: introduction to a Virtual Issue on carbon allocation." New Phytologist 227, no. 4 (July 14, 2020): 981–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.16757.

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Hanoteau, Julien. "Lobbying for carbon permits in Europe." Recherches économiques de Louvain 80, no. 1 (2014): 61–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0770451800002037.

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SummaryUsing cross-sector and cross-country data, this paper evidences that rent seeking influenced the allocation of CO2 emission permits in the two first phases of the European emissions trading scheme. Industry lobbies effectively used the 'job loss' and 'competitiveness' arguments, as unemployment proxy variables significantly impacted the allocation in both phases, and carbon intensity influenced it in the second phase. The countries that adopted a partial auction scheme also gave relatively more permits and in particular to the politically more powerful sectors. This suggests a compensation mechanism and supports the assumption of a political tradeoff between the quantity of permits issued and the decision between free grant and auction. It also confirms that the initial allocation is not neutral in the presence of special interest lobbying.

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Metzner, Ralf, Antonia Chlubek, Jonas Bühler, Daniel Pflugfelder, Ulrich Schurr, Gregor Huber, Robert Koller, and Siegfried Jahnke. "In Vivo Imaging and Quantification of Carbon Tracer Dynamics in Nodulated Root Systems of Pea Plants." Plants 11, no. 5 (February 25, 2022): 632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11050632.

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Legumes associate with root colonizing rhizobia that provide fixed nitrogen to its plant host in exchange for recently fixed carbon. There is a lack of understanding of how individual plants modulate carbon allocation to a nodulated root system as a dynamic response to abiotic stimuli. One reason is that most approaches are based on destructive sampling, making quantification of localised carbon allocation dynamics in the root system difficult. We established an experimental workflow for routinely using non-invasive Positron Emission Tomography (PET) to follow the allocation of leaf-supplied 11C tracer towards individual nodules in a three-dimensional (3D) root system of pea (Pisum sativum). Nitrate was used for triggering a reduction of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), which was expected to rapidly affect carbon allocation dynamics in the root-nodule system. The nitrate treatment led to a decrease in 11C tracer allocation to nodules by 40% to 47% in 5 treated plants while the variation in control plants was less than 11%. The established experimental pipeline enabled for the first time that several plants could consistently be labelled and measured using 11C tracers in a PET approach to quantify C-allocation to individual nodules following a BNF reduction. Our study demonstrates the strength of using 11C tracers in a PET approach for non-invasive quantification of dynamic carbon allocation in several growing plants over several days. A major advantage of the approach is the possibility to investigate carbon dynamics in small regions of interest in a 3D system such as nodules in comparison to whole plant development.

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Wang, Xuemei, Zhiwen Guo, Xin Guo, and Xiangping Wang. "The Relative Importance of Succession, Stand Age and Stand Factors on Carbon Allocation of Korean Pine Forests in the Northern Mt. Xiaoxing’anling, China." Forests 11, no. 5 (May 2, 2020): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11050512.

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Exploring carbon allocation pattern and its influencing factors is of great significance for estimating the carbon sequestration rate and potential of forest ecosystems. Here, we investigate all carbon pool components (including above and belowground biomass of tree, shrub and herb layers, and dead biomass and soil carbon pools) in four successional stages of broad-leaved and Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc.) mixed forests in Northeast China. We explore the change of allocation among carbon pools with succession and examine the relative importance of succession, stand age, and stand factors on carbon allocation pattern. Our results illustrate that above- and belowground vegetation carbon increase as maximum tree height increases. Below- to aboveground vegetation carbon ratio (R/S ratio) decreases significantly with succession and increases significantly as mean diameter at breast height (DBH) increases, but does not significantly correlate with stand age. With succession and increasing stand age, understory (shrub, herb) to tree carbon ratio (understory/tree ratio) and soil to vegetation carbon ratio (soil/vegetation ratio) decrease significantly. The joint effect of succession, stand age, and stand factors have the largest contribution on above- and belowground vegetation carbon and understory/tree ratio (26.83%, 27.93%, and 49.48% of variations explained, respectively). As for the pure effects, stand factors explain the largest proportion of variations in vegetation aboveground carbon (11.25%) and soil carbon (20.18%). Meanwhile, succession is the variable with the largest contribution to vegetation belowground carbon (12.64%), R/S ratio (21.83%), understory/tree ratio (25.84%), and soil/vegetation ratio (6.68%). Overall, these results suggest that species composition change during forest succession, instead of stand factors and stand age, is the main driver of forest vegetation carbon allocation. In contrast, stand factors play a major role in soil carbon allocation. Our findings suggest more studies to better understand the role of species composition (in addition to stand factors and age) on biomass allocation, and the influence of stand factors and litterfalls on soil carbon sequestration, which are critical to improve forest management strategies (e.g., adjustment of species composition and forest structure) to increase the future ability of forest carbon sequestration.

