Journal articles on the topic 'Carbohydrate contents'
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1
Satoh, Yuhi, Shigeki Wada, and Shun’ichi Hisamatsu. "Relationship between iodine and carbohydrate contents in the seagrass Zostera marina on the northwestern Pacific coast of central Japan." Botanica Marina 63, no. 3 (June 25, 2020): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bot-2020-0004.
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AbstractPreviously, we reported seasonal variation in iodine contents in the seagrass Zostera marina. Herein, we sought the factors controlling this variation, and investigated relationships between iodine and carbohydrate contents, using extracts and residues of seagrass samples extracted with 0.1 N HCl. In plants, carbohydrates in HCl-extracted and residual fractions are considered to represent storage and structural carbohydrates, respectively. On average, 44% and 56% of total iodine in samples was contained in the HCl-extracted and residual fractions, respectively. Both HCl-extracted and residual iodine contents showed seasonal trends similar to that of total iodine, being high in winter–spring and low in summer. Total and HCl-extracted carbohydrate contents showed reverse seasonal trends from those of iodine, whereas residual carbohydrate contents had comparable values throughout the sampling period. In the total and HCl-extracted fractions, negative correlations between iodine and carbohydrate contents were confirmed, suggesting that carbohydrates do not play important roles in iodine accumulation. Although most monosaccharide contents were not correlated with iodine contents in these two fractions, residual galactose content was positively correlated with residual iodine. We accordingly suggest that one or more specific structural carbohydrate constituents may potentially function as an iodine store in Z. marina.
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Gao, Yifan, Jia Feng, Junping Lv, Qi Liu, Fangru Nan, Xudong Liu, and Shulian Xie. "Physiological Changes of Parachlorella Kessleri TY02 in Lipid Accumulation under Nitrogen Stress." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 7 (April 2, 2019): 1188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071188.
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In order to study the effects of nitrogen stress on the lipid synthesis of Parachlorella kessleri TY02 and to understand the changes in growth, photosynthetic pigments, total protein and total carbohydrate contents during lipid accumulation, the cells of the strain were cultured in nitrogen-deficient (N−) and nitrogen-rich (N+) media for one week. Changes in cell growth, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, neutral lipid and total lipid content, total protein content and total carbohydrate content were measured and analyzed. The results showed that, under nitrogen stress, the algal strain grew slowly, and chlorophyll and total protein contents decreased, while total carbohydrate and total lipid contents increased. This indicated that, under nitrogen stress, most of the carbon flowed to the synthesis of lipids and carbohydrates. Meanwhile, reducing the nitrogen content was a relatively economical and easy to operate method of promoting lipid accumulation.
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Li, Xingkang, Yuanmei Liang, Kai Li, Peng Jin, Jie Tang, Anna Klepacz-Smółka, Stanislaw Ledakowicz, and Maurycy Daroch. "Effects of Low Temperature, Nitrogen Starvation and Their Combination on the Photosynthesis and Metabolites of Thermosynechococcus E542: A Comparison Study." Plants 10, no. 10 (October 4, 2021): 2101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10102101.
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Both low temperature and nitrogen starvation caused chlorosis of cyanobacteria. Here, in this study, for the first time, we compared the effects of low temperature, nitrogen starvation, and their combination on the photosynthesis and metabolites of a thermophilic cyanobacterium strain, Thermosynechococcus E542. Under various culture conditions, the growth rates, pigment contents, and chlorophyll fluorescence were monitored, and the composition of alkanes, lipidomes, and carbohydrates were determined. It was found that low temperature (35 °C) significantly suppressed the growth of Thermosynechococcus E542. Nitrogen starvation at 45 °C and 55 °C did not affect the growth; however, combined treatment of low temperature and nitrogen starvation led to the lowest growth rate and biomass productivity. Both low temperature and nitrogen starvation caused significantly declined contents of pigments, but they resulted in a different effect on the OJIP curves, and their combination led to the lowest pigment contents. The composition of fatty acids and alkanes was altered upon low-temperature cultivation, while nitrogen starvation caused reduced contents of all lipids. The low temperature did not affect carbohydrate contents, while nitrogen starvation greatly enhanced carbohydrate content, and their combination did not enhance carbohydrate content, but led to reduced productivity. These results revealed the influence of low temperature, nitrogen starvation, and their combined treatment for the accumulation of phycobiliproteins, lipids, and carbohydrates of a thermophilic cyanobacterium strain, Thermosynechococcus E542.
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ANGERS, D. A., and G. R. MEHUYS. "EFFECTS OF CROPPING ON CARBOHYDRATE CONTENT AND WATER-STABLE AGGREGATION OF A CLAY SOIL." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 69, no. 2 (May 1, 1989): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss89-037.
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In a previous study, the mean weight diameter of water-stable aggregates of a clay soil was increased by up to 50% after two growing seasons under barley and alfalfa compared to fallow or corn. The objective of the present study was to determine whether rapid changes in water-stable aggregation under different crops were related to changes in soil carbohydrate content. Compared to fallow or corn, cropping to barley and alfalfa for 2 yr did not affect the soil C and N contents but significantly increased carbohydrate content by up to 25%. The correlation (r = 0.63, P = 0.001) between aggregate mean weight diameter and carbohydrate content suggested that at least part of the change in water-stable aggregation was related to carbohydrates. Treatment of the soil with sodium periodate prior to wet-sieving confirmed the partial involvement of carbohydrates in the stabilization of aggregates by crops. The remainder of the crop effect on aggregation was removed by sodium tetraborate which suggests that more-humified, though ill-defined, organic substances were also involved. Key words: Carbohydrates, aggregate stability, barley, alfalfa, corn, periodate
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Lobato, A. K. S., Gonçalves-Vidigal MC, Filho PS Vidigal, R. C. L. Costa, F. J. R. Cruz, D. G. C. Santos, C. R. Silva, Silva LI, and Sousa LL. "Changes in photosynthetic pigment and carbohydrate content in common bean cultivars infected by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum." Plant, Soil and Environment 55, No. 2 (February 24, 2009): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/259-pse.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in photosynthetic pigments and carbohydrate contents on resistant and susceptible plants of <i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> L. (cvs. Mexico 222 and Widusa) infected by <i>Colletotrichum lindemuthianum</i> race 23. The experimental design used was entirely randomized in factorial scheme, with 2 cultivars (Mexico 222 and Widusa) and 2 treatments (control and inoculated). The cultivar Widusa (susceptible) showed a significant reduction in photosynthetic pigments, and an increase in the total carbohydrates, sucrose and reducing carbohydrates, whereas the cultivar Mexico 222 (resistant) showed a significant change in the carotenoid and total carbohydrate contents.
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Sivaci, Aysel, and Sevcan Duman. "Seasonal variation of carbohydrate content in stem and leaves of almond (Prunus amygdalus L.)." Bangladesh Journal of Botany 43, no. 2 (January 19, 2015): 223–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v43i2.21677.
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Seasonal change of total carbohydrate contents in samples taken from leaves and stems of almond varieties was investigated. Carbohydrate contents in the leaves and stem of all varieties showed seasonal differences. The highest carbohydrate content in the leaves and stem of all varieties was found in April, and January, respectively. The lowest carbohydrate content in the leaves of Nonpareil was found in July, that of Ferragnes and Texas in October. The lowest level of carbohydrate content in the stem of all varieties was found in July. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v43i2.21677 Bangladesh J. Bot. 43(2): 223-225, 2014 (September)
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BALDOCK, J. A., B. D. KAY, and M. SCHNITZER. "INFLUENCE OF CROPPING TREATMENTS ON THE MONOSACCHARIDE CONTENT OF THE HYDROLYSATES OF A SOIL AND ITS AGGREGATE FRACTIONS." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 67, no. 3 (August 1, 1987): 489–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss87-046.
