Journal articles: 'Carbohydrates'

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BeMiller, James N. "Carbohydrates and carbohydrate polymers." Trends in Food Science & Technology 4, no. 9 (September 1993): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-2244(93)90085-o.

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Chavelas, Eneas A., and Enrique García-Hernández. "Heat capacity changes in carbohydrates and protein–carbohydrate complexes." Biochemical Journal 420, no. 2 (May 13, 2009): 239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20082171.

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Carbohydrates are crucial for living cells, playing myriads of functional roles that range from being structural or energy-storage devices to molecular labels that, through non-covalent interaction with proteins, impart exquisite selectivity in processes such as molecular trafficking and cellular recognition. The molecular bases that govern the recognition between carbohydrates and proteins have not been fully understood yet. In the present study, we have obtained a surface-area-based model for the formation heat capacity of protein–carbohydrate complexes, which includes separate terms for the contributions of the two molecular types. The carbohydrate model, which was calibrated using carbohydrate dissolution data, indicates that the heat capacity contribution of a given group surface depends on its position in the saccharide molecule, a picture that is consistent with previous experimental and theoretical studies showing that the high abundance of hydroxy groups in carbohydrates yields particular solvation properties. This model was used to estimate the carbohydrate's contribution in the formation of a protein–carbohydrate complex, which in turn was used to obtain the heat capacity change associated with the protein's binding site. The model is able to account for protein–carbohydrate complexes that cannot be explained using a previous model that only considered the overall contribution of polar and apolar groups, while allowing a more detailed dissection of the elementary contributions that give rise to the formation heat capacity effects of these adducts.

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Afandi, Frendy Ahmad. "Correlation between High Carbohydrate Foods with Glycemic Index." JURNAL PANGAN 28, no. 2 (November 28, 2019): 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33964/jp.v28i2.422.

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High carbohydrate food has been perceived as a food with high glycemic index (GI). Meanwhile, the risks of diabetes are frequently associated with the GI carbohydrate based foods. Therefore, a comprehensive study based on the literature review regarding the relationship between high-carbohydrate food and the glycemic index needs to be conducted. High-carbohydrate foods can be grouped into the available carbohydrates type and non-available carbohydrates type. Food with available carbohydrates such as glucose, disaccharide, digestible oligosaccharides, and starch have positive correlation with the GI. The non-available forms of carbohydrates are hardly digested by the body, so they usually have low GI. The non-available carbohydrates foods are fructooligosaccharide (FOS) and galactooligosaccharide (GOS), raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose. High-carbohydrate foods can have low GI value due to complex carbohydrates or resistant starches. The type of carbohydrate can be turned into non-available due to chemical modification, processing, or interacting with other components. This information is necessary because recently, people have high awareness in choosing carbohydrate food. Not only the amount consumed, but also its carbohydrate content, types of carbohydrates, and how they are processed are important to be observed.

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Takayama, Shuichi, and Chi-Huey Wong. "Chemo-enzymatic Approach to Carbohydrate Recognition." Current Organic Chemistry 1, no. 2 (July 1997): 109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1385272801666220120211432.

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Abstract: Carbohydrates are widespread in biological systems and are often associated with many specific recognition and signaling processes that lead to important biological functions and diseases. Considerable efforts have been directed toward understanding and mimicking such recognition processes, and developing effective agents to control these events. The pace of discovery research in glycobiology and development of carbohydrate-based therapeutics, however, has been relatively slow compared to that of other classes of biomolecules due to the lack of appropriate strategies and methods available for carbohydrate related research. This review summarizes some of the most recent developments in the field of carbohydrate research, with particular emphasis on the work from our laboratories regarding the use of chemo-enzymatic strategies to study carbohydrate recognition. Highlights include the the chemo-enzymatic synthesis of complex carbohydrates and glycoproteins, the rational and combinatorial synthesis of carbohydrate mimetics as inhibitors of selectins and viral RNA, and design and synthesis of mechanism-based inhibitors of glycoprocessing enzymes.

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Afik, D., E. C. Vidal, C. Martinez del Rio, and W. H. Karasov. "Dietary modulation of intestinal hydrolytic enzymes in yellow-rumped warblers." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 269, no. 2 (August 1, 1995): R413—R420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1995.269.2.r413.

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Many birds exhibit seasonal switches in diet and thus alter the nutrients predominating their food intake. We tested for dietary modulation of small intestine (SI) enzymes in yellow-rumped warblers, a species for which such diet changes are well documented. Birds were fed three diets formulated from either fruit, insect, or seed. We predicted that SI carbohydrases and peptidases would be modulated in direct correlation with relative levels of dietary carbohydrate and protein, respectively. Aminopeptidase N activity was about twice as high in birds eating the highest protein content diet. In contrast, there was no significant dietary effect on any of the carbohydrase activities. There was a proximal-to-distal decrease in activities of all the carbohydrases but not aminopeptidase N. The carbohydrase levels of yellow-rumps are relatively low when compared with other species in the same family and most similar to lower levels found in primarily insectivorous birds rather than in primarily granivorous or nectarivorous species. Considering this and the fact that they do not exhibit dietary modulation of carbohydrase levels, we conclude that yellow-rumps are not highly adapted for handling dietary carbohydrates, especially starch, although they might still efficiently break down and absorb sucrose and maltose if retention time were sufficiently long.

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Stephenson, RA, TS Rasmussen, and EC Gallagher. "Timing of nitrogen application to macadamias. 2. Storage carbohydrates." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 4 (1989): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890575.

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Samples of wood and bark were taken monthly from macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia Maiden and Betche) tree trunks and analysed for total 'fermentable' carbohydrates. Carbohydrates (%, w/w) were high during autumn-winter and declined to low levels in summer when oil was accumulating in kernels. Reproductive growth appeared to draw heavily on carbohydrate reserves. Vegetative growth, on the other hand, was not generally reflected in lower carbohydrate levels in tree trunks. Application of nitrogen (N) during summer resulted in higher carbohydrate levels than when applied in autumn or winter. Despite these differences, there was no apparent accumulation of carbohydrates in the months directly following application of N. The low N status of control trees was not reflected in low concentrations of storage carbohydrates. Wood tissues had a higher concentration of carbohydrates than bark, perhaps reflecting the sampling procedures used. Further work to quantify the contribution of storage carbohydrates and current photosynthesis to yield is justified.