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Zhang, Yuan. "Research on China’s Regional Carbon Emission Quota Allocation in 2030 under the Constraint of Carbon Intensity." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (November 26, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8851062.

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To achieve the goal of carbon dioxide emission reduction in 2030 promised to the United Nations, China unified the Carbon Trading System (CTS) in 2017 since carbon dioxide quota allocation is one of the core issues of carbon trading. It is imperative to establish a flexible carbon quota allocation system based on the unbalanced characteristics of resource endowment and economic development in different regions. Unlike previous distribution research, this paper considers five principles, which are fairness principle, efficiency principle, feasibility principle, development principle, and innovation principle. The maximum deviation method is used to research the carbon emission quota allocation in 30 provinces of China, and the results are compared with those under the single principle and the information entropy method. The results reveal that the distribution under the single principle is severely unbalanced, making the region have a strong sense of relative deprivation. The maximum deviation method is better than the information entropy method to achieve carbon intensity by 2030. It is also conducive to promote the coordinated development of the regional economy, narrow the poverty gap, and achieve sustainable development.

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Schippers, Peter, Mart Vlam, Pieter A. Zuidema, and Frank Sterck. "Sapwood allocation in tropical trees: a test of hypotheses." Functional Plant Biology 42, no. 7 (2015): 697. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp14127.

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Carbon allocation to sapwood in tropical canopy trees is a key process determining forest carbon sequestration, and is at the heart of tree growth and dynamic global vegetation models (DGVM). Several allocation hypotheses exist including those applying assumptions on fixed allocation, pipe model, and hierarchical allocation between plant organs. We use a tree growth model (IBTREE) to evaluate these hypotheses by comparing simulated sapwood growth with 30 year tree ring records of the tropical long-lived tree Toona ciliata M. Roem. in Thailand. Simulated annual variation in wood production varied among hypotheses. Observed and simulated growth patterns matched most closely (r2 = 0.70) when hierarchical allocation was implemented, with low priority for sapwood. This allocation method showed realistic results with respect to reserve dynamics, partitioning and productivity and was the only one able to capture the large annual variation in tree ring width. Consequently, this method might also explain the large temporal variation in diameter growth and the occurrence of missing rings often encountered in other tropical tree species. Overall, our results show that sapwood growth is highly sensitive to allocation principles, and that allocation assumptions may greatly influence estimated carbon sequestration of tropical forests under climatic change.

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Dai, Qianzhi, Yongjun Li, Qiwei Xie, and Liang Liang. "Allocating Tradable Emissions Permits Based on the Proportional Allocation Concept to Achieve a Low-Carbon Economy." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/462705.

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A key issue within the emissions trading system is how tradable emissions permits (TEPs) are initially allocated among a set of entities. This study proposes an approach based on the proportional allocation concept to allocate TEPs among a set of decision making units (DMUs). We firstly deduce a TEP allocation set based on the rule that the TEPs allocated to DMUs should be proportional to their environmental contribution. We then obtain the allocation intervals of DMUs from the set, expressing the allocation as the convex combination between the upper and the lower bound. Finally, we define the satisfaction degree as the coefficient of the convex combination, and propose an algorithm based on the max-min fairness of satisfaction degrees to obtain a unique TEP allocation plan. To illustrate our approach, we provide the example of how TEPs are allocated among 30 provincial administrative regions in China. Our findings indicate that our allocation method can be helpful for achieving a saving in energy consumption and reducing emissions. In addition, from the data envelopment analysis perspective, the TEP allocation set can ensure that both each individual DMU and the organization as a whole become efficient under a common set of variable weights.