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The influence of three cropping treatments on the quantitative and qualitative composition of the carbohydrate fraction of a silt loam soil and its water-stable aggregates was assessed. Three cropping treatments were considered: bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) grown continuously for 15 yr (B15), grain-corn (Zea mays L.) grown continuously using conventional tillage for 15 yr (C15), and grain-corn grown continuously for 13 yr followed by 2 yr of bromegrass (B13C2). Six water-stable aggregate size fractions ranging from 8.00–4.70 to 0.25–0.10 mm in diameter were separated from the soil by wet sieving. The carbohydrate fraction was extracted by acid hydrolysis, reduced, acetylated to alditol acetates and analyzed by temperature-programmed capillary gas chromatography. Total carbohydrate content was not significantly influenced by cropping treatment but was observed to increase as aggregate size decreased irrespective of cropping treatment. The carbohydrate content in the different aggregate size fractions was positively correlated with both organic carbon and clay contents. With the exception of xylose and mannose, the monomeric sugars behaved similarly to total carbohydrates. Based on the magnitude of the ratio of the content of mannose to that of arabinose plus xylose, the contribution of plant carbohydrates to the total carbohydrate fraction increased as aggregate size decreased in the B15 treatment, but decreased in the C13B2 and C15 treatments. No significant correlations existed between either the total carbohydrate content or the content of individual sugars, and the stability of aggregates in the soils from the different cropping treatments. Key words: Wet aggregate stability, soil organic matter, soil structure, crop rotation, corn, bromegrass
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Subaktilah, Yani, Agung Wahyono, Silvia Oktavia Nur Yudiastuti, and Qurrota A’yun Mahros. "Pengaruh Substitusi Tepung Labu Kuning (Cucurbita moschata L) terhadap Nilai Gizi Brownies Kukus Labu Kuning." Jurnal Ilmiah Inovasi 21, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.25047/jii.v21i1.2629.
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Pumpkin is one of an agricultural commodity which is rich in nutrients. Pumpkin also has high vitamin and mineral contents including betacarotene, vitamin C and vitamin B1. Pumpkin flour is suitable to be added into food products in order to increase the nutrient contents. The study aimed to know the effect of pumpkin flour substitution on the chemical characteristic of steamed brownies. The pumpkin flour substitution were 0%,20%,40%,60%, 80%, and 100% based on wheat flour weight. The result showed that the pumpkin flour substitution significantly increased the moisture contents, ash contents, and carbohydrate contents of steamed brownies. The highest fat content, protein content, and carbohydrate content showed in those of 20% pumpkin flour substitusion. It contained 29,43% of fat content, 8,65% of protein content, and 8,65% of carbohydrate content, respectively.
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Brown, Christopher S., Eric Young, and David M. Pharr. "Rootstock and Scion Effects on the Seasonal Distribution of Dry Weight and Carbohydrates in Young Apple Trees." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 110, no. 5 (September 1985): 696–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.110.5.696.
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Abstract Carbohydrates were measured in young apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees throughout the period of 28 Mar. 1983 to 16 Apr. 1984. Two rootstocks, M.9 (full dwarf) and MMIII (vigorous) and 2 scion cultivars, ‘Redchief and ‘Northern Spy’ were used in the 4 possible combinations. Trees were separated into 5 classes of vegetative tissue and analyzed for starch, sorbitol, and soluble sugars. Dry weights also were measured. Trees of MMIII had a greater dry weight in the above and below ground portions than trees on M.9. Carbohydrate contents followed a similar pattern. ‘Northern Spy’ scions had greater dry weight and carbohydrate content in the above ground portion than ‘Redchief. ‘Redchief had greater dry weight and carbohydrate content in the below ground portion than ‘Northern Spy’. Above ground starch content and below ground sorbitol and soluble sugar content did not follow this pattern.
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Garcia-Luis, A., F. Fornes, and J. L. Guardiola. "Leaf Carbohydrates and Flower Formation in Citrus." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 120, no. 2 (March 1995): 222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.120.2.222.
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The carbohydrate contents of the leaves of satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) trees were altered before or during the low temperature flower induction period to determine the relationship between gross levels of carbohydrates and flower formation. Early removal of the fruit and girdling of the branches on either fruiting or defruited trees caused an accumulation of carbohydrates in the leaves and increased flower formation. Shading the trees resulted in a transient reduction in leaf carbohydrate levels and in a decrease in flower formation. Although a relationship between carbohydrate levels and flowering was consistently found, our results show that the gross levels of carbohydrates do not appear to limit flower formation in citrus.
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Krzesiński, Włodzimierz, Monika Gąsecka, Jerzy Stachowiak, and Mikołaj Knaflewski. "Plant age effect on asparagus yielding in terms of carbohydrate balance." Folia Horticulturae 20, no. 2 (December 1, 2008): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2013-0111.
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Abstract In order to examine the effect of plant age on asparagus yielding, the number and weight of spears were analyzed. The experiment was carried out on 1-, 4- and 7-year-old plants in the aeroponic system with recirculation. The results showed that the spear number and thus also the yield were not plant age dependent, while spear diameter and their weight were. Taking into account both crown weight and the age of plants, a 26% variation in spear diameter and a 27% variation in mean spear weight were explained. Determination of dry weight and carbohydrate contents in storage roots showed these traits to be independent of asparagus plant age, except for total carbohydrate content per plant. During harvest dry weight, % Brix, sucrose, fructan and total carbohydrates contents losses were also recorded.
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Kouakoua, E., M. C. Larré-Larrouy, B. Barthès, P. L. de Freitas, C. Neves, G. H. Sala, and C. Feller. "Relations entre stabilité de l'agrégation et matière organique totale et soluble à l'eau chaude dans des sols ferrallitiques argileux (Congo, Brésil)." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 79, no. 4 (November 1, 1999): 561–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s98-056.
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Organic matter (OM) generally plays an important role in soil aggregate stability. The objective of this work was to characterize the hot water-extractable OM and its role in the aggregate stability of clayey ferrallitic soils under different land use management. The macroaggregate (>200 µm) stability of these soils was determined before (AS) and after hot-water extraction (ASe). The contents in total organic carbon and in carbon present as carbohydrates, as well as the sugar composition, were determined on the bulk soils and their hot-water extracts.The carbon and macroaggregate contents decreased upon land-clearing and cultivation, but to a lesser extent when some cultural practices were used. Whatever the situation considered, the hot-water extract always presented a higher carbohydrate content than the bulk soil. The high values of ratios r = (galactose + mannose)/(arabinose + xylose) suggested that a large proportion of carbohydrates was of microbial origin. There were significant correlations between AS and the carbon content of bulk soils or hot-water extracts, and between AS and the soil carbohydrate content. On the opposite, whatever the soil sample studied, no significant difference could be found between AS and ASe, showing that hot-water extractable OM had thus no clear aggregating role in these soils. Key words: Organic matter, macroaggregate stability, hot-water extraction, carbohydrates, ferrallitic soils
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Megawati, Astrilia Damayanti, Radenrara Dewi Artanti Putri, Irene Nindita Pradnya, Habib Faisal Yahya, and Nurul Kumarany Arnan. "Drying Characteristics of Chlorella pyrenoidosa Using Oven and its Evaluation for Bio-Ethanol Production." Materials Science Forum 1007 (August 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1007.1.
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The objective of this research is to study the influence of temperature on drying and changes in carbohydrate composition during the drying. Chlorella pyrenoidosa was dried in oven at various temperatures and initial weight 2 g. The initial moisture content of Chlorella pyrenoidosa was 487.2% dry weight and the composition was hemicellulose (62.76), cellulose (2.39), and lignin (0.46% dry weight). Every 5 min, the moisture content was recorded. The critical moisture contents of Chlorella pyrenoidosa at 50, 60, and 70 °C are 7.2, 3.9, and 3.1% dry weight, respectively. Meanwhile, the equilibrium water contents are 0.53, 0.32, and 0.12% dry weight, respectively. The carbohydrate content in Chlorella pyrenoidosa cell as a result FTIR analysis indicates that the higher temperature of drying the carbohydrate content increases. Drying of Chlorella pyrenoidosa at temperatures of 50, 60, and 70 °C will decrease moisture content without disturb carbohydrate molecule, so the carbohydrate content increases. Therefore, drying of Chlorella pyrenoidosa before converting become bio-ethanol will give benefit to increase the carbohydrate content and initial rupturing of it’s cell.
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BARROS, Tania Fraga, and Maria Aparecida de RESENDE. "Partial chemical characterization of antigenic preparations of chromoblastomycosis agents." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 41, no. 6 (November 1999): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651999000600003.