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Englyst, Klaus N., and Hans N. Englyst. "Carbohydrate bioavailability." British Journal of Nutrition 94, no. 1 (July 2005): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20051457.

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There is consensus that carbohydrate foods, in the form of fruit, vegetables and whole-grain products, are beneficial to health. However, there are strong indications that highly processed, fibre-depleted, and consequently rapidly digestible, energy-dense carbohydrate food products can lead to over-consumption and obesity-related diseases. Greater attention needs to be given to carbohydrate bioavailability, which is determined by the chemical identity and physical form of food. The objective of the present concept article is to provide a rational basis for the nutritional characterisation of dietary carbohydrates. Based on the properties of carbohydrate foods identified to be of specific relevance to health, we propose a classification and measurement scheme that divides dietary carbohydrates into glycaemic carbohydrates (digested and absorbed in the small intestine) and non-glycaemic carbohydrates (enter the large intestine). The glycaemic carbohydrates are characterised by sugar type, and by the likely rate of digestion described by in vitro measurements for rapidly available glucose and slowly available glucose. The main type of non-glycaemic carbohydrates is the plant cell-wall NSP, which is a marker of the natural fibre-rich diet recognised as beneficial to health. Other non-glycaemic carbohydrates include resistant starch and the resistant short-chain carbohydrates (non-digestible oligosaccharides), which should be measured and researched in their own right. The proposed classification and measurement scheme is complementary to the dietary fibre and glycaemic index concepts in the promotion of healthy diets with low energy density required for combating obesity-related diseases.

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Tondt, Justin, William S. Yancy, and Eric C. Westman. "Application of nutrient essentiality criteria to dietary carbohydrates." Nutrition Research Reviews 33, no. 2 (February 27, 2020): 260–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954422420000050.

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AbstractThe purpose of the present review is to describe how human physiology at very low carbohydrate intakes relates to the criteria for nutritional essentiality. Although we did not limit ourselves to one particular type or function of carbohydrates, we did primarily focus on glucose utilisation as that function was used to determine the recommended daily allowance. In the general population, the human body is able to endogenously synthesise carbohydrates, and does not show signs of deficiency in the absence of dietary carbohydrates. However, in certain genetic defects, such as glycogen storage disease type I, absence of dietary carbohydrates causes abnormalities that are resolved with dietary supplementation of carbohydrates. Therefore, dietary carbohydrates may be defined as conditionally essential nutrients because they are nutrients that are not required in the diet for the general population but are required for specific subpopulations. Ketosis may be considered a physiological normal state due to its occurrence in infants in addition to at very low carbohydrate intakes. Although sources of dietary carbohydrates can provide beneficial micronutrients, no signs of micronutrient deficiencies have been reported in clinical trials of low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets. Nonetheless, more research is needed on how micronutrient requirements can change depending on the dietary and metabolic context. More research is also needed on the role of dietary fibre during a low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet as the beneficial effects of dietary fibre were determined on a standard diet and several studies have shown beneficial effects of decreasing non-digestible carbohydrates.

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Mclaughlin, Steven P., and Ryan R. Williams. "Carbohidratos y Floración en Hesperaloë funifera (Koch) Trel. (Samandoque)." Botanical Sciences, no. 66 (May 27, 2017): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1612.

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Several researchers have noted that flowering in Agavaceae requires substantial resources, but few studies have attempted to directly measure such resources. T his study addresses the hypothesis that fruit set in Hesperaloë funifera is limited by available carbohydrates. The accumulation of total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC) prior to flowering was measured, and total requirements for carbohydrate were estimated. Hesperaloë funifera was found to accumulate fructans, and roots were an important organ for storage of accumulated carbohydrates. Carbohydrates stored in the plant prior to flowering are sufficient to meet only about onethird of the carbohydrate needed to produce an average inflorescence with 1 % to 2% fruit set. All of the carbohydrate produced by photosynthesis from May through August is needed to support flowering and fruit production. Low percentage fruit set in Hesperaloë funifera is probably due to a deficiency of carbohydrate resources.

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Gergely, Szilveszter, and András Salgó. "Changes in Carbohydrate Content during Wheat Maturation—What is Measured by near Infrared Spectroscopy?" Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 13, no. 1 (February 2005): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/jnirs.452.

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The role of bread, pasta and related products produced from milled wheat seeds is important to the human diet, so monitoring changes of starch content in developing grain is essential. Immature wheat grains are also used as a functional food, particularly as a source of water-soluble carbohydrates. The amount and variation in content of different carbohydrates changes considerably during maturation and these changes were non-destructively monitored in developing grain using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Characteristic changes in three carbohydrate absorption bands [1585–1595 nm (Carbohydrate I), 2270–2280 nm (Carbohydrate II) and 2325–2335 nm (Carbohydrate III)] were identified and it was concluded that the different dynamics of carbohydrates (starch accumulation as well as synthesis/decomposition of water-soluble carbohydrates) could be followed sensitively by monitoring these three different regions of NIR spectra. Carbohydrate I represents the effect of starch accumulation during maturation based on the vibrations of intermolecular hydrogen bonded O–H groups in polysaccharides. Carbohydrate II is the manifestation of O–H stretching and C–C stretching vibrations existing unengaged in water-soluble carbohydrates while Carbohydrate III describes the changes in C–H stretching and deformation band of poly- and mono-oligosaccharides. NIR spectroscopic techniques are shown to be effective in monitoring plant physiological processes and the spectra have hidden information for predicting the stage of growth in wheat seed.

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Aljohani, Salwa, Waleed M. Hussein, Istvan Toth, and Pavla Simerska. "Carbohydrates in Vaccine Development." Current Drug Delivery 16, no. 7 (October 3, 2019): 609–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567201816666190702153612.