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Jiang, Changbing, Jiaming Xu, Shufang Li, Xiang Zhang, and Yao Wu. "The Order Allocation Problem and the Algorithm of Network Freight Platform under the Constraint of Carbon Tax Policy." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17 (September 2, 2022): 10993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710993.

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In order to solve the problems of improper order allocation and the lack of a carbon emission constraint system in the road freight transportation industry, this paper proposed an order allocation mechanism of network freight transportation with carbon tax constraints and established an order allocation optimization model with carbon tax constraints. Based on the basic characteristics of the problem, this paper redesigns the ant colony labor division expansion model, and designs a corresponding algorithm to solve the problem. By improving the update rules of the stimulus value and the threshold value, the matching difference between the order and the driver of the network freight platform is enlarged, and the matching relation-ship is dynamically adjusted, the order allocation scheme is optimized, and a more appropriate carbon tax rate range in this industry is explored. Furthermore, the problem is solved by a 0-1 integer programming algorithm, which is compared with the algorithm designed in this paper. Through multiple numerical simulation experiments, the effectiveness and feasibility of the algorithm are verified. The experimental results show that the order allocation arrangement of the online freight platform with carbon tax constraints is more economical and environmentally friendly.

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Yu, Feifei, Qihe Shan, Yang Xiao, and Fei Teng. "Robust Low-Carbon Discrete Berth Allocation under Uncertainty." International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems 2022 (June 1, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5310004.

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A robust discrete berth allocation method under a low-carbon target is proposed in this study, considering the uncertainty of vessels’ arrival time and handling time. According to the actual situation of port operations, a bilevel, biobjective model is established to minimize both average carbon emission and the range of carbon emission during the berthing period. A set of alternative berth allocation schemes, namely, the set of Pareto solutions, are obtained by a heuristic algorithm based on a genetic algorithm. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by simulation.

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Wegener, Frederik, Wolfram Beyschlag, and Christiane Werner. "Dynamic carbon allocation into source and sink tissues determine within-plant differences in carbon isotope ratios." Functional Plant Biology 42, no. 7 (2015): 620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp14152.

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Organs of C3 plants differ in their C isotopic signature (δ13C). In general, leaves are 13C-depleted relative to other organs. To investigate the development of spatial δ13C patterns, we induced different C allocation strategies by reducing light and nutrient availability for 12 months in the Mediterranean shrub Halimium halimifolium L. We measured morphological and physiological traits and the spatial δ13C variation among seven tissue classes during the experiment. A reduction of light (Low-L treatment) increased aboveground C allocation, plant height and specific leaf area. Reduced nutrient availability (Low-N treatment) enhanced C allocation into fine roots and reduced the spatial δ13C variation. In contrast, control and Low-L plants with high C allocation in new leaves showed a high δ13C variation within the plant (up to 2.5‰). The spatial δ13C variation was significantly correlated with the proportion of second-generation leaves from whole-plant biomass (R2 = 0.46). According to our results, isotope fractionation in dark respiration can influence the C isotope composition of plant tissues but cannot explain the entire spatial pattern seen. Our study indicates a foliar depletion in 13C during leaf development combined with export of relatively 13C-enriched C by mature source leaves as an important reason for the observed spatial δ13C pattern.

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Pan, Xianxian, Hong Liu, Jiajia Huan, Yu Sui, and Haifeng Hong. "Allocation Model of Carbon Emission Permits for the Electric Power Industry with a Combination Subjective and Objective Weighting Approach." Energies 13, no. 3 (February 6, 2020): 706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030706.

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The electric power industry plays a vital role in carbon emissions reduction efforts. The initial allocation of carbon emission permits to the electric power industry is the key to ensuring the effective operation of the carbon trading market. In this study, the multiple correlated factors that affect the carbon emission permit allocation system were extracted. Then, based on the experts’ knowledge and experience, the subjective weight of each index was determined using an improved analytic hierarchy process. Subsequently, the indices were mapped using an improved entropy weight method, and the objective weight of each index was adaptively determined. Finally, the comprehensive weight of each index was determined by optimizing the combination of its subjective and objective weights, and an allocation model of carbon emission permits for the electric power industry was established. A case study of a province by comparative simulation was performed. The simulation results showed that compared with conventional allocation schemes that consider single factors, the theoretical estimates obtained using the proposed model more objectively reflected the actual situation of carbon emissions reduction permits and responsibilities in the region.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Carbon allocation'

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