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Antigenic preparations (saline, methylic, metabolic and exoantigens) of four agents of chromoblastomycosis, Fonsecaea pedrosoi, Phialophora verrucosa, Cladophialophora (Cladosporium) carrionii and Rhinocladiella aquaspersa were obtained. Partial chemical characterization of these antigenic preparations was obtained by determination of the levels of total lipids, protein, and carbohydrates, and identification of the main sterols and carbohydrates. Methylic antigens presented the highest lipid contents, whereas metabolic antigens showed the highest carbohydrate content. Total lipid, protein, and carbohydrate levels were in the range of 2.33 to 2.00mg/ml, 0.04 to 0.02 mg/ml and 0.10 to 0.02 mg/ml, respectively, in the methylic antigens and in the range of 0.53 to 0.18mg/ml, 0.44 to 0.26mg/ml, and 1.82 to 1.02 mg/ml, respectively, in saline antigens. Total lipid, protein, and carbohydrate contents were in the range of 0.55 to 0.20mg/ml, 0.69 to 0.57mg/ml and 10.73 to 5.93mg/ml, respectively, in the metabolic antigens, and in the range of 0.55 to 0.15mg/ml, 0.62 to 0.20mg/ml and 3.55 to 0.42mg/ml, respectively, in the exoantigens. Phospholipids were not detected in the preparations. Saline and metabolic antigens and exoantigens presented hexose and the methylic antigen revealed additional pentose units in their composition. The UV light absorption spectra of the sterols revealed squalene and an ergosterol fraction in the antigens. The characterization of these antigenic preparations may be useful for serological evaluation of patients of chromoblastomycosis.
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ELFIDASARI, DEWI, AFINA PUTRI SHABIRA, IRAWAN SUGORO, and LAKSMI NURUL ISMI. "The The nutrient content of Plecostomus (Pterygoplichthys pardalis) flesh from Ciliwung River Jakarta, Indonesia." Nusantara Bioscience 11, no. 1 (February 14, 2019): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/nusbiosci/n110106.
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Abstract. Elfidasari D, Shabira AP, Sugoro I, Ismi LN. 2019. The nutrient content of Plecostomus (Pterygoplichthys pardalis) flesh from Ciliwung River Jakarta, Indonesia. Nusantara Bioscience 11: 30-34. One of the rivers in Jakarta, Indonesia that becomes the habitat of fish is Ciliwung River with Plecostomus as the dominant fish. The abundant number of Plecostomus in the Ciliwung river is utilized by the people living near the river basin area of Ciliwung River Jakarta as the main to produce food. As a source of animal nutrients, the contents of protein, fats, and carbohydrate in Plecostomus from Ciliwung River Jakarta has not been identified. The aforementioned condition has been the trigger to conduct this research aiming at identifying the contents of protein, fats, and carbohydrate in Plecostomus flesh from Ciliwung River Jakarta. The methods employed were Kjeldahl method to find out protein content, extraction method to test the fats, and by difference method to test carbohydrate with prior test of ashes using ash-drying method. The result shows that the smaller-sized Plecostomus with 18-23 cm in length had the highest contents of protein, fats, and ashes (50.0517%; 1.1261%; 1.1446%). Meanwhile, the medium-sized Plecostomus with 24-28.5 cm in length had the highest carbohydrate content (52.9905%). Statistical test using ANOVA with Duncan’s multiple range test shows that the contents of protein, fats, and carbohydrate in smaller, medium, and larger-sized Plecostomus do not show significant difference. The body length of Plecostomus from Ciliwung River Jakarta does not give significant effect on the contents of protein, fats, and carbohydrate in its flesh.
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Ayşe, Deligöz, Bayar Esra, Genç Musa, Karatepe Yasin, Kirdar Erol, and Cankara Fatma Gökçe. "Seasonal and needle age-related variations in the biochemical characteristics of Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe." Journal of Forest Science 64, No. 9 (October 8, 2018): 379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/66/2018-jfs.
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Variations in the photosynthetic pigments and total carbohydrate contents of needles of different age classes (current-year, 1-year-old, 2-year-old and 3-year-old) of Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana (Lambert) Holmboe trees in a young natural stand were investigated during the growing season. In current-year needles, total carbohydrate content was lower during June and July when the needle growth continued than in older age classes, but it was similar to other age classes in the months of August to October. Seasonal patterns of variations in total carbohydrate content were almost similar in 1-, 2-, and 3-year-old needles. Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents increased from May to June, remained relatively constant or declined slightly during summer and autumn in 1-, 2-, and 3-year-old needles. In October, the pigment content was highest in 1-year-old needles, and lowest in 3-year-old needles. Our study indicated that total carbohydrate and pigment contents were affected by needle age classes and seasons.
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C. Dias-Barbosa, Cristina Z. de Morais, Diego S. V. de Oliveira, Kaesel J. D. de Oliveira, Regilda S. dos Reis Moreira Araújo, and Maurisrael de Moura Rocha. "Selection of Cowpea Elite Lines for Iron and Zinc Biofortification." Current Nutrition & Food Science 17, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573401316999200503031253.
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Background: Cowpea is a very popular crop in Brazil, rich in nutrients that can be used as food to feed the population, avoiding deficiencies caused by the lack of minerals such as iron and zinc. Objective: To select elite cowpea lines for biofortification of iron and zinc and determine the physical and chemical characteristics of the lines. We analyzed: 33 cowpea genotypes, being 31 elite genotypes and two biofortified cultivars (control). Method: The 10 best lines with iron and zinc contents were selected and, together with the controls, were analyzed for chemical composition (moisture, ash, lipids, proteins and carbohydrates), total energy value and cooking time. Results: The iron and zinc contents in semi-prostrate genotypes were higher than those in semi-erect genotypes, all the semi-prostrate lines presented a high iron content, and 19.25% presented a high zinc content. The genotypes of the semi-erect lines exhibited more significant genetic variability for iron content, whereas those of the semi-prostrate genotypes showed more significant genetic variation for zinc content, both exhibited a high genetic component in phenotypic expression. Improving the genotypes for increased protein content led to reductions in lipid and carbohydrate contents, as well as the total energy value, whereas increasing the carbohydrate content increased both the total energy value and the zinc content. The MNC04-792F-146 lines presented alleles that favored an increase in carbohydrate content and total energy, while the MNC04-769F-26, MNC04-769F-31, and MNC04-774F-90 lines were shown to be good sources of genes for increasing protein content, decreasing lipid content, and rapid cooking. Conclusion: The MNC04-762F-9, MNC04-792F-146, and MNC04-769F-55 lines exhibited the greatest potential to be released as iron and zinc biofortified cultivars.
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Misiewicz Runyon, Amanda, and Tsz-Yin So. "The Use of Ketogenic Diet in Pediatric Patients with Epilepsy." ISRN Pediatrics 2012 (August 28, 2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/263139.
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A ketogenic diet is a nonpharmacologic treatment strategy to control refractory epilepsy in children. Although this diet has been used successfully to reduce seizures since the 1920s, the anticonvulsant mechanism of ketosis remains unknown. The initiation of the diet requires an average four-day hospitalization to achieve ketosis in the patient as well as to provide thorough education on diet maintenance for both the patient and the caregivers. A ketogenic diet, consisting of low carbohydrate and high fat intake, leaves little room for additional carbohydrates supplied by medications. Patients on ketogenic diets who exceed their daily carbohydrate limit have the risk of seizure relapse, necessitating hospital readmission to repeat the diet initiation process. These patients are at a high risk for diversion from the diet. Patients admitted to the hospital setting are often initiated on multiple medications, and many hospital systems are not equipped with appropriate monitoring systems to prevent clinicians from introducing medications with high carbohydrate contents. Pharmacists have the resources and the expertise to help identify and prevent the initiation of medications with high carbohydrate content in patients on ketogenic diets.
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Mayworm, Marco A. S., Marcos S. Buckeridge, Ursula M. L. Marquez, and Antonio Salatino. "Nutritional reserves of Vochysiaceae seeds: chemical diversity and potential economic uses." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 83, no. 2 (June 2011): 523–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652011000200012.
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Contents of proteins, carbohydrates and oil of seeds of 57 individuals of Vochysiaceae, involving one species of Callisthene, six of Qualea, one of Salvertia and eight of Vochysia were determined. The main nutritional reserves of Vochysiaceae seeds are proteins (20% in average) and oils (21. 6%). Mean of carbohydrate contents was 5. 8%. Callisthene showed the lowest protein content (16. 9%), while Q. cordata was the species with the highest content (30% in average). The contents of ethanol soluble carbohydrates were much higher than those of water soluble carbohydrates. Oil contents lay above 20% for most species (30. 4% in V. pygmaea and V. pyramidalis seeds). The predominant fatty acids are lauric (Q. grandiflora), oleic (Qualea and Salvertia) or acids with longer carbon chains (Salvertia and a group of Vochysia species). The distribution of Vochysiaceae fatty acids suggests for seeds of some species an exploitation as food sources (predominance of oleic acid), for other species an alternative to cocoa butter (high contents or predominance of stearic acid) or the production of lubricants, surfactants, detergents, cosmetics and plastic (predominance of acids with C20 or C22 chains) or biodiesel (predominance of monounsaturated acids). The possibility of exploitation of Vochysiaceae products in a cultivation regimen and in extractive reserves is discussed.