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Despite advances in the development of new vaccines, there are still some diseases with no vaccine solutions. Therefore, further efforts are required to more comprehensively discern the different antigenic components of these microorganisms on a molecular level. This review summarizes advancement in the development of new carbohydrate-based vaccines. Following traditional vaccine counterparts, the carbohydrate-based vaccines introduced a new approach in fighting infectious diseases. Carbohydrates have played various roles in the development of carbohydrate-based vaccines, which are described in this review, including carbohydrates acting as antigens, carriers or targeting moieties. Carbohydrate-based vaccines against infectious diseases, such as group A streptococcus, meningococcal meningitis and human immunodeficiency virus, are also discussed. A number of carbohydrate- based vaccines, such as Pneumovax 23, Menveo and Pentacel, have been successfully marketed in the past few years and there is a promising standpoint for many more to come in the near future.

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Johnson, M. A., and B. M. Pinto. "Molecular Mimicry of Carbohydrates by Peptides." Australian Journal of Chemistry 55, no. 2 (2002): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch02047.

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The use of carbohydrates as drugs and vaccines has several limitations. Molecular mimics of carbohydrates provide an alternative source of compounds to target pathways involving protein-carbohydrate interactions. In recent years, immunological studies have demonstrated the ability of certain peptides to act as molecular mimics of carbohydrates, in that they are able to induce an anti-carbohydrate immune response. Carbohydrate-mimetic peptides that bind to enzymes and lectins have also been discovered. The nature of this mimicry at the molecular level is currently the subject of investigation. Structural data regarding the origin of mimicry are reviewed, and their implications for drug and vaccine design are presented.

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Macdonald, Ian A. "Dietary strategies for the management of cardiovascular risk: role of dietary carbohydrates." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 73, no. 2 (February 21, 2014): 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665114000032.

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Carbohydrate-rich foods are an essential component of the diet, providing the glucose that is continuously required by the nervous system and some other cells and tissues in the body for normal function. There is some concern that too much carbohydrate or certain types of carbohydrate such as fructose or the high glycaemic index carbohydrate foods that produce large, rapid increases in blood glucose may be detrimental to health. This review considers these issues and also summarises the public health advice currently available in Europe and the USA concerning dietary carbohydrates. The UK Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition is currently reviewing carbohydrates and health, and the subsequent report should help clarify some of the concerns regarding carbohydrates and health.

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Rexer, Thomas, Tuan Hoang Son, Johannes Ruhnau, and Udo Reichl. "Synthetische Glykobiotechnologie." BIOspektrum 27, no. 6 (October 2021): 657–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12268-021-1659-4.

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AbstractThe field of synthetic glycobiotechnology encompasses the synthesis and modification of free carbohydrates and carbohydrates linked to biomolecules. Our group develops bio-catalytic processes for the synthesis of carbohydrate building blocks, so-called sugar nucleotides, and cell-free multi-enzyme cascades to tailor carbohydrates linked to proteins. The technology can eventually help to advance our understanding of the roles of specific carbohydrates in nutrition and medicine and contribute to human health and well-being.

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.B.M, Dr Khalid. "ESTIMATION OF TOTAL CARBOHYDRATES CONTENT BY PHENOL SULPHURIC ACID METHOD IN ATIBALA [ABUTILON INDICUM SWEET." Avishkara 01, no. 03 (2022): 03–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.56804/avishkara.2022.1302.

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Background: Atibala' means 'Ati' means very and 'Bala' means powerful, referring to the properties of this plant as very powerful Abutilon indicum (Linn.) is three meter in height. Traditionally, Root and bark are used as aphrodisiac, anti-diabetic, neuron tonic, and diuretic. It is proved that this plant contains rich amount of carbohydrates, proteins and amino acids, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, phytosterols and phenolic compounds. Objective: The objective of the present study was to determine the total carbohydrate content in Atibala (Abutilon indicum) Materials & Methods: The total Carbohydrate content was estimated spectrophotometric ally by Phenol Sulphuric acid method. Results: The results showed that root of Atibala (Abutilon indicum) are rich source of Carbohydrates. The root extract of Atibala showed highest Carbohydrate content (34.95%). Conclusion: Atibala shown that the carbohydrate content is 34.95% for performing bodily function carbohydrate is essential sources for living organism, low carbohydrates intake results to muscle breakdown. This was the rapid spectrophotometric method by Phenol sulphuric acid. Keywords: Atibala (Abutilon indicum), Carbohydrates, Phenol sulphuric Acid Method. Study and Article History: Sample Received at 06/07/2022 study conducted in ACRL, Revised on 22/07/2022 & published in Avishkara Vol 1, Issue 3, Aug 2022.

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Garcia-Luis, A., F. Fornes, and J. L. Guardiola. "Leaf Carbohydrates and Flower Formation in Citrus." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 120, no. 2 (March 1995): 222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.120.2.222.

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The carbohydrate contents of the leaves of satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) trees were altered before or during the low temperature flower induction period to determine the relationship between gross levels of carbohydrates and flower formation. Early removal of the fruit and girdling of the branches on either fruiting or defruited trees caused an accumulation of carbohydrates in the leaves and increased flower formation. Shading the trees resulted in a transient reduction in leaf carbohydrate levels and in a decrease in flower formation. Although a relationship between carbohydrate levels and flowering was consistently found, our results show that the gross levels of carbohydrates do not appear to limit flower formation in citrus.

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Hatata, Mohammad, and Michel Farah. "Specific effects of certain salts on carbohydrate metabolism in young corn seedlings." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 51, no. 1 (2014): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1982.008.

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The effects of sodium and magnesium chlorides and sulphates on carbohydrate metabolism of corn seedlings and their component parts were studied. There was a decrease in the total carbohydrate content of seedlings with advance of time, in control and in different concentrations of salts. The decrease became less marked with increase of salt concentrations. The main effect of salinization, on the changes in carbohydrates, was strongest on the roots and grains. The roots contained the lowest proportion of the various carbohydrate fractions. This feature suggests that the mobilization of carbohydrates from grains to roots is greatly retarded by salinization. Both cations and anions exert an influence on the conversion of reserve carbohydrates.

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Shin, Injae, Jin Cho, and Doo Boo. "Carbohydrate Arrays for Functional Studies of Carbohydrates." Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening 7, no. 6 (September 1, 2004): 565–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1386207043328472.

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Buchholz, K. "Introduction: The spirit of carbohydrates – carbohydrate bioengineering." Biocatalysis and Biotransformation 26, no. 1-2 (January 2008): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10242420701806751.

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Khodzhaeva, M. A., Ya V. Rashkes, E. S. Kondratenko, and D. A. Rakhimov. "Carbohydrates ofAllium. IX. Carbohydrate components ofAllium cepa." Chemistry of Natural Compounds 21, no. 2 (1985): 162–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00714902.

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NICOTRA, F. "ChemInform Abstract: Modified Carbohydrates and Carbohydrate Analogues." ChemInform 29, no. 22 (June 22, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199822245.

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Liu, Ruru, Baibing Mi, Yaling Zhao, Qiang Li, Shaonong Dang, and Hong Yan. "Gender-specific association between carbohydrate consumption and blood pressure in Chinese adults." BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health 4, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000165.

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BackgroundThe association between dietary carbohydrate consumption and blood pressure (BP) is controversial. The present study aimed to evaluate the possible gender-specific association of carbohydrate across the whole BP distribution.MethodCross-sectional survey including 2241 rural adults was conducted in northwestern China in 2010. BP was measured by trained medical personnel. Dietary information was collected by semiquantitative Food-Frequency Questionnaire. Multivariate quantile regression model was used to estimate the association between total carbohydrates consumption and systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) at different quantiles. Gender-specific β coefficient and its 95% CI was calculated.ResultsThe average carbohydrate intake was 267.4 (SD 112.0) g/day in males and 204.9 (SD 90.7) g/day in females, with only 10.6% of males and 6.5% females consumed at least 65% of total energy from carbohydrates. And more than 80% carbohydrates were derived from refined grains. In females, increased total carbohydrates intake was associated with adverse SBP and DBP. An additional 50 g carbohydrates per day was positively associated with SBP at low and high quantiles (10th–20th and 60th–80th) and with DBP almost across whole distribution (30th–90th), after adjusting for age, fortune index, family history of hypertension, body mass index, physical activity level, alcohol intake and smoke, energy, two nutrient principal components, protein and sodium intake. Both relatively low and high carbohydrate intake were associated with increased SBP, with minimum level observed at 130–150 g carbohydrate intake per day from restricted cubic splines. However, no significant associations were observed in males.ConclusionsHigher total carbohydrates consumption might have an adverse impact on both SBP and DBP in Chinese females but not males. Additionally, the positive association varies across distribution of BP quantiles. Further research is warranted to validate these findings and clarify the causality.

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Wang, Xiao, Jiying Xu, Yuanyuan Wang, Fuyi Wang, and Yi Chen. "A universal strategy for direct immobilization of intact bioactivity-conserved carbohydrates on gold nanoparticles." RSC Advances 6, no. 88 (2016): 85333–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra16511g.

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Carbohydrate-functioned gold nanoparticles have been highlighted for sensing complicated carbohydrates but their performance is far from ideal due to the lack of bioaffinity-conserved ways to function the particles with intact carbohydrates.

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Tamarkin, Dawn A. "Exploring Carbohydrates with Bananas." American Biology Teacher 77, no. 8 (October 1, 2015): 620–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2015.77.8.9.

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Bananas can be used in many classroom lab activities to make carbohydrates easier for students to understand. I detail a simple series of banana activities that can be used to investigate carbohydrates across a wide range of levels of organization and that serve to connect carbohydrate concepts that might otherwise seem disparate to students. For example, the taste of a banana is linked to carbohydrate hydrolysis, as well as to organelle content within banana cells. Bananas can be used safely in any classroom, and inquiry-based learning can be used to progress through related course content. In addition, students will gain expertise in understanding cells viewed through the microscope as they try to examine the starch in the bananas.

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Larson, James E., Penelope Perkins-Veazie, Guoying Ma, and Thomas M. Kon. "Quantification and Prediction with Near Infrared Spectroscopy of Carbohydrates throughout Apple Fruit Development." Horticulturae 9, no. 2 (February 18, 2023): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9020279.

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Carbohydrates play a key role in apple fruit growth and development. Carbohydrates are needed for cell division/expansion, regulate fruitlet abscission, and influence fruit maturation and quality. Current methods to quantify fruit carbohydrates are labor intensive and expensive. We quantified carbohydrates throughout a growing season in two cultivars and evaluated the use of near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) to predict apple carbohydrate content throughout changes in fruit development. Carbohydrates were quantified with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at five timepoints between early fruitlet growth and harvest in ‘Gala’ and ‘Red Delicious’ apples. NIR spectra was collected for freeze-dried fruit samples using a benchtop near infrared spectrometer. Sorbitol was the major carbohydrate early in the growing season (~40% of total carbohydrates). However, the relative contribution of sorbitol to total carbohydrates rapidly decreased by 59 days after full bloom (<10%). The proportion of fructose to total carbohydrates increased throughout fruit development (40–50%). Three distinct periods of fruit development, early, mid-season, and late, were found over all sampling dates using principal component analysis. The first (PC1) and second (PC2) principal components accounted for 90% of the variation in the data, samples separated among sampling date along PC1. Partial least squares regression was used to build the models by calibrating carbohydrates quantified with HPLC and measured reflectance spectra. The NIR models reliably predicted the content of fructose, glucose, sorbitol, sucrose, starch, and total soluble sugars for both ‘Gala’ and ‘Red Delicious’; r2 ranged from 0.60 to 0.96. These results show that NIR can accurately estimate carbohydrates throughout the growing season and offers an efficient alternative to liquid or gas chromatography.

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Buddington, R. K., and J. W. Hilton. "Intestinal adaptations of rainbow trout to changes in dietary carbohydrate." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 253, no. 4 (October 1, 1987): G489—G496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1987.253.4.g489.

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Although omnivores are able to alter the structure and functions of their digestive system in response to changes in dietary carbohydrate content, it is unclear whether carnivores are capable of such adaptive flexibility. Hence we recorded growth rates, intestinal morphometrics and histology, and nutrient uptake rates and concentrations of disaccharidases in the intestines of a carnivorous fish, the rainbow trout, fed different levels and types of carbohydrate. The trout is unable to adaptively regulate digestive system structure and function to increase glucose availability in response to increasing levels of dietary carbohydrates, even to easily digestible forms such as glucose. Paradoxically, a reduction in the concentrations of enzymes associated with carbohydrate digestion in response to elevated levels of easily digested carbohydrates suggests that carnivores may actually try to repress carbohydrate digestion when glucose is available in high quantities. Thus the lower levels of carbohydrate in the diet of trout throughout their evolution has resulted in a reduced ability to phenotypically regulate the digestion of carbohydrates.