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Deutch, Charles E., Todd P. Egan, J. Forrest Meekins, and Carol Siegel. "Protein & Carbohydrate Contents of Plant Seeds." American Biology Teacher 66, no. 3 (March 2004): 192–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1662/0002-7685(2004)066[0192:pccops]2.0.co;2.
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Castro, Carolina, Geneviève Corraze, Amalia Pérez-Jiménez, Laurence Larroquet, Marianne Cluzeaud, Stéphane Panserat, and Aires Oliva-Teles. "Dietary carbohydrate and lipid source affect cholesterol metabolism of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles." British Journal of Nutrition 114, no. 8 (August 26, 2015): 1143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114515002731.
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AbstractPlant feedstuffs (PF) are rich in carbohydrates, which may interact with lipid metabolism. Thus, when considering dietary replacement of fishery by-products with PF, knowledge is needed on how dietary lipid source (LS) and carbohydrates affect lipid metabolism and other metabolic pathways. For that purpose, a 73-d growth trial was performed with European sea bass juveniles (IBW 74 g) fed four diets differing in LS (fish oil (FO) or a blend of vegetable oils (VO)) and carbohydrate content (0 % (CH–) or 20 % (CH+) gelatinised starch). At the end of the trial no differences among diets were observed on growth and feed utilisation. Protein efficiency ratio was, however, higher in the CH+ groups. Muscle and liver fatty acid profiles reflected the dietary LS. Dietary carbohydrate promoted higher plasma cholesterol and phospholipids (PL), whole-body and hepatic (mainly 16 : 0) lipids and increased muscular and hepatic glycogen. Except for PL, which were higher in the FO groups, no major alterations between FO and VO groups were observed on plasma metabolites (glucose, TAG, cholesterol, PL), liver and muscle glycogen, and lipid and cholesterol contents. Activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme – lipogenesis-related enzymes – increased with carbohydrate intake. Hepatic expression of genes involved in cholesterol metabolism was up-regulated with carbohydrate (HMGCR and CYP3A27) and VO (HMGCR and CYP51A1) intake. No dietary regulation of long-chain PUFA biosynthesis at the transcriptional level was observed. Overall, very few interactions between dietary carbohydrates and LS were observed. However, important insights on the direct relation between dietary carbohydrate and the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway in European sea bass were demonstrated.
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Park, Wan-Soo, Patricia A. Murphy, and Bonita A. Glatz. "Lipid metabolism and cell composition of the oleaginous yeast Apiotrichum curvatum grown at different carbon to nitrogen ratios." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 36, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 318–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m90-056.
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Apiotrichum curvatum ATCC 20509, an oleaginous yeast that can accumulate up to 60% of its cellular dry weight as intracellular lipid when grown with excess carbon, was grown in nitrogen-limited, balanced, and lactose-free medium with asparagine as nitrogen source and lactose as carbon source. Biomass and lipid accumulation were measured, cell composition was analyzed, and catalase activity was followed as marker enzyme for peroxisomes. The organism accumulated 54% of its dry weight as total cellular lipid when grown under nitrogen limitation and accumulated only 20–25% of its dry weight as lipid when grown in balanced medium. When starved for carbon, cells utilized endogenous lipid and carbohydrate as carbon and energy sources; the intracellular contents of lipid and carbohydrate decreased by 31 and 26%, respectively. Intracellular carbohydrates also seemed to be used as intermediates for lipid accumulation and lipid turnover. Catalase activity was strongly induced (over 10-fold increase in specific activity) when cells metabolized endogenous lipid. The lipid content of cells was inversely related to catalase activity and to intracellular protein or total nitrogen content. Lipid content showed no correlation with intracellular carbohydrate content. Key words: lipid, peroxisomes, oleaginous, Apiotrichum curvatum.
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Burke, John J., Junping Chen, Diane L. Rowland, Timothy H. Sanders, and Lisa L. Dean. "Temperature Effects on Carbohydrates of Hydroponically-Grown Peanuts." Peanut Science 36, no. 2 (July 1, 2009): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/ps08-022.1.
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Abstract In most years, peanuts from the south-central US have excellent soluble sugar levels for the food industry; however, in some growing seasons high sugar contents are a significant problem associated with roasted color variation. To test the hypothesis that high sugar concentration was related to low temperature extremes, this study evaluated temperature effects on carbohydrate levels in peanuts grown hydroponically. Peanuts were grown with separate pod-zone and shoot-root zone day/night temperatures. Peanut carbohydrate contents were evaluated in seed from pods grown at nighttime pod-zone temperatures of 15, 20, 22, 24 and 28 C. Total carbohydrates were higher in peanuts grown in 15 C pod-zone temperatures compared with those maintained at 28 C. Peanuts harvested at 120 d after planting (DAP) had the highest sucrose contents at 15 and 20 C, the second highest sucrose contents at 22 C, and the lowest sucrose concentration at 24 C. The temperature-induced differential in sucrose contents of 120 DAP peanuts was not observed in peanuts harvested at 141 DAP. These findings support the observation that soil temperature has a greater impact on peanut carbohydrate accumulation than air temperature. The results also suggest that nighttime soil temperatures of 15 C will result in more mature peanuts if they are grown for 141 d after planting; however, harvesting before the peanuts reach maturity may result in elevated sugar contents.
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Akbar, Ikhsan I., Marry Christiyanto, and Cahya Setya Utama. "PENGARUH LAMA PEMANASAN DAN KADAR AIR YANG BERBEDA TERHADAP NILAI GLUKOSA DAN TOTAL KARBOHIDRAT PADA POLLARD." Jurnal Litbang Provinsi Jawa Tengah 17, no. 1 (September 13, 2019): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.36762/litbangjateng.v17i1.773.
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This study aims to determine the effects of different heating duration and water content on glucose and total carbohydrate in pollard. The experimental design in this study used a complete randomized design with two factors, of which are heating duration as the primary factor (T1=15 minutes and T2=30 minutes) water contentas the secondary factor (A1=25%, A2=50%, and A3=75%) with 3 replications. On glucose content, the duration ofheat treatment showed significant effect (p<0,05), while difference in water content didnot. On total carbohydrate content, the different water contentshowed significant effect (p<0,05), whereas different heating duration did notshow any significant effect. The research concludes that heating duration and water affects significantly on glucose and total carbohydrate contents, respectively. It is recommended that further research by digestibility analysis is needed to support the result of this research.
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Zdebska, E., B. Soszyńska, Z. Dobrowolski, and J. Kościelak. "The levels of glycosphingolipids, ceramides, sialic acid and glycogen are changed in plasma membranes of rat platelets harvested during recovery from immune-mediated thrombocytopenia." Acta Biochimica Polonica 43, no. 3 (September 30, 1996): 547–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.1996_4490.
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Plasma membranes of rat platelets produced at normal platelet counts and during early recovery from immune-mediated thrombocytopenia were examined for the contents of carbohydrates, lipids and glycosphingolipids. Glucosylceramide, two monosialo-gangliosides and one disialo-ganglioside were found to be the major glycosphingolipids of platelets. During thrombocytopenia the contents of these glycosphingolipids as well as of ceramides were several fold elevated. Among carbohydrate constituents of platelets and platelet plasma membranes, glycogen content was increased and that of sialic acid decreased. These results are discussed in the light of literature data on relevant biochemical characteristics of megakaryocytes at different stages of maturation and on thrombopoiesis during acute experimental thrombocytopenia.
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Dang, Binh T. T., Harald Brelid, and Hans Theliander. "Carbohydrate content of black liquor and precipitated lignin at different ionic strengths in flow-through kraft cooking." Holzforschung 72, no. 7 (July 26, 2018): 539–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2017-0146.