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Stenvall, N., M. Piisilä, and P. Pulkkinen. "Seasonal fluctuation of root carbohydrates in hybrid aspen clones and its relationship to the sprouting efficiency of root cuttings." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39, no. 8 (August 2009): 1531–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x09-066.

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We examined the relationship between root carbohydrates and sprouting efficiency in four hybrid aspen ( Populus tremula × Populus tremuloides ) clones. Our hypothesis was that the interclonal variation in sprouting efficiency is due to the concentration of carbohydrates. In addition to that relationship, we wanted to study seasonal fluctuation of carbohydrates and how the –18 °C storage conditions of stock plants affects the stability of carbohydrate content and thus sprouting ability of roots cuttings. Clones varied in root carbohydrate content, and sucrose showed the greatest variation throughout the year. Sucrose levels were highest in the clone with the highest sprouting efficiency and lowest in the clone with the lowest sprouting efficiency. Carbohydrate concentrations were highest in winter and lowest in early autumn. In general, root cuttings sprouted most efficiently when root carbohydrate levels peaked. Although root cuttings taken from frozen (–18 °C) stock plants sprouted poorly in summer and autumn, they had high and almost constant carbohydrate concentrations throughout the year.

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Rauschenberg, Melanie, Eva-Corrina Fritz, Christian Schulz, Tobias Kaufmann, and Bart Jan Ravoo. "Molecular recognition of surface-immobilized carbohydrates by a synthetic lectin." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 10 (June 16, 2014): 1354–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.10.138.

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The molecular recognition of carbohydrates and proteins mediates a wide range of physiological processes and the development of synthetic carbohydrate receptors (“synthetic lectins”) constitutes a key advance in biomedical technology. In this article we report a synthetic lectin that selectively binds to carbohydrates immobilized in a molecular monolayer. Inspired by our previous work, we prepared a fluorescently labeled synthetic lectin consisting of a cyclic dimer of the tripeptide Cys-His-Cys, which forms spontaneously by air oxidation of the monomer. Amine-tethered derivatives of N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA), β-D-galactose, β-D-glucose and α-D-mannose were microcontact printed on epoxide-terminated self-assembled monolayers. Successive prints resulted in simple microarrays of two carbohydrates. The selectivity of the synthetic lectin was investigated by incubation on the immobilized carbohydrates. Selective binding of the synthetic lectin to immobilized NANA and β-D-galactose was observed by fluorescence microscopy. The selectivity and affinity of the synthetic lectin was screened in competition experiments. In addition, the carbohydrate binding of the synthetic lectin was compared with the carbohydrate binding of the lectins concanavalin A and peanut agglutinin. It was found that the printed carbohydrates retain their characteristic selectivity towards the synthetic and natural lectins and that the recognition of synthetic and natural lectins is strictly orthogonal.

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Végh, Anita, Mária Hevesi, and László Palkovics. "Inland and foreign Erwinia amylovora isolates by carbohydrate utilization." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 39 (November 10, 2010): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/39/2734.

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Fire blight, a plant disease caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora, produces serious losses in apple and pear orchards all over the world. Since the appearance of fire blight in Hungary (Hevesi, 1996) Erwinia amylovora isolates were collected in different years, from different hosts and areas in order to establish gene bank for future epidemiological studies. We had isolates from foreign countries as well. The aim of our research was to compare all of the Hungarian and foreign isolates by carbohydrate utilization. In our experiments effect of carbohydrates on E. amylovora multiplication was determined using API 50 CH strip (bioMérieux, France). By the API 50 CH strip method we checked a number of unstudied carbohydrates. The results of the tests shows colour changes. Based on utilization of 49 carbohydrates of API 50 CH kit by E. amylovora isolates, two groups of carbohydrates can be defined: “Utilized” - and “Not utilized” carbohydrates. All isolates utilized 20 different carbohydrates after 164 hour incubation. Conversely, isolates also could be divided into four groups (1, 2, 3, 4) by arbutin and raffinose utilization. In group 1.-isolates utilize arbutin; 2.- utilize raffinose; 3.- utilize both arbutin and raffinose; 4. -utilize neither arbutin nor raffinose. Presumably carbohydrate content of nectar could play an important role on invasion of the (E. amylovora) bacterium via flower.It could be concluded that the carbohydrate utilization – completed with genetic analysis – can be used for characterization of Erwinia amylovora isolates.

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Bashiri, Sahra, Prashamsa Koirala, Istvan Toth, and Mariusz Skwarczynski. "Carbohydrate Immune Adjuvants in Subunit Vaccines." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 10 (October 14, 2020): 965. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12100965.

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Modern subunit vaccines are composed of antigens and a delivery system and/or adjuvant (immune stimulator) that triggers the desired immune responses. Adjuvants mimic pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are typically associated with infections. Carbohydrates displayed on the surface of pathogens are often recognized as PAMPs by receptors on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Consequently, carbohydrates and their analogues have been used as adjuvants and delivery systems to promote antigen transport to APCs. Carbohydrates are biocompatible, usually nontoxic, biodegradable, and some are mucoadhesive. As such, carbohydrates and their derivatives have been intensively explored for the development of new adjuvants. This review assesses the immunological functions of carbohydrate ligands and their ability to enhance systemic and mucosal immune responses against co-administered antigens. The role of carbohydrate-based adjuvants/delivery systems in the development of subunit vaccines is discussed in detail.

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Nguyễn, Mạnh Khắc, Hòa Từ Nguyễn, Khuê Ngọc Nguyễn, Diễm My Lâm Huỳnh, Du Huy Nguyễn, and Mai Ánh Nguyễn. "Development of an analytical method for determination of carbohydrates in food by gc - fid using chemical derivatization with anhydride acetic acid." Science and Technology Development Journal - Natural Sciences 4, no. 2 (May 18, 2020): First. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjns.v4i2.874.