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AbstractThe influence of sodium ion concentration [Na+] on the dissolution of carbohydrates in black liquor (BL) during flow-through kraft cooking of Scots pine wood meal (Pinus sylvestris) was studied. Fractions of BL were collected at different times and the carbohydrate content of the various fractions was analysed. Lignin was precipitated from the BL by lowering the pH, and the carbohydrate content of the precipitated lignins (Lprec) was also examined. The molecular weight distribution (MWD) of the Lprecsamples was analysed. Xylose (Xyl) was found to be the most predominant sugar in BL aside from arabinose (Ara) and galactose (Gal), while the amounts of these sugars decreased with increasing levels of [Na+] in the cooking liquor. The minor amounts of mannose (Man) found in BL was not influenced by the [Na+]. The effects of NaCl and Na2CO3on the carbohydrate dissolution were similar, but slightly lower concentrations of Ara and Xyl were found in the case of NaCl application. All of the Lprecsamples contained some carbohydrate residues, the contents of which increased with increasing cooking time and decreased with higher [Na+]. It can be concluded that arabinoglucuronoxylan (AGX) along with arabinogalactans (AG) and arabinan, are covalently linked to lignin. The glucose (Glc) residue detected in Lprecmay originate from 1,3-β-glucan linked to lignin.
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Beeson, Richard C., and William M. Proebsting. "Carbon Metabolism in Scions of Colorado Blue Spruce: II. Carbon Storage Compounds." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 113, no. 5 (September 1988): 800–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.113.5.800.
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Abstract The study evaluated the roles of storage carbohydrates and neutral lipids in the success of Colorado blue spruce (Picea pungens Englemann ‘Hoopsi’) grafts. These scions do not require photosynthesis nor receive photosynthates from the rootstock during union development. Carbohydrate and neutral lipid contents, along with respiration and scion water relations, were measured during union development. Stored carbon compounds were sufficient to supply the needs of the scion during the 9 weeks of union development. Estimates of carbohydrate use indicated that decreases in sugar content (bark and needle) were insufficient to account for more than 25% of the estimated respiration. The results indicate that the quantity of carbon storage compounds is not a factor in graft success. We propose that neutral lipids may be the major carbon reserve of the scion during graft formation.
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Souza, Maria Luiza Rodrigues de, Douglas Dário Siqueira da Silva, Iracema Lima Pereira, Letícia Matias Pinheiro Rocha, Gislaine Gonçalves Oliveira, Melina Franco Coradini, Marcos Antonio Matiucci, Andresa Carla Feihrmann, and Elenice Souza dos Reis Goes. "Inclusion levels of flour made from smoked Nile tilapia trimmings in extruded corn snacks." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 8 (July 13, 2021): e33410817243. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i8.17243.
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This study aimed to elaborate extruded corn snacks with the inclusion of flour made from smoked Nile tilapia trimmings, as well as evaluate the chemical, sensory and microbiological composition. The tilapia trimmings flour was incorporated in four levels, one of them was the control (without inclusion) and then 5%, 10% and 15% added in the corn grits. The microbiological analysis shows that the flours and snacks prepared are within the microbiological standards. The shavings flour presented 8.89% moisture, 60.87% protein, 15.7% ash and 11.68% carbohydrates. The inclusion of different levels of tilapia flour in the extruded snacks significantly influenced only the content of protein, moisture and carbohydrates. The protein content increased as the level of inclusion of shavings in the snacks increased, while the carbohydrate content decreased. For protein, there was a positive linear effect, whose contents went from 7.06% to 11.44%. Carbohydrate had a negative linear effect, reducing from 78.20% to 72. 63%. The moisture content showed a quadratic effect, with a range from 5.26 to 6.03%. As for sensory analysis, there was no significant difference for any of the attributes evaluated between the different treatments. It is recommended to include up to 15% of Nile tilapia trimmings flour in extruded corn snacks with an increase in protein content of up to 38.29% and a reduction of up to 7.12% in carbohydrates.
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Primorac, L., I. Flanjak, KenjerićD, BubaloD, and Z. Topolnjak. "Specific rotation and carbohydrate profile of Croatian unifloral honeys." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 29, No. 5 (October 7, 2011): 515–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/164/2010-cjfs.
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Specific rotation and carbohydrate profile of Croatian black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.) and chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) honeys were determined. Fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose (with cellobiose and trehalose), melezitose (with erlose), raffinose, and xylose were evaluated and quantified by HPLC, while specific rotation was determined by using a polarimeter. The differences in the carbohydrate profile, especially in disaccharide and trisaccharide contents, reflected different specific rotation values of the honey types selected. Weak positive correlations between specific rotation and sucrose, melezitose with erlose, and raffinose contents were found.
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Souza, Jackson Mirellys Azevêdo, Sarita Leonel, Marcelo De Souza Silva, Marcelo De Almeida Oliveira Júnior, Rafaelly Calsavara Martins, Ana Carolina Batista Bolfarini, and Elma Machado Ataíde. "Carbohydrate content and season collection of cuttings from ‘Roxo de Valinhos’ fig tree." Comunicata Scientiae 10, no. 1 (April 17, 2019): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/cs.v10i1.2902.
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Choosing the best season collection of cuttings is essential to have success with propagation, due mainly to carbohydrate content, since is a source of energy for roots and shoots development. In literature, there are no papers that associate the collection season of cuttings with carbohydrate contents in figs. Therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate carbohydrate contents and season collection of cuttings to propagate ‘Roxo de Valinhos’ fig tree. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse; cuttings were collected in the first week of the following months: June, July, August and September. The design was in completely randomized blocks, with four replicates of 30 cuttings collected per season. The following traits were evaluated: carbohydrate content; percentage of root cuttings, bud cuttings, cuttings without bud and root; number of buds, leaves and roots per cutting; length of the largest root and bud; bud diameter; bud and root dry mass; and root volume. Results indicated high carbohydrate content in cuttings that were collected in August; therefore, the best month to collect cuttings of ‘Roxo de Valinhos’ fig tree in the city of São Manuel, state of São Paulo. This result is due to high percentage of rooted cuttings and better development. Furthermore, carbohydrate content mainly affects root growth; besides that, reducing sugars are the most important feature in the development of cuttings.
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Tukura, Bitrus, Joseph Daniel Gbubele, and Swaiba Mamman. "Nutritional qualities assessment of locally processed spaghetti." International Journal of Scientific World 5, no. 1 (December 7, 2016): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijsw.v5i1.6900.
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The quest for cheap and quality food is on the increase, especially during economy crises. Some nutritional properties of the raw and cooked local and industrial spaghetti were determined using standard methods. Concentrations of mineral elements were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Total ash (0.98±007 %), crude protein (14.28±0.15 %) and carbohydrate (77.95±0.11 %) levels in the raw industrial spaghetti were higher compared to the locally processed raw spaghetti. Carbohydrate and moisture levels for both processed spaghetti increased on cooking, while total ash and protein contents decreased. Crude fiber (0.009±0.00 %), carbohydrate (77.52±0.21 %) and moisture levels in the cooked local spaghetti were higher than in the cooked industrial spaghetti. Proximate contents of the local and industrial raw spaghetti were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) different. Concentrations of mineral elements in the raw locally processed spaghetti were lower than in the industrial spaghetti. Low levels of functional properties were recorded in the local spaghetti. Cooking decreased zinc content in the spaghetti, but significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased the moisture content, crude fiber, carbohydrate and mineral contents. The spaghetti processed locally may serve as an alternative to the industrial spaghetti.
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Peralta, Donna V., James E. Rodgers, James L. Knowlton, and Chanel A. Fortier. "Upland Cotton Surface Amino Acid and Carbohydrate Contents vs. Color Measurements." Journal of Cotton Science 22, no. 2 (2018): 142–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.56454/lamm7061.
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Upland cotton is naturally white, with its yellowness (+b) rating highly influencing its economic value. Field conditions, microorganisms, and growth problems can cause cotton to become discolored at harvest, which has historically been thought to indicate a decrease in product quality. Previous research has suggested that some reactions between amino acids and carbohydrates on the surface of cotton fibers may lead to color development after harvest during certain storage and shipping conditions. There has been a lack of research evidence to understand how initial amounts of those surface constituents present at harvest may indicate the propensity for potential future changes in +b ratings. Due to the monetary implications, it is important for those in the cotton industry to better understand exactly how detrimental the +b value is on the functionality of the cotton. This study aimed to identify potential relationships between the post-harvest surface amino acids and carbohydrates content with color rating values to gain insight using High Volume Instrument (HVI), a portable spectrophotometer, ion chromatography, and a ninhydrin test to compare amino acid and carbohydrate content of 45 upland cotton samples with their color measurements: +b, Rd, and L*a*b*. A correlational statistical analysis found a quadratic relationship between amino acid content and +b; and highly positive correlations between amino acids and +b ratings: 0.8607; and b* values: 0.820 (p<0.05).