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The present research describes a simple and inexpensive derivatization method that uses acetylation to address the challenges associated with the quantification of the ten most common carbohydrates. The derivatization reaction has two periods : (1) The oxime formation of carbohydrates was carried out at 15 minutes, 500 µL of NH2OH 2.5% and 60 ºC and (2) acetylation of carbohydrates was carried out at 45 minutes, 600 µL of AAA and 80ºC. Most of the carbohydrates generate single peaks via chromatographic separation, except fructose, which generates a double peak. The procedure was successfully applied to analyze carbohydrates in some samples including honey, fresh milk, and polysaccharide hydrolyzate. The method validation results had the linear concentration range of carbohydrates at 50-4000 mg/g, the LODs at 20-50 µg/g, the relative standard deviations (% RSDs) of peak area under 5.0 % and the accuracy at 95–115% of recoveries. The method was applied to determine carbohydrate content in raw milk, honey, and hydrolysis polysaccharide extract. The results showed that the honey sample has fructose and glucose content of 65.8% and 33.4%, respectively, while sucrose makes up 0.74% of the total carbohydrate content. The raw milk sample has lactose content of 47.6% of the total carbohydrates. Some rare polysaccharides such as arabinose and xylose were found in the hydrolysis polysaccharide extract from the mushroom sample.

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Di, Xiangjie, Xiao Liang, Chao Shen, Yuwen Pei, Bin Wu, and Zhiyao He. "Carbohydrates Used in Polymeric Systems for Drug Delivery: From Structures to Applications." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 4 (March 29, 2022): 739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14040739.

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Carbohydrates, one of the most important compounds in living organisms, perform numerous roles, including those associated with the extracellular matrix, energy-related compounds, and information. Of these, polymeric carbohydrates are a class of substance with a long history in drug delivery that have attracted more attention in recent years. Because polymeric carbohydrates have the advantages of nontoxicity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, they can be used in drug targeting, sustained drug release, immune antigens and adjuvants. In this review, various carbohydrate-based or carbohydrate-modified drug delivery systems and their applications in disease therapy have been surveyed. Specifically, this review focuses on the fundamental understanding of carbohydrate-based drug delivery systems, strategies for application, and the evaluation of biological activity. Future perspectives, including opportunities and challenges in this field, are also discussed.

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Rauter, Amélia Pilar, and Nuno Manuel Xavier. "Special Issue “Carbohydrates 2018”." Pharmaceuticals 13, no. 1 (December 29, 2019): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph13010005.

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This special issue of Pharmaceuticals has been dedicated to Carbohydrates on the occasion of the 29th International Carbohydrate Symposium, held at the Universidade de Lisboa from 15–19 July 2018 [...]

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Stanley, P. "Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants with multiple glycosylation defects for production of glycoproteins with minimal carbohydrate heterogeneity." Molecular and Cellular Biology 9, no. 2 (February 1989): 377–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.9.2.377-383.1989.

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The production of glycoproteins with carbohydrates of defined structure and minimal heterogeneity is important for functional studies of mammalian carbohydrates. To facilitate such studies, several Chinese hamster ovary mutants that carry between two and four glycosylation mutations were developed. All of the lines grew readily in culture despite the drastic simplification of their surface carbohydrates. Therefore, both endogenous glycoproteins and those introduced by transfection can be obtained with specifically tailored carbohydrates. The lectin resistance properties of the mutants showed that each line expresses a novel array of cell surface carbohydrates useful for identifying specific roles for carbohydrates in cellular interactions. In addition, they showed that the epistatic relationships among different glycosylation mutations are not entirely predictable, providing insight into the complexity of the carbohydrate structures at the Chinese hamster ovary cell surface.

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Stanley, P. "Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants with multiple glycosylation defects for production of glycoproteins with minimal carbohydrate heterogeneity." Molecular and Cellular Biology 9, no. 2 (February 1989): 377–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.9.2.377.

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The production of glycoproteins with carbohydrates of defined structure and minimal heterogeneity is important for functional studies of mammalian carbohydrates. To facilitate such studies, several Chinese hamster ovary mutants that carry between two and four glycosylation mutations were developed. All of the lines grew readily in culture despite the drastic simplification of their surface carbohydrates. Therefore, both endogenous glycoproteins and those introduced by transfection can be obtained with specifically tailored carbohydrates. The lectin resistance properties of the mutants showed that each line expresses a novel array of cell surface carbohydrates useful for identifying specific roles for carbohydrates in cellular interactions. In addition, they showed that the epistatic relationships among different glycosylation mutations are not entirely predictable, providing insight into the complexity of the carbohydrate structures at the Chinese hamster ovary cell surface.

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Butki, Brian D., Jeffrey Baumstark, and Simon Driver. "Effects of a Carbohydrate-Restricted Diet on Affective Responses to Acute Exercise among Physically Active Participants." Perceptual and Motor Skills 96, no. 2 (April 2003): 607–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2003.96.2.607.

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Currently, the carbohydrate-restricted diet is very popular. Atkins' book, Dr. Atkins' Diet Revolution, has sold millions in its more than 25 years of existence. His book promotes the carbohydrate-restricted diet, which focuses on the consumption of proteins and fats as primary calorie and energy sources, while severely restricting carbohydrates. However, when carbohydrates are restricted from the diet, the body's primary energy source is reduced considerably. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the psychological responses to exercise of individuals when on a carbohydrate restrictive diet and when on a noncarbohydrate restrictive diet. For this study, 17 participants practiced a noncarbohydrate-restricted diet for three weeks and the carbohydrate-restricted diet for three weeks, while maintaining previous exercise habits. After each exercise session, the participants completed the Physical Activity Affect Scale, which measures Positive Affect, Negative Affect, Tranquility, and Fatigue. Simple one-way analyses of variance indicated significant treatment differences ( ps <.05) relative to Negative Affect, Positive Affect, and Fatigue. The results of the study indicate as predicted, that, when a person restricts carbohydrates from the diet, he will experience more fatigue, more negative affect, and less positive affect in response to exercise than those individuals who are not restricting carbohydrates.

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Ulshen, Martin H. "Disaccharidase Deficiency." Pediatrics In Review 7, no. 3 (September 1, 1985): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.7.3.67.