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He, Zhongqi, Dan C. Olk, Haile Tewolde, Hailin Zhang, and Mark Shankle. "Carbohydrate and Amino Acid Profiles of Cotton Plant Biomass Products." Agriculture 10, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10010002.
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To achieve the optimal and diverse utilization of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) plant residues in various agricultural, industrial, and environmental applications, the chemical composition of cotton biomass tissues across different plant parts (e.g., seed, boll, bur, leaves, stalk, stem, and root) is of essential information. Thus, in this work, we collected field-grown whole mature cotton plants and separated them into distinct biomass fractions including main stems, leaf blades, branches, petioles, roots, and reproductive parts (mid-season growth stage) or bur, peduncles/bract, and seed cotton (pre-defoliation stage). The contents of selected carbohydrates and amino acids in these cotton biomass materials were determined. Both essential and nonessential amino acids were enriched in cotton leaf blades and reproductive parts. The distribution pattern of the selected carbohydrates differed from that of amino acids—higher contents of carbohydrate were found in roots, main stems, and branches. Although glucose was the most abundant non-structural carbohydrate in cotton plant parts at mid-season, xylose was the most abundant in most plant parts at the pre-defoliation stage. Nutritional carbohydrates and amino acids were further accumulated in seeds at pre-defoliation. The information reported in this work would be helpful in exploring and optimizing management practices and processing strategies for utilizing cotton crop biomass materials as valuable and renewable natural resources.
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Ologhobo, Anthony D., and Babatunde L. Fetuga. "Changes in carbohydrate contents of germinating cowpea seeds." Food Chemistry 20, no. 2 (January 1986): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-8146(86)90148-2.
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Arakawa, Tsutomu, and Jie Wen. "Determination of Carbohydrate Contents from Excess Light Scattering." Analytical Biochemistry 299, no. 2 (December 2001): 158–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/abio.2001.5432.
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Nacro, Hassan Bismarck, Marie Christine Larré-Larrouy, Christian Feller, and Luc Abbadie. "Hydrolysable carbohydrate in tropical soils under adjacent forest and savanna vegetation in Lamto, Côte d'Ivoire." Soil Research 43, no. 6 (2005): 705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr03134.
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Carbohydrates represent 5–25% of the organic matter in soils. They constrain microbial activities and mineral nutrient production in soil and also reflect the whole microorganism community dynamic. The objective of this study was to determine the contents and composition of hydrolysable carbohydrates in soils collected in a forest–savanna mosaic landscape in the region of Lamto (Côte d’Ivoire). Capillary gas chromatography was used to identify and determine carbohydrates in soil profile under 4 tropical ecosystems: gallery and plateau forests, and grass and shrub tree savannas. Forest soils were higher in organic matter than savanna soils (0.50–2.96% C v. 0.53–1.22% C). The carbohydrate-C content of soils, expressed as percentage of total soil organic C, was low, a likely consequence of the tropical climate that promotes a rapid decomposition of surface plant debris. The carbohydrate-C content was higher under savanna soils (5–7%) than under forest soils (3–4%). Glucose, ribose, mannose, xylose, and galactose were the 5 most abundant extractable monosaccharides in all soils. Between them, only xylose and ribose are controlled by the vegetation type. The [(galactose + mannose) : (arabinose + xylose)] and [mannose : xylose] ratios suggested that most soil sugars derive from microbial biomass. The large abundance of microbial carbohydrates indicates intense microbial activities in the soil, and then rapid decomposition of soil organic matter favoured by the long wet season, with high temperatures and soil water availability at the site study. Results suggest clearly that the climate likely controls the amount and composition of carbohydrates in Lamto soils.
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Resende, C. F., V. S. Pacheco, F. F. Dornellas, A. M. S. Oliveira, J. C. E. Freitas, and P. H. P. Peixoto. "Responses of antioxidant enzymes, photosynthetic pigments and carbohydrates in micropropagated Pitcairnia encholirioides L.B. Sm. (Bromeliaceae) under ex vitro water deficit and after rehydration." Brazilian Journal of Biology 79, no. 1 (January 2019): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.175284.
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Abstract In this study, the activities of antioxidant enzymes, photosynthetic pigments, proline and carbohydrate contents in Pitcairnia encholirioides under ex vitro conditions of water deficit were evaluated. Results show that plants under progressive water stress, previously in vitro cultured in media supplemented with 30 g L-1 sucrose and GA3, accumulated more proline and increased peroxidase (POD) activity and the contents of photosynthetic pigments and carbohydrates. For plants previously in vitro cultured with 15 g L-1 sucrose and NAA, no differences were found for proline content and there were reductions in activities of peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and poliphenoloxidase (PPO), and in contents of carbohydrates, with progress of ex vitro water deficit. After rehydration, plants showed physiological recovery, with enzymatic activities and contents of metabolites similar to those found in the controls not submitted to dehydration, regardless of the previous in vitro culture conditions. These results show that micropropagated P. encholirioides has high tolerance to dehydration once in ex vitro conditions, which can ensure the survival of plants from tissue culture when transferred to its natural environment, emphasizing the importance of such biotechnology for the propagation of endangered species.
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Gąsecka, Monika, Jerzy Stachowiak, Włodzimierz Krzesiński, Mikołaj Knaflewski, and Piotr Goliński. "Changes in Glucose, Fructose and Sucrose Contents in Storage Roots of Asparagus During Vegetation Period." Vegetable Crops Research Bulletin 69, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10032-008-0029-9.
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Changes in Glucose, Fructose and Sucrose Contents in Storage Roots of Asparagus During Vegetation PeriodThe objective of the field experiment conducted during 2000-2002 was to determine changes in glucose, fructose and sucrose contents in storage roots of asparagus (Asparagus officinalisL.) cv.‘Thielim’during vegetation period. The aim of the study was also to estimate the correlation between yield and the content of carbohydrates. Sum of glucose, fructose and sucrose contents (GFS) and sucrose contents in storage roots of asparagus decreased at the beginning and increased at the end of harvest. Generally glucose and fructose for carbohydrate contents increased, while that of sucrose decreased. A possitive correlation was observed for sucrose and GFS between asparagus spears and storage roots (r=0.821 and r=0.641, respectively). A negative correlation between the yield of spears and glucose, sucrose and GFS contents in storage roots was found (r=0.595, r=0.624, r=0.794, respectively). Positive correlations were found between total yield during harvest and year of cropping, average GFS content in storage roots during harvest, sum of radiation during harvest, while negative correlation between total yield and sum of average daily air temperature during harvest was found.
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Sunni, Muna, Carol Brunzell, Jennifer Kyllo, Loren Purcell, Phillip Plager, and Antoinette Moran. "A picture-based carbohydrate-counting resource for Somalis." Journal of International Medical Research 46, no. 1 (July 31, 2017): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060517718732.
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Objective Carbohydrate counting is essential for effective management of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Somali diet-specific carbohydrate-counting references are lacking, creating an additional barrier to effective diabetes control. We developed a picture-based carbohydrate-counting resource for Somalis with T1D. Methods Traditional Somali foods were selected using a variety of methods. Serving sizes and carbohydrate calculations were tabulated using the United States Department of Agriculture National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. Carbohydrate contents of home-prepared foods were calculated by measuring the total yield and total carbohydrates of ingredients in the recipe divided by the number of servings to be consumed. When available, recipes were used for food preparation and analysis for more accurate carbohydrate estimation. Results Photographs of prepared Somali foods were compiled into a PDF file. While introductions are written in text, the resource is primarily picture-based to bypass limited literacy. The resource is shared free of charge via the following link: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/0300060517718732 . The link will be updated annually with new information. Conclusion There is a necessity to tailor educational materials to address the needs of Somalis with diabetes. We have created a picture-based nutrition resource for carbohydrate counting of traditional Somali foods and have made this freely available to individuals worldwide.
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Masithoh, Rudiati Evi, Maynanda Brigita Chrysta, and Sabila Avinda Deviana. "Physicochemical Characteristics of Sun-dried and Roasted Cassava Rice." agriTECH 39, no. 4 (November 5, 2019): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/agritech.37657.
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High demand of rice can be minimized by promoting cassava as an alternative carbohydrate source. One method to process cassava to ease consumption and to prolong its shelf-life is by making it into analog rice, namely cassava rice. Two drying methods were studied to obtain the physicochemical information of cassava rice. This research aimed at determining color and chemical properties, i.e. water content, ash, lipid, protein, carbohydrate, starch, amylose, amylopectin, and mineral contents of cassava rice processed by roasting and sun-drying. It also compared physicochemical characteristics of cassava rice and paddy rice to get better understanding of nutritional values of cassava rice. Results showed that physical, chemical, and mineral contents of cassava rice were different from paddy rice. Cassava rice had lower water, protein, Zn and P2O5 contents than paddy rice. Roasted cassava rice was darker than cassava rice. Sun-dried and roasted cassava rice showed no different values in terms of lipid, carbohydrate, starch, amylose, amylopectin, Mg, Zn and P2O5 contents, while other characteristics were similar.
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Boeky, Daniela L. A., Utma Aspatria, and JER Markus. "STUDI KANDUNGAN BEBERAPA ZAT GIZI DAN SIFAT ORGANOLEPTIK BISKUIT BERBASIS TEPUNG KOMPOSIT PUTAK DAN KACANG KOMAK." Jurnal Pangan Gizi dan Kesehatan 3, no. 2 (October 1, 2011): 435–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.51556/ejpazih.v3i2.123.
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The research was knowing nutrient content and organoleptic characteristic of biscuit based on composite fluor of putak and Dolichos bean (Lablab purpureus). Completely Randomized Design of 6 treatments and 2 replications was applied. The treatments used were (A) 100% putak, (B) 70% putak + 30% dolichos bean, (C) 60% putak + 40% dolichos bean, (D) 50% putak + 50% dolichos bean, (E) 40% putak + 60% dolichos bean, and (F) 30% putak + 70% dolichos bean. Variable measured were energy, carbohydrate, protein, fats, moisture and ash contents and organoleptic characteristic were odor, colour, taste and texture. Data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA and Least Significant Difference (BNT) 5%. The result show that the treatments were significantly (P<0,05) effected on the energy, carbohydrate, protein, moisture and ash contents but not significantly (P>0,05) on the fats contents. The organoleptic test showed that treatment (D) 50% putak + 50% dolichos bean was the best treatment. In conclusion, added Dolichos bean flour on the putak increasing the biscuit energy, carbohydrate, protein, moisture and ash contents significantly (P<0,05) but not increasing and not significantly (P>0,05) the fats contents.
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Figueira, Tiphane Andrade, Nuno Tavares Martins, Lígia Ayres-Ostrock, Estela M. Plastino, Alex Enrich-Prast, and Vinícius Peruzzi de Oliveira. "The effects of phosphate on physiological responses and carbohydrate production in Ulva fasciata (Chlorophyta) from upwelling and non-upwelling sites." Botanica Marina 64, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bot-2020-0051.
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Abstract Phosphorus is a key macronutrient in macroalgal physiology, including carbohydrate anabolism. To determine the effects of phosphorus on different physiological parameters, we cultivated Ulva fasciata specimens from distinct localities (upwelling and non-upwelling sites) in the presence of different phosphate concentrations (0, 2, and 4 µM PO 4 3 − ${\text{PO}}_{4}^{3-}$ ). After 15 days, growth rates were similar (approx. 12% day−1) and carbohydrate contents had increased in individuals from both sites. In individuals from the upwelling site, carbohydrate contents were high in all treatments (71% dry mass), whereas non-upwelling site individuals cultivated under the highest phosphate concentration showed the lowest carbohydrate content (46% DM). Nevertheless, we observed higher rates of phosphorus uptake in individuals from the non-upwelling site cultivated under the highest phosphate concentration, indicating a stress response to elevated nutrient concentrations. Individuals from both sites cultivated with phosphate maintained healthy photosystems over the experimental period (F v/F m = 0.788), whereas those cultivated in the absence of phosphate showed evidence of photosystem impairment, as indicated by a progressive decline in maximum quantum yield. Altogether, our results indicate that site origin and phosphate concentration influence the carbohydrate content in U. fasciata and that individuals from sites with broad environmental variation, such as upwelling events, can show higher productivity.
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Fitriyah, Dina, Mohammad Ubaidillah, and Fariza Oktaviani. "Analisis Kandungan Gizi Beras dari Beberapa Galur Padi Transgenik Pac Nagdong/Ir36." ARTERI : Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan 1, no. 2 (February 24, 2020): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.37148/arteri.v1i2.51.
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Rice that is generally consumed by Indonesian people is that does not have important nutrient such as β-carotene. Therefore, the way to supply β-carotene requirement in staple foods can be done through β-carotene biofortification by genetic engineering of the rice plant. PAC Nagdong/ IR36 is transgenic Golden Rice which can produce β-carotene. The research aimed to determine some nutritional content of PAC Nagdong/ IR36 rice lines that include carbohydrate, amylose, amylopectin, protein, lipid, and β-carotene content. Amylose was measured using the iodine colorimetric method, whereas the contents of amylopectin and carbohydrates were measured using the by difference method. Protein was measured using the Bradford method, lipid was measured using Proctor and Bowen method, while β-carotene content was measured using the colorimetric method. PAC Nagdong/ IR36 rice lines had carbohydrate content between 85,06-90,16%, amylose 12,94%- 20,81%, amylopectin 69,35- 76,17%, protein 7,76-8,52 µg/µl, lipid 0,65-0,90%, and β-carotene 231,61-920,52 µg/g. Carbohydrate, protein, and β-carotene in PAC Nagdong/ IR36 were higher than TN1 rice variety (control). This indicated that PAC Nagdong/ IR36 provided better nutrition. Amylose content of Nagdong/ IR36 PAC rice was low, which donated its potential to produce fluffier rice whereas high β-carotene content could be used as a source of β-carotene that is useful in overcoming vitamin A deficiency and beneficial for health including in preventing degenerative diseases.
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Zivic, Ivana, M. Zivic, Katarina Bjelanovic, M. Spasic, B. Raskovic, M. Stankovic, and Z. Markovic. "Fatty acid profile in muscles of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) raised in a semi-intensive production system fed with grains, pelleted and extruded feed." Archives of Biological Sciences 66, no. 2 (2014): 877–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1402877z.
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The effects of grains, pelleted and extruded feed on the fatty acid content in carp meat has not been examined yet. In this work, we present evidence that the high carbohydrate content in all three types of feed causes oleic acid to predominate in all meat samples. A higher PUFA content in the meat of fish fed with granulated feed was detected. The extruded feed diet led to 69% greater n-3, and 53% lower n-6 fatty acid contents. Their ratio is thus 2.64-fold higher than in meat of carp fed with pelleted feed. A higher content of n-3 fatty acids in fish fed with extruded feed was the consequence of higher DHA (1.6 times) and EPA (3.3 times) contents. The detected differences could be the consequence of the thermal treatment of extruded feed that makes the proteins, carbohydrates and lipids more accessible to fish than in a pelleted feed.
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Santos, Mirelle Nayana de Sousa, Ana Maria Mapeli, and Márcia Martins Tolentino. "Carbohydrate metabolism in floral structures of Lilium pumilum in different development stages." Ciência Rural 46, no. 7 (April 19, 2016): 1142–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20140956.
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ABSTRACT: Lilium pumilum is a species that stands out in floriculture for presenting orange inflorescences that attract the consumer. This study thus aimed at characterizing the carbohydrate metabolism of floral structures of L. pumilum in different development stages. For this purpose, carbohydrate levels (total soluble sugars, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars, and starch), at different floral stages (E0 - bud with no color; E1 - bud at early coloring; E2 - orange bud; E3 - open flower; E4 - senescent flower) were quantified after extraction with ethanol. Lilium pumilum flowers showed high energy potential during floral opening and senescence; total soluble sugars were the main carbohydrates present in the species, reducing with the floral development, and the same occurred with the non-reducing sugar and starch contents. The reducing-sugar content increased with the floral stages. Therefore, this species presents great mobilization of compounds, which are utilized in the production of energy that is employed in floral opening.
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., N. Monisha Hyderali. "Seasonality in Nutrient Contents of Edible Green Algae Ulva compressa and Ulva fasciata from Southeast Coast of India." Asian Journal of Engineering and Applied Technology 8, no. 1 (February 5, 2019): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajeat-2019.8.1.1058.