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Disaccharidases are enzymes of the small intestine, and they are essential for normal carbohydrate digestion. Carbohydrates are an important dietary component, providing about half of the calories in a typical Western diet. The smallest carbohydrate units, the monosaccharides, are the building blocks for more complex sugars and starches. The monosaccharides of dietary importance include glucose, galactose, and fructose. Carbohydrates are present in an average diet, primarily in the form of dissacharides (two monosaccharides linked together) and starches (glucose polymers). The disaccharide lactose is the major carbohydrate in milk and accounts for about 40% of the caloric content of human milk as well as commercial cow milk formula. Lactose is composed of the monosaccharides glucose and galactose; sucrose is composed of glucose and fructose. During the first year of life, juices and solids are introduced into the diet in increasing amounts and, therefore, sucrose and starches provide an increasing proportion of the dietary calories. By the adult years, about 50% of dietary carbohydrate is ingested in the form of starch, and lactose is often a minor component of the diet. Among the dietary carbohydrates, only the monosaccharides can be transported intact across the luminal surface of the small intestine. The moroe complex carbohydrates must undergo digestion prior to assimilation.

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Indriani, Syifa Alifia, Nurul Asfia, Agnes Manongga, and Riong Seulina Panjaitan. "Carbohydrate Content in Packaged Chicken Nuggets: Qualitative And Quantitative Analysis." Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2, no. 2 (February 16, 2023): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31869/ijpr.v2i2.4174.

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Nugget products can be made from beef, chicken, fish, and other ingredients, but chicken nuggets are the most popular in the community. Chicken nuggets are products produced from the marinated, ground, minced, and cooked parts of chicken breast meat with breadcrumbs. Qualitative and quantitative tests of carbohydrates are carried out to determine the presence of carbohydrates present in nuggets. Qualitative tests are based on changes in color or deposits formed, while quantitative tests to determine the carbohydrate levels contained in each test material with DNS method. The results showed qualitative analysis of molisch test carbohydrates on samples of chicken meat nuggets brand "B," which positively contained carbohydrates (glucose), while samples of chicken meat nuggets brands "A" and "C" showed negative results. In the Iodin test, all three nugget samples showed positive results for glycogen. The Benedict test yielded negative results for all three nugget samples, indicating that none of them contained sucrose. The three nugget samples all failed the Barfoed test, indicating that they are all members of the disaccharide group. The Seliwanoff test yielded negative results for all three nugget samples, all of which contained glucose, mannose, or galactose. The Osazon test yielded negative results for all three nugget samples. Carbohydrate quantitative test obtained sample concentration on sample nugget of chicken meat brand "A" 0.49 mg/mL, sample of chicken meat nugget brand "B" 0.48 mg/mL and sample nugget of chicken meat brand "C" 0.56 mg/mL. Carbohydrate qualitative analysis on samples of chicken meat nuggets from brand "B" reveals that they positively contain carbohydrates as well as fructose and glycogen. The "C" brand chicken meat nugget sample has a high concentration for quantitative analysis of carbohydrates, indicating that the sample contains more carbohydrates.

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Mobassaleh, Munir, Robert K. Montgomery, Jeffrey A. Biller, and Richard J. Grand. "Development of Carbohydrate Absorption in the Fetus and Neonate." Pediatrics 75, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.75.1.160.

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Maturation of mechanisms for carbohydrate absorption occurs in a defined sequence during human fetal development. The intestinal enzymes, lactase, sucrase, maltase, isomaltase, and glucoamylase, are at mature levels in the term fetus. Mature levels of pancreatic amylase activity and glucose transport occur postnatally, and levels are low in both the term and preterm neonate. In the preterm infant, sucrase, maltase, and isomaltase are usually fully active, but lactase activity, which increases markedly from 24 to 40 weeks, may be low depending upon fetal age. Despite these developmental patterns, clinical lactose intolerance is uncommon. Postnatal adaptive responses to ingested carbohydrates lead to competent carbohydrate absorption. Inadequately absorbed carbohydrates are salvaged by colonic flora through fermentation of carbohydrates to hydrogen gas and short-chain fatty acids; the latter are readily absorbed by the colon. In this setting, carbohydrate tends to be absent from the stool. Noninvasive reflection of the status of carbohydrate absorption may be obtained from breath hydrogen testing, a technique of particular value in young infants.

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Scheibe, Christian, and Oliver Seitz. "PNA–sugar conjugates as tools for the spatial screening of carbohydrate–lectin interactions." Pure and Applied Chemistry 84, no. 1 (December 8, 2011): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-11-08-07.

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Multivalent carbohydrate–lectin interactions are essential for a multitude of biological recognition events. Much effort has been spent in the synthesis of potent multivalent scaffolds in order to mimic or inhibit biological carbohydrate–protein interactions. However, the defined spatial presentation of carbohydrates remained a challenging task. Peptide nucleic acid (PNA)- and DNA-based double helices are useful scaffolds that enable the controlled display of carbohydrate ligands in a modular approach. The hybridization of PNA-sugar conjugates with complementary DNA strands provides multivalent complexes with defined spatial presentation of carbohydrates, which facilitates the spatial screening of carbohydrate–lectin interactions with Ångström-scale precision.

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Witczak, Zbigniew J. "Thio Sugars: Biological Relevance as Potential New Therapeutics." Current Medicinal Chemistry 6, no. 2 (February 1999): 165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867306666220207213740.

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Abstract: The biological relevance of sulfur containing carbohydrates is gaining substantial attention. Thus the new developments, especially in the synthetic and medicinal chemistry of thio-sugars are critically important for carbohydrate drug design. New studies of biological processes including bio synthetic reactions and enzyme control mechanisms, discovered during the last few years clearly contributed to an understanding of their biological roles. These roles of carbohydrates and thio sugars in particular through biological processes and diseases are becoming better understood now. These new trends will provide tremendous opportunities for the development of carbohydrates as new potential drugs. The main objective of this article is to address these new promising advances and stimulate continuous development of carbohydrate pharmaceuticals.

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Hastuti, Puji hastuti Puji. "Hubungan Pola Konsumsi Karbohidrat Sederhana dan Karbohidrat Kompleks Dengan Kadar HbA1c Pada Penderita Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2 Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Kedawung 1 Kabupaten Sragen." Jurnal Gizi dan Pangan Soedirman 4, no. 1 (May 12, 2020): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jgps.2020.4.1.1660.