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Seasonal variations in the proximate (protein, carbohydrate, dietary fiber, ash, moisture, lipid, amino acid and fatty acid content), mineral composition (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, C, Mn) and Heavy metals content (Cd, Pb, Hg and Ni) of Ulva compressa and Ulva fasciata were investigated for all four different seasons (Spring, North east monsoon, Summer and South west monsoon) during 2015 to 2016. Data were analyzed using one- and two-way ANOVA. Significant variations in the proximate constituents were found among seasons and species. Maximum proximate and mineral composition in U. compressa are protein, carbohydrate, ash content, moisture content and lipid in northeast monsoon, dietary fiber, amino acids content and mineral content in southwest monsoon, fatty acids content in spring. Heavy metals were not detected except lead. In U. fasciata, maximum proximate and mineral composition are protein, carbohydrate, moisture content, ash content in spring season, dietary fiber in summer season, lipid and total amino acids content in northeast monsoon, fatty acids contents and mineral content in southwest season. Heavy metals were not detected except lead. U. compressa has highest protein, carbohydrate, moisture content, amino acids and mineral content as compared to U. fasciata. U. fasciata has maximum dietary fiber, ash content, lipid content and fatty acids as compared to U. compressa. In general, Northeast monsoon showed the highest proximate and mineral composition in both the algae. The present study revealed that these two edible algae have higher proximate contents which can be more ideal for food consumption for humans and animals.
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Roser, David J., D. R. Melick, H. U. Ling, and R. D. Seppelt. "Polyol and sugar content of terrestrial plants from continental Antarctica." Antarctic Science 4, no. 4 (December 1992): 413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102092000610.
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Ethanol extractable polyols and sugars from the dominant cryptogams of the Windmill Islands, Wilkes Land, East Antarctica, were characterized and quantified by gas liquid chromatography. Arabitol, ribitol and mannitol were the major low molecular weight carbohydrates extracted from all eight species of lichen analysed. Total extractable carbohydrate levels (20–60 mg g−1 dry weight) were comparable to those for temperate lichens. Extracts of four common bryophyte species were dominated by sucrose, glucose and fructose; little polyhydric alcohol was detected except in the liverwort Cephaloziella exiliflora which contained a substantial proportion of mannitol. Total carbohydrate levels in the bryophytes (9–60 mg g−1 dry weight) were comparable to those in lichens. The compositions of eight species of algae varied considerably. Prasiola crispa, Desmococcus vulgaris and Schizogonium murale possessed sorbitol as their main constituent and had extractable carbohydrate contents comparable to those found in bryophytes on a dry weight or chlorophyll a content basis. The one snow alga with comparable carbohydrate levels, Mesotaenium berggrenii, contained sucrose, glucose, glycerol and a number of unidentified compounds. The remaining four species (Oscillatoria sp., Chloromonas sp.1 and Chlorosarcina sp. 2 and Chlamydomonas pseudopulsatilla) did not accumulate comparable levels of sugars and polyols. Though the levels of these compounds were much lower in the Windmill Islands lichens than in maritime Antarctic species, their content with respect to water content (0.7–7 molal) was well above that at which cold acclimated plants accumulate these compounds (c. 100–500 millimolal), and which provide cryoprotection in vitro. In the case of the bryophytes and algae, however, the in vivo content was generally < 100 millimolal.
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KEREPESI, I., É. STEFANOVITS-BÁNYAI, J. KISPÁL, and É. SÁRDI. "INFLUENCE OF TI(IV)-ASCORBATE ON SOLUBLE CARBOHYDRATE CONTENT IN WHEAT SEEDLINGS EXPOSED TO CADMIUM." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 49, no. 4 (December 1, 2001): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.49.2001.4.1.
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The water-soluble carbohydrates contributing to the response of wheat seedlings to cadmium stress in nutrient solution were studied with or without Ti(IV)-ascorbate supply. The total water-soluble carbohydrate, glucose, fructose, sucrose, glucan and fructan contents, and the cadmium and titanium contents were measured in wheat seedlings exposed to 10-4 M Cd or 10-5M Cd with either Ti(IV)-ascorbate or Na-ascorbate in the medium. Glucose, fructose and fructan showed the greatest response to Cd, ascorbate and titanium treatments. The sugar content in plants exposed to Cd increased with the metal concentration. Titanium tended to decrease the cadmium-induced sugar accumulation. Ti(IV)-ascorbate and Na-ascorbate were also applied without Cd to study the effect of these chemicals. In general, Na-ascorbate induced a higher accumulation of sugar components than Ti(IV)-ascorbate. Titanium addition in Cd-containing solution caused a significant decrease in the cadmium accumulation in the leaves. An increase in titanium content was observed only in the roots, higher values being measured in plants grown in solution containing 10-4 M Cd.
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Xia, Yimiao, Fusheng Chen, Kunlun Liu, Lifen Zhang, Xiaojie Duan, Xin Zhang, and Zhenya Zhu. "Compositional differences between conventional Chinese and genetically modified Roundup Ready soybeans." Crop and Pasture Science 70, no. 6 (2019): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp19006.
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Glyphosate-tolerant genetically modified (GM) soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), known commercially as Roundup Ready soybeans, dominate oil consumption and are partly used for protein intake in China. Chemical composition of soybean seed determines its nutritional value, its processing suitability for various protein products, and market decisions. We conducted a compositional comparison of eight GM and 16 conventional Chinese representative soybean varieties. Crude protein, crude fat, moisture, ash, carbohydrate, crude fibre, amino acid and fatty acid contents of the different soybean genotypes were compared and analysed. The GM soybeans had the highest oil concentration but poorer quality, whereas conventional soybeans from the Huanghuaihai region of China showed significantly higher protein, total amino acid, essential amino acid and oleic acid contents, and lower n-6:n-3 ratio and carbohydrate content, which suggested superior nutritional value. Principal component analysis indicated that protein, carbohydrates and amino acids (except tryptophan, methionine, tyrosine, histidine and proline) contributed most to distinguishing GM soybeans from conventional Chinese soybeans. Differences among the GM and conventional soybeans collected from two major producing regions in China can help to guide manufacturing processes and market decisions with respect to soybeans. High protein and amino acid content in conventional Chinese soybeans mean the potential to expand and improve the International Life Sciences Institute Crop Composition Database used for safety assessment of GM soybean.
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Chen, Fang, Cai-Yuan Zhao, Jun-Feng Guan, Xiao-Cheng Liu, Xiang-Fei Li, Di-Zhi Xie, and Chao Xu. "High-Carbohydrate Diet Alleviates the Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Apoptosis of Megalobrama amblycephala Following Dietary Exposure to Silver Nanoparticles." Antioxidants 10, no. 9 (August 25, 2021): 1343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10091343.
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A 12-week feeding trial was performed to evaluate the effects of high-carbohydrate diet on oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis induced by silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) in M. amblycephala. Fish (20.12 ± 0.85 g) were randomly fed four diets (one control diet (C, 30% carbohydrate), one control diet supplemented with 100 mg kg−1 Ag-NPs (CS), one high-carbohydrate diet (HC, 45% carbohydrate) and one HC diet supplemented with 100 mg kg−1 Ag-NPs (HCS)). The results indicated that weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), antioxidant enzyme (SOD and CAT) activities and expression of Trx, Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, CAT and GPx1 of fish fed CS diet were all remarkably lower than those of other groups, whereas the opposite was true for plasma IL 1β and IL 6 levels, liver ROS contents, hepatocytes apoptotic rate, AMP/ATP ratio, AMPKα, P 53 and caspase 3 protein contents and mRNA levels of AMPKα 1, AMPKα 2, TXNIP, NF-κB, TNFα, IL 1β, IL 6, P 53, Bax and caspase 3. However, high-carbohydrate diet remarkably increased WGR, SGR, liver SOD and CAT activities, AMPKα protein content and mRNA levels of antioxidant genes (Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, CAT and GPx1), anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL 10) and anti-apoptotic genes (Bcl 2) of fish facing Ag-NPs compared with the CS group, while the opposite was true for liver ROS contents, hepatocytes apoptotic rate, P 53 and caspase 3 protein contents, as well as mRNA levels of TXNIP, NF-κB, TNFα, IL 1β, IL 6, P 53, Bax and caspase 3. Overall, high-carbohydrate diet could attenuate Ag-NPs-induced hepatic oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis of M. amblycephala through AMPK activation.