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Background : Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is epidemiologically increasing worldwide. Simple carbohidrate consumption patterns and complex carbohydrates consumption patterns are the risk factors of Type 2 DM, which can increase blood glucose levels so that it will affect DM Type 2 control through HbA1c examination. This study aimed to determine the relationship between simple carbohydrate consumption pattern and complex carbohydrates with HbA1c levels . Methods : This was an observational research using cross sectional design with 40 subject, sample was selected by total sampling which conduct in April until June 2019 at Puskesmas Kedawung 1 area. This research used FFQ questionnaire as research instrument. HbA1c levels examined using spectrophotometer. Chi square was used as statistic analysis. Results : The statistical test results suggested that there was correlation between simple carbohydrate consumption patterns and HbA1c levels (p=0,000) and also there was correlation between complex carbohydrate consumption patterns and HbA1c levels . Conclusion : There was correlation between pattern simple carbohydrate consumption and complex carbohydrate consumption with HbA1c levels. Keywords : Diabetes Mellitus, Pattern consumption , carbohydrates , HbA1c levels

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Dhoundiyal, R. "Determination of carbohydrate levels in fruits by UV-Visible Spectrophotometer." Universities' Journal of Phytochemistry and Ayurvedic Heights II, no. 33 (December 24, 2022): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.51129/ujpah-2022-33-2(4).

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Fruits are very nutrient-dense and incredibly healthy. A rapid method was developed for the quantitative estimation of carbohydrates present in the different natural green leafy vegetables by UV-Visible Spectro-photometer. A study was carried out to determine the soluble carbohydrate content of some selected fruit which include apple, banana, custard apple, guava, papaya, grapes, pineapple, orange, pomegranate, kiwi fruit, mango, strawberries. Soluble carbohydrate was determined by Anthrone method Spectrophotometry at wavelength of 750 nm1. For most people, between 40% and 60% of total calories should come from carbohydrates, preferably from complex carbohydrates (starches) and naturally occurring sugars2. This study was aimed at evaluating the soluble carbohydrate content of some selected fruits consumed locally with a view to determine whether they meet the dietary requirement of consumers. It is envisaged that the findings of the investigation would provide additional information on the nutritional status of the fruits.

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Tetala, K. Kishore R., Marcel Giesbers, Gerben M. Visser, Ernst J. R. Sudhölter, and Teris A. van Beek. "Carbohydrate Microarray on Glass: A Tool for Carbohydrate-Lectin Interactions." Natural Product Communications 2, no. 4 (April 2007): 1934578X0700200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0700200408.

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A simple method to immobilize carbohydrates on a glass surface to obtain a carbohydrate microarray is described. The array was used to study carbohydrate-lectin interactions. The glass surface was modified with aldehyde terminated linker groups of various chain lengths. Coupling of carbohydrates with an amino terminated alkyl spacer to the aldehyde terminated glass followed by reductive amination resulted in carbohydrate microarrays. Fluorescently labeled (FI-TC) lectins (concanavalin A and Arachis hypogaea) were used to study specific carbohydrate-lectin interactions. contact angle, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and confocal laser fluorescence microscopy (CLFM) techniques were used in this study to monitor the modification of the glass and the successful selective binding of lectins to the carbohydrate microarray.

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Wiesman, Z., and S. Lavee. "Relationship of Carbohydrate Sources and Indole-3-Butyric Acid in Olive Cuttings." Functional Plant Biology 22, no. 5 (1995): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9950811.

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Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) treatment improves rooting of easy-to-root and moderate-rooting olive cultivars, but does not stimulate root formation in hard-to-root cultivars. The rate of root formation in olive cuttings is slow and a source of carbohydrates is required to maintain and improve the effect of IBA. Sucrose treatment applied together with IBA and several times thereafter improved all rooting parameters: rooting percentage, number of adventitious roots and root length. During rooting, photosynthesis in the cuttings is very low and has almost no effect on the carbohydrate content, so that starch appears to be the major source of carbohydrates. Amyloplast levels decline during rooting and IBA increases the rate of their disappearance. A significant percentage of rooted olive cuttings collapse during their hardening process, when no starch pool is available. Only photosynthesis of fully-expanded leaves can contribute to the source of the carbohydrates needed by the rooted plants. However, when the top growth is reduced, as often occurs in IBA-treated cuttings, the carbohydrate supply may not be enough to keep the rooted plants alive and to support their growth and development. The data suggest that carbohydrates have an important role in rooting and improve the stimulatory effect of IBA in this process. During the stages involved in the formation of adventitious roots the endogenous carbohydrate pool is the main source of carbohydrates, while in young rooted plants the main source comes directly from the photosynthesis.

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Harvey, Joanne E., Russell J. Hewitt, Peter W. Moore, and Kalpani K. Somarathne. "Reactions of 1,2-cyclopropyl carbohydrates." Pure and Applied Chemistry 86, no. 9 (September 19, 2014): 1377–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2014-0403.

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AbstractAddition of a carbene to a glycal is the prominent method for the synthesis of 1,2-cyclopropyl carbohydrates. This incorporation of a cyclopropane into a carbohydrate scaffold enables divergent reactivity, with the two main classes being ring expansion and cleavage to 2-C-branched carbohydrates. A wide variety of products are obtained depending on the functionality attached to the cyclopropane (none or ester or halogens) and the promoter (Lewis acid, Brønsted acid, halophile or base) used in the reaction. This article reviews progress in the synthesis and reactions of 1,2-cyclopropyl carbohydrates since 2000 and discloses efforts by our group in the area.

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Meloche, H. Paul. "Carbohydrates Carbohydrate Biochemistry and Nutrition Karla L. Roehrig." BioScience 35, no. 5 (May 1985): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1309937.

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Hendrix, Donald L. "Carbohydrates and carbohydrate enzymes in developing cotton ovules." Physiologia Plantarum 78, no. 1 (January 1990): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1990.tb08719.x.

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Hendrix, Donald L. "Carbohydrates and carbohydrate enzymes in developing cotton ovules." Physiologia Plantarum 78, no. 1 (January 1990): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.1990.780114.x.

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Hölemann, Alexandra, and Peter H. Seeberger. "Carbohydrate diversity: synthesis of glycoconjugates and complex carbohydrates." Current Opinion in Biotechnology 15, no. 6 (December 2004): 615–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2004.10.001.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Carbohydrates'